Anne Dorothée Slovic, Ph.D.

Postdoctoral Research Fellow – ASTRID Project

School of Public Health/ IAG

University of São Paulo

Prof. Dr. Adelaide Nardocci

School of Public Health

University of São Paulo

Perceptions about Mobility and Air Pollution

Exposure: the ASTRID project

NOVEMBER, 9 2017

“Measuring Urban Mobility: British and Brazilian Experiences”

UCL Santander Research Catalyst Awards

THE ASTRID PROJECT

CASUAL MECHANISMS

UNDERLYING DISPARITY AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

• ACCESSIBILITY

• TRANSPORT EMISSION EXPOSURE

• HOUSING

• POTENTIAL OF TOD TO PROMOTE SOCIAL JUSTICE

Investigar os mecanismos causais implícitos na disparidade e injustiça social que são perceptíveis na acessibilidade ao trabalho e na qualidade do ar em áreas metropolitanas

THE ASTRID PROJECT SÃO PAULO– LONDON - RANDSTAD

RANDSTAD - NETHERLANDS

SAO PAULO - BRAZIL

LONDON - UK

SOCIAL JUSTICE

SURVEY

MEASURING AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN / BY TRANSPORT

MODE

EMPLOYMENT

TRANSPORT

ACCESSIBILITY

ASTRID - SÃO PAULO

ASTRID

AIR POLLUTION

IAG – AIR POLLUTION LAB

SURVEY

SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH

ACCESSIBILITY

POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL

TRANSPORT SHARE

Source: Mobility Research Report, 2012 Elaborated by Veronika Brand

Modal 2007 2012

Bus 5.729.000 24% 5.710.000 22%

Metro 1.944.000 8% 2.807.000 11%

Train 435.000 2% 561.000 2%

Scholar 761.000 3% 1.171.000 4%

Cars 6.588.000 28% 7.328.000 28%

Taxi 79.000 0% 108.000 0%

Moto 393.000 2% 595.000 2%

Other 199.000 1% 130.000 0%

Bike 147.000 1% 157.000 1%

Pedestrian 7.244.000 31% 7.983.000 30%

Total 16.128.000 100% 18.410.000 100%

VEHICLES

• 8 million (70% cars)

• Average commuting time: 45 min

METRO

• 74.8 km

• 3.2 million passengers/day

BUS

• Fleet 14,800

• 8 million passengers/day

Public Transport: Average commuting time: 67

min

NON-MOTORIZED TRANSPORT

• 30% walking

• 1% bike

ACCESSIBILITY DISPARITIES – SÃO PAULO

Elaborated by Anne Dorothee Slovic

Source: Diego Tomasiello

PUBLIC TRANSPORT INDIVIDUAL TRANSPORT NON-WHITE POPULATION

SOCIECONOMIC DISPARITIES

NON-WHITE POPULATION

GENERAL CONTEXT

HOUSING

AIR POLLUTION

EMPLOYMENT

PRIMARY SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA - SURVEY

AIR POLLUTION: Beliefs and understandings about air pollution • Sources • Contribution • Local of exposition • Noise • Health effects Matching with the overall project goals

SURVEY DESIGN

• Home based paper survey

• One interview/ household

• Goal 1600 people

• 18 old - part of workforce

• Closed ended section

• Likert Scale

• Same survey for three cities

SURVEY – SÃO PAULO - SAMPLING SELECTION

Data from the 2010 Brazil census track

Stratified by:

1. City zone

2. Census Block (#18206)

3. Human Development Index (HDI):

A,B,C,D(10%,40%,40%,10%)

Random selection

MUNICIPALITY OF SÃO PAULO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

HDI - HIGH GROUP A – 10%

HDI – MEDIUM-LOW GROUP C – 40%

HDI –MEDIUM HIGH GROUP B – 40%

HDI – LOW GROUP D - 10%

Elaborated by Anne Dorothee Slovic and Adeylson Ribeiro Source: UNDP, DATASUS, IBGE

SURVEY – SÃO PAULO

COMPLETED NOTHERN, EASTERN AND SOUTHERN PART

• Total of 1329

CLEANED DATA: NOTHERN AND ESTEARN

• Total 829 surveys

HDI _ A: 6

HDI _ B: 174

HDI _ C: 237

HDI _ D: 412

• AVERAGE AGE: 38 years old

.0%

20.0%

40.0%

60.0%

80.0%

100.0%

A

B

C

D

TOTAL

% BASED ON GENDER AND HDI

FEM MALE

SURVEY – PROFILE

• In the highest HDI groups a majority of male respondants • In the two lowest HDI groups more females • Lowest the HDI the lowest the educational degree

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100% % EDUCATION LEVEL AND HDI

Total A B C D

EMPLOYMENT CONDITIONS

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

2-20h 21-40h 41h-60h >60h NA NSNR

% Number of working hours/ week and HDI

TOTAL A B C D

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

< 1 Min. Salary

1-2 Min. Salary

2-3 Min Salary 3-5 Min Salary 5-10 Min Salary

> 10 Min Salary

Do not know

% Average monthly rate by min salary

TOTAL A B C D

• Lowest HDI and lowest salaries

• Better comprehend the working hours situation

CONTRIBUTION TO AIR POLLUTION

VEHICULAR EMISSIONS HIGHEST WOOD STOVES AND COOKING LOWEST

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Car Public Buses Trucks Cooking Wood Stoves Wood fire Waste burning Industries

BELIEFS ABOUT AIR POLLUTION CONTRIBUTION

Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Not apply Do not know

BELIEFS ABOUT EXPOSITION

PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND WALKING HIGHEST HOME LOWEST HDI B AND C FEEL HIGHEST BELIEF ABOUT WALKING AND EXPOSURE

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Home School Public Transport

Individual transport

Walking Biking Outdoors Other

BELIEFS ABOUT PLACE WHERE FEEL EXPOSED

Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply

Do not know

BELIEFS ABOUT EXPOSITION - WALKING

TOTAL A B C D

BELIEFS ABOUT EXPOSITION

LIVING NEAR HEAVY TRAFFIC ROADS AND LIVING in CENTER CITY HIGHEST LIVING GROUND FLOOR LOWEST HDI A and B FEEL HIGHEST EXPOSURE in PT

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Long dist. P. Trans

Long dist. Car Living ground floor

Living near heavy traffic

roads

Working outdooors

Living in slum Living center city

Living in periphery

WHEN ARE PEOPLE HARMED BY AIR POLLUTION

Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply

Do not know

IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT

TOTAL A B C D

BELIEFS ABOUT EXPOSURE WHILE COMMUTING

BIKING NEXT TO CARS HIGHEST INSIDE PUBLIC AND INDIVUDUAL TRANSPORTS LOWEST ALL FEEL HIGHEST BELIEF ABOUT EXPOSURE TO WORK WHILE BIKING

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Walking Biking isolate route

Biking next cars

Bus stop Metro platform

Train platform

In the bus In the metro

In the train

Car windows

closed

Car windows opened

Stopped in traffic

EXPOSURE WHILE GOING TO WORK

Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know

BIKING NEXT CARS

TOTAL A B C D

AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH

ALLERGIES HIGHEST MENTAL HEALTH LOWEST ALL HDI FEEL HIGHEST BELIEF ABOUT EXPOSURE TO WORK WHILE BIKING

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Allergies Aging of the skin CVD Mental Health Diabetis/ Obsity Lung Cancer Death

ASSOCIATION AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH

Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Not all Slightly Moderatly Very Extremly Do not apply Do not know

Allergies and HDI

TOTAL A B C D

PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS

• Lowest levels of HDI associated with lowest levels of education and more

precarious job conditions

• There is a common understanding of what contributes to air pollution and

among all HDI groups

• Beliefs about where and who is most exposed while commuting differ among

HDI groups

• Comprehension of the contribution of vehicular emissions to air pollution but

also the perception of greater exposure if using non-motorized transport mode

and public transport

• Walking is associated to high air pollution exposure

Segregation of both extremes HDI A and HDI D but for different reasons

Under representation of HDI A

PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS

NEXT STEPS

• Complete the survey – re-sampling of As

• DATA analysis (mix methods)

• Cross- city comparaison

• Connect the dots: perception versus facts

Thank you Obrigada

adslovic@usp.br www.astriproject.com