PERCEPTIONPERCEPTION

WHAT IS PERCEPTION ?WHAT IS PERCEPTION ? Perception Is The Process By Which People

Select, Organize, Interpret and Respond to Information From The World Around Them.

It may be described As a Person’s View Of Reality.

FEATURES OF PERCEPTIONFEATURES OF PERCEPTION Sensory Experience:Sensory Experience: Perception is our sensory experience Perception is our sensory experience

of the world around us and involves both the recognition of the world around us and involves both the recognition of environment stimuli and actions in response to these of environment stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli.stimuli.

Subjective:Subjective: Perception is a subjective process because Perception is a subjective process because different people may look at the same event from different different people may look at the same event from different angles and interpret the same in multifarious ways.angles and interpret the same in multifarious ways.

Filter:Filter: Perception serves like a filter through Perception serves like a filter through which information passes before it has an effect which information passes before it has an effect on people.on people.

Unique Interpretation:Unique Interpretation: Perception is a Perception is a unique interpretation of the situation, unique interpretation of the situation, not an exact recording of it. not an exact recording of it.

Seeing Things Differently:Seeing Things Differently: is an is an inevitable outcome of perception. inevitable outcome of perception. Because of individual differences, Because of individual differences, perception vary among people and perception vary among people and differ from objective reality.differ from objective reality.

Basis of Human Behavior:Basis of Human Behavior: There can There can be no behavior without perception be no behavior without perception and perception lies at the base of and perception lies at the base of every individual behavior. every individual behavior.

PERCEPTUAL PROCESSPERCEPTUAL PROCESS

Selection(ext/int. factors) Organization

Interpretation

Observation

I. PERCEPTUAL SELECTION

It is a Tendency to Filter out information that is discomforting, that seems irrelevant, or that contradicts one’s Values and Beliefs.

ATTENTION FACTORS IN SELECTION1. EXTERNAL FACTORS 2. INTERNAL FACTORS

EXTERNAL FACTORS

1.SIZE 2. INTENSITY 3.CONTRAST 4.REPETITION 5.MOTION6.NOVELTY AND FAMIIARITY

Larger the Object Higher is the Probability of Getting Noticed.

Ex: Full Page Advertisement in a Newspaper, A Very Tall Person In Crowd etc.

SIZE

INTENSITYThe More Intense The External Stimuli The More Likely It Is To Be Perceived.

Ex: A Loud Noise, BrightLight, Celebrity Endorsements etc

CONTRASTThe External Stimuli Which Stands Out AgainstThe Background Will Receive More Attention

REPETITIONA Repeated Stimuli Is More Attention Drawing Than a Single One

Ex: Same Advertisement or Different Advertisement But For The Same Product Shown Again & Again.

MOTION An Animated Sign Attracts More Attention Than a Billboard

NOVELTY AND FAMILIARITY

A New And Unique Stimulus Will Often Be Perceived More Readily Than Those Observed On A Regular Basis.

Ex: An Elephant Walking Along A City Street Is Noticed Instantly.

INTERNAL FACTORS

1. PERSONALITY2. EXPERIENCE3. VALUES AND BELIEFS4. EXPECTATIONS5. LEARNING

PERSONALITY

Personality Also Affects What Is To Be Perceived

Ex: A Person With Positive Self Concept Is Likely To Notice Positive Attributes In Another Person.

The person who believes they can do something

 is probably right....   And who believes they can’t

do they can't.

EXPERIENCESuccessful Experience Enhance And Boost The Perceptive Abilities And Lead To Accuracy InPerception Of a Person Where Failure Comes In The Way Of Self Confidence.

It Creates An Expectancy Which Makes Him See What He Wants To See

VALUES AND BELEIFS Information is Remembered which is Information is Remembered which is

consistent with our Values and Attitudes and consistent with our Values and Attitudes and rest is ignored which is inconsistent with rest is ignored which is inconsistent with them.them.

Ex: “In spite of all their mistakes, our Ex: “In spite of all their mistakes, our employees are doing the best they can”. employees are doing the best they can”.

EXPECTATIONS Expectations can influence perceptions in

what we will see what we expect to see.

Ex: If we imagine that our boss is unhappy with our performance, we feel threatened by termination notice.

LEARNINGLEARNING Learning refers to any Learning refers to any

relatively permanent relatively permanent change in behavior change in behavior that occurs as a result that occurs as a result of experience.of experience.

Learning plays a big Learning plays a big role in developing role in developing one’s perception. one’s perception.

Turn Off TheThe Engine

II.PERCEPTUAL ORGANISINGPerceptual Organization Is The Process By Which People Categorize According To TheirFrame Of Reference, based On Their PastLearning And Experiences.

Following Principles Are Kept in Mind While Organising the Information into a MeaningfulOne. These are:

Figure Ground Perceptual Grouping

Field-Ground DifferentiationField-Ground Differentiation

The tendency to distinguish The tendency to distinguish and focus on a stimulus that and focus on a stimulus that is classified as figure as is classified as figure as opposed to background.opposed to background.

PERCEPTUAL GROUPINGPERCEPTUAL GROUPING

It is the Tendency to group several individual It is the Tendency to group several individual stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern.pattern.

Some factors Underlying Grouping areSome factors Underlying Grouping are-Continuity-Continuity-Closure-Closure-Proximity-Proximity-Similarity-Similarity

CLOSURE

“Perceiving a whole where it does not exist”

“Fill in the missing stimuli”

SIMPLIFICATION

Making Information More Easy To Remember, Meaningful And Subtracting Less Important Information And Concentrating On Important One.

CONTINUITYCONTINUITY

““A person tends to Perceive the ExtensionA person tends to Perceive the Extension of a Stimulus”of a Stimulus”

‘‘Thinking Along Existing lines’Thinking Along Existing lines’

PROXIMITY

“A group of stimuli that are physically close to each other are perceived as a set of parts belonging together”

SIMILARITY

“The greater the similarity of the stimuli, the more they are likely to be perceived as a common group”

Perceptual ConstancyPerceptual Constancy The perception of elements like size, The perception of elements like size,

shape, color, brightness and location of an shape, color, brightness and location of an object remains constant & does not change object remains constant & does not change from people to people.from people to people.

For instance, even though the picture of an For instance, even though the picture of an apple is printed in black and white, we still apple is printed in black and white, we still perceive the color of the fruit as red.perceive the color of the fruit as red.

Perceptual ContextPerceptual Context

Context provides meaning and Context provides meaning and value to objects, events, situation value to objects, events, situation

and other people. and other people.

Different contexts convey different meanings to people.

PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION

After Selecting and Organising the Stimuli After Selecting and Organising the Stimuli has to be Interpreted in order to make a has to be Interpreted in order to make a sensible meaning.sensible meaning.

Perceiver cant draw any meaning without Perceiver cant draw any meaning without interpretation. interpretation.

Perceiver uses his Assumption of People, Perceiver uses his Assumption of People, Things, Object and SituationThings, Object and Situation

PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONSPERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS

Errors in Perceptual Judgement are called Errors in Perceptual Judgement are called Perceptual Judgement.Perceptual Judgement.

Following are Barriers To Perceptual Following are Barriers To Perceptual Accuracy:Accuracy:

Barriers to Perceptual Accuracy• Stereotyping Halo effect

• Projection Expectancy Effect

• Primacy Effect:First impressions Recency Effect

• Perceptual Defense Attribution

StereotypingStereotyping““Generalizing characteristics on Basis of Generalizing characteristics on Basis of

Category or Class to which Person Category or Class to which Person Belongs”Belongs”

Halo EffectHalo Effect““Drawing a General Impression About an Drawing a General Impression About an

Individual on the Basis of a Single Individual on the Basis of a Single Characteristic”Characteristic”

ProjectionProjection“ “ Attribute One’s Own Characteristics to Attribute One’s Own Characteristics to

Other People”Other People”

Expectancy EffectExpectancy Effect Expectancy Effects are the extent to which prior Expectancy Effects are the extent to which prior

expectations bias perceptions of events, objects and expectations bias perceptions of events, objects and people.people.

Self-fulfilling prophecy (Self-fulfilling prophecy (Pygmalion effectPygmalion effect): The lower or ): The lower or higher performance of employees reflects preconceived higher performance of employees reflects preconceived leader expectations about employee capabilitiesleader expectations about employee capabilities

Primacy Effects: First ImpressionsPrimacy Effects: First Impressions The common adage that first impressions count The common adage that first impressions count

is technically known as the primacy effect.is technically known as the primacy effect. Generally, the first impression lasts longer Generally, the first impression lasts longer

unless greatly contradicted by information unless greatly contradicted by information received later. received later.

Recency EffectRecency Effect A generally Accepted fact that if there A generally Accepted fact that if there

is a time lag between the first piece of is a time lag between the first piece of information and the last, then the last information and the last, then the last piece of information carries more piece of information carries more weight. This is called Recency Effect. weight. This is called Recency Effect.

Perceptual DefensePerceptual Defense ““Against those stimuli which clash with Against those stimuli which clash with

their beliefs, values or culture.”their beliefs, values or culture.”

““People attempt to avoid registering People attempt to avoid registering those stimulus that conflict, threaten or those stimulus that conflict, threaten or are unacceptable to them”are unacceptable to them”

ATTRIBUTION THEORYATTRIBUTION THEORY05/03/23

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“ “ Assigning to a cause or source”Assigning to a cause or source” The way in which people explain the The way in which people explain the

cause for their own or others behaviorcause for their own or others behavior

Behaviour

Internally Caused

Externally Caused

OR

Factors for Determining Factors for Determining AttributionAttribution

1.Distinctiveness: Shows different behaviors in different situations

2.Consensus: Response is the same as others to same situation

3.Consistency: Responds in the same way across time

Role of Perception in Role of Perception in Decision Making ProcessDecision Making Process

The perception of a situation is central to the The perception of a situation is central to the decision making process.decision making process.

To make effective decisions a manager must not To make effective decisions a manager must not only perceive but understand other people.only perceive but understand other people.

The individual decision makers perceptual The individual decision makers perceptual process will have a large bearing on the final process will have a large bearing on the final outcome.outcome.

Perception in Decision-making is Perception in Decision-making is

based on a person’s internal based on a person’s internal understanding of reality rather than understanding of reality rather than

reality itself.reality itself.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

“ “ If If everyone perceived everyone perceived everything the same everything the same

way,things would be a lot way,things would be a lot simplersimpler

THANK YOU05/03/23

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