153

PERCEPTIONS, MOTIVATIONAL AND FACILITATING

FACTORS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

The present chapter carryout the perceptions and motivational

and facilitating factors of women entrepreneurs as the future belong

to real entrepreneurs those competent and capable enough to meet

coming challenges of increased competition, decline of protected

markets, new technologies and foreign collaboration. Education is a

strong interventional or influencing media that sets values, develops

attitudes and creates drive in people towards professional and

vocational directions, values, perceptions and motivation combined

together propel mass to acquire skills and competencies to achieve

goals.

An essential element in the entrepreneur’s approach to risk

taking situation is the willingness to accept personal responsibility

for the consequences of the decision, regardless of whether the

consequences are favourable or unfavourable. Other persons find it

difficult to accept personal responsibility for decisions which may

lead to failure, and they often attribute events in their lives to lack or

to forces beyond their control, such as competition with big business

or government interference.

Most entrepreneurial traits are inter-related. This is

particularly so with risk-taking behaviour. Risk-taking is related to

creativity and innovation, and it is an essential part in turning ideas

into reality. Risk-taking is related to self-confidence. The more

154

confidence one have in own abilities, the greater confidence you will

have in being able to affect the outcome of decisions and a greater

willingness to take what others see at risks. Realistic knowledge of

own capabilities is also important. Such realism serves to restrict

activities to situation in which enterprises are affected with the

outcomes.

The table-5.1 presents the women entrepreneur’s response on

entrepreneurial functional risks. Regarding to poor financial

conditions majority of the sample 6.0 per cent are first rank, 8.4 per

cent are second rank and 4.0 per cent are third rank. To high cost of

operation, 5.6 per cent are first rank, 6.8 per cent has given second

rank and 4.8 per cent with third rank. In relation to low skilled

workers, 4.4 per cent had first rank, 10.0 per cent with second rank

and 8.0 per cent are third rank. Regarding to poor packaging, first

priority has given by 13.6 per cent, second priority has given by 16.8

per cent and third priority has given by 6.4 per cent. To high

distribution costs, 20.0 per cent were first rank, 28.8 per cent are

second rank and 16.4 per cent with third rank. Regarding non

availability, 20.0 per cent has given by first rank, 11.6 per cent had

second rank and 23.2 per cent with third rank. To partnership

problems, 23.6 per cent with first rank, 12.8 per cent are second

rank and 32.0 per cent had third rank. Regarding market

concentration, 6.8 per cent had first rank, 4.8 per cent has given by

second rank and 4.8 per cent are third rank.

155

5.1 PERCEPTION

Table 5.1

Women Entrepreneurs Perceptions on Entrepreneurial Functional Risks

S.No. Response 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

1. Poor Financial Conditions 15 (6.0)

21 (8.4)

10 (4.0)

73 (29.2)

96 (38.4)

6 (2.4)

10 (4.0)

12 (4.8)

250 (100.0)

2. High Cost of Operation 14 (5.6)

17 (6.8)

12 (4.8)

77 (30.8)

69 (27.6)

35 (14.0)

14 (5.6)

15 (6.0)

250 (100.0)

3. Low Skilled Workers 11 (4.4)

25 (10.0)

20 (8.0)

20 (8.0)

24 (9.6)

70 (28.0)

68 (27.2)

18 (7.2)

250 (100.0)

4. Poor Packaging 34 (13.6)

42 (16.8)

16 (6.4)

24 (9.6)

8 (3.2) 43 (17.2)

69 (27.6)

18 (7.2)

250 (100.0)

5. High Distribution Costs 50 (20.0)

72 (28.8)

41 (16.4)

13 (5.2)

14 (5.6)

19 (7.6)

9 (3.6) 24 (9.6)

250 (100.0)

6. Non Availability 50

(20.0)

29

(11.6)

58

(23.2)

15

(6.0)

11

(4.4)

25

(10.0)

26

(10.4)

20

(8.0)

250

(100.0)

7. Partnership Problems 59

(23.6)

32

(12.8)

80

(32.00)

11

(4.4)

11

(4.4)

42

(16.80)

36

(14.4)

133

(53.2)

250

(100.0)

8. Market Concentration 17

(6.8)

12

(4.8)

13

(5.2)

17 (6.8) 17

(6.8)

10

(4.0)

18

(7.2)

10(4.0) 250

(100.0)

156

5.1.1 Perception of Entrepreneurs on Business Risk

The table-5.2 infers that the response of entrepreneur on

business risks.

Table 5.2

Perception of Entrepreneur on Business Risk

S.No Perception No. of

Respondents Per cent

1. Influence of Large Scale Enterprises

65 26.0

2. Technological Obsolesce 44 17.6

3. Non-cooperation of Financial Institutions

44 17.6

4. Poor Quality 43 17.2

5. Perception of Consumers 37 14.8

6. Availability of Low Cost Substitutes

42 16.8

7. Problem of Price Variation 45 18.0

8. Any other 41 16.4

Out of the total sample, 26.0 per cent were influenced by large

scale enterprises, 18.0 per cent had problem of price variation, 17.6

per cent are technological obsolesce and non-cooperation of financial

institutions followed by 17.2 per cent were poor quality, 16.8 per

cent with availability of low cost substitutes and 14.8 per cent are

perception of consumers. This indicates the majority of the women

entrepreneur’s entry of large players.

157

5.1.2 Perception on the Performance of the Enterprise

The table-5.3 explains the response of the women

entrepreneurs on performance of business enterprise.

Table 5.3

Perception on the Performance of the Enterprise

S.

No Response

Very

low Low Moderate High

Very

high Total

1. Sales growth 147

(58.0)

75

(30.0)

17

(6.8)

7

(2.8)

4

(1.6)

250

(100.0)

2. Profitability 46

(18.4)

87

(34.8)

82

(32.8)

18

(7.2)

17

(6.8)

250

(100.0)

3. Ability for

getting Skilled

Workers

54

(21.6)

41

(16.4)

65

(26.0)

51

(20.4)

39

(15.6)

250

(100.0)

4. Quality

Production

37

(14.8)

62

(24.8)

69

(27.6)

59

(23.6)

23

(9.2)

250

(100.0)

5. Services to

Consumers

42

(16.8)

47

(18.8)

48

(19.2)

66

(26.4)

47

(18.8)

250

(100.0)

6. Employee

Morale

44

(17.6)

50

(20.0)

67

(26.8)

56

(22.4)

33

(13.2)

250

(100.0)

7.

Potentialities

for Future

Development

45

(18.0)

64

(25.6)

58

(23.2)

51

(20.4)

32

(12.8)

250

(100.0)

8. Product/Service

Improvement

45

(18.0)

44

(17.6)

67

(26.8)

68

(27.2)

26

(10.4)

250

(100.0)

9. Improvement of

Methods of

Production

54

(21.6)

46

(18.4)

55

(22.0)

64

(25.6)

31

(12.4)

250

(100.0)

158

Out of the total, majority of fifty eight per cent (58.0%) are very

low, perception on their performance, 30.0 per cent were low and 6.8

per cent are moderate, 2.8 per cent are high and only few (1.6%)

scored very high sales growth. Regarding profitability, from the total

sample 18.4 per cent scored very low, 34.8 per cent were low, 32.8

per cent with moderate, 7.2 per cent are high and 6.8 per cent were

very high. Among the total sample, 21.6 per cent are very low, 16.4

per cent were low and 26.0 per cent with moderate, 20.4 per cent are

high and 15.6 per cent scored very high that the abilities in getting

skilled workers. Out of the total sample, 14.8 per cent are very low,

24.8 per cent were low and 27.6 per cent moderate, 23.6 per cent are

high and 9.2 per cent were very high towards quality production.

Regarding services to consumers, 16.8 per cent are very low, 18.8

per cent were low, 19.2 per cent moderate, 26.4 per cent are high

and 18.8 per cent with very high. Among the total sample, 17.6 per

cent are very low, 20.0 per cent were low, 26.8 per cent are

moderate, 22.4 per cent with high and 13.2 per cent are very high

employee morale. Out of the total sample, 18.0 per cent are very low,

25.6 per cent were low, 23.2 per cent with moderate, 20.4 per cent

are high and 12.8 per cent with very low towards potentialities for

future development. Regarding product/service improvement, 18.0

per cent are very low, 17.6 per cent were low, 26.8 per cent are

moderate, 27.2 per cent with high and 10.4 per cent are very high.

Among the total sample, 21.6 per cent are very low, 18.4 per cent

were low, 22.0 per cent are moderate, 25.6 per cent with high and

12.4 per cent were very high perception on their performance in

improvement of production methods.

159

5.1.3 Self Appraisal on Skill of Women Entrepreneurs

The table-5.4 infers about the women entrepreneurs’ response

on their skill.

Table 5.4

Self Appraisal on Skill of Women Entrepreneurs

S.

No Response

Very

low Low Moderate High

Very

high Total

1. Risk Taking 109

(43.6)

75

(30.0)

42

(16.8)

18

(7.2)

6

(2.4)

250

(100.0)

2. Drive and

Delineation

34

(13.6)

127

(50.8)

54

(21.6)

13

(5.2)

22

(8.8)

250

(100.0)

3.

General

Enterprise

Tendency

(GET)

81

(32.4)

45

(18.0)

65

(26.0)

38

(15.2)

21

(8.4)

250

(100.0)

4. Educational

Back Ground

41

(16.4)

54

(21.6)

72

(28.8)

56

(22.4)

27

(10.8)

250

(100.0)

5. Commitment

in Work

39

(15.6)

58

(23.2)

48

(19.2)

54

(21.6)

51

(20.4)

250

(100.0)

6.

Participation

in Trade Fair

and

Exhibitions

35

(14.0)

85

(34.0)

56

(22.4)

39

(15.6)

35

(14.0)

250

(100.0)

7.

Relationship

with Other

Entrepreneurs

39

(15.6)

69

(27.6)

60

(24.0)

57

(22.8)

25

(10.0)

250

(100.0)

8.

Ability to Deal

with

Situations

38

(15.2)

75

(30.0)

64

(25.6)

49

(19.6)

24

(9.6)

250

(100.0)

160

Out of the total sample, 43.6 per cent scored very low, 30.0 per

cent are low, 16.8 per cent with moderate, 7.2 per cent are high and

very few (2.4%) are very high towards risk taking. Regarding drive

and delineation, 13.6 per cent are very low, 50.8 per cent were low,

and 21.6 per cent with moderate, 5.2 per cent had high and 8.8 per

cent having very high. Among the total sample, 32.4 per cent are very

low, 18.0 per cent with low, 26.0 per cent were moderate, 15.2 per

cent had high and 8.4 per cent having scored very high in general

enterprise tendency. Out of the total sample, 16.4 per cent were very

low, 21.6 per cent with low, 28.8 per cent are moderate, 22.4 per

cent are high and 10.8 per cent had very high towards educational

back ground. Regarding commitment in work, 15.6 per cent are

scored very low, 23.2 per cent were low, 19.2 per cent had moderate,

21.6 per cent are high and 20.4 per cent were very high. Among the

total sample, 14.0 per cent are very low, 34.0 per cent were low, 22.4

per cent had moderate, 15.6 per cent are high and 14.0 per cent are

having very high participation in trade fair and exhibitions. Out of

the total sample, 15.6 per cent are very low, 27.6 per cent were low,

24.0 per cent are moderate, 22.8 per cent are high and 10.0 per cent

are very high towards relationship with other entrepreneurs.

Regarding ability to deal with situations, 15.2 per cent are very low,

30.0 per cent were low, 25.6 per cent had moderate, 19.6 per cent

are high and 9.6 per cent are very high.

161

5.1.4 Ambitions during Student Life

The table-5.5 explains about the ambitions of respondents

during student days.

Table 5.5

Ambitions during Student Life

S.No Ambition No. of Respondents Per cent

1. Higher Education 48 19.2

2. Medical Doctor 15 6.0

3. Engineer 41 16.4

4. Successful Entrepreneur 26 10.4

5. Gain Social Status 48 19.2

6. Political Leader 43 17.2

7. Housewife 13 5.2

8. Any other 16 6.4

Total 250 100.0

Regarding ambitions during student life 19.2 per cent are

having higher education, 17.2 per cent were political leader, 16.4 per

cent to become Engineer, 10.4 per cent to be a successful

Entrepreneur, 6.4 per cent were any other followed by 6.0 per cent

are medical doctor and 5.2 per cent are housewife. This indicates the

majority of the women entrepreneurs preferred higher education.

162

5.2 Motivational and Facilitating Factors of Women

Entrepreneurs

Development policy for the women enterprise are to be alike as

in the case of other enterprise should take serious attention towards

maximum usage of backward linkages and concentration in areas

where women have a greater potential for developing and sustaining

them. Training and motivation of women entrepreneur should serve

the objective to impart basic knowledge about Industry product and

production methods.

To build the necessary skill development programs for new

Women Entrepreneurs and workers.

To assist the women entrepreneur/worker to function more

effectively in her present position by exposing to the latest concept

techniques and information.

To build up second line of workers and prepare them to

shoulder additional responsibility and/or switch on to the production

of a new product, if there is any diversification.

To expose the women entrepreneur to the latest developments

which directly or indirectly affect them in business.

To broaden the vision of Women Entrepreneurs by providing

them suitable opportunities for an interchange of experiences within

and outside the Industry and to impart customer education and to

impart knowledge about the marketing of goods.

163

5.2.1 Motivated Reasons of Entrepreneurs to Start Business

The table-5.6 analysis of the response of the respondents

sample women entrepreneurs by their ambition motivated

entrepreneurs to start business.

Table 5.6

Motivated Reasons of Entrepreneurs to Start Business

S.No Motivated reasons No. of

Respondents Per cent

1.

Success stories of industrialists

89 35.6

2. Better standards of living

86 34.4

3. Diversification of economic interest

18 7.2

4. Any other 57 22.8

Total 250 100.0

Out of the total sample 35.6 per cent are success stories of

industrialist, 34.4 per cent were better standards of living, 22.8 per

cent with any other and 7.2 per cent having diversification of

economic interest. This shows the majority of the women

entrepreneur’s success stories of industrialist business.

164

5.2.2 Source of Inspiration for Staring Economic Enterprise

The table-5.7 analyses distribution of the sample women

entrepreneurs who inspired entrepreneurs to start business.

Table 5.7

Source of Inspiration for Staring Economic Enterprise

S.No Inspired No. of Respondents Per cent

1. Spouse 44 17.6

2. Parents 80 32.0

3. Friends 42 16.8

4. Relatives 39 15.6

5. Ambition 45 18.0

Total 250 100.0

Regarding this 32.0 per cent are parents, 18.0 per cent were

ambition followed by 17.6 per cent with spouse, 16.8 per cent are

friends and 15.6 per cent were relatives. This indicates the majority

of the women entrepreneurs parents inspired.

165

5.2.3 Motivational Factors Attracted the Entrepreneur to Start

Industry

The table-5.8 explains about the different motivational factors

attracted the entrepreneurs to start industry.

Out of the total sample, 4.8 per cent are first rank, 7.6 per cent

were second rank and 3.2 per cent with third rank towards to earn

more profits. Regarding to have independent job, 6.4 per cent having

first rank, 5.6 per cent are second rank and 4.8 per cent with third

rank. Among the total sample, 5.2 per cent were first rank, 10.8 per

cent are second rank and 7.2 per cent with third rank that prior

experience. Out of the total sample, 15.6 per cent are first rank, 15.2

per cent were second rank and 8.4 per cent with third rank towards

motivation by the family. Regarding heavy demand for the

product/services, 20.0 per cent are first rank, 32.8 per cent were

second rank and 13.2 per cent had third rank. Among the total

sample, 18.4 per cent are first rank, 15.2 per cent were second rank

and 26.0 per cent had third rank that no employment opportunity.

Out of the total sample, 26.0 per cent with first rank, 12.4 per cent

were second rank and 35.6 per cent having third rank towards

absence of competition. Regarding the incentives offered by the

government, 3.6 per cent had first rank, 1.6 per cent was third rank

and 1.6 per cent had fourth rank.

166

Table 5.8

Motivational factors attracted the entrepreneur to start industry

S. No Motivational

factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

1 To earn more

profits

12

(4.8)

19

(7.6)

8

(3.2)

91

(36.4)

99

(39.6)

12

(4.8)

11

(4.4)

1

(0.4)

250

(100.0)

2 To have

independent job

16

(6.4)

14

(5.6)

12

(4.8)

71

(28.4)

82

(32.6)

32

(12.8)

17

(6.8)

5

(2.0)

250

(100.0)

3 Prior experience 13

(5.2)

27

(10.8)

18

(7.2)

20

(8.0)

23

(9.2)

70

(28.0)

71

(28.4)

7

(2.8)

250

(100.0)

4 Motivation by the

family

39

(15.6)

38

(15.2)

21

(8.4)

25

(10.0)

7

(2.8)

43

(17.2)

68

(27.2)

9

(3.6)

250

(100.0)

5 Heavy demand for the product/

services

50 (20.0)

82 (32.8)

33 (13.2)

18 (7.2)

12 (4.8)

21 (8.4)

14 (5.6)

22 (8.8)

250 (100.0)

6 No employment

opportunity

46

(18.4)

38

(15.2)

65

(26.0)

12

(4.8)

13

(5.2)

28

(11.2)

29

(11.6)

14

(5.6)

250

(100.0)

7 Absence of

competition

65

(26.0)

31

(12.4)

89

(35.6)

7

(2.8)

11

(4.4)

43

(17.2)

35

(14.0)

179

(71.6)

250

(100.0)

8 Incentives offered

by the government

9

(3.6)

1

(0.4)

4

(1.6)

6

(2.4)

3

(1.2)

1

(0.4)

5

(2.0)

13

(5.2)

250

(100.0)

167

5.2.4. Monetary factors motivated to start Business by the

Women Entrepreneurs

The table-5.9 analyses the distribution of the sample women

entrepreneurs by monetary factors motivated to start business.

Table 5.9

Monetary factors motivated to start Business by the

Women Entrepreneurs

S.No Factors 1 2 3 4 Total

1. To earn more income

184

(73.6)

31

(12.40

7

(2.8)

35

(14.0)

250

(100.0)

2. To get financial security

11

(4.4)

104

(41.6)

75

(30.0)

74

(29.6)

250

(100.0)

3. To meet family needs

44

(17.6)

69

(27.6)

68

(27.2)

66

(26.4)

250

(100.0)

4. Any other 11

(4.4)

46

(18.4)

100

(40.0)

75

(30.0)

250

(100.0)

Out of the total majority (73.6%) are to earn more income first

rank, 12.4 per cent had second rank and very few (2.8%) were third

rank. Regarding financial security, 4.4 per cent having first rank,

and 41.6 per cent had second industry and 30.0 per cent with third

rank. In related to meet family needs, 17.6 per cent has given first

rank, 27.6 per cent are second rank followed by 27.2 per cent has

given third rank. Regarding to any other, a major group (4.4%) has

given first rank, 18.4 per cent were second rank and 40.0 per cent

are third rank.

168

5.2.5 Non-monetary factors that motivated to start Business by

the women entrepreneurs

The table-5.10 explains the non-monetary factors that

motivated to start business by the women entrepreneurs.

Out of the total sample, 6.4 per cent has given first rank, 23.6

per cent are second rank and 11.2 per cent were third rank towards

self-actualization. Regarding to independence, 19.2 per cent are first

rank, 9.6 per cent are second rank and 10.4 per cent are third rank.

Among the total sample, 6.0 per cent are first rank, 8.4 per cent are

second rank and 10.4 per cent are third rank that be a boss. To role

model to others, 16.4 per cent are first rank, 10.4 per cent are

second rank and 8.0 per cent are third rank. In related to

employment generation, the first rank 10.4 per cent, 22.8 per cent

are second rank and 15.6 per cent are third rank. Out of the total

sample, 19.2 per cent are first rank, 9.2 per cent are second rank

and 13.2 per cent are third rank towards self identity. Among the

total sample, 17.2 per cent are first rank, 10.4 per cent are second

rank and 18.0 per cent are third rank to get social status. Regarding

provided qualitative goods and services to the society, 5.2 per cent

are first rank, 5.6 per cent are second rank followed by 6.0 per cent

are third rank.

169

Table 5.10

Non-monetary factors that motivated to start Business by the women entrepreneurs

S.

No Factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total

1. Self-actualization 16

(6.4)

59

(23.6)

28

(11.2)

54

(21.6)

55

(22.0)

5

(2.0)

9

(3.6)

9

(3.6)

250

(100.0)

2. Independence 48

(19.2)

24

(9.6)

26

(10.4)

67

(26.8)

41

(16.4)

21

(8.4)

5

(2.0)

19

(7.6)

250

(100.0)

3. Be a Boss 15

(6.0)

21

(8.4)

44

(17.6)

19

(7.6)

36

(14.4)

52

(20.8)

45

(18.0)

13

(5.2)

250

(100.0)

4. Role model to

others

41

(16.4)

26

(10.4)

20

(8.0)

40

(16.00

25

(10.0)

38

(15.2)

57

(22.8)

14

(5.6)

250

(100.0)

5. Employment

generation

26

(10.4)

57

(22.8)

39

(15.6)

37

(14.8)

25

(10.0)

25

(10.0)

20

(8.0)

20

(8.0)

250

(100.0)

6. Self identity 48

(19.2)

23

(9.2)

33

(13.2)

12

(4.8)

22

(8.8)

44

(17.6)

51

(20.4)

16

(6.4)

250

(100.0)

7. To get social

status

43

(17.2)

26

(10.4)

45

(18.0)

9

(3.6)

30

(12.0)

57

(22.8)

51

(20.4)

149

(59.6)

250

(100.0)

8.

Provide qualitative

goods and services

to the society

13

(5.2)

14

(5.6)

15

(6.0)

12

(4.8)

16

(6.4)

8

(3.2)

12

(4.8)

10

(4.0)

250

(100.0)

170

5.2.6 Factors influenced for starting on Enterprises

The table-5.11 explains the reasons 3influence the idea of

starting the business to the women entrepreneurs.

Table 5.11

Factors influenced for starting Enterprises

S.No Factors No. of Respondents Per cent

1. Previous Association 92 36.8

2. Inherited property 79 31.6

3. Family Support 26 10.4

4. Any other 53 21.2

Total 250 100.0

Out of total the sample 36.8 per cent were previous association

followed by 31.6 per cent were inherited property, 21.2 per cent were

any other and 10.4per cent were advice of family. This indicates the

majority of the sample women entrepreneurs’ previous association.

171

5.2.7 Compelling reasons for the starting Enterprise by the

Women Entrepreneurs

The table-5.12 analyses distribution of response of the

respondents by their compelling reasons for the starting industry.

Table 5.12

Compelling reasons for the starting Enterprise by

the Women Entrepreneurs

S.No Reasons No. of

Respondents Per cent

1. Unemployment 10 4.0

2. Dissatisfaction with the present

job 57 22.8

3. Utilisation of existing skills 25 10.0

4. Utilisation of leisure time 20 8.0

5. Any other 138 55.2

Total 250 100.0

Out of the total majority group (55.2%) are any other, 22.8 per

cent are dissatisfaction with the present job, 10.0 per cent are use of

skills followed by 8.0 per cent were use of leisure time on hand and

4.0 per cent are unemployment. This shows the majority of the

women entrepreneurs any other industry.

172

5.2.8 Reasons for Undertaking Present Enterprise

The table-5.13 analyses the reasons for choice of women

entrepreneurs for the present line of activity.

Table 5.13

Reasons for Undertaking Present Enterprise

S.No Reasons No. of

Respondents Per cent

1. Interest to undertake 14 5.6

2. Profit maximisation 61 24.4

3. Disinterest to prior

occupation 24 9.6

4. Utilisation of leisure time 19 7.6

5. Any other 132 52.8

Total 250 100.0

It is to be noted that a highest majority of the respondents

(52.8%) are having other reasons for undertaking the enterprise.

Followed by 24.4 per cent of the respondents stated that profit

maximisation is the reason for undertaking the present enterprise.

And the remaining 9.6 per cent, 7.6 per cent and 5.6 per cent of the

respondents said that disinterest to prior occupation, utilisation of

leisure time and interest to undertake are the reasons for

undertaking the present enterprise respectively. It is concluded that

most of the people are having other reasons for undertaking the

enterprise.

173

5.2.9 Facilitating factors to Under Take Enterprises

The table-5.14 explains the facilitating factors influencing

choice of the present line of the activity by the women entrepreneurs.

Table 5.14

Facilitating factors to Undertake Enterprises

S.No Facilitating factors No. of

Respondents Per cent

1. Previous knowledge and

experience 16 6.4

2. Government promotional

measures 38 15.2

3. Bank and financial institutions

support 17 6.8

4. Availability of Experienced and

skilled person in the family 33 13.2

5 Self motivation skills and

experience 146 58.4

Total 250 100.0

Out of the total majority group (58.4%) are self motivation

skills and experience, 15.2 per cent are government promotional

measures, 13.2 per cent are experienced & skilled people at home,

6.8 per cent are bank and financial institutions support followed by

6.4 per cent are previous knowledge and experience. This indicates

the majority of the women entrepreneurs self motivation skills and

experience.

174

5.2.10 Facilitating factors for Establishment of Enterprise by

the Women Entrepreneurs

The table-5.15 explains the facilitating factors for

establishment of industry by the respondents.

Out of the total sample, 5.6 per cent are first rank, 8.8 per cent

are second rank and 6.4 per cent are third rank towards

progressiveness. Regarding the adequate financial support, 8.0 per

cent are first rank, 7.2 per cent are second rank followed by 7.6 per

cent are third rank. Among the total sample, 4.8 per cent are first

rank, 6.8 per cent are second rank and 10.0 per cent are third rank

that self confidence. In related to customers support, 21.2 per cent

are first rank, 20.8 per cent are second rank and 8.0 per cent are

third rank. To innovative thinking, 35.6 per cent are first rank, 31.2

per cent are second rank and 9.2 per cent are third rank. Out of the

total sample, 20.8 per cent are first rank, 19.2 per cent are second

rank and 20.0 per cent are third rank towards relationship with co

entrepreneurs. Regarding faithful workers, 4.4 per cent are first

rank, 9.2 per cent are second rank and 30.8 per cent are third rank.

175

Table 5.15

Facilitating factors for Establishment of Industry to the Women Entrepreneurs

S. No Facilitating factors 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total

1. Progressiveness 14

(5.6) 22

(8.8) 16

(6.4) 21

(8.4) 98

(39.2) 33

(13.2) 46

(18.4) 250

(100.0)

2. Adequate financial

support

20

(8.0)

18

(7.2)

19

(7.6)

39

(15.6)

65

(26.0)

45

(18.0)

44

(17.6)

250

(100.0)

3. Self confidence 12

(4.8)

17

(6.8)

25

(10.0)

25

(10.0)

58

(23.2)

49

(19.6)

64

(25.6)

250

(100.0)

4. Customer support 53

(21.2)

52

(20.8)

20

(8.0)

21

(8.4)

33

(13.2)

34

(13.6)

37

(14.8)

250

(100.0)

5. Innovative thinking 89

(35.6)

78

(31.2)

23

(9.2)

15

(6.0)

16

(6.4)

18

(7.2)

11

(4.4)

250

(100.0)

6. Relationship with co

entrepreneurs

52

(20.8)

48

(19.2)

50

(20.0)

30

(12.0)

18

(7.2)

22

(8.8)

30

(12.0)

250

(100.0)

7. Faithfull workers 11

(4.4)

23

(9.2)

77

(30.8)

62

(24.8)

11

(4.4)

28

(11.2)

38

(15.2)

250

(100.0)

176

5.2.11 Priority wise facilitating factors for Establishment of

Enterprise by the Women Entrepreneurs

The table-5.16 analyses the priority-wise reasons to the

facilitating factors for establishment of industry by the women

entrepreneurs.

Table 5.16

Priority wise facilitating factors for establishment of Enterprise

by the Women Entrepreneurs

S. No

Facilitating factors

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total

1. Availability of material

13

(5.2)

25

(10.0)

12

(4.8)

53

(21.2)

88

(35.2)

49

(19.6)

10

(4.0)

250

(100.0)

2. Availability of labour

25

(10.0)

16

(6.4)

17

(6.8)

50

(20.0)

76

(30.4)

48

(19.2)

23

(9.2)

250

(100.0)

3. Adequacy of

capital

16

(6.4)

21

(8.4)

25

(10.0)

21

(8.4)

22

(8.8)

49

(19.6)

78

(31.2)

250

(100.0)

4. Existence of

basic industry

25

(10.0)

39

(15.6)

30

(12.0)

20

(8.0)

16

(6.4)

30

(12.0)

58

(23.2)

250

(100.0)

5.

Government

agencies

assistance

93

(37.2)

61

(24.4)

54

(21.6)

38

(15.2)

16

(6.4)

18

(7.2)

12

(4.8)

250

(100.0)

6. Family business 33

(13.2)

48

(19.2)

48

(19.2)

30

(12.0)

21

(8.4)

22

(8.8)

29

(11.6)

250

(100.0)

7. Availability of technology

45

(18.0)

40

(16.0)

64

(25.6)

38

(15.2)

11

(4.4)

34

(13.6)

40

(16.0)

250

(100.0)

Regarding to availability of material, 5.2 per cent are first rank,

10.0 per cent are second rank and 4.8 per cent are third rank. Out of

the total sample, 10.0 per cent are first rank, 6.4 per cent are second

rank followed by 6.8 per cent are third rank towards availability to

177

labour. Among the total sample, 6.4 per cent are first rank, 8.4 per

cent are second rank and 10.0 per cent are third rank that adequacy

of capital. In related to existence of basic industry, 10.0 per cent are

first rank, 15.6 per cent are second rank and 12.0 per cent are third

rank. To government agencies assistance, 37.2 per cent are first

rank, 24.4 per cent are second rank and 21.6 per cent are third

rank. Regarding family business, 13.2 per cent were first rank, 19.2

per cent were second rank and third rank. Out of the total sample,

18.0 per cent are first rank, 16.0 per cent are second rank and 25.6

per cent are third rank towards availability of technology.

5.2.12 Training Programme undergone by the Women

Entrepreneurs

The table-5.17 explains the under gone training programme

women entrepreneurs.

Table 5.17

Training Programmes undergone by Women Entrepreneurs

S.No Training of Programme

No. of Respondents

Per cent

1. Management course 4 1.6

2. Apprenticeship training 42 16.8

3. Technical training 70 28.0

4. Institutional 123 49.2

5. No training 11 4.4

Total 250 100.0

178

Out of the total sample (49.2%) are institutional training

programme, 28.0 per cent are technical training, 16.8 per cent are

apprenticeship training, 4.4 per cent are not training and very few

(1.6%) are management course training programme. This indicates

the majority group of the women entrepreneurs institutional.

5.2.13 Usefulness of Training Programmes to the Women

Entrepreneurs

The table-5.18 analyses the distribution of the usefulness of

training programme to the women entrepreneurs.

Table 5.18

Usefulness of Training Programmes to the Women Entrepreneurs

S.No Training

programme

No. of

Respondents Per cent

1. To large extent 113 45.2

2. To some extent 93 37.2

3. Not useful 44 17.6

Total 250 100.0

The majority of response of the women entrepreneurs 45.2 per

cent are large extent training, 37.2 per cent were some extent and

17.6 per cent are not useful of training programme.

179

5.2.14 Incentives for Women Entrepreneurs from Government

The table-5.19 infers the priority-wise incentives women

entrepreneurs from government.

Table 5.19

Incentives for Women Entrepreneurs from Government

S.No Incentives 1 2 3 4 5 Total

1. Financial subsidy

74

(29.6)

22

(8.8)

11

(4.4)

57

(22.8)

70

(28.0)

250

(100.0)

2. Transport subsidy

77

(30.8)

37

(14.8)

12

(4.8)

58

(23.2)

45

(18.0)

250

(100.0)

3. Power subsidy 50

(20.0)

29

(11.6)

22

(8.8)

77

(30.8)

56

(22.4)

250

(100.0)

4. Sales tax subsidy

16

(6.4)

41

(16.4)

80

(32.0)

35

(14.0)

37

(14.8)

250

(100.0)

5. Backward area subsidy

33

(13.2)

121

(48.4)

125

(50.0)

23

(9.2)

42

(16.8)

250

(100.0)

Out of the total sample, 29.6 per cent were first rank, 8.8 per

cent were second rank and 4.4 per cent are third rank towards

financial subsidy. Regarding the transport subsidy, 30.8 per cent

are first rank, 14.8 per cent with second rank and 4.8 per cent are

third rank. Among the total sample, 20.0 per cent are first rank,

11.6 per cent are second rank and 8.8 per cent are third rank that

power of subsidy. To sales tax subsidy, 6.4 per cent are first rank,

16.4 per cent with second rank and 32.0 per cent has given by

third rank. In related to backward area subsidy, 13.2 per cent has

given by first rank, 48.4 per cent had second rank and 50.0 per

cent were third rank.

180

5.3 PROGRAMMES AND SCHEMES FOR WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA

The integrated schemes of assistance to women entrepreneurs

which provide for identification, selection, training and consultancy

and escort services apart from term loan facilities and terms

continue to receive increasing response. As a result, assistance to

women entrepreneurs is increasing day by day. Some of the schemes

introduced to provide financial assistance entrepreneurs are briefly

summarized.

5.3.1 Small Industry Development Bank of India’s (SIDBI)

SIDBI has special schemes for assistance to women

entrepreneurs. These are aimed at providing training and extension

service support to women entrepreneurs according to their skills and

social financial assistance on concessional terms to enable them to

set up small enterprises.

5.3.2 State Financial Corporation (SFCs)

The schemes are operated through State Financial Corporation

(SFCs), State Industrial Corporation (SIDCs), Commercial Banks,

State Cooperative Banks and Regional Rural Refinance Institutions.

For instance A.P. State Financial Corporation (APSFC) provides

assistance in the form of term loans for women entrepreneurs is

expected to contribute at least 15 percent of the project cost. The

entrepreneur has to repay the loan over eight years, in moratorium

period of two years.

181

5.3.3 Bank of India’s Priyadarshini Yojana

Under this scheme the bank provides long term and working

capital assistance under the categories: Professional and self-

employed, e.g. chartered accountants, lawyers and doctors.

a) Small Business, e.g. beauty parlour, laundry and

circulating library.

b) Retail traders, e.g. fair price shops, general provision stores.

c) Village or Cottage and Small Scale Industry Road Transport

Operators Allied agricultural activity.

The maximum loan amount sanctioned depends on the

entrepreneur needs with limits for term loans and up to Rs.1 lakh for

working capital. Interest rates depend upon the range from 12

percent (for loans up to Rs.2 lakh). The contribution margin will be

about 20 percent, depending upon the type of activity intended to:

In addition, women entrepreneurs are also eligible for finance

under the following government sponsored programme.

5.3.4 Prime Minister’s Rozgar Yojana (PMRY)

a) Self Employment Programme for Urban Poor (SEPUP)

b) Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)

182

5.3.5 Scheme of Interest Subsidy for Women Entrepreneurs

The main objective of the scheme of interest subsidy for

Women Entrepreneurs is to the women with business acumen and

entrepreneurial traits.

All industrial projects whether in rural, cottage, tiny, small and

medium scale(i.e. with Rs.3 crore) sectors, if set up by women

entrepreneur(s) will be covered under the scheme shall be operated

through the State Financial Corporations (SFCs)/State level

institutions granting assistance to women entrepreneurs for setting

up their industrial rural, cottage, tiny, small and medium scale

sector. To be eligible for availing herself of the subsidy under the

scheme, a woman entrepreneur with the following criteria is selected:

The woman entrepreneur should be unemployed before taking up the

venture. The venture should be her first venture. The woman

entrepreneur must have been sanctioned and disbursed finance by

SFC or a State level financial institution. The assistance under the

scheme takes the form of one time subsidy and is equivalent interest

payable by the industrial unit set up by the woman entrepreneur to

the SFC for the loan assistance sanctioned for the project for a period

to a ceiling of Rs.25,000 per annum. In addition to the above there

are several schemes offered by various state government agencies.

5.3.6 Industrial Development Bank of India’s (IDBI) and Mahila

Udyam Nidhi (MUN) Scheme

The Industrial Development bank of India has set up a special

fund, known as Mahila Udyam Nidhi with a Corpus of Rs.5 crore to

183

provide assistance to women entrepreneurs, intending to set up

projects in small scale industries sector implemented by SIDBI.

Women Entrepreneurs owing and managing an enterprise with

a minimum financial equity are eligible for assistance provided the

project cost excluding, working capital does not exceed Rs.10 lakh.

The debt equity ratio should be 3:1. The assistance will be provided

in the form of soft loan up to a maximum of 15 percent of fixed

capital in equity. Minimum promoter’s contribution insisted upon is

10 per cent of the fixed cost.A nominal service charge of 1 percent

per annum is charged, which is payable annually. They should be

repaid over a period not exceeding 10 years including as initial

moratorium years. In this scheme, seed capital assistance is

provided without insisting on security.

5.3.7 Mahila Vikas Nidhi (MVN) Scheme

Recognizing the role of voluntary agencies in improving the

socio economic status to set up a special development fund, Mahila

Vikas Nidhi, with an initial allocation from its technical assistance

fund. Assistance by way of grant and soft loan would be from the

Nidhi to such voluntary organizations working exclusively for women

and the organization with a properly constituted governing body.

Agencies with a proven record in managing income generating

programmes would be eligible to receive aid under the scheme such

as setting up of training cum development centres, skill up

gradation, skill up gradation programmes, programmes or marketing

184

as management up gradation and such other industrial activities

which improve the women would be eligible for support under MVN.

The Assistance under the scheme towards one time capital

expenditure, the recurring expenses being met by the voluntary

funds or grants/donations from government or other agencies.

5.3.8 Stree Shakti Package of State Bank of India’s (SBI)

The SBI introduced a new package of November, 1989 aimed at

reinforcing its efforts it developing entrepreneurship among women.

Concessions and facilities are provided to women. An important

highlight of the package is conducting Entrepreneurial Development

Programme (EDP) exclusively designed for women all over the

country with the help of Training College and local branches.

The branch managers along with field staff would provide the

necessary assistance to those women who do not plan to set up full

fledged industrial ventures do something at home. In this scheme for

Loans of up to Rs.25,000 neither the guarantee or margin money is

taken from borrowers. Further a discount of half a percent is allowed

charged. The loan proposals received from women entrepreneurs

would be sanctioned within 20 days except in cases of proposals for

high value and also where other financial commitments are involved.

According to the Third All India Census of Small Scale Industries

conducted in 2001-02 subsequent estimates made, only 10.11

percent of the Micro and Small Enterprises in India are owned by

women while 9.46 percent of the MSE enterprise is managed by

185

women. As per latest available estimates, the number of women

owned and women managed enterprise are 12.99 lakh and 12.15

lakh respectively.

In order to encourage more and more women enterprises in the

MSE sector, several new schemes have been formulated by the

Government are in the process of being targeted only at the

development of women enterprises in India.