PENICILLIN IN WATER, PENICILLIN IN SOLVENT · Penicillin group antibiotics such as Penicillin V,...
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PENICILLIN IN WATER, PENICILLIN IN SOLVENT Typical end products Penicillin group antibiotics such as Penicillin V, Penicillin O, Ampicillin and Amoxycillin. Chemical curve: Penicillin G R.I. per g/l in solvent at Ref. Temp. of 20˚C Introduction Penicillin is the oldest known group of antibiotics. It is widely used because of its effectiveness against bacteria (e.g. staphylococci and streptococci), which makes it the preferred group of antibiotics for treating bacterial infections such as skin, chest and urinary tract infections. Application The Penicillin production process starts with the preparation of an inoculum of a high yielding strain of Penicillin Chrysogenum. This is mixed in a medium designed to provide the organism with all the nutrients that it requires. The medium contains carbon and nitrogen sources such as glucose, corn steep liquor, lactose, and ammonium sulfate. At the penicillin inlet to the mixing buffer vessel the concentration can range from 180 to 250 g/l. After the liquor has been mixed, it proceeds to the fermenter, where the medium for fermentation is continuously controlled and maintained by the addition of sugar to ensure a high yield of penicillin. After a certain time, the broth containing about 1 % penicillin goes on to extraction and purification. The biomass is filtered out for disposal, and the penicillin is extracted from the solution by adding an organic solvent. Common solvents used are n butyl acetate or Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK). The penicillin containing solvent is treated with activated carbon to remove other impurities, and the penicillin is recovered by precipitation with an inorganic salt. The sodium or potassium salts of penicillin are further processed to remove impurities. After crystallization and drying, the penicillin salt is ready for storage or for further processing to produce other semi-synthetic antibiotics. Pharmaceuticals Processing Pharmaceuticals and Biochemicals | PHARMACEUTICALS AND BIOCHEMICALS PENICILLIN PRODUCTION PROCESS APPLICATION NOTE 6.02.05
Transcript of PENICILLIN IN WATER, PENICILLIN IN SOLVENT · Penicillin group antibiotics such as Penicillin V,...
PENICILLIN IN WATER, PENICILLIN IN SOLVENTTypical end productsPenicillin group antibiotics such as Penicillin V, Penicillin O, Ampicillin and Amoxycillin.
Chemicalcurve:PenicillinGR.I.perg/linsolventatRef.Temp.of20˚C
Introduction
Penicillin is the oldest known group of antibiotics. It is widely used because of its effectiveness against bacteria (e.g. staphylococci and streptococci), which makes it the preferred group of antibiotics for treating bacterial infections such as skin, chest and urinary tract infections.
Application
The Penicillin production process starts with the preparation of an inoculum of a high yielding strain of Penicillin Chrysogenum. This is mixed in a medium
designed to provide the organism with all the nutrients that it requires. The medium contains carbon and nitrogen sources such as glucose, corn steep liquor, lactose, and ammonium sulfate. At the penicillin inlet to the mixing buffer vessel the concentration can range from 180 to 250 g/l.
After the liquor has been mixed, it proceeds to the fermenter, where the medium for fermentation is continuously controlled and maintained by the addition of sugar to ensure a high yield of penicillin. After a certain time, the broth containing about 1 % penicillin goes on to extraction and purification.
The biomass is filtered out for disposal, and the penicillin is extracted from the solution by adding an organic solvent. Common solvents used are n butyl acetate or Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK). The penicillin containing solvent is treated with activated carbon to remove other impurities, and the penicillin is recovered by precipitation with an inorganic salt.
The sodium or potassium salts of penicillin are further processed to remove impurities. After crystallization and drying, the penicillin salt is ready for storage or for further processing to produce other semi-synthetic antibiotics.
Pharmaceuticals ProcessingPharmaceuticals and Biochemicals |
PHARMACEUTICALS AND BIOCHEMICALS
PENICILLIN PRODUCTION PROCESSAPPLICATION NOTE 6.02.05
6.02.05. PENICILLINPRODUCTION PROCESS
Instrumentation and installation
The K-Patents Process Refractometer PR-43 is designed for aseptic environments and the accurate and precise control required by the Pharmaceutical Industry.
The refractometer is installed at the bottom of the mixing buffer vessel to measure the concentration of raw penicillin.
Another refractometer at the fermenter monitors continuously the fermentation process and maintains the optimal conditions by controlling the sugar feed valve (see application note Pharmaceutical Fermentation). This ensures a high yield of penicillin. The K-Patents refractometer can also monitor the concentration of sugar fed to the fermenter.
Continuous and accurate measurements also ensure high recovery rate of the penicillin ingredient and the organic solvent used for extraction.
The K-Patents refractometer eliminates the need for manual sampling and reduces the risk for contamination. This provides a tighter control of the product quality.
Moreover, the K-Patents Refractometer withstands CIP and SIP, and is available with 3-A Sanitary and EHEDG certifications.
Due to its unique digital sensing technology, the K-Patents refractometer is accurate and does not driftin the presence of bubbles or suspended particles.The refractometer is delivered factory calibrated anddoes not require re-calibration. Moreover, verificationis easily performed using standard refractive indexliquids.
When many instruments are required, the K-Patents Multichannel User Interface (MI) connects up to 4 refractometers, thus reducing the investment cost. The MI provides user authentication, electronic records, data logging, event log and audit trail, all in compliance with pharmaceutical requirements.
Instrumentation DescriptionK-Patents Pharma refractometer PR-43-PC for hygienic installations. The PR-43-PC is installed inthe main processing line or vessel and no by-pass arrangements are required. Optional laboratorytest cuvette (LTC) for off-line laboratory testing and validation.
K-Patents Sanitary Compact Refractometer PR-43-AC for hygienic installations in small pipe linesizes of 2.5 inch and smaller. The PR-43-AC refractometer is installed in the pipe bend. It is anglemounted on the outer corner of the pipe bend directly, or by a flow cell using a 3A Sanitary clamp,I-clamp or Varinline® connection.
K-Patents Sanitary Probe Refractometer PR-43-AP for hygienic installations in large pipes, tanks,cookers, crystallizers and kettles and for higher temperatures up to 150°C (300 °F). The PR-43-AP refractometer is installed in the pipe line or vessel through a 2.5 inch or 4 inch Sanitary clamp,I-clamp, APV Tank bottom flange or Varinline® connection.
User Interface Selectable multichannel MI, compact CI or a web-based WI user interface options allow the user to select the most preferred way to access and use the refractometer measurement and diagnostics data.
Measurement range Refractive Index (nD) 1.3200 – 1.5300, corresponding to 0-100 % by weight.
Pharmaceuticals ProcessingPharmaceuticals and Biochemicals |
PHARMACEUTICALS AND BIOCHEMICALS
PENICILLIN PRODUCTION PROCESSAPPLICATION NOTE 6.02.05
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