PERFECT TENSEPAGES 87-96

Lesson XII & XIII

Perfect Tense

We’ve already learned the present and the future tenses.

The present tense refers to what is happening CURRENTLY, and uses the first principal part for the first person singular and the second principal part to form the stem for the rest.

The future tense refers to something that WILL happen, and uses the second principal part to form its stem.

e.g. “We are fighting” or “pugnamus” is present tense. “We will fight” or “pugnabimus” is future tense.

Perfect Tense

The PERFECT TENSE refers to a single event that happened in the PAST.

exempli gratia

We have looked at the road.The teacher taught the girls.Did the Romans fight in Gaul?

Perfect Tense

In Latin, the PERFECT TENSE uses the THIRD PRINCIPAL PART to form its stem.

exempli gratia

The perfect stem for specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatus is spectav-.

The –i is the first person singular ending in the perfect tense and is removed to create the stem.

Perfect Tense

The PERFECT TENSE also has its own set of ENDINGS.

Singular Plural1st Person -i -imus2nd Person -isti -istis3rd Person -it -erunt

Perfect Stem

To CONJUGATE a word in the perfect tense, use the perfect stem (from the third principal part), take off the –i, and add the endings.

exempli gratiaConjugate augeo, augere, auxi, auctus in the perfect tense:

Singular Plural1st Person aux-i aux-imus2nd Person aux-isti aux-istis3rd Person aux-it aux-erunt

Perfect Stem

There are three possible ways to translate the perfect tense.

Singular Plural

1st Person

portav-i = I carried, I have carried, I did carry

portav-imus = we carried, we have carried, we did carry

2nd Person

portav-isti = you carried, you have carried, you did carry

portav-istis = y’all carried, y’all have carried, y’all did carry

3rd Person

portav-it = he carried, she has carried, it did carry

portav-erunt = they carried, they have carried, they did carry

Perfect Tense

Conjugate the following verbs in the perfect tense on a separate sheet of paper.

laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratusmereo, merere, merui, meritushabeo, habere, habui, habitus

Servi (pg. 92)

Servi Romani erant capitivi.

Servi (pg. 92)

Romani multis pugnis singulas

terras occupaverunt,

Servi (pg. 92)

et magnus erat numerus

captivorum.

Servi (pg. 92)

Captivos e Graecia, e Gallia, ex Asia, ex

Africa in Italiam moverunt.

Servi (pg. 92)

In familia Romana erant multi servi,

boni et mali.

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

socius, socii (m.)

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

captivus, -i (m.)

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

cena, -ae (f.)

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

medicus, -i (m.)

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

mensa, -ae (f.)

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

altus, -a, -um

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

barbarus, -a, -um

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

singuli, -ae, -a(always plural)

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

ambulo, -are, -avi, -atus

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

voco, -are, -avi, -atus

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

evoco, -are, -avi, -atus

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

libero, -are, -avi, -atus

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

mereo, merere, merui, meritus

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

teneo, tenere, tenui, tentus

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

moveo, movere, movi, motus

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

a, ab (+ abl.)

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

de (+ abl.)

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

e, ex (+ abl.)

Vocabulary (pg 86 & pg 95)

cur

Assignments

Make flashcards for vocabulary on pages 86 and 95.

Translate Servi on page 92.Complete Exercises A 1-4 and B 1-3 on page

89.Complete Exercises A 4-6 and B 3-4 on page

94.