Percutaneous Stone Removal
-
Upload
cristina-barbu -
Category
Documents
-
view
66 -
download
1
Transcript of Percutaneous Stone Removal
Percutaneous Stone Removal-PCNL-
History
• The first description of percutaneous renal access was by Goodwin et al in 1955
• The first PCNL procedure performed by Fernstrom and Johannson 1976
Indications and contraindications
Indications– radiopaque or cystine renal stones with a diameter of
>20 mm– lower-pole stones, the procedure competes with
shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) and ureterorenoscopy – For stones <20 mm, SWL shows lower morbidity but
"mini-perc" is recommended as an alternative and has a higher stone-free rate.
The only absolute contraindications1. uncorrected coagulopathy
2. an untreated urinary infection.
Preoperative diagnostics
• A detailed medical history of the patient
• Radiologic definition of the stone size and the anatomy of the collecting system
• plain abdominal film of the kidney, ureters, and bladder (KUB) in combination with intravenous urography
• Ultrasound • computed tomography (CT) scans
• Laboratory • coagulation parameters and electrolytes• urine culture - is strongly recommended
• prone position - The traditional way of performing PCNL, as described by Alken et al
• supine position - The new way of performing PCNL by Valdivia (combined approach with simultaneous ureteroscopy is easy to perform)
Positioning of the patient
Anesthesia
1. general anesthesia - mostly
2. spinal-epidural anesthesia – very good report cost efficacy and safety
3. local anesthesia - seems to be a feasible in selected group of patients
Renal access
Renal access is divided into two main parts: – puncture of the collecting system – dilation of the tract.
• most urologists from EU puncture the collecting system themselves (90.1%)
• in the US - 11% of urologists obtained the renal access on their own
Puncture of the collecting system Access type
– Radiological - radiographic guidance alone the “bull's eye” technique and the triangulation technique
The dorsal calyx of the lower pole is the usually acces site
Supracostal access to an upper calyx due to stone location in the upper pole.
10th-rib supracostal approach is prohibitive - 63% risk of puncturing the lung
After puncture will are passing the papilla in the long axis of the target calyx avoids contact with large vessels
Ultrasonographical - ultrasonography-guided access in experienced centers, is safe and efficient,
The dilation of the tract tehnique
• metallic telescope dilator system and placement of a metallic sheath – Alken
• serial plastic dilators and then placement of a plastic sheath (Amplatz sheath)
• tract dilation using a balloon Clayman
Disintegration
• the stones are usually disintegrated mechanically with a lithoclast device or a holmium laser.
• Ultrasonic disintegration • Fragments can usually be flushed out through the
access sheath or recovered with a stone basket or with special forceps
Operation time seems to be dependent on stone size.
Standard PCNL - a nephrostomy tube is inserted after the PCNL with the intention of both draining the urine and tamponading the access tract
Tubeless PCNL – intern ureteral drainage
Totally tubeless PCNL - without any drainage
Complications
Organ injury • Colonic injury < 1 %• Lung injury• Spleenic and hepatic injury
Bleeding complications • In most, it is limited • selective arteriography with
embolisation is feasible 1%• Nephrectomy 0.2%
Infectious complications 30% • Fever • Sepsis