Performance Analysis of Electric Lamps and its Power ... · Performance Analysis of Electric Lamps...

Performance Analysis of Electric Lamps and its Power Quality Issues

1A.Matheswaran, 2Dr.C.Ganesh Babu.

1Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,

Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India.

2Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India.

[email protected],

Abstract

Artificial lighting plays a major role in industrial illumination. Over the years the lighting

technology had gradually evolved from incandescent lamps to light emitting diode lamps (LEDs).

Generally, industrial lighting needs can be classified as indoor and outdoor lighting. High intensity

discharge lamps are used for outdoor applications. Fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps

(CFLs) and LEDs are preferred for the indoors. The nature of indoor lighting will be planned

according to the task carried out in the shop floor. In this paper a survey on performance of typical

lamps used in outdoor and indoor is done in the basis of energy consumption, ignition time, lumen

output and power quality. The issues concerned with the above lamps are addressed.

1. Introduction

The natural light from the sun is not available all the time. Artificial lightings plays a vital role in

providing illumination in domestic and industrial establishments. The incandescent lamps were used

for both indoor and outdoor needs during olden days. However the power rating of outdoor lighting

systems was higher than the indoor fittings. The discharge lamps gradually replaced the incandescent

lamps in the outdoor due to their high luminous efficacy. In particular high intensity discharge lamps

are being used in the outdoors.

Right from 19th century the indoor artificial lighting systems gradually evolved stage by stage

from copper filament incandescent lamps to modern LED lamps. During initial phase of

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 16 2018, 4557-4577ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

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development, the technology was focused luminous output of the lamps. The incandescent lamps

provide artificial lighting at the expense of higher power consumption. Later, during the middle ages

the power consumption became an important concern, which paved the way for fluorescent lamps

that delivered quality light at lower power. The power consumption was still reduced with the advent

of compact fluorescent lamps and LEDs.

However, the driver circuits employed in the compact fluorescent lamps and LEDs affects

the power quality of the feeder in which they are connected due to the non linear devices present in

the driver circuits. To be specific, the switching of non-linear elements like solid state switches

injects harmonics in the grid. This paper analyses the function, common issues and harmonics

created by typical indoor and outdoor lighting units.

2. Schematic and function of Lamps:

It is essential to understand the construction, operation or functions of different lamps to

analyze the performance of the lamps in different aspects like power consumption, ignition speed,

lumen output and power quality. The preceding sections deals about the schematic and function of

both outdoor and indoor lamps.

2. a. Outdoor

The Industrial outdoor lighting needs are done using High intensity discharge lamps like

High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp, High Pressure Sodium Vapour lamp or Metal Halide lamps.

These lamps works based on gas discharge principle. The general schematic of High pressure

discharge lamps is shown in Fig 1.

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

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Fig.1. High Pressure Discharge Lamp

Here the light is produced through an electric arc generated between two electrodes

placed inside a transparent fused quartz or fused alumina arc tube. This tube is filled with both gas

and metal salts. These gas and metal salts aids in starting of the lamp i.e., initial arc strike. This arc

results in evaporation of metal salts, thus forming plasma along with the gas. The intensity of light

gradually increases with the increase in temperature of the plasma. The initial high voltage required

for producing the arc is delivered through ballast. Ballast may be a conventional one or electronic

ballast.

2. b. Indoor lighting

Indoor lighting was done using incandescent lamps during early days. These bulbs works

using the principle of incandescence were, a wire filament heated to such a high temperature glows

with visible light. Carbon filament was used in these lamps earlier and later the carbon filaments

were replaced by tungsten filaments, thanks to their reliability and higher luminous efficacy. In

recent past Halogen elements like iodine or bromine is mixed with tungsten filament to get higher

luminous efficacy and colour rendering index (CRI) than its carbon or tungsten counterparts. These

lamps are popularly called as halogen lamps. The general construction of incandescent lamps is

shown in Fig.2.


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Fig.2. Incandescent Lamp

Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other

electromagnetic radiation. A fluorescent lamp utilizes this principle of Fluorescence to deliver

visible light. The schematic of a typical fluorescent lamp is shown in Fig.3.

Fig.3. Schematic Diagram of Fluorescent Lamp

It is a low pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge lamp. The high voltage applied between the

electrodes through ballast triggers an electric current between the electrodes. This current excites the


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mercury vapor in the tube, thus producing an ultra-violet light. The phosphor coating absorbs this

ultra-violet light causes the lamp to glow. The fluorescent lamps with folded tubes and much lesser

tube diameter using the fluorescence principle is called a compact fluorescent lamps (CFL)

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) produce light when voltage is applied to negatively charged

semiconductors, causing electrons to combine and create a unit of light (photon). In simpler terms,

an LED is a chemical chip embedded in a plastic capsule. Because they are small, several LEDs are

sometimes combined to produce a single light bulb.LED chips need controlled direct current (DC)

electrical power and an appropriate circuit as an LED driver is required to convert the alternating

current from the power supply to the regulated voltage direct current used by the LEDs. Fig. 4 shows

the schematic diagram of LED lamp.

Fig.4. Schematic Diagram of LED Lamp

3. Performance Evaluation of Lamps:

The experimental setup has been made to analyze the performance of lamps. The power

quality analyzer Fluke 436-II is used to measure the parameters like voltage, current, power,

power factor, total harmonic distortion (THD) and sag and swell of voltage during ON and OFF

the lamps. The light intensity of the lamps is measured using the light meter Amprobe LM-100.

This section gives the details of the performance of various lamps. Fig 5 (a) and (b) shows the

schematic diagram of measuring setup and photograph of measurement setup of mercury vapour

lamp respectively.


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Fig.5.a Schematic Diagram of Measuring Setup

Fig.5.b Photograph of Measurement Setup of Mercury Vapour Lamp

Table I shows the specification of lamps used in the performance evaluation.

Table: I Specifications of Lamps

S.No Type of Lamp Power Rating of

each in Watts

Quantity Total Power

in Watts

1 Incandescent lamp 100 W 6 600 W

2 High Pressure Sodium

Vapour Lamp

250 W 2 500 W

1Φ AC 230 V

50 Hz

Supply

Ballast/ Driver

Lamp

Power Quality

Analyzer


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3 High Pressure Mercury

Vapour Lamp

250W 2 500 W

4 Metal Halide Lamp 250W 2 500 W

5 Halogen Lamp 500 1 500 W

6 Fluorescent lamp 36 W 40 W

3 1

220 W

7 Compact Fluorescent lamp

(CFL)

25 W 11 W 15 W

1 3 2

108 W

8 LED lamp 10W 11 110 W

Fig.6-14 shows the waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform, Sag & Swell and

Total Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp,

High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp, Metal Halide Lamp, Incandescent lamp, Halogen Lamp,

Fluorescent lamp, Compact Fluorescent lamp (CFL) and LED lamp respectively.

(a) (b)

(b)

(b)


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(e)

Fig.6 (a)-(e) Waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform, Sag & Swell and Total

Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp

From Fig.6 (a)-(e) it is understand that current in high pressure sodium vapour lamp is

not a pure sinusoidal waveform. This is due to the conventional ballast. The phase angle is 23°,

voltage dip and swell are 240 V and 244.5 V respectively. Voltage and current THD are 4.3 %

and 58.5% respectively.


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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)


Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp

Fig.7 (a)-(e) shows the voltage and current waveform of high pressure mercury vapour

lamp. It draws a non sinusoidal current waveform. The values of phase angle is 25°, voltage dip

and swell are 240 V and 245.3 V respectively. Voltage and current THD are 3.7 % and 39.8%

respectively.


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(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e)


Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of Metal Halide Lamp


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Fig.8 (a)-(e) shows the voltage and current waveform of metal halide lamp. Values of

phase angle, voltage dip and swell, Voltage and current THD are 17°, 246 V, 247 V, 3.7 %, 39.1

% respectively. Here the common conventional ballast is used for high discharge lamps. The

current drawn by the high intensity discharge lamps which uses the conventional electromagnetic

ballast is non-sinusoidal. This can be understand from the current waveforms of the high

intensity discharge lamps.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)


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(e)


Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of Halogen Lamp

Fig.9 (a)-(e) shows the Halogen Lamp’s voltage and current waveform, values of phase

angle, voltage dip and swell, Voltage and current THD. The values are -177°, 245 V and 248 V,

2.7%, 3.6%. The current THD is less in halogen lamp due to the absence of non linear ele

ments


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in the lamps. The current is in phase with the voltage due to the presence of pure

resistance tungsten filament in the lamp. Phasor diagram of voltage and current validate the

same.

(c) (d)

(e)


Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of Incandescent lamp

Fig.10 (a)-(e) shows the various parameters of Incandescent lamp. The values of phase

angle is -176°, voltage dip and swell are 242 V and 248 V respectively. Voltage and current


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THD are 2.8% and 3.6% respectively. The voltage and current are in phase due to the pure

resistive property offers by a tungsten filament in the lamp. Phasor diagram shown in Fig.10 (b)

validate the same. The voltage and current THD is within the limit which prescribes by the IEEE

519 standard. This is due to the absence of non linear elements in the lamps.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)


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Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of Fluorescent lamp

The fluorescent lamp’s parameters are given in Fig.11 (a)-(e). The value of phase angle is 148°,

voltage dip and swell are 247 V and 250 V respectively. Voltage and current THD are 2.4 % and

29.2% respectively. The current waveform is slightly distorted due to which the current THD is

exceeding the limit. However the voltage THD is lies within the limit of 5%.

(a) (b)

(b) (d)

(c)


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Harmonic Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of Compact Fluorescent lamp (CFL) From

Fig.12 (a)-(e) it is understand that the current in a CFL lamp is highly distorted due to the presence

of power electronics driver which limits the voltage and current of the lamp. phase angle is -156°,

voltage dip and swell are 235 V and 236V respectively. Voltage and current THD are 3.8 % and

40.2% respectively.

(a) (b)


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(c) (d)

Fig.13 (a)-(d) Waveform of Voltage & Current, Phasor Waveform and Total Harmonic

Distortion (THD of Voltage and Current) of LED lamp

Fig.13 (a)-(d) shows the various parameters of LED lamp. The current waveform is

highly distorted due to the presence of power electronics driver which gives the protection

against temperature, over current, over voltage. Thereby increase the life of the lamp. The values

of phase angle is -20°, Voltage and current THD are 3.4 % and 179.7 % respectively.

Table II shows the various electrical parameters of both indoor and outdoor lamps along

with ignition time and lumen output.

Table: II Measured Parameters of Different Lamps

Parameters/

Lamps

High

Pressure

Sodium

Vapour

Lamp

High

Pressure

Mercury

Vapour

Lamp

Metal

Halide

Lamp

Halogen

Lamp

Incandescent

Lamp

Florescent

Lamp

CFL LED

Lamp


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Voltage in

Volt

242 241 242 245 243 248 235 246

Current in

Amps

2.8 2.8 2.9 2.2 2.4 1.3 0.5 0.9

Power in

Watts

540 600 618 532 608 245 120 119

Power

Factor

0.92 0.9 0.94 1 1 0.86 0.86 0.44

VTHD in % 4.3 3.7 3.7 2.7 2.8 2.4 3.8 3.4

ITHD in % 58.5 39.8 39.1 3.6 3.6 29.2 40.2 179.7

Intensity in

Lux

24780

(250W)

14000

(250W)

18400

( (250W)

9050

(250W)

1620

(100W)

2300

(40W)

1760

(25W)

905

(10W)

Ignition

Time

4 min 6 min 4 min 0 min 0 min 0 min 0 min 0 min

`From the table II it is understand that gas discharge lamps are taken some time to ignite

completely whereas lamps like incandescent Lamp, Fluorescent lamp, CFL and LED are instantly

illuminate when supply is given.

Conclusion:

In this paper the performance of various indoor and outdoor lamps is analyzed in different

aspects like power consumption, ignition speed, lumen output and power quality. The High intensity

discharge lamps such as sodium vapour lamp, high pressure mercury vapour lamp, metal halide lamp

are taken time to give its full intensity. Therefore those are not suitable for immediate inspection

locations. However other lamps are illuminating immediately when switched on. Though the LED

lamps are affects the power quality its power consumption is less than other lamps, therefore it is


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well suited for energy efficient applications. The analysis of different types of lamps helpful to

choose them for any specific applications and/or requirements. Also the reported parameters of each

lamp avoid the ambiguous about the lamps and further development in illumination system.

References

[1] Evan Mills, “Technical and Economic Performance Analysis of Kerosene Lamps and

Alternative Approaches to Illumination in Developing Countries”, Lawrence Berkeley National

Laboratory, June 28, 2003.

[2] M.M.Aman et al., “Analysis of the performance of domestic lighting lamps”, Energy Policy

Volume 52, January 2013, Pages 482-500.

[3] Edward e. hammer and Terry k. mcgowan, “A New Optimized Fluorescent Lamp and

Ballast for Low Energy General Lighting Applications”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON

INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. IA-19, NO. 4, JULY/AUGUST 1983.

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ELECTRONICS, VOL. 55, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2008.

[5] Soo-Bin Han et al., “Analysis of Effects of Inductance Component in Electrodeless Lamp on

Ballast Performances”, 7th international conference on power electronics, Korea, October 2017.

[6] Hung-Liang Cheng et al., “Analysis and Implementation of an HPF Electronic Ballast for

HID Lamps With LFSW Voltage”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS,

VOL. 27, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2012.

[7] André Luís Kirsten et al., “Digital Control Strategy for HID Lamp Electronic Ballasts”, IEEE

TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 60, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2013.

[8] Douglas Pappis et al., “Modified Flyback for HID Lamp Supply: Design, Modeling, and

Control”, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS, VOL. 49, NO. 2,

MARCH/APRIL 2013.

[9] Lighting Answers,Power Qulaity, Vol.2, Number.2 February 1995.

[1] C. Jettanasen, and C. Pothisarn, “ Analytical Study of Harmonics Issued from LED Lamp

Driver”, Proceedings of the International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists

2014 Vol II, IMECS 2014, March 12 - 14, 2014, Hong Kong.


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[11] Mohd. Shafiul Islam et al., “Power Quality Effect of Using Incandescent, Fluorescent, CFL

and LED Lamps on Utility Grid”, 2015 First Workshop on Smart Grid and Renewable Energy

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[12] Henryk Markiewicz & Antoni Klajn, Power Quality Application Guide, Copper

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Authors profile

A.MATHESWARAN is presently working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India and has seven years of teaching

experience. He received the B.E. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering and M.E. degree in Power Electronics and Drives from the Anna

University, Chennai, India. He has pursuing Ph.d in the field of solar PV system. His research interest includes power converters for renewable energy

sources, industrial drives and power quality.

Dr.C.GANESH BABU is presently working as Professor in the department

of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Bannari Amman Institute

of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India and has fourteen years of teaching

experience. His field of interest includes Speech Recognition, Biomedical

Instrumentation, and Modern Power Electronic switches.


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