Performance Report - Landsnet€¦ · Authors: Kjartan Sigurjónsson, Ragnar Stefánsson,...
Transcript of Performance Report - Landsnet€¦ · Authors: Kjartan Sigurjónsson, Ragnar Stefánsson,...
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Landsnet-14011
Performance Report
2013
April 2014
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Landsnet-14011
Performance report 2013
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Upplýsingablað
Report nr: 14011 Date: 18. April 2014
Number of pages: 30 Copies: 30 Distribution: Open Closet to
Title: Performance report 2013
Authors: Kjartan Sigurjónsson, Ragnar Stefánsson, Hallgrímur Halldórsson og Jón Vilhjálmsson (Verkfræðistofan Efla)
Project manager: Íris Baldursdóttir
Prepared for: Landsnet
Collaborating:
Abstract: This report shows statistic about security of supply in the Icelandic power system, outages and voltage and frequency quality. Also general information on Landsnet and the transmission system in Iceland is shown here.
Lykilorð: Performance report 2013, disturbances, faults, system minutes, frequency, voltage, transmission system
ISBN nr:
ISSN nr:
Approved for publication
Date. 18.04.2014
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Contents
Summary ............................................................................................................ 8 Iceland’s transmission system 2013 .................................................................. 8 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 9 Security of supply ............................................................................................. 10
Power Interruption Index ............................................................................................................. 12 Average Outage Duration Index, outage minutes ............................................................................ 12 Sysem minutes ........................................................................................................................... 14 Power Energy Curtailment Index ................................................................................................... 14 Power Supply Average Curtailment er Disturbance .......................................................................... 14 Index of reliability ..................................................................................................................... 154
Grid disturbances ............................................................................................. 15 Number of faults ....................................................................................................................... 156 Faults in substations .................................................................................................................. 167 Faults on lines and cables ........................................................................................................... 168
Voltage and frequency quality .......................................................................... 19 Frequency .................................................................................................................................. 19 Voltage ...................................................................................................................................... 19
General information on Landsnet and the transmission system ....................... 21 Role........................................................................................................................................... 21 Vision for the future..................................................................................................................... 21 Values ....................................................................................................................................... 21 Landsnet’s Organisation ............................................................................................................... 22
Transmission system’s high-voltage transmissionlines .................................... 23 Transmission system’s substations .................................................................. 25 Annex 1. Definition of indexes for security of supply ........................................ 27
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Summary
The following key figures apply to Landsnet's transmission system in 2013.
Goals for security of supply
2013 Target
Power Interruption Index 0,50 Under 0,85
Average Outage Duration Index, outage minutes
17,9 Under 50
System Minutes One disturbance was longer
than 10 system minutes, see page 12
No disturbance longer than 10 system
minutes
Statistics from operations
Total feed-in to the transmission system 17.487 GWh
Highest average power of feed-in (hour value) 2.236 MW
Total load on the transmission system 17.113 GWh
Highest average power of the load (hour value) 2.193 MW
Transmission losses 374 GWh
Number of grid disturbances 52
Number of grid disturbances leading to curtailment 30
Number of faults 56
Number of faults leading to curtailment 30
Total energy not supplied due to faults 595,8 MWh
Reserve fossil fuel generation due to faults 1.379 MWh
Iceland's transmission system 2013
9
Introduction
Landsnet's 2013 Performance Report contains a summary of information from the transmission
system. The report, moreover, takes account of Landsnet's duties according to Regulation No.
1048/2004 on the quality of electricity and security of supply, contains statistics for 2013 and
compares these with statistics from the previous 10 years.
Registered grid disturbances decreased in 2013 as compared with the preceding year. The number
of grid disturbances was 85 in 2012, compared with 52 in 2013. There was also a decreased number
of faults ‒ from 98 in 2012 to 56 in 2013. The number of registered grid disturbances in substations
decreased, as did the number of grid disturbances in high-voltage power lines. The 10-year average
number of grid disturbances is 49.
The number of grid disturbances leading to curtailment of load was 30, as compared with 55 in the
year before. Energy not supplied due to grid disturbances in the transmission system totalled 596
MWh in 2013. Calculated outage duration was 17.9 minutes, much shorter than in 2012, when outage
minutes were 180.4. The year's goal was 50 minutes or less and was achieved.
Frequency in the electricity system was well within the tolerance margins defined in the Regulation.
Landsnet's internal goals as regards frequency quality state that in each month, 99.5% of frequency
measurements must be within limits that are 50 Hz +/- 0.2 Hz, taking account of a 10-second
average value. The frequency during all the months of the year was within these limits, meaning that
the target was achieved. For the whole year, 99.8% of the frequency measurements where within
those limits.
According to the Regulation on the quality of electricity and security of supply No. 1048/2004,
electricity companies must measure the voltage characteristics in accordance with the ÍST EN 50160
standard. Landsnet is under obligation to take sample measurements from at least 5 load points in
substations each year. At the 5 substations where Landsnet took sample measurements in 2013,
using precise quality measuring devices, the quality requirements were not met at Brennimelur 132
kV due to voltage flickers and at Laxárvatn 66 kV due to voltage harmonics.
According to the same Regulation, delivery voltage must be within limits that are +/-10%. More
stringent requirements are made to delivery voltage to power-intensive industries. Landsnet has
defined these limits as being -9% and +5%. These limits, therefore, are taken into account when
voltage quality in the 220kV system is assessed. The results from measurements in the energy
management system, which are continuous throughout the year, show that values exceeded limits
in some cases. These deviations can all be traced to lack of voltage due to malfunctions or
maintenance of the delivery location in question.
10
Security of supply
The year 2013 started in a similar manner as the year 2012 ended – with much work on repairing
transmission equipment but over the whole year the number of disturbances was similar to the long
term average. Landsnet’s staff was busy the whole year due to repairment of faulted equipment and
work on extension of the system. Despite the heavy load all traditional maintenance of substations
and transmission lines was performed. Maintenance and operational work also went well and it was
possible to perform scheduled inspections and adjustments.
A total of 52 disturbances were registered in 2013 with 56 faults, so more than one fault occurred in
some of the disturbances. The years´s largest disturbances occurred in January, September and
December and most often due to weather. Energy not supplied in 2013 due to unplanned grid
interruptions totalled 596 MWh or 17.9 outage minutes. Energy not supplied in disturbances
originating outside the transmission system totalled 160 MWh.
Main disturbances 2013
On 2 January, Táknafjarðarlína 1 tripped twice due to salt on insulators. Energy not supplied was assessed at 21 MWh.
On 3 January, a fault occurred on a current transformer on Selfosslína 1 at Ljósafoss and all load
supplied on 66 kV was disconnected. Energy not supplied was assessed at 16 MWh.
On 26 and 27 January, a storm hit the country with snowfall and ice build-up on transmission lines
especially on West Fjord and north-east Iceland. Both Bolungarvíkurlína 1 and Breiðadalslína 1 went
out of operation. The second line sustained heavy damage as one conductor was torn apart and a
few towers broke down. Energy not supplied was assessed at 391 MWh.
On 23 February, a heavy load, about 330 MW, went out of operation at an industrial user in south-
west Iceland. The transmission operation system met this by dividing the system into four island
systems. During the build-up phase when the south-west and north-west systems were connected
together one generator went out of operation and resulted in a blackout of the area from Blanda to
Hólar. The blackout was only for 12 seconds as synchronizing of Blanda was in operation and the
breaker there energized the system. Therefore the system from Blanda to Hólar was energized and
the voltage level in northern- and eastern Iceland was high for a while. Energy not supplied was
assessed at 62 MWh.
On 15 and 16 September, a very bad weather swept the country with northern wind, rain/snow
with ice build-up on transmission lines in Northeast Iceland. At the same time it was very windy in
southern Iceland near Vatnajökull. Extra manpower was prepared to be available if there would be
some outages. Also generation was set such that the system was in as good condition as possible to
be able to handle outages. First Laxárlína was disconnected from the system then Sigöldulína
4/Prestbakkalína 1 went out of operation twice in a short time interval. Due to high wind it was hard
to keep the lines in operation and in the end they had tripped 7-8 times. Also heavy ice was on
Kröflulína 1 resulting in an outage of the line. During this weather at least five towers in Laxárlína 1
broke down. Energy not supplied was assessed at 4 MWh.
On 25 September, a very large industrial user in south-western Iceland went out of operation
without any notice and due to that some other users in the area had part of their load curtailed. In
total 700 MW were disconnected from the system with large influence on the power system. The
transmission operation system met this by dividing the system into two island systems which saved
the north-eastern part of the system. The system frequency in the south-western island system
increased to 52.97 Hz and also the voltage increased. As a result a few generator went out of
operation in the south-west system such as two in the Þjórsá-Tungnaá area, six in Sog and three on
Reykjanes. This influenced some consumption such as traffic lights in Reykjavík and some backup
generators came into operation. Five hours later the system was again in normal condition. Energy
not supplied was assessed at 46.5 MWh.
On 13 December, Sigöldulína 4/Prestbakkalína 1 tripped in a storm with wind over 45 m/s. The
system operation split he system into two islands and low frequency in the south-west resulted in
tripping of loads at heavy industrial users. Energy not supplied was assessed at 11 MWh.
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On 23 and 24 December, an adverse weather struck with heavy rainfall/snow and wind over 40
m/s in West Fjord. Geiradalslína 1 tripped resulting in blackout in the area. Electricity was soon
restored but the line tripped again. Until midnight the line tripped four times and then reserve diesel
generating units were put into operation and they were generating electricity until next morning
when the system was stable again. Energy not supplied was assessed at 6.65 MWh.
On 25 and 26 December, there was a heavy ice build-up on transmission lines in eastern Iceland
with damages on transmission lines resulting in grid disturbances that did not end until mid of January
2014. Stuðlalína 2 and Kópaskerslína 1 tripped on Christmas day and inspection on Stuðlalína 2
showed ten broken towers. On the second day of Christmas Vopnafjarðarlína 1 tripped due to ice
and one conductor had torn apart and one tower broke down. Repair was difficult due to bad weather,
heavy snow, continuous icing and fog. Landsnet’s employee and contractors did a remarkable work
on repairing the lines in difficult weather conditions. Energy not supplied was assessed at 1.9 MWh.
On 30 December, an adverse weather hit the country with heavy wind and ice build-up in West
Fjord resulted in tripping of Breidadalslina 1. Energy not supplied was assessed at 1.78 MWh.
Figure 1 shows the distribution of energy curtailment within the year. One curtailment is over
350 MWh and that was on January 26-27. Other curtailments were less than 100 MWh. In accordance
with Regulation No. 1048/2004 on the quality of electricity and security of supply, Landsnet's security
of delivery is assessed on the basis of the following indexes. Landsnet is under obligation to establish
goals for itself as regards the first three:
1) Power Interruption Index
2) Average Outage Duration Index, outage minutes
3) System Minutes
4) Power Energy Curtailment Index
5) Power Supply Average Curtailment per Disturbance
6) Index of Reliability
Figure 1
These indexes have been calculated for 2013 and will be discussed below. Moreover, a comparison
will be made with the past 10 years. The calculations of the indexes include all grid disturbances in
the transmission system.
The origin of the grid disturbances is indicated in the following figures, showing whether they are in
Landsnet's system or originate in the systems of other utilities that have an effect on Landsnet's
system. These may involve grid disturbances in the systems of energy producers and energy users.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1.1.2013 1.2.2013 1.3.2013 1.4.2013 1.5.2013 1.6.2013 1.7.2013 1.8.2013 1.9.2013 1.10.2013 1.11.2013 1.12.2013
Curtailment MWh
Distribution of energy curtailment in 2013
Due to disurbances originating outside the transmission system
Due to disturbances in the tranmission system
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Power Interruption Index (SRA)
The Power Interruption Index for 2013 is 0,50. Landsnet's goal of 0.85, therefore, was achieved.
Figure 2 shows the transmission system's Power Interruption Index over the past 10 years.
Figure 2
Figure 3
Average Outage Duration Index, outage minutes
Outage minutes have hitherto been one of the main indicators of the transmission system's security
of supply. Over the past few years, Landsnet's goal has been to ensure that outage minutes do not
exceed 50 minutes per year. Outage minutes in 2013 were 17.9 minutes and the goal therefore
achieved as this is the lowest value over the last decade as can be seen in figure 3. Unsupplied
energy from the transmission system caused by disturbances in other systems, such as generation
systems, distribution systems or at major users, are not included in the main results for the
transmission system. Nevertheless, a proportion of these curtailments are shown separately in the
figures.
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Power Interruption Index in
Landsnet's transmission system
Due to disurbances originating
outside the transmission system
Due to disturbances in the
tranmission system
MW/MWár
SRA
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Outage-
minutes
Outage minutes due to disturbances
Due to disurbances originating outside
the transmission systemDue to disturbances in the tranmission
system
SMS
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Figure 4
Figure 5
Figures 4 and 5 show outage minutes calculated for power-intensive industries on the one hand and
distribution systems on the other. As the figures show, outages to power-intensive industries due to disturbances in the transmission system were few in 2009 to 2011 but increased in 2012 and decreased again in 2013. Outage minutes calculated for delivery to general distribution systems
decreased significantly in 2013. Figure 6 shows the division of outage minutes according to the causes of disturbances.
Figure 6
Figure 7a
Figure 7a shows how many curtailment cases
are within determined time limits. The first
column shows the number of curtailment
instances lasting between 0–3 minutes, the
next column shows the number of curtailment
instances lasting between 3–30 minutes, etc.
The comparison with the 10-year period is
shown in Fig. 7b.
Table 1 shows the curtailment and calculated
duration of outages for customers owing to
grid disturbances in Landsnet's transmission
system in 2013. The outage time is calculated
from the ratio of unsupplied energy and
energy sales to each customer over the year.
The year 2012 is shown for comparison.
Figure 7b
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Outage minutes - energy intensive
industies
Due to disurbances originating outside the transmission system
Due to disturbances in the transmission system
Outage
minutes
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Outage
minutes
Outage minutes - distribution
systems
Due to disurbances originating
outside the transmission system
Due to disturbances in thetransmission system
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Outage
minutes
Division of outage minutes by cause
Other Human
Technical Weather
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0-3 min 3-30min
30-60min
1-12 hrs 12-24hrs
1-7 days More
Number
Number of curtailment events in
2013 with a particular duration of
disturbances
Lines and cables Substations
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0-3 min 3-30min
30-60min
1-12 hrs 12-24hrs
1-7 days More
Average
number
Average number of curtailment
events in 2004-2013 with a
particular duration of
disturbances
Lines and cables Substations
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Table 1: Interruptions affecting individual customers due to grid disturbances.
System Minutes
The System Minutes Index shows how serious
each case is. The severity of each case is
categorized as follows:
Category 0, instances are < 1 min
Category 1, instances are ≥ 1 and < 10 min
Category 2, instances are ≥ 10 and <100 min
Figure 8
Figure 9
Category 3, instances are ≥ 100 and < 1000
min
Landsnet's goal is to ensure that no grid
disturbance lasts more than 10 system
minutes. This goal was not achieved in 2013
as there was one disturbances in this category.
This disturbance occurred on January 27 and
is discussed on pages 7-8. Figure 8 shows the
division of system minutes into the above
categories over the past 10 years.
Figures 9–11 show the indexes that the
National Energy Authority (Orkustofnun) has
decided that Landsnet must measure. No
requirements, however, are made for specific
goals for these indexes.
Power Energy Curtailment Index
The Power Energy Curtailment Index
measures curtailed energy delivery, which is
the ratio of energy curtailment if the power
had been unchanged during the entire
curtailment period and the total power in the
system.
Power Supply Average
Curtailment per Disturbance
The Power Supply Average Curtailment per
Disturbance Index measures the average
curtailment of load, which is an indicator of the
average curtailment in each disturbance.
Index of Reliability
The Index of Reliability shows the reliability of
the system as a proportion of the number of
curtailed hours during the year.
LN
system
Other
systems
LN
system
Other
systems
LN
system
Total LN
system
Other
systems
LN
system
Other
systems
LN
system
Total
[Fjöldi] [Fjöldi] [M Wh] [M Wh] [d klst:min] [d klst:min] [Fjöldi] [Fjöldi] [M Wh] [M Wh] [d klst:min] [d klst:min]
Power-intensive industries, total 12 2 236,5 23,3 0 00:08 0 00:09 9 1 2834,4 9,2 0 01:46 0 01:46
HS Veitur, primary energy 3 1 11,3 14,9 0 00:12 0 00:29 5 0 5,3 0,0 0 00:06 0 00:06
HS Veitur, secondary energy 1 1 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 6 0 24,5 0,0 0 01:51 0 01:51
Norðurorka, primary energy 1 0 0,1 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 1 0 31,4 0,0 0 02:57 0 02:57
Norðurorka, secondary energy 1 0 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 1 0 8,1 0,0 0 03:59 0 03:59
Orkubú Vestf jarða, primary energy 34 0 422,2 0,0 1 12:50 1 12:50 32 0 1132,8 0,0 4 06:58 4 06:58
Orkubú Vestf jarða, secondary energy 48 0 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 32 0 41,1 0,0 0 03:42 0 03:42
Orkuveita Reykjavíkur, primary energy 0 0 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 3 0 76,9 0,0 0 00:36 0 00:36
Orkuveita Reykjavíkur, secondary energy 0 0 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 0 0 0,0 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00
RARIK, primary energy 10 0 32,6 0,0 0 00:20 0 00:20 70 6 1551,5 20,5 0 16:10 0 16:23
RARIK, secondary energy 40 0 0,1 0,0 0 00:00 0 00:00 24 1 65,9 0,6 0 02:53 0 02:55
Rafveita Reyðarf jarðar, primary energy 1 0 3,2 0,0 0 01:06 0 01:06 1 0 6,5 0,0 0 02:18 0 02:18
C ust omer
N o . o f event s U nsupp lied energy Out age durat ion No. of events Unsupplied energy Outage durat ion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Number
Classification of disturbances
by system minutes
Category 3 Category 2
Category 1 Category 0
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
MWh/
MWyear
SSOLandsnet's system
Landsnet's system and others
Power Energy Curtailment Index
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Figure 10
Figure 11
Grid disturbances
A grid disturbance is an unexpected event that can cause automatic or manual disconnection of a
unit in the transmission system or in the event of a failed reconnection after a malfunction. Each grid
disturbance, therefore, may involve more than one fault. This means that the number of faults will
always be equal to or greater than the number of grid disturbances. On registering grid disturbances,
each fault is classified, e.g. according to type, unit that caused the failure and the cause.
There were considerably fewer grid disturbances in 2013 than in the preceding year, or a total of 52
disturbances involving 56 faults. The average number of grid disturbances over the last 10 years for
the same size of transmission system are 49 involving 61 faults.
Figure 12 shows the number of grid disturbances in the transmission system over the past 10 years.
The figure show the division of cases according to the location of the disturbance, i.e. in substations,
on lines/cables or whether system disturbances are involved. Figure 13 shows the division of grid
disturbances by cause.
System disturbance is defined as follows:
A forced outage which result from system effects or conditions and is not caused by an event directly
associated with the component or unit being reported. If, e.g., voltage fluctuations or deviations in
frequency cause units to disconnect from operation or if users are disconnected for such reasons,
then the event is a system disturbance. Non-selective tripping at customers for these reasons,
however, are not considered system malfunctions.
Figure 12
Figure 13
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
MW/
disturbance
Landsnet's system
Landsnet's system and others
Average Curtailment Per Disturbance
SMA
0,9995
0,9996
0,9997
0,9998
0,9999
1,0000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Proportion
Landsnet's system
Landsnet's system and others
Index of reliability
AS
0
20
40
60
80
100
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Number
Number of disturbances
Sysem failures
Lines and cables
Substations
0
20
40
60
80
100
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Number
Number of disturbances
Other Human
Technical Weather
Mynd 9
16
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 17
Figure 19
Number of faults
A total of 56 faults were registered in 2013, up
from 98 faults in the previous year. The
following figures shows the faults last ten
years and comparison between different
categories.
Figure 16
Figure 18
Figure 20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Number
Numer of faults in the
transmission system
System failures
Lines and cables
Substations
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
jan feb mar apr maí jún júl ágú sep okt nóv des
Average
number
No of faults in the transmission
system by months -
Average of past 10 years
System failures
Lines and cables
Substations
2004 - 2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Number
Number of faults by voltage
Without voltage 11 kV
66/33 kV 132 kV
220 kV
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0-3 min 3-30 min 30-60min
1-12 hrs 12-24hrs
1-7 days More
Number
Classification of faults by
duration
2013
Average 2004-2013
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
jan feb mar apr maí jún júl ágú sep okt nóv des
Number
Number of faults in the
transmission system by month
System failures
Lines and cables
Substations
2013
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Number
Number of disturbances
Divided according to cause
Other Human
Technical Weather
0 10 20 30 40 50
Capacitors
Power…
Control…
Disconnect…
Circuit…
Bus bar
Surge…
Station,…
Overhead…
Cables
No unit
Number
Number of faults by types of
components
Meðal 2004-2013 2013
17
Faults in substations
There were 9 faults in substations in 2013, up
from 23 faults in the previous year. Faults in
substations are divided between stations as
shown by Figure 21. The 10-year average is
also shown for comparison. Figure 22 shows
the causes of faults in substations, as
compared with the 10-year average.
Figure 22
Figure 21
0
5
10
15
20
25
Number
Number of faults in substations
by cause
Average 2004-2013
2013
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Svartsengi
Rauðimelur
Öldugata
Rauðavatn
Sandskeið
Straumsvík -…
Varastöð -…
Geiradalur
Hrútatunga
Fljótsdalur
Prestbakki
Bessastaðir
Nesjavellir
Akranes
Andakíll
Hnoðraholt
Ólafsvík
Sauðárkrókur
Dalvík
Húsavík
Silfurstjarnan
Lindarbrekka
Seyðisfjörður
Neskaupstaður
Hvolsvöllur
Hveragerði
Stórurð
Vatnsfell -…
Korpa - aðveitustöð
Kolviðarhóll
Rauðimelur
Reykjanes
Varmahlíð
Teigarhorn
Grundarfjörður
Kópasker
Lagarfoss
Vopnafjörður
Fáskrúðsfjörður
Selfoss
Þorlákshöfn (…
Múrhúsaland
Sultartangi -…
Fitjar
Rangárvellir
Stuðlar
Hella
Keldeyri
Búrfell - aðveitustöð
Hrauneyjarfoss -…
Írafoss -…
Vatnshamrar
Laxárvatn
Vestmannaeyjar
Steingrímsstöð -…
Ljósafoss -…
Glerárskógar
Krafla - aðveitustöð
Vegamót
Vogaskeið
Rimakot
Breiðidalur
Flúðir
Geitháls
Eskifjörður
Laxá - aðveitustöð
Hólar
Mjólká
Hryggstekkur
Eyvindará
Blanda -…
Sigalda -…
Fljótsdalur
Brennimelur
Hamranes
Number of faults
Average 2004-2013
2013
18
Faults in lines and cables
There were 41 faults in overhead lines and
cables in 2013. The corresponding number for
2012 is 75. These faults are divided between operating voltage as shown by Figure 23. Figure 24 shows the cause of line faults in 2013, with the 10-year average shown for comparison.
Figures 25 to 27 show the average number of
faults per year for every 100 km over the past
10 years.
Figure 24
Figure 26
Figure 23
Figure 25
Figure 27
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Exernalinfluence
Technical Human Weather User'ssystem
Unknown
Number
Number of faults on overhead
lines and cables by cause
Average 2004-2013
2013
0 2 4 6 8
VA1MJ1GE1GL1
SI4, PB1SO2HT1SN1
KR2, FL2NE1
HO1, TE1NE2KR1BL2LV1RA1EY1BL1AD7RV1HF1KO1MF1RM1SM1RA2
Average number/100km/year
Average number of faults per
year on 132 kV lines per 100 km,
2004-2013
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Number
Number of faults on overhead lines
and cables per 100 km per year
33 kV 66 kV
132 kV 220 kV
0,0 0,4 0,8 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,4
NA1
BR1
KH1
HR1
FL3
FL4
HN1, HN2
SU1
BU2
BU3
SU3
BU1, SO3
IS1, IS2
JA1
SI2
SU2
SI3
VF1
NA2
Average number/100km/year
Average number of faults per
year on 220 kV lines per 100 km,
2004-2013
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
HE2TA1BV2LA1IF1SE2GF1OL1FU1SF1BD1HV1SE1SA1SR1NK1KS1ES1TO1VP1LF1
HG1VE1FA1AN1SR2RI1VS1DA1HE1ST1VA2AK1LJ1
Average number/100km/year
Average number of faults per
year on 66 kV lines per 100 km,
2004-2013
19
Voltage and frequency quality
Frequency
Landsnet monitors frequency and voltage quality
in the entire transmission system throughout the
year in the company's energy management
system. The system automatically registers
frequency values every two seconds. Results for
measurements at Geitháls have been processed,
as shown by Figure 28. The number of
measurement values is 2,723,368, the average
frequency value is 50.0 Hz and the standard
deviation of measurement values is 0.05250.
According to the Regulation on the quality of electricity and security of supply, the following
requirements on frequency in the electrical system apply:
System frequency shall be 50 Hz. Under normal operating conditions, the average operating
frequency measured over 10 seconds must be within the following limits:
50 Hz 1 % (þ.e. 49,5 – 50,5 Hz) 99,5 % of the time.
50 Hz +4 / -6 % (þ.e. 47 – 52 Hz) 100 % of the time.
The total time where frequency exceeded the 1% limit in 2013 is as follows:
>50.5 Hz = 21,3 minutes (0,0041 % of the time)
<49,5 Hz = 18,8 minutes (0,0036 % of the time).
According to this, the frequency was within limits 99.8159 % of the time, thereby meeting the
requirements.
In addition, Landsnet has set itself internal goals as regards frequency quality. These are:
The goal is to ensure that 99.5% of measurement values are within limits that are 50 Hz +/-
0.2 Hz in every month. A 10-second average value is used.
In 2013, frequencies were within these limits in every month of the year.
Voltage
Under the Regulation on the quality of electricity and security of supply No. 1048/2004, electricity
companies must measure voltage characteristics in accordance with the ÍST EN 50160 standard.
Landsnet is under obligation to take sample measurements from at least 5 delivery stations each
year. Special sample measurements were taken in 2013, using precise quality measuring
instruments, at the following delivery points:
Brennimelur, 132 kV
Laxárvatn, 132 kV
Fitjar, 132 kV
Hnoðraholt, 132 kV
Glerárskógar, 132 kV
Measurements were taken continuously for at least one week at each location. Quality requirements
were not met at Brennimelur and Laxárvatn. Requirements concerning voltage flicker were not met
at Brennimelur and at Laxárvatn harmonics requirements were not fulfilled.
Figure 28
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
49,00 49,20 49,40 49,60 49,80 50,00 50,20 50,40 50,60 50,80 51,00
Percentage
Hz
Frequency quality 2013 Ratio of measurement values
20
Figures 29 to 36 show the voltage values for delivery points in the transmission system. An
examination is made of the distribution of 5-minute values in all cases. The measurements are taken
from the energy management system.
According to the Regulation, delivery voltage must be within defined limits, which are ±10%. More
stringent requirements are made to delivery voltage for power-intensive industries. In such cases,
the limits of delivery voltage have been defined as +5%/-9%. These limits, therefore, are taken into
account when the 220kV system is assessed. The results show that values exceeded limits in some
cases. These deviations can all be traced to lack of voltage due to faults or maintenance at the
delivery point in question.
Fifure 29
Figure 30
Figure 31
Figure 32
Figure 33
Figure 34
Figure 35
Figure 36
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
40.000
45.000
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
232
234
BRE_AT
HAM_AT
FJA_AT
FJA_BT
Quality of voltage delivery,220 kV
2013
0
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
GED
GLE
HOL
HRU
HRY
LAV
PRE
TEH
VAR
Quality of voltage delivery
outside South-west Iceland, 132 kV
2013
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
30.000
35.000
40.000
45.000
50.000
118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146
FIT
GEH
HAM
KOR
OLD
SVA
Quality of voltage deliveryin South-west Iceland, 132 kV
2013
0
20.000
40.000
60.000
80.000
100.000
120.000
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
AND
BRE
GRU
OLA
VAT
VEG
VOG
Quality of voltage deliveryin West Iceland, 66 kV
2013
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
80.000
90.000
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
BOL
BRD
ISA
KEL
MJO
Quality of voltage deliveryin Westfjords, 66 kV
2013
0
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
350.000
400.000
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
DAL
KOP
LAX
LIN
RAN
SAU
SIS
Quality of voltage deliveryin North Iceland, 66 kV
2013
0
50.000
100.000
150.000
200.000
250.000
300.000
350.000
400.000
450.000
500.000
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
ESK
EYV
FAS
LAG
NKS
SEY
STU
VOP
Quality of voltage deliveryin East Iceland, 66 kV
2013
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
FLU
HLA
HVE
HVO
LJO
RIM
SEL
TOR
Qulity of voltage deliveryin South Iceland, 66 kV
2013
21
General information on Landsnet and the transmission
system
Role
Landsnet's role is defined by the Electricity Act No. 65/2003 as operating Iceland’s electricity
transmission system. This includes:
Ensuring and maintaining the transmission system´s capacities on a long-term basis and the
electricity system’s security
Maintaining a balance between electricity supply and demand
Administering the settlement of power transmitted in the Icelandic transmission system and
promoting an active electricity market.
Landsnet operates under a concession arrangement granted by the Ministry of Industries and
Innovation. The company’s activities are subject to regulation by the National Energy Authority,
which determines the revenue framework on which Landsnet’s tariff is based.
Future vision
Landsnet’s vision for the future is to be a responsible and cutting-edge service company delivering
macroeconomic benefits whilst minimising any adverse environmental impacts of our operations.
Landsnet’s main customers are electricity generating companies, distribution system operators and
suppliers as well as power-intensive industries and electricity sale companies. We strive to provide
all stakeholders in the electricity market with access to information and data relating to power
generation and supply. To ensure effective competition, we maintain utmost confidentiality and
information security. We also provide various useful information on power transmission and the
electricity system’s condition at any given time.
Values
Landsnet's values form the basis of all its activities and the actions of its employees. They reflect
Landsnet’s role and vision and provide the foundation for the corporate culture the company strives
for.
Landsnet's values:
Reliability
Progress
Economy
Respect
Mynd 28
Mynd 30
Mynd 32
Mynd 34
Gæði afhendingarspennu 220 kV
Gæði afhendingarspennu Byggðalína 132 kV
22
Landsnet's Organisation
Landsnet's organisational chart in 2013:
23
Transmission system's high-voltage transmission lines
Landsnet’s transmission line system, 31 December 2013
Voltage Line KKS
code
First
year in
Connected substations Length
[kV] service [km]
220 Brennimelslína 1 BR1 1977 Geitháls - Brennimelur 59
Búðarhálslína 1 BH1 2013 Búðarháls - Langalda 6
Búrfellslína 1 BU1 1969 Búrfell - Írafoss 61
Búrfellslína 2 BU2 1973 Búrfell - Kolviðarhóll 86
Búrfellslína 3 BU3 1992 Búrfell - Hamranes 119
Fljótsdalslína 3 FL3 2007 Fljótsdalur - Reyðarfjörður 49
Fljótsdalslína 4 FL4 2007 Fljótsdalur - Reyðarfjörður 53
Hamraneslína 1 HN1 1969 Geitháls - Hamranes 15
Hamraneslína 2 HN2 1969 Geitháls - Hamranes 15
Hrauneyjafosslína 1 HR1 1982 Hrauneyjafoss - Sultartangi 20
Ísallína 1 IS1 1969 Hamranes - Ísal 2
Ísallína 2 IS2 1969 Hamranes - Ísal 2
Járnblendilína 1 JA1 1978 Brennimelur - Járnblendiv. 5
Kolviðarhólslína 1 KH1 1973 Kolviðarhóll - Geitháls 17
Norðurálslína 1 NA1 1998 Brennimelur - Norðurál 4
Norðurálslína 2 NA2 1998 Brennimelur - Norðurál 4
Sigöldulína 2 SI2 1982 Sigalda - Hrauneyjafoss 9
Sigöldulína 3 SI3 1975 Sigalda - Búrfell 37
Sogslína 3 SO3 1969 Írafoss - Geitháls 36
Sultartangalína 1 SU1 1982 Sultartangi - Brennimelur 122
Sultartangalína 2 SU2 1999 Sultartangi - Búrfell 13
Sultartangalína 3 SU3 2006 Sultartangi - Brennimelur 119
Vatnsfellslína 1 VF1 2001 Vatnsfell - Sigalda 6
Samtals 220 kV 857
132 Aðveitustöð 7 (lína/jarðstrengur) AD7 1990 Hamranes - Hnoðraholt 10
Blöndulína 1 BL1 1977 Blanda - Laxárvatn 33
Blöndulína 2 BL2 1977 Blanda - Varmahlíð 32
Eyvindarárlína 1 EY1 1977 Hryggstekkur - Eyvindará 28
Fitjalína 1 MF1 1991 Rauðimelur - Fitjar 7
Fljótsdalslína 2 (lína/jarðstrengur) FL2 1978 Fljótsdalur - Hryggstekkur 25
Geiradalslína 1 GE1 1980 Glerárskógar - Geiradalur 47
Glerárskógalína 1 GL1 1983 Hrútatunga - Glerárskógar 34
Hafnarfjörður 1 (jarðstrengur) HF1 1989 Hamranes - Hafnarfjörður 4
Hólalína 1 HO1 1981 Teigarhorn - Hólar 75
Hrútatungulína 1 HT1 1976 Vatnshamrar - Hrútatunga 77
Korpulína 1 KO1 1974 Geitháls - Korpa 6
Kröflulína 1 KR1 1977 Krafla-Rangárvellir 82
Kröflulína 2 KR2 1978 Krafla - Fljótsdalur 123
Laxárvatnslína 1 LV1 1976 Hrútatunga - Laxárvatn 73
Mjólkárlína 1 MJ1 1981 Geiradalur - Mjólká 81
Nesjavallalína 1 (lína/jarðstrengur) NE1 1998 Nesjavellir - Korpa 32
Nesjavallalína 2 (jarðstrengur) NE2 2010 Nesjavellir - Geitháls 25
Prestbakkalína 1 PB1 1984 Hólar- Prestbakki 171
Rangárvallalína 1 RA1 1974 Rangárvellir - Varmahlíð 88
Rangárvallalína 2 (jarðstrengur) RA2 2009 Rangárvellir - Krossanes 5
Rauðamelslína 1 RM1 2006 Reykjanes - Rauðimelur 15
Rauðavatnslína 1 (lína/jarðstrengur) RV1 1953 Geitháls - A12 3
Sigöldulína 4 SI4 1984 Sigalda - Prestbakki 78
Sogslína 2 SO2 1953 Írafoss - Geitháls 44
Stuðlalína 1 (jarðstrengur) SR1 2005 Hryggstekkur - Stuðlar 16
Suðurnesjalína 1 SN1 1991 Hamranes - Fitjar 31
Svartsengislína 1 SM1 1991 Svartsengi - Rauðimelur 5
Teigarhornslína 1 TE1 1981 Hyggstekkur - Teigarhorn 50
Vatnshamralína 1 VA1 1977 Vatnshamrar - Brennimelur 20
Total 132 kV 1317
24
66 Akraneslína 1 (jarðstrengur) AK1 1996 Brennimelur - Akranes 17
Andakílslína 1 AN1 1966 Andakíll - Akranes 35
Bolungarvíkurlína 1 BV1 1979 Breiðidalur - Bolungarvík 17
Bolungarvíkurlína 2 (jarðstrengur) BV2 2010 Ísafjörður - Bolungarvík 12
Breiðadalslína 1 BD1 1975 Mjólká - Breiðidalur 36
Dalvíkurlína 1 DA1 1982 Rangárvellir - Dalvík 39
Eskifjarðarlína 1 ES1 2001 Eyvindará - Eskifjörður 29
Fáskrúðsfjarðarlína 1 FA1 1989 Stuðlar - Fáskrúðsfjörður 17
Flúðalína 1 FU1 1978 Búrfell - Flúðir 27
Grundarfjarðarlína 1 GF1 1985 Vogaskeið - Grundarfjörður 35
Hellulína 1 HE1 1995 Flúðir - Hella 34
Hellulína 2 HE2 1948 Hella - Hvolsvöllur 13
Hveragerðislína 1 HG1 1982 Ljósifoss - Hveragerði 15
Hvolsvallarlína 1 HV1 1972 Búrfell - Hvolsvöllur 45
Ísafjarðarlína 1 (lína/jarðstrengur) IF1 1959 Breiðidalur - Ísafjörður 15
Kópaskerslína 1 KS1 1983 Laxá - Kópasker 83
Lagarfosslína 1 (lína/jarðstrengur) LF1 1971 Lagarfoss - Eyvindará 28
Laxárlína 1 LA1 1953 Laxá - Rangárvellir 58
Ljósafosslína 1 (jarðstrengur) LJ1 2002 Ljósifoss - Írafoss 1
Neskaupsstaðalína 1 NK1 1985 Eskifjörður - Neskaupstaður 18
Ólafsvíkurlína 1 OL1 1978 Vegamót - Ólafsvík 49
Rimakotslína 1 RI1 1988 Hvolsvöllur - Rimakot 22
Sauðárkrókslína 1 SA1 1974 Varmahlíð - Sauðárkrókur 22
Selfosslína 1 SE1 1981 Ljósifoss - Selfoss 20
Selfosslína 2 SE2 1947 Selfoss - Hella 32
Seyðisfjarðarlína 1 SF1 1996 Eyvindará - Seyðisfjörður 20
Steingrímsstöðvarlína 1
(lína/jarðstrengur) ST1 2003 Steingrímsstöð - Ljósafoss 3
Stuðlalína 2 SR2 1983 Stuðlar - Eskifjörður 18
Tálknafjarðarlína 1 TA1 1985 Mjólká - Keldeyri 45
Vatnshamralína 2 VA2 1974 Andakíll - Vatnshamrar 2
Vegamótalína 1 VE1 1974 Vatnshamrar - Vegamót 64
Vogaskeiðslína 1 VS1 1974 Vegamót - Vogaskeið 25
Vopnafjarðarlína 1 VP1 1980 Lagarfoss - Vopnafjörður 58
Þeistareykjalína 2 TR2 2013
Þeistareykir -
Höfuðreyðarmúli 11
Þorlákshafnarlína 1 TO1 1991 Hveragerði - Þorlákhöfn 19
Total 66 kV 987
33 Húsavíkurlína 1 HU1 1964 Laxá - Húsavík 26
Vestmannaeyjalína 1 (sæstrengur) VM1 1978 Vestmannaeyjar - Rimakot 15
Vestmannaeyjalína 2 (sæstrengur) VM2 1966 Vestmannaeyjar - Rimakot 16
Vestmannaeyjalína 3 (sæstrengur) VM3 2013 Vestmannaeyjar - Rimakot 16
Total 33 kV 73
Total 3234
25
Transmission system's substations
Landsnet’s substations 31. December 2013
Substations KKS
code Co-
owner Voltage First year
in service No. of
switchyard Number of
trannsformers
[kV] bays
Aðveitustöð 12 A12 OR 132 2006 1 1
Akranes AKR OR 66 1987 4 2
Andakíll AND OR 66 1974 3 1
Ásbrú ASB 33 2011 6 2
Bessastaðir BES 132/33 2003 3/2/1 2
Blanda BLA LV 132 1991 6 3
Bolungarvík BOL OV 66/11 1977 2/6 1
Breiðidalur BRD OV 66/33/19/11 1959 4/2/2/1 1
Brennimelur BRE RA 220/132/66/11 1978 9/4/2/10 3
Búðarháls BUD 220 2013 2 0
Búrfell BUR 220/66 1999 10/4 3
Dalvík DAL RA 66/33/11 1981 2/3/8 1
Eskifjörður ESK RA 66/33/11 1993 5/-/7 2
Eyvindará EYV RA 132/66/33/11 1975 1/6/1/8 3
Fáskrúðsfjörður FAS RA 66/33/11 1998 3/1/5 2
Fitjar FIT HS 132 1990 4 2
Fljótsdalur FLJ 220/132 2007 4/10 2
Flúðir FLU RA 66/11 1995 3/7 1
Geiradalur GED OV 132/33/19 1983 3/1/4 1
Geitháls GEH 220/132 1969 8/9/2 2
Glerárskógar GLE RA 132/19 1980 3/4 1
Grundarfjörður GRU RA 66/19 1987 1/6 1
Hamranes HAM 220/132/11 1989 8/8/10 3
Hella HLA RA 66/11 1995 4/6 1
Hnoðraholt HNO OR 132 1990 4 2
Hólar HOL RA 132/19/11 1984 4/1/9 2
Hrauneyjafoss HRA LV 220 1981 6 3
Hrútatunga HRU RA 132/19 1980 4/5 1
Hryggstekkur HRY RA 132/66/11 1978 5/1/4 1
Húsavík HUS RA 33/11/6 1978 2/1/4 2
Hveragerði HVE RA 66/11 1983 3/6 1
Hvolsvöllur HVO RA 66/11 1995 5/7 1
Írafoss IRA LV 220/132/66/11 1953 2/7/-/7 5
Ísafjörður ISA OV 66/11 1959 4/9 2
Keldeyri KEL OV 66/33/11 1959 2/2/3 1
Klafastaðir KLA 220/16 2013 1/4 1
Kolviðarhóll KOL 220 2006 6 0
Korpa KOR OR 132/33/11 1976 7/6/- 3
Kópasker KOP RA 66/33/11 1980 1/3/5 3
Krafla KRA LV 132/11 1977 4/- 2
Lagarfoss LAG RA 66 2007 5 0
Laxá LAX 66/33/11 1937 10/1/4 6
Laxárvatn LAV RA 132/33/11 1977 3/4/8 1
Lindarbrekka LIN RA 66/11 1985 1/4 1
Ljósafoss LJO LV 66/11 1937 6/7 2
Mjólká (neðra virki) MJO OV 66/33/11 1980 2/1/- 1
Mjólká (efra virki) MJO OV 132/66 1980 2/2 1
Nesjavellir NES OR 132 1998 7 4
Neskaupstaður NKS RA 66/11 1994 2/7 2
Ólafsvík OLA RA 66/19 1980 1/5 1
Prestbakki PRB RA 132/19 1984 3/1 1
Rangárvellir RAN RA 132/66/11 1974 9/8/8 3
Rauðimelur RAU 132 2006 3 0
Reykjanes REY HS 132 2006 1 0
Rimakot RIM RA 66/33/11 1990 1/5/2 2
Sauðárkrókur SAU RA 66/33/11 1977 3/1/8 2
26
Selfoss SEL RA 66/11 2005 5/15 3
Seyðisfjörður SEY RA 66/11 1957 1/9 1
Sigalda SIG LV 220/132 1977 4/1 1
Silfurstjarnan SIL RA 66/11 1992 1/3 1
Steingrímsstöð STE LV 66/11 1959 1/1 1
Stuðlar STU RA 132/66/11 1980 3/4/6 3
Sultartangi SUL 220/11 1999 6/- 2
Svartsengi SVA HS 132 1997 4 2
Teigarhorn TEH RA 132/33/11 2005 3/2/- 1
Varmahlíð VAR RA 132/66/11 1977 3/1/5 1
Vatnsfell VAF 220/11 2001 2 2
Vatnshamrar VAT RA 132/66/19 1976 3/5/6 3
Vegamót VEG RA 66/19 1975 4/4 1
Vestmannaeyjar VEM RA 33 2002 2 2
Vogaskeið VOG RA 66/19 1975 3/6 1
Vopnafjörður VOP RA 66/11 1982 1/6 1
Þeistareykir THR 66 2013 1 1
Þorlákshöfn TOR RA 66/11 1991 1/6 1
Öldugata OLD 132 1989 5 2
RA=Rarik
OV=Orkubú Vestfjarða
HS=Hitaveita Suðurnesja
LV=Landsvirkjun
OR=Orkuveita Reykjavíkur
27
Annex 1 Definition of indexes for security of supply
Power Interruption Index
This index is the ratio of the aggregate power curtailment and highest load on the system. The
following equation applies to this index:
yearMWMWP
PSRA
Max
i/
Where:
Pi: Power curtailment in curtailment i [MW]
PMax: Maximum total feed-in of the year into the transmission system /
distribution system [MW].
Average Outage Duration Index, outage minutes
This index assesses how long the curtailment has prevailed based on energy curtailment and total
energy delivery. The following equation applies to this index:
yearutesE
ESMS
Total
i/min608760
Where:
Ei : Energy curtailment in disturbance i [MWh].
ETotal: Total energy delivery to customers [MWh].
System Minutes
Index that indicates the severity of each case of curtailed energy delivery. The following equation
applies to this index:
utesP
EKM
Max
min60*
Where:
E: Energy curtailment in disturbance [MWh].
PMax: Maximum load on the system, transmission system / distribution system
[MW].
28
Power Energy Curtailment Index
This index is the ratio of energy curtailment if the load had been unchanged over the whole
curtailment period and the total load on the system. The following equation applies to this index:
Max
ii
P
PTSSO
* MW hour / MW year
Where:
Pi: Power curtailment MW, in curtailment i.
Ti: Duration of curtailment, hours.
PMax: Maximum load (one hour average) of feed-in, MW.
Power Supply Average Curtailment per Disturbance
This index is an indication of the average curtailment of each disturbance. The following equation
applies to this index:
N
PSMA
i MW / disturbance
Where: Pi: Load curtailment, MW, in disturbance i. N: No. of disturbances.
Index of Reliability
Index that shows the reliability of the system as a proportion of the number of hours during the year.
760.8
)(760.8 inhrsoutagedurationofAS
Where: Duration of outage is defined according to the Average Outage Duration
Index, outage minutes.
29
Landsnet hf. Gylfaflöt 9, 112 Reykjavík Sími 563 9300 Fax 563 9309 [email protected] www.landsnet.is