PERCEPTION OF TRUTH IN SERBIA abridge. SMMRI2 For B92 conducted by SMMRI May 2001.

PERCEPTION OF TRUTH IN SERBIAPERCEPTION OF TRUTH IN SERBIA

abridgeabridge

SMMRISMMRI 22

For B92 conducted by

SMMRIMay 2001

SMMRISMMRI 33


contentscontentsmethodological notesmethodological notes 2 2

trust and endagerstrust and endagers 3 3

responsibility and culpabilityresponsibility and culpability 6 6

what people know and what people know and what they believe inwhat they believe in 1717

are people familiar with are people familiar with “in search of truth” programmes“in search of truth” programmes 2222

sources of information duringsources of information duringthe wars and the impact of informationthe wars and the impact of informationcollected on opinionscollected on opinions 2727

SMMRISMMRI 44


Aim: What Serbs from Serbia know, who they trust and to what extent,

who they fear, how they get informed and how they perceive the events which marked the Milosevic era in power.

Methodology: Target population: Total adult population Sample frame: 1991 Census, vital statistics and migration data, and SMMRI estimates of

population in 2000 Type of sample: Stratified three-stage random sample Stratums: Belgrade, Vojvodina, Central Serbia / urban-rural Stratification: Allocation in proportion to size of stratum according to 2000 data Sample stages: 1 stage: Local community centers – census rounds (PPS sample – 18+) 2 stage: Households - random pass (simulation of SRSWoR sample scheme) and 3 stage Next birthday method Sample size: 2171 completed questionnaires Sample selection: Lachirie method. Polling technique: Face to face Time: second half of April 2001

SMMRISMMRI 55

TRUST AND ENDAGERSTRUST AND ENDAGERS


SMMRISMMRI 66

TRUST IN OTHER PEOPLE AND OTHER TRUST IN OTHER PEOPLE AND OTHER NATIONALITIESNATIONALITIES

MAJORITY OF SERBIAN CITIZENS ARE OF OPINION THAT OTHER MAJORITY OF SERBIAN CITIZENS ARE OF OPINION THAT OTHER PEOPLE SHOULD BE TREATED WITH UTMOST CAUTIONPEOPLE SHOULD BE TREATED WITH UTMOST CAUTION (63.6%) (63.6%)

MAJORITY OF SERBIAN CITIZENS ARE OF OPINION THAT OTHER MAJORITY OF SERBIAN CITIZENS ARE OF OPINION THAT OTHER NATIONS SHOULD BE TREATED WITH UTMOST CAUTIONNATIONS SHOULD BE TREATED WITH UTMOST CAUTION (55.8%) (55.8%)

39.9% CITIZENS OF SERBIA ARE OF OPINION THAT THE 39.9% CITIZENS OF SERBIA ARE OF OPINION THAT THE NATIONS WE WERE AT WAR WITH SHOULD NEVER AGAIN BE NATIONS WE WERE AT WAR WITH SHOULD NEVER AGAIN BE TRUSTED, EVEN IF GOOD OFFICIAL RELATIONS WERE TRUSTED, EVEN IF GOOD OFFICIAL RELATIONS WERE RESTOREDRESTORED

TRUST IN OTHER PEOPLE AND OTHER NATIONS IS LARGER IN TRUST IN OTHER PEOPLE AND OTHER NATIONS IS LARGER IN YOUNG PEOPLEYOUNG PEOPLE

EXTREME DISTRUST IN OTHER NATIONS IS EXPRESSED BY EXTREME DISTRUST IN OTHER NATIONS IS EXPRESSED BY 29.4% OF THE PEOPLE, AGED 18 TO 29 , AND BY 44.2% OF THE 29.4% OF THE PEOPLE, AGED 18 TO 29 , AND BY 44.2% OF THE PEOPLE OVER 60 PEOPLE OVER 60

EXTREME UNWILLINGNESS TO RECONCILE WITH THE NATIONS EXTREME UNWILLINGNESS TO RECONCILE WITH THE NATIONS WE WERE AT CONFLICT WITH IS EXPRESSED BY 21% OF THE WE WERE AT CONFLICT WITH IS EXPRESSED BY 21% OF THE PEOPLE AGED 18 TO 29 , AND BY 34.6% OT HE PEOPLE OVER 60PEOPLE AGED 18 TO 29 , AND BY 34.6% OT HE PEOPLE OVER 60

SMMRISMMRI 77

WHICH ASPECTS OF SERBIA ARE ENDANGEREDWHICH ASPECTS OF SERBIA ARE ENDANGERED

76.6

64.6

53.5

48.2

41.7

23.358.3

36.3

27.4

20.6

17.1

10.6

Territorial integrity of

Serbia

Economicindependence

Security of citizens

Politicalindependence

Nationalpride

Tradition andcustoms

Not at all Very much

MORE THAN A HALF OF MORE THAN A HALF OF SERBIAN CITIZENS ARE SERBIAN CITIZENS ARE OF OPINION THAT IT IS OF OPINION THAT IT IS

TERRITORIAL TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF INTEGRITY OF SERBIA (76.6%)SERBIA (76.6%)

ECONOMIC ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE INDEPENDENCE (64.6%)(64.6%)

SECURITY OF SECURITY OF CITIZENS (53.5%)CITIZENS (53.5%)

SMMRISMMRI 88

IS SECURITY OF SERBIA ENDANGERED IS SECURITY OF SERBIA ENDANGERED

TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF SERBIA IS ENDANGERED TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF SERBIA IS ENDANGERED MOST BY ALBANIAN TERRORISMMOST BY ALBANIAN TERRORISM

ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE IS ENDANGERED MOST BY ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE IS ENDANGERED MOST BY INFLUENCE OF FOREIGN POWERSINFLUENCE OF FOREIGN POWERS

SECURITY OF CITIZENS IS ENDANGERED MOST BY SECURITY OF CITIZENS IS ENDANGERED MOST BY CRIME CRIME

POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE IS ENDANGERED MOST BY POLITICAL INDEPENDENCE IS ENDANGERED MOST BY INFLUENCE OF FOREIGN POWERSINFLUENCE OF FOREIGN POWERS

NATIONAL PRIDE IS ENDANGERED MOST BY NATIONAL PRIDE IS ENDANGERED MOST BY INFLUENCE OF FOREIGN POWERSINFLUENCE OF FOREIGN POWERS

TRADITION AND CUSTOMS ARE ENDANGERED MOST TRADITION AND CUSTOMS ARE ENDANGERED MOST BY GENERAL LACK OF CULTUREBY GENERAL LACK OF CULTURE

SMMRISMMRI 99

WHO AND TO WHAT EXTENT PROTECTS WHO AND TO WHAT EXTENT PROTECTS THE INTERESTS OF SERBIATHE INTERESTS OF SERBIA

MOST CITIZENS OF SERBIA THINK THAT THE BEST WAY FOR SERBIA TO MOST CITIZENS OF SERBIA THINK THAT THE BEST WAY FOR SERBIA TO PROTECT ITS INTERESTS IS TO JOIN THE EUROPEAN UNION (59.6%)PROTECT ITS INTERESTS IS TO JOIN THE EUROPEAN UNION (59.6%)

82.3% OF CITIZENS THINK THAT KOSTUNICA PROTECTS THE INTERESTS 82.3% OF CITIZENS THINK THAT KOSTUNICA PROTECTS THE INTERESTS OF SERBIA IN HIS CONTACTS ON THE INTERANTIONAL STAGEOF SERBIA IN HIS CONTACTS ON THE INTERANTIONAL STAGE

THE ARMY WAS EVALUATED AS THE INSTITTUION OF GREATEST THE ARMY WAS EVALUATED AS THE INSTITTUION OF GREATEST IMPORTANCE FOR THE SECURITY OF THE COUTRY AND THE ONE WHICH IMPORTANCE FOR THE SECURITY OF THE COUTRY AND THE ONE WHICH IS TRUSTED MOSTIS TRUSTED MOST

DSS (65.9%) I DOS (59.4%) THE POLITICAL PARTY AND THE COALITION DSS (65.9%) I DOS (59.4%) THE POLITICAL PARTY AND THE COALITION EVALUTED AS DEFENDING NATIONAL INTERESTS OF SERBIA TO THE EVALUTED AS DEFENDING NATIONAL INTERESTS OF SERBIA TO THE GREATEST LEVELGREATEST LEVEL

LSDV (78%) I SRS (66.6%) POLITICAL PARTIES EVALUATED AS THOSE LSDV (78%) I SRS (66.6%) POLITICAL PARTIES EVALUATED AS THOSE WHICH REPRESENT THE GREATEST THREAT FOR NATIONAL INTERESTS WHICH REPRESENT THE GREATEST THREAT FOR NATIONAL INTERESTS OF SERBIAOF SERBIA

SMMRISMMRI 1010

TO WHAT EXTENT DO POLITICAL PARTIES/COALITIONS TO WHAT EXTENT DO POLITICAL PARTIES/COALITIONS DEFEND OR ENDANGER INTERESTS OF SERBIADEFEND OR ENDANGER INTERESTS OF SERBIA??

12.8

17.1

18.6

23.1

28.7

33.8

36.2

37.6

46.8

59.4

65.9

LSDV / Liga socijaldemokrata Vojvodine

SRS / Srpska radikalna stranka

SPO / Srpski pokret obnove

SPS / Socijalistička partija Srbije

SD / Socijaldemokratija

DA / Demokratska alternativa

SSJ / Stranka srpskog jedinstva

GSS / Gradjanski savez Srbije

DS / Demokratska stranka

DOS / Demokratska opozicija Srbije

DSS / Demokratska stranka Srbije

Endangers the interests Defends the interests

10% 10% 50%50

SMMRISMMRI 1111

RESPONSIBILITY AND CULPABILITYRESPONSIBILITY AND CULPABILITY

A. NATO INTERVENTIONA. NATO INTERVENTION

B. DISINTEGRATION OF FRY AND THE OUTBREAK OF WARSB. DISINTEGRATION OF FRY AND THE OUTBREAK OF WARS

C. EVENTS AND CRIMES IN CONFLICTS AND WARS C. EVENTS AND CRIMES IN CONFLICTS AND WARS

D. PEOPLE – THE CULPRITS AND THE HEROESD. PEOPLE – THE CULPRITS AND THE HEROES


SMMRISMMRI 1212

THE MOST IMPORTANT REASON FOR NATO THE MOST IMPORTANT REASON FOR NATO INTERVENTIONINTERVENTION

7.20%

7.50%

25.90%

29.30%

29.80%

Hate towards Serbianpeople

Support for Albanianseparatism politics

Western politicalinterests

Western economicinterests

Milosevic regimepolitics

SMMRISMMRI 1313

WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR NATO WHO IS RESPONSIBLE FOR NATO INTERVENTIONINTERVENTION??

47.6

62.7

63.68.2

11.9

29.6

-50 -25 0 25 50 75

Miloševic

Yugoslavia

Serbs

NATO

International community

Albanians

SMMRISMMRI 1414

DISINTEGRATION OF FRY AND THE DISINTEGRATION OF FRY AND THE OUTBREAK OF WARSOUTBREAK OF WARS

ONLY ONLY CROATIANCROATIAN NATIONALISM WAS EVALUATED AS NATIONALISM WAS EVALUATED AS A SLIGHLTY MORE IMPORTANT FACTOR (77.7%) IN A SLIGHLTY MORE IMPORTANT FACTOR (77.7%) IN DISINTEGRATION OF FORMER YUGOSLAVIA THAN THE DISINTEGRATION OF FORMER YUGOSLAVIA THAN THE INTERESTS OF USA (73.5%) AND NATO (72.3%) INTERESTS OF USA (73.5%) AND NATO (72.3%)

USAUSA BECOMING THE ONLY SUPERPOWER WAS BECOMING THE ONLY SUPERPOWER WAS EVALUATED AS AN EVENT SLIGHTLY MORE EVALUATED AS AN EVENT SLIGHTLY MORE IMPORTANT IN DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA IMPORTANT IN DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA (25.9%) THAN MILOSEVIC`S RISE TO POWER (23%)(25.9%) THAN MILOSEVIC`S RISE TO POWER (23%)

80.7% CITIZENS AGREE WITH THE STATEMENT THAT 80.7% CITIZENS AGREE WITH THE STATEMENT THAT ALBANIANS PROVOKED THE CONFLICTALBANIANS PROVOKED THE CONFLICT IN KOSOVO IN KOSOVO AND 69.5% THAT THE CONFLICT WAS FRUTHER AND 69.5% THAT THE CONFLICT WAS FRUTHER INFLAMED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITYINFLAMED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY

50.6% OF CITIZENS THINK THAT 50.6% OF CITIZENS THINK THAT MILOSEVIC`S MILOSEVIC`S REGIMEREGIME DID NOTHING TO PREVENT THE CONFLICT IN DID NOTHING TO PREVENT THE CONFLICT IN KOSOVOKOSOVO

SMMRISMMRI 1515

HOW IMPORTANT ARE THE FOLLOWING HOW IMPORTANT ARE THE FOLLOWING FACTORS IN DISINTEGRATION OF FORMER FACTORS IN DISINTEGRATION OF FORMER YUGOSLAVIA?YUGOSLAVIA?

77.8

73.5

72.3

71.6

68.9

67.4

66.8

65.7

65

55.4

54.4

48.2

42.9

41.221.6

18

20.8

12.5

11.1

8.7

9.9

11.9

7.3

8.5

4.6

7.7

7.6

3.4

-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Croatian nationalism

USA

NATO interests

Separatism

Moslem aspiration to create their own state

Alliance of separatists and international community

Indecisivness of Yugoslav leadership in suppressing the rebellion

Bad politics

Europe (Germany, France, England…)

Religious intolerance

Endangered position of Serbs in other republics

Inability of Yugoslav army to control separatism

Conflicts between communist parties in different republics

Serbian nationalism

Not important Very important

SMMRISMMRI 1616

A SINGLE EVENT WHICH WAS MOST A SINGLE EVENT WHICH WAS MOST IMPORTANT IN DISINTEGRATION OF SFRYIMPORTANT IN DISINTEGRATION OF SFRY

0.5%

2.1%

4.1%

4.9%

4.9%

7.2%

12.5%

14.9%

23.0%

25.9%

Actions of our paramilitarytroops

Endangered position ofSerbs in new Croatia

Croatian armament

Tudjman`s rise to power

Slovenian independencedeclaration

Mesic as the head ofpresidency

The fall of the Berlin Wall

Promotion of NEWWORLD ORDER

Milosevic`s rise to power

USA becoming the onlysuper power

SMMRISMMRI 1717

DO YOU AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING DO YOU AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS?STATEMENTS?

40.2

33.4

23.8

20.7

11.2

15.5

8.2

3.9

2.1

24.2%

26.5%

39.8%

41.9%

50.6%

62.9%

64.6%

69.5%

80.7%Albanians in Kosovo provoked the conflicts with the Serbs

It was the international community which further inflammed the conflictin Kosovo

There would have been no wars if we had had wiser politicians in Serbiaat the beginning of 90s

After Tudjman`s rise to power the Serbs in Croatia were in life danger

Milosevic and his regime did nothing to prevent the conflict in Kosovo

Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina (before the war in 1992) were moretolerant than other nations and that is why they suffered most

SFRY could have survived if Milosevic had wanted it

Slovenia exploited serbia to such an extent that it was normal to opposethat

The Army attitude contributed to disintegration of SFRY

No Yes

SMMRISMMRI 1818

WHO IS MORE RESPONSIBLE-CULPABLE WHO IS MORE RESPONSIBLE-CULPABLE FOR DISASTERSFOR DISASTERS??

OTHERS ARE MORE RESPONSIBLE THAN WE ARE :OTHERS ARE MORE RESPONSIBLE THAN WE ARE :

INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IS MORE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IS MORE RESPONSIBLE THAN ALL NATIONS OF SFRYRESPONSIBLE THAN ALL NATIONS OF SFRYMILOSEVIC IS MORE RESPONSIBLE THAN THE MILOSEVIC IS MORE RESPONSIBLE THAN THE PEOPLE WHO VOTED FOR HIM PEOPLE WHO VOTED FOR HIM INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS INTERESTS ARE MORE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS INTERESTS ARE MORE RESPONSIBLE THAN DOMESTIC BUSINESS RESPONSIBLE THAN DOMESTIC BUSINESS INTERESTSINTERESTSUSA IS MORE RESPONSIBLE THAN EUROPEUSA IS MORE RESPONSIBLE THAN EUROPE

SMMRISMMRI 1919

WHO IS MORE RESPONSIBLE-CULPABLE FOR DISASTERS?WHO IS MORE RESPONSIBLE-CULPABLE FOR DISASTERS?

45.3

45.2

27.3

20.5

20.3

18.5

17.6

11.2

754.6

53.7

42

17.7

32.9

44.8

25.2

12.2

10.8Serbs

Yugoslav Army

NATO

International community

Catholic Church

Croats

Miloševic

International businessinterests

USA

Slovenians

YugoslavCommunistParty

USA

All nations in former Yugoslavia

Communists

Albanians

People who voted for Milosevic

Our "businessmen" interests

Europe

SMMRISMMRI 2020

EVALUATION OF BEHAVIOUR OF RELEVANT EVALUATION OF BEHAVIOUR OF RELEVANT FACTORS ON SERBIAN SIDEFACTORS ON SERBIAN SIDE

46.3

34.9

28

23.2

16.3

15.6

15.3

82.1

74.1

49.3

69.9

59.7

43.2

51.6

36.9

28.5

11.3

4.9

-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50

Ratko Mladic and RS army

Karadzic and the leadership from Pale

Arkan

Leadership of RS

Yugoslav Army leadership

Miloševic

Montenegro

Serbian oligarchy (under Milosevic influence)

Presidency of SFRY

Bad Excellent

SMMRISMMRI 2121

NUMBER OF EVENTS STATED (MAXIMUM 3)NUMBER OF EVENTS STATED (MAXIMUM 3)

229.57%

121.88%

08.89%

339.66%

EVENTS RELATED TO CONFLICTS AND WARS EVENTS RELATED TO CONFLICTS AND WARS

KOSOVO KOSOVO AND AND

METOHIJAMETOHIJABOSNIA AND BOSNIA AND

HERZEGOVINAHERZEGOVINA

334.20%

016.00%

122.50%

227.30%

CROATIACROATIA

226.70%

116.90%

013.10%

343.30%

ONLY A SLIGHTLY HIGHER PROPORTION THAN EVERY THIRD CITIZEN IS ABLE TO STATE 3 EVENTS RELATED TO CONFLICTS AND WARS

SMMRISMMRI 2222

WHICH THREE EVENTS DO YOU THINK OF FIRST WHEN WHICH THREE EVENTS DO YOU THINK OF FIRST WHEN YOU THINK OF CONFLICTS IN KOSOVO AND METOHIJA ? YOU THINK OF CONFLICTS IN KOSOVO AND METOHIJA ?

5,00%(5%)

5,00%(5%)

5,40%(5%)

5,40%(5%)

5,90%(5%)

6,40%(6%)

7,60%(7%)

7,80%(7%)

9,00%(8%)

17,10%(15%)

23,60%(22%)

25,90%(24%)

46,80%(42%)

RAMBUILLE TALKS

DESTRUCTION OF MONASTERIES, MONUMENTS AND GRAVEYARDS

ALBANIAN TERRORISM II (attacks on police forces)

POLITICAL EVENTS (before Milosevic)

GAZIMESTAN

BOMBING OF ALBANIAN REFUGEES

BOMBING OF SERBIA

POLITICAL EVENTS (the rise of Milosevic, from 87)

BOMBING OF KOSOVO

ALBANIAN TERRORISM (KLA attacks, abductions)

RACAK

SERBIAN REFUGEES (Serbian exodus)

NATO BOMBING, AGRESSION ON FRY

SPONTANEOUS

ANSWERS% of those who answered

(% in population)

SMMRISMMRI 2323

WHICH THREE EVENTS DO YOU THINK OF FIRST WHEN WHICH THREE EVENTS DO YOU THINK OF FIRST WHEN YOU THINK OF CONFLICTS AND WARS IN BOSNIA AND YOU THINK OF CONFLICTS AND WARS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINAHERZEGOVINA??

5,60%(5%)

5,70%(5%)

5,70%(5%)

6,40%(5%)

7,20%(5%)

9,70%(8%)

12,60%(11%)

12,70%(11%)

14,80%(12%)

20,50%(17%)

21,30%(18%)

28,80%(25%)

48,10%(40%)

ARMY WITHDRAWAL (blockades and surrender of the army barracks)

CONCENTARTION CAMPS (on all sides, ethnic cleansing)

SERB HUNT, THE HAGUE, WARRANTS, ARRESTS OF SERBCOMMANDERS

IZETBEGOVIC ARREST, THE DEATH OF SOLDIERS INDOBROVOLJACKA

CRIMES AGAINST SERB CIVILIANS (RAPE, KILLINGS, ARSON)

POLITICAL EVENTS

BLOODSHED AT SARAJEVO WEDDING PARTY

MOSTAR (BOMBING, DESTRUCTION OF THE BRIDGE)

NATO BOMBING OF SERB POSITIONS

BOSNIAN REFUGEES

SREBRENICA

SARAJEVO (the outbreak of war in BiH, sniper shots, bombing of Sarajevo, thesiege)

MARKALE (the shellfire on the green market)

SPONTANEOUS


(% in population)

SMMRISMMRI 2424

WHICH THREE EVENTS DO YOU THINK OF FIRST WHEN WHICH THREE EVENTS DO YOU THINK OF FIRST WHEN YOU THINK OF CONFLICTS AND WARS IN CROATIAYOU THINK OF CONFLICTS AND WARS IN CROATIA??

5,30%(5%)

7,20%(6%)

7,30%(6%)

7,40%(6%)

8,10%(7%)

9,00%(8%)

16,10%(14%)

21,50%(19%)

53,10%(46%)

55,30%(48%)

DUBROVNIK (bombing, looting)

BOROVO SELO MAY 1991 (the seize of police station, the killings)

POLITICAL EVENTS

MASS MURDERS OF SERBS, TERROR AGAINST CIVILIANS,CONCENTARTION CAMPS, PROPERTY DESTRUCTION

SPLIT (the mob choking a soldier in the army tank, the killings)

THE ARRIVAL OF REFUGEES FROM CROATIA (FROM SLAVONIA ANDOTHER PLACES)

THE "FLASH" (WEST SLAVONIA and the surrender of Vukovar to Croat forces)

REFUGEE CONVOYS FROM KNIN (Serb exodus after the "Storm")

VUKOVAR (THE SEIGE, THE SHELLING, THE BATTLE FOR VUKOVAR)

THE "STORM" (THE FALL OF KNIN, BETRAYAL, CROATIAN FLAG ON KNINFORTRESS)

SPONTANEOUS

ANSWERS96% of those who answered

(96% in population)

SMMRISMMRI 2525

NUMBER OF STATED WAR CRIMESNUMBER OF STATED WAR CRIMES

222.30%

114.00%

017.50%

346.20%

COMMITED AGAINST SERBS COMMITED AGAINST SERBS IN THE LAST 10 YEARSIN THE LAST 10 YEARS

052.50%

120.20%

212.50%

314.80%

COMMITED BY SERBS IN THE COMMITED BY SERBS IN THE LAST 10 YEARSLAST 10 YEARS

More than a half of the citizens are not able to state a single crime committed by Serbs

SMMRISMMRI 2626

CAN YOU STATE THREE EVENTS-WAR CRIMES CAN YOU STATE THREE EVENTS-WAR CRIMES COMMITTED AGAINST SERBS IN THE LAST TEN YEARS?COMMITTED AGAINST SERBS IN THE LAST TEN YEARS?

5,20%(5%)

5,60%(5%)

12,30%(10%)

12,70%(10%)

13,40%(11%)

13,60%(11%)

14,10%(12%)

14,80%(12%)

16,20%(13%)

35,40%(29%)

49,10%(40%)

SARAJEVO

KLECKA

CIVILIAN VICTIMS IN KOSOVO (Albanian terrorism,kidnappings, abductions)

CIVILIAN VICTIMS IN CROATIA (camps, exodus)

GOSPIC, MEDACKI DZEP

VUKOVAR Ovcara

NATO BOMBING OF SERBIA (individual events)

THE FLASH

CIVILIAN VICTIMS IN KOSOVO (Albanian terrorism,kindappings, abductions)

NATO BOMBING (including Kosovo)

THE STORM, KNIN, SERB EXODUS

SPONTANEOUS


(% in population)

SMMRISMMRI 2727

CAN YOU STATE THREE EVENTS-WAR CRIMES CAN YOU STATE THREE EVENTS-WAR CRIMES COMMITTED BY SERBS IN THE LAST TEN YEARS? COMMITTED BY SERBS IN THE LAST TEN YEARS?

1,60%(1%)

1,90%(1%)

2,30%(1%)

2,40%(1%)

4,40%(2%)

4,60%(2%)

5,30%(3%)

7,90%(4%)

9,10%(4%)

11,90%(5%)

12,50%(6%)

18,60%(9%)

31,40%(15%)

69,40%(33%)

FOCA the killing of Moslems/Bosniaks

STRPCI the abduction of Moslems/Bosniaks from a train

OMARSKA camp

PRIJEDOR Kozarac camp

BIJELJINA, paramilitary troops (Arkan…)

ACTIONS OF PARAMILITARY TROOPS IN BiH and Croatia

DUBROVNIK SHELLING

MARKALE

SERBS DID NOT COMMIT ANY CRIMES

SARAJEVO SEIGE

KOSOVO, expelling of Albanians, ethnic cleansing

RACAK

VUKOVAR, destruction, killings, shelling, Ovcara

SREBRENICA, killings of Moslems

SPONTANEOUS


(% in population)

SMMRISMMRI 2828

THE MAIN CULPRITS FOR WARS (in the last decade of 20th THE MAIN CULPRITS FOR WARS (in the last decade of 20th century) AND THE BIGGEST DEFENDERS OF SERBScentury) AND THE BIGGEST DEFENDERS OF SERBS

212.8%

14.9%

04.3%

378.0% 2

16.8%

116.8%

026.0%

340.5%

NUMBER OF PEOPLE STATED AS THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE STATED AS THE GREATEST DEFENDERS OF THE GREATEST DEFENDERS OF THE

SERBIAN NATIONSERBIAN NATION

NUMBER OF STATED NUMBER OF STATED CULPRITSCULPRITS

The culprits are easier to state than defenders of Serbs

SMMRISMMRI 2929

THE BIGGEST CULPRITS FOR WARS THE BIGGEST CULPRITS FOR WARS - spontaneousspontaneous

1.00%

1.90%

2.30%

2.80%

4.20%

4.40%

5.40%

9.10%

9.80%

19.40%

47.50%

66.40%

71.40%

HELMUT CHOL

ROBIN COOK

GENSCHER

BLAIR

SOLANA

MIRA MARKOVIC

KUCAN

MESIC

MADLAIN ALBRIGHT

CLINTON

IZETBEGOVIC

MILOŠEVIC

TUDJMAN

Although the blame is usually laid upon the World, names of leaders from former Yugoslavia are stated as the biggest culprits

SPONTANEOUS ANSWERS

% of those who answered the question

4.3% did not state anybody

SMMRISMMRI 3030

THE GREATEST DEFENDERS OF THE SERBIAN NATION IN THE GREATEST DEFENDERS OF THE SERBIAN NATION IN WARS IN THE LAST DECADE OF 20TH CENTURY -WARS IN THE LAST DECADE OF 20TH CENTURY -spontaneousspontaneous

3.60%

4.80%

4.90%

5.50%

5.90%

6.40%

9.90%

10.50%

10.90%

11.70%

13.70%

17.10%

23.70%

28.50%

41.80%

LAZAREVIC

ŠEŠELJ

DOBRICA COSIC

DJINDJIC

PERISIC

VUK DRAŠKOVIC

JOVAN RAŠKOVIC

KOŠTUNICA

PATRIARCH PAVLE

CAPTAIN DRAGAN

PAVKOVIC

MILOŠEVIC

ARKAN

KARADZIC

MLADIC

SPONTANEOUS ANSWERS


26% did not state anybody

SMMRISMMRI 3131

WAR AND CRIMES-GENERAL ATTITUDE WAR AND CRIMES-GENERAL ATTITUDE

41.8

18.6

79.8

59.9

28.4

7.2

one nation is never responsible forwar suffering of the other nation it

is at war with

all sides commit war crimes

there was a lot of pointlessdestruction

the people are responsible if they support leaders who choose war

options

there are no crimes if the war

is fought by armies

all the destructions

were the results of fighting

SMMRISMMRI 3232

SMMRISMMRI 3333

WHAT PEOPLE KNOW AND WHAT THEY BELIEVE IN WHAT PEOPLE KNOW AND WHAT THEY BELIEVE IN


SMMRISMMRI 3434

ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH THE FOLLOWING EVENTS?ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH THE FOLLOWING EVENTS?

Familiar with Believe in SupportThe Croats killed a lot of civilians during “Storm” and “Flash” operations 92.8% 97.0%(90%)

Moslems had camps in BiH in which they kept imprisoned Serbs 91.5% 96.1%(88%) 1.9%(2%)

Serbs from Knin and Pakrac had to defend themselves against theCroatian flag

86.9% 92.0%(80%) 82%(65%)

Albanian attitude provoked the repression by the regime 84.1% 84.2%(70%)

NATO intervention happened because we defied NEW WORLD ORDER 80.3% 66.5%(53%) 2.8%(1%)

Orthodox churches were destroyed in towns controlled by Croatian Army 79.9% 95.8%(77%) 1.8%(1%)

Orthodox churches were destroyed in towns not controlled by the RSarmy

76.4% 94.5%(72%) 1.7%(1%)

The only purpose of NATO intervention was to improve Americanmilitary industry

75.1% 76.4%(57%) 2.6%(1%)

Tudjman i Milosevic made an agreement on Bosnia disintegration 73.7% 79.2%(58%) 13.8%(8%)

Mostar was shelled by Croatian Army 69.5% 91.9%(63%) 5.2%(3%)

The Army withdrew from Croatia and left their arms to Serbs 59.2% 82.8%(49%) 66.5%(33%)

Serbs and Croats cooperate when they fight against Moslems/Bosniaks 49.0% 68.1%(33%) 38.9%(13%)

Most people who are familiar with events related to Serb suffering believe that these

events are true(percentage of the total population is given in brackets)

SMMRISMMRI 3535

Familiar with

Believe in Support

A lot of civilians were killied in Sarajevo by sniper shots 91.5% 54.7%(50%)

Markale in Sarajevo was shelled from Serb positions 80.7% 11.2(9%)

Albanian civilians were killed in Racak in Kosovo 80.7% 22.8%(18%)

A large number of Moslem/Bosniak civilians were killed in Srebrenica 78.6% 60.8%(48%)

Albanians did not have equal rights in Serbia 76.8% 28.3%(22%) 20.5%(4%)

Sarajevo was under siege for more than 1000 days 70.4% 75.5%(53%) 4.9%(3%)

Serbs held a lot of prisoners in camps in BiH 67.4% 53.2%(36%) 7.9%(3%)

Paramilitary troops and Yugoslav Army officers killed civilians in Vukovar 64.9% 79.2%(51%)

A lot of prisoners in Serb camps were killed 61.5% 45.6%(28%) 4.6%(1%)

Mosques were demolished in towns controlled by RS army from 92 to 95 58.2% 70.8%(41%) 11.9%(5%)

When NATO bombing started, Albanians were expelled and their doucments were revoked

57.2% 58.2%(33%) 23.6%(8%)

Albanians in Kosovo had been killed and expelled before the bombing 57.1% 54.0%(31%) 15.5%(5%)

Yugoslav Army soldiers burned and looted the houses around Dubrovnik 55.2% 50.7%(28%) 5.8%(2%)

In Bjeljina paramilitary troops from Serbia killed civilians in 1992 53.2% 56.8%(30%)

Mostar was shelled by Yugoslav Army 43.3% 31.6%(14%) 12.2(2%)

Milosevic and his regime threatened the west that they would kill Albanians 24.7% 43.4%(11%) 8.6%(1%)

ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH THE FOLLOWING EVENTS?ARE YOU FAMILIAR WITH THE FOLLOWING EVENTS?

Fewer people believe that crimes commited by the Serbs are true than those committed against the Serbs (percentage of the total population is given in brackets)

SMMRISMMRI 3636

WHEN DID THE WAR IN SLOVENIA START WHEN DID THE WAR IN SLOVENIA START

year month

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

1 .6% .2% 2 .4% 1.0% 3 1.3% 6.9% .2% 4 1.9% 7.1% .6% .2% 5 3.5% 11.9% .2% 6 7.1% 36.0% .2% 7 1.7% 10.2% .2% 8 1.3% 1.9% .2% 9 1.9% 1.3%

10 .2% .4% .6% 11 .6% 12 .2%

Total .2% 20.2% 77.7% 1.7% .2%

SMMRISMMRI 3737

WHEN DID THE WAR IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA WHEN DID THE WAR IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA START START

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1998

1 .3% .9% .3%

2 1.2%

3 .6% 7.5% 2.0%

4 53.2% 3.5% .3% .3% .3%

5 .3% 14.5% .6%

6 1.4% 3.2% .3%

7 .9% .6%

8 .3% .3% .3%

9 .3% 2.6% 1.2%

10 .3% 2.3%

11 .6%

Total .3% 3.2% 87.0% 8.4% .3% .6% .3%

SMMRISMMRI 3838

WHEN DID THE WAR IN CROATIA STARTWHEN DID THE WAR IN CROATIA START

yeara month

1990 1991 1992 1993

1 .2% .7% .5%

2 .2% .7%

3 4.9% 2.5% .2%

4 2.2% 9.1% 2.0%

5 1.0% 16.7% 4.4%

6 .7% 8.6% 2.0% .2%

7 3.9% .5%

8 .7% 14.0% 1.5%

9 12.3% 1.2%

10 .5% 3.2% .2%

11 2.2% .7%

12 1.7% .2%

Total 5.4% 77.6% 16.5% .5%

SMMRISMMRI 3939

WHEN DID THE WAR IN KOSOVO START WHEN DID THE WAR IN KOSOVO START

year month

before 1994 1996 1997 1998 1999

1 .8% .2%

2 2.2% .4%

3 0.6% .8% 10.8% 61.9%

4 .2% .2% 1.2% .8%

5 .8% .2%

6 3.9% .8%

7 1.0% .2%

8 1.8% .2%

9 .2% .2% 2.4% .2%

10 .2% 5.3%

11 .6% 1.2% .4%

12 .2% .2%

.8% .6% 1.8% 31.6% 65.3%

SMMRISMMRI 4040

NUMBER OF REFUGEESNUMBER OF REFUGEES

7.60% 10.20% 14.80% 9.80% 49.5%

2.10%

1.00%

5.20%

Up to 50000 Up to 100000 Up to 200000 Up to 300000

Up to 400000 Up to 600000 600000 and more Does not know

SERBS FROM SERBS FROM CROATIACROATIA

9.40% 11.30% 7.80% 57.10%5.10% 9.20%

Up to 90000 Up to 150000 Up to 300000 Up to 400000 400000 and more Does not know

SERBS FROM SERBS FROM BOSNIA-BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINAHERZEGOVINA

FROM KOSOVO FROM KOSOVO AFTER BOMBINGAFTER BOMBING 5.60% 16.90% 9.60% 3.90% 49.10%

2.70%

4.10%

8.00%



SMMRISMMRI 4141

NUMBERNUMBER

9.10% 9.70% 68.20%

2.80%

5.30%

4.90%

Up to 100000 Up to 300000 Up to 500000 Up to 900000 900000 and more Does not know

OF DISPLACED OF DISPLACED PEOPLE IN PEOPLE IN BOSNIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINAHERZEGOVINA

OF PEOPLE OF PEOPLE KILLED IN KILLED IN SARAJEVOSARAJEVO

OF PEOPLE OF PEOPLE MISSING IN MISSING IN SREBRENICASREBRENICA

5.00% 71.40%5.50%

7.30% 10.90%

Up to 2000 Up to 5000 Up to 10000 10000 and more Does not know

72.20%6.80% 6.30%

1.80%5.30%

4.50%

3.10%


Up to 50000 50000 and more Does not know

SMMRISMMRI 4242

NUMBERNUMBER

67.80%

5.60%5.20%

5.20%

6.40%

4.90%

4.90%


Up to 450000 450000 and more Does not know

OF PEOPLE OF PEOPLE KILLED IN WARS KILLED IN WARS 91-9591-95

OF PEOPLE OF PEOPLE WHO LEFT WHO LEFT SERBIASERBIA 65.90%

5.60%6.10%

6.00%5.40%

4.40%

4.10%2.50%



SMMRISMMRI 4343

ARE PEOPLE FAMILIAR WITH “IN SEARCH OF ARE PEOPLE FAMILIAR WITH “IN SEARCH OF TRUTH” PROGRAMMES AND WHAT DO THEY TRUTH” PROGRAMMES AND WHAT DO THEY

THINK OF THEMTHINK OF THEM


SMMRISMMRI 4444

HAVE YOU HEARD OF SPECIAL TV AND RADIO “IN SEARCH OF HAVE YOU HEARD OF SPECIAL TV AND RADIO “IN SEARCH OF TRUTH” PROGRAMMES? TRUTH” PROGRAMMES?

no67.20%

yes32.80%

SMMRISMMRI 4545

DO YOU THINK THAT PROGRAMMES LIKE THESE ARE DO YOU THINK THAT PROGRAMMES LIKE THESE ARE NECESSARY AND SHOULD RADIO AND TV STATIONS NECESSARY AND SHOULD RADIO AND TV STATIONS START DELING WITH THESE TOPICSSTART DELING WITH THESE TOPICS??

yes71.60%

no13.40%

I do not have an opinion

15.00%

SMMRISMMRI 4646

WHICH TV STATIONS SHOULD DEAL WITH THESE WHICH TV STATIONS SHOULD DEAL WITH THESE TOPICS?TOPICS?

0,90%(0,2%)

4,10%(1%)

7,70%(2%)

10,20%(3%)

30,70%(9%)

22,10%(6%)

23,40%(6%)

25,70%(7%)

25,20%(7%)

32,80%(10%)

EX YU

TVPOLITIKA

LOCAL TV STATIONS

TV PALMA

STUDIO B

BK

YU INFO

B-92

ANEM

RTS

SPONTANEOUS ANSWERS


(% of population)

SMMRISMMRI 4747

WHICH RADIO STATIONS ARE DEALING WITH THESE WHICH RADIO STATIONS ARE DEALING WITH THESE TOPICSTOPICS??

2%(0,3%)

4,2%(0,5%)

4,2%(0,5%)

4,3%(0,5%)

5%(1%)

6,3%(1%)

9,7%(2%)

10,2%(2%)

13,4%(2%)

21,5%(4%)

FOREIGN RADIO STATIONS

STUDIO B

LOCAL RADIO STATIONS

DEUTSCHE WELLE

RADIO INDEX

LOCAL ANEM RADIO STATION

VOICE OF AMERICA

RADIO BGD (I and II programme)

FREE EUROPE

B-92

SPONTANEOUS ANSWERS% of those who answered the question

(% of population)

SMMRISMMRI 4848

HAVE YOU WATCHED OR LISTENED TO ANY OF THESE HAVE YOU WATCHED OR LISTENED TO ANY OF THESE PROGRAMMESPROGRAMMES??

no20.90%

yes79.10%

SMMRISMMRI 4949

WHICH TV STATIONS HAVE YOU SEEN THESE WHICH TV STATIONS HAVE YOU SEEN THESE PROGRAMMES ON? PROGRAMMES ON?

1.1

3

4

9.2

9.7

19.6

21.7

23

26.5

29.3

30.5

EX YU

FOREIGN TV STATIONS

TV POLITIKA

LOCAL TV STATIONS

TV PALMA

STUDIO B

BK

B-92

YU INFO

RTS

ANEM(8%)

(7%)

(7%)

(6%)

(6%)

(9%)

(3%)

(3%)

(1%)

(1%)

(0.3%)

SPONTANEOUS ANSWERS% of those who watched the programmes

(% of population)

SMMRISMMRI 5050

WHICH RADIO STATIONS DID YOU HEAR THESE WHICH RADIO STATIONS DID YOU HEAR THESE PROGRAMMES ONPROGRAMMES ON? ?

0.2

0.3

2,5%(0,3%)

5,1%(0,6%)

5,3%(0,6%)

6,6%(0,8%)

6,6%(0,8%)

10,4%(1%)

11,7%(1%)

11,7%(1%)

25,1%(3%)

69,1%(9%)

OTHER BELGRADE RADIO STATIONS

EX YU

A FOREIGN RADIO STATION

A LOCAL RADIO STATION

STUDIO B

RADIO INDEX

DEUTSCHE WELLE

RADIO BGD (I and II programme)

VOICE OF AMERICA

LOCAL ANEM RADIO STATION

FREE EUROPE

B-92

SPONTANEOUS ANSWERS

% of those who lisstened to these programmes

(%in population)

SMMRISMMRI 5151

IS THERE A SINGLE EVENT THAT YOU PERSONALLY IS THERE A SINGLE EVENT THAT YOU PERSONALLY WOULD LIKE TO FIND OUT ABOUT MORE? WOULD LIKE TO FIND OUT ABOUT MORE?

26.10%

42.20%

43.00%

50.60%

62.80%

conditions in which the Albanians lived

wars in Bosnia and Herzegovina

wars in Croatia

events preceding the disintegration ofYugoslavia

negotiations conducted by Milosevic or hisenvoys on behalf of Serbia

SMMRISMMRI 5252

SMMRISMMRI 5353

SOURCES OF INFORMATION DURING SOURCES OF INFORMATION DURING THE WARS AND THE IMPACT OF THE WARS AND THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION COLLECTED ON INFORMATION COLLECTED ON

OPINIONSOPINIONS


SMMRISMMRI 5454

SOURCES OF INFORMATIONSOURCES OF INFORMATION

17.40%

42.40%

43.10%

45.50%

62.30%

67.90%

80.40%

Personal experience

ANEM and B92

Newspapers like Politika,Ekspres, Novosti

From relatives

From witnesses

Newspapers like Blic, Glas,Danas

TV-RTS and other statemedia

SMMRISMMRI 5555

TO WHAT EXTENT DID YOU TRUST THE TO WHAT EXTENT DID YOU TRUST THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION? SOURCES OF INFORMATION?

42.5

36.5

17.9

16.2

16.2

15.462.2

68.6

62.4

44.7

28.8

23.2TV - RTS and

other state media

Newspapers likePolitika, Ekspres,

Novosti

Newspapers likeBlic, Glas, Danas

ANEM and B92

Relatives

Witnesses

trusted did not trust

SMMRISMMRI 5656

IF SOME TRUTHS WHICH ARE UNFAVOURABLE FOR US WERE TO IF SOME TRUTHS WHICH ARE UNFAVOURABLE FOR US WERE TO BE REVEALED SHOULD THEY BE PRESENTED PUBLICLY BY THE BE REVEALED SHOULD THEY BE PRESENTED PUBLICLY BY THE MOST COMPETENT MOST COMPETENT -- MULTIPLE RESPONSE MULTIPLE RESPONSE

2.3

21.4

37.4

53.2

70.3

78.4

Others

TV presenters

Narrators / pictures that prove the validity ofinformation

Scientists

Politicians

Witnesses

SMMRISMMRI 5757

WHO SHOULD UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES BE IN A POSITION TO WHO SHOULD UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES BE IN A POSITION TO PRESENT THE TRUTH -PRESENT THE TRUTH -MULTIPLE RESPONSE MULTIPLE RESPONSE

3.5

20.8

24.8

26.8

50.3

Witnesses

Scientists

Narrators/with picturesproving the validity of

information

Politicians

TV presenters

SMMRISMMRI 5858

Have you ever been in a position that a newly discovered fact, Have you ever been in a position that a newly discovered fact, from any source of information, about any event related to from any source of information, about any event related to conflicts/wars in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina or Kosovo conflicts/wars in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina or Kosovo influenced you to change your opinion about/ attitude towards influenced you to change your opinion about/ attitude towards responsibility of conflicting sides?responsibility of conflicting sides?

no85.5%

yes14.5%

SMMRISMMRI 5959

TO WHAT EXTENT WERE ORDINARY CITIZENS, IN THEIR TO WHAT EXTENT WERE ORDINARY CITIZENS, IN THEIR OWN JUDGEMENT, TOLD THE TRUTHOWN JUDGEMENT, TOLD THE TRUTH

49.20%

58.40%

59.90%

63.20%

65.00%

73.40%

81.90%

82.30%

Conditions that KosovoAlbanians lived in before 1988

About wars in Croatia

About wars in Bosnia andHerzegovina

About events which preceded thedisintegration of Yugoslavia

About negotiations thatMilosevic conducted in

Rambuille on behalf of Serbia

About negotiations thatMilosevic conducted in Dayton

on behalf of Serbia

About negotiations thatMiloseivc conducted with

Tudjman on behalf of Serbia

About offers that world powersmade to M ilosevic

71.60%

81.80%

84.50%

86.30%

86.50%

88.20%

92.90%

93.30%

About conditions that KosovoAlbanians lived in before 1988

About negotiations Milosevicconducted in Rambouille on

behalf of Serbia

About wars in Croatia

About wars in Bosnia andHerzegovina

About events preciding thedisintegration of Yugoslavia

About negotiations Milosevicconducted in Dayton on behalf of

Serbia

About offers that world powersmade to Milosevic

About negotiations thatMilosevic conducted with

Tudjman

UP TO 30%UP TO 30% UP TO 50%UP TO 50%

SMMRISMMRI 6060

WOULD YOU SAY THAT YOU ARE WELL WOULD YOU SAY THAT YOU ARE WELL INFORMED ABOUT THE FOLLOWINGINFORMED ABOUT THE FOLLOWING

19.70%

19.40%

22.30%

26.70%

12.30%

44.00%

47.70%

46.30%

35.10%

36.30%

32.90%

31.50%

33.60%

52.60%

Events beforedisintegration

Wars in Bosnia andHerzegovina

Wars in Croatia

Life of Albanians

Milosevicnegotiations

YES YES AND NO NO

PERCEPTION OF TRUTH IN SERBIA abridge. SMMRI2 For B92 conducted by SMMRI May 2001.

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Transcript of PERCEPTION OF TRUTH IN SERBIA abridge. SMMRI2 For B92 conducted by SMMRI May 2001.