Perception. Figure 7.17 Receptive fields and adaptation rates of touch receptors Klein/Thorne:...
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Transcript of Perception. Figure 7.17 Receptive fields and adaptation rates of touch receptors Klein/Thorne:...
![Page 1: Perception. Figure 7.17 Receptive fields and adaptation rates of touch receptors Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology © 2007 by Worth Publishers.](https://reader033.fdocuments.in/reader033/viewer/2022051415/56649d385503460f94a11470/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Perception
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Figure 7.17 Receptive fields and adaptation rates of touch receptorsKlein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
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Somatosenses
• Pacinian corpuscles– Hairy and hairless skin– Joints, muscles, internal organs, etc– Sense high frequency vibrations– Largest sensory receptors in body– Large receptive fields
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Somatosenses
• Free nerve endings– Hairy and hairless skin– Sense temperature change (firing rate
corresponds to heat or cold)– High threshold and low threshold– Sense pain
• Fast pain: injection, cut; mylineated type A fibers• Slow pain: cell damage; unmylinated type C fibers
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How does sensory information get from skin to the brain?
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From skin to brain
• Neurons carry sensory information from cutaneous receptors
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From skin to brain
• They reach the spinal cord, gather together as they enter spinal cord, and carry that info to the brain
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Figure 2.10b DermatomesKlein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
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Mapping the Somatosensory Cortex
• Take people who are wide awake, under local anesthesia
• Stimulate different parts of sensory cortex sensations in various parts of the body
Figure 7.19 The somatosensory cortexKlein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
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Pain
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The Gate Control Theory of Pain
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What’s the “gate” in “gate control theory”?
• Periaqueductal gray (PAG) in midbrain
• Inhibitory interneurons in spinal cord and lower brain stem
• Figure 7.20
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What’s the “gate” in “gate control theory”?
• Nerve fibers carry pain messages to the spinal cord
• There are “gates” in the spinal cord that control how much of the pain messages actually get to pass through to the brain
• The brain sends signals to the spinal cord to control how much the “gate” is open or shut
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• Activity in PAG activates inhibitory interneurons blocks pain from entering brain
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What causes the “gate” to be open?• Physical reasons
• Cognitive (mental) reasons
• Emotional reasons
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Soldiers vs. civilians
WW-II Soldiers• Severe combat
wounds• One out of 5 needed
morphine
Civilians• Trauma wounds
• One out of 3 needed morphine
X
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Soldiers vs. civilians
WW-II Soldiers• Severe combat
wounds• One out of 5 needed
morphine• Meaning of injury:
survived the battlefield, were returning home
Civilians• Trauma wounds
• One out of 3 needed morphine
• Meaning of injury: prospect of surgery, loss of job/income, disability
X
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• Anterior cingulate cortex– Emotional aspects of pain
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Phantom Limb Pain
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Neuromatrix Theory of Pain
• Explains things about pain that gate control theory does not explain
• Neuromatrix: map of body parts in neocortex– Phantom limb pain
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The Motor System
Movement
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7423184.stm
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Figure 8.13 The cortical control of movementKlein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
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Figure 8.14 Rhea hitting a fairway ironKlein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
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1. Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex• Plan and prepare for movement
• Takes information from senses to decide next movement
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2. Secondary Motor Cortex• Supplementary motor area and premotor cortex
• Planning and sequencing movement, based on info from dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
• Study regarding monkey and pushing a peanut through a hole
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3. Primary Motor Cortex
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Figure 8.13 The cortical control of movementKlein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
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4. Primary Somatosensory Cortex
• For example, senses from muscles and joints
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5. Posterior Parietal Cortex
• Combines info from what you see, hear and feel on your skin– E.g., golf, locating light switch in the dark
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Other parts of the brain involved in movement
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Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia
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Cerebellum
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The Cerebellum
• Movements that require accurate aim
X
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The Cerebellum
• Movement of eyes to focus on something
• Speech
X
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The Basal Ganglia
• Controls posture and muscle tone
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Figure 2.23 The basal ganglia Klein/Thorne: Biological Psychology© 2007 by Worth Publishers
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Parkinson’s Disease
• Not enough dopamine being produced in substantia nigra, less dopamine to basal ganglia
• Movements are rigid and slow
• Tremors
• Problems with starting to move and think
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• Contralateral– Different side
• Ipsilateral– Same side