Perception Process(9&10)

8/8/2019 Perception Process(9&10)

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The process of selectively attending to

information and assigning meaning to it.



How we choose depends in part on our

needs, interests, and expectations.



Needs: Biological and psychological needs.

Interest: We are likely to pay attention to

information that pertains to our interest.

Expectation: We see what we expect to seeand to ignore information that violates our

expectations.



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in the

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Our brains use certain principles to arrange

the received stimuli to make sense out of

them.

Two of the most common principles we useare simplicity and pattern.



implicity: If the stimuli we attend to are

very complex, the brain simplifies the stimuli

into some commonly recognized form.

Pattern: A pattern is a set of characteristicsthat differentiates some things from others

used to group those items having the same

characteristics. A pattern makes it easy to

interpret stimuli.



As the brain selects and organizes the

information it receives from the senses, it

also interprets the information by assigning

meaning to it.



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Self-concept: one·s self-identity

Self-esteem: one·s overall evaluation of one·s

competence and personal worthiness



Our self-concept comes from the unique

interpretations about ourselves that we have

made based on our experience and from

others· reactions and responses to us.



How we value our skills, abilities, knowledge

affects our self-esteem.



It depends on the accuracy of our own

perception and how we process others·

perception of us.

Incongruence, the gap between ourinaccurate self-perceptions and reality, is a

problem because our perception of self are

more likely to affect our behaviour than are

our true abilities.



Self-fulfilling prophecies: Events that happen

as a result of being foretold, expected, or

talked about-likely to be either self created

or other-imposed. Filtering messages: Our self-perception can

become distorted because of the way we

filter what others say to us.



For example, suppose you prepare an agenda

for your study group. Someone comments

that you are a good organizer. You may not

really hear it, ignore it, or reply,´Anyone could have done that-it was nothing

special.µ

Or on the other hand you will say,

´ Thanks, I·ve worked hard to learn to do this,but it was worth it. It comes in handy.µ



Changing self-concepts and self-esteem:

They are enduring characteristics, but they can

be changed.



We also present our self-image and self-

esteem to others through various roles we

enact.

Role: A role is a pattern of learned behaviorpeople use to meet the perceived demands

of a particular context. For instance, during

you may enact the roles of ´Studentsµ,

´Brothers/sistersµ or any other.



Self-perceptions moderate competing

internal messages

Self-perception influences how we talk about

ourselves with others



Uncertainty reduction theory: the process

individuals use to monitor their social

environment and to come to know more

about themselves and others.The factors that are likely to influence our

social perceptions of others include physical

characteristics and social behaviors,

stereotyping, and emotional states.



Our first impression are made on the basis of

people·s physical characteristics. These

characteristics help us to categorize people

as friendly, intelligent, cool etc.Halo effect: perception that a person has a

whole set of characteristics when you have

actually observed only one characteristic,

trait or behavior.



Stereotypes: simplified and standardized

conceptions about the characteristics or

expected behavior of members of an

identifiable group. Stereotyping can lead to prejudice ( a

preconcieved judgement- a belief or opinion

that a person holds without sufficient

grounds) and discrimination (treatingmembers of one group differently from

members of another group in a way that is

unfair or harmful).



Emotional states: a final factor that affects

how accurately we perceive others is our

emotional state at the time of interaction.



Q uestion the accuracy of your perceptions

Seek more information to verify perceptions

Realize that perceptions of people may need

to be changed overtime.

Use perception checking to verify conclusions

you have drawn.

Perception Process(9&10)

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