Pengumpulan Data Kuantitatif
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Transcript of Pengumpulan Data Kuantitatif
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KUTIPAN DATAKUANTITATIF
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Datakuantitatif
kuantiti
Pengumpulan databerbentuk angka
Apa itu data kuantitatif?
Istilah-istilah tertentu
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Jenis-jeniskaedah
penyelidikankuantitatif
Experimental research
Causal-comparative research
Survey/ descriptive research
Correlational research
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Teknikpengumpulandata
kuantitatif
Soal selidik
Pemerhatian
Ujian
Temu bualberstruktur
Soal selidik
Alat ukur kajian
Check list
ujian
Protokol
temu bual
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Istilah-istilah utama
Variabel(pembolehubah)
Hipotesis
Analisis Unit
Generalisasi
Bebas Bersandar
Unit yang dikaji
AlternatifNull
Sampel kepada populasi
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bermatlamat menerangkan sesuatu
fenomena yang sedang berlaku dengan
mengumpulkan maklumat mengenai
pembolehubah
tidak bertujuan untuk menguji hipotesis
(tiada hipotesis dibina dalam kajian ini)
tidak mengarah kepada penghasilan
sesuatu penyelidikan yang baru
Survey/ descriptive research
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Survey Research
Definition Determines and describes the way things are
Importance:
Frequently used in research studies Used to influence opinion
Useful for investigating a variety of
educational problems
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Tujuan utama kajian survey:
To describe the characteristics of a population.
Contoh: What is the distribution of Malaysiansaccording to age groups?
To describe and relate how certain characteristics
(age, gender, ethnicity, political affiliation, and others)are distributed within a group and related between (or
among) selected variables.
Contoh: How many persons in Malaysia vote for a
political party and the relation between such votingand variables like sex, race, religious preference,
and the like?
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Types of Surveys
Public opinion polls
Developmental surveys
Follow-up studies
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Kajian
survey
Longitudinalsurvey
Cross-sectional
survey
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Survey Data Collection Methods
Questionnaire Interview
Observation
Telephone
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Steps for designing survey research project
Define the objectives in clear, specificterms
Design the approach
Collect the data
Report the results
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Limitations of survey research
Only tap respondents who accessible and cooperative
Often make the respondent feel special or unnatural
and thus produce artificial responses or fabricated
Arouse response set such as acquiescence or a
process to agree with positive statements or questions
Are vulnerable to over-rater or under-rater the tendency
for some respondents to give consistently high or low ratings
In the case of interviews, biased reactions can be
elicited because of characteristics
of the interviewer or respondents, or the combination
the elicit favourable or unfavourable pattern of response.
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Definition
Whether and to what degree variables arerelated
Purpose Determine relationship
Make predictions
Limitation Cannot indicate cause and effect
Correlational research
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Korelasi bertujuan mencari hubungan/
perkaitan antara pemboleh ubah dalam
sesuatu kajian
Kekuatan hubungan korelasi diukur
menggunakan ujian korelasi (e.g Pearson
correlation coefficient)
Nilai hubungan adalah antara 1 0 +1
Correlational research
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Process
Problem selection
Derived from theory
Logical
Participant and instrument selection
Minimum of 30 participants
Instruments must be valid and reliable
Instrument validity affects sample size needed
Design
Collect data on two or more variables for each
participant Data analysis
Correlation coefficients
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Types of Correlation Coefficients
Linear relationships
Pearson r
Spearman rho
Phi coefficient
Curvilinear relationships
Correlation ratio or eta
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The Correlation Coefficient
Size Low
Moderate
High
Direction Positive correlation
Negative correlation
Zero or no correlation
Scatterplots
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Nilai r = 1 Nilai r = 0.5 Nilai r = 0.08
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Nilai r ditandai dengan tanda + dan -
Tanda + bermaksud hubungan yangberkadar langsung antara dua variabel
Tanda bermaksud hubungan yang
berkadar songsang antara dua variabel Contoh: adakah terdapat hubungan
antara minat Bahasa Inggeris denganpencapaian matematik pelajar luarbandar?
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Hubungan berkadar
langsung (+)Hubungan berkadar
songsang ( )
Jenis korelasi
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Juga dirujuk sebagai ex post facto (after the fact)
Usaha untuk menentukan sebab kepada sesuatu akibat
Asas kepada kajian sebab-akibat dimulai dengansesuatu akibat menyebabkan usaha mencari sebab/
punca kepada akibat tersebut bermula Dua pemboleh ubah yang terlibat adalah pemboleh ubah
bebas dan pemboleh ubah bersandar
Terdapat beberapa kumpulan yang terlibat untuk
perbandingan Contohnya: Apakah faktor yang menyebabkan
pencapaian matematik pelajar luar bandar rendah?
Causal-comparative research
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Purpose
Attempts to determine cause
Alleged cause and effect have already
occurred
Orientations
Retrospective - starts with an effect and seeks
possible causes
Prospective - starts with a cause and
investigates its effect on some variable
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Similarities to Correlational Research
Both lack manipulation
Both require caution in interpreting results
Both can support subsequentexperimental research
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Differences with Correlational Research
Correlational No attempt to
understand cause and
effect
Two or more variables One group
Causal comparative Attempts to understand
cause and effect
At least one
independent variable Two or more groups
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Comparison to Experimental Research
Experimental Causal group
comparisons
Individuals randomly
assigned to treatmentgroups
Independent variablemanipulated by the
researcher
Causal comparative
Group comparisons
Individuals already in
groups before researchbegins
Independent variable
not manipulated
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Examples of Variables
Non-manipulated variables Age
Sex
Ethnicity
Learning style
Socioeconomic status
Parental educational level
Family environment
Preschool attendance
Type of school
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Design and Procedures
Select two groups that differ on some
independent variable One group possesses some characteristic that the
other does not Each group possesses the characteristic but in
differing amounts
The independent variable must be clearly
operationally defined
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Design and Procedures
Randomly sample subjects from each of
the two groups
Collect background information on
subjects to determine the equality of the
groups
Compare groups on the dependent
variable
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Menguji hipotesis untuk memperkukuh
hubungan sebab-akibat
Ia mewakili rantaian sebab musabab yangkuat tentang hubungan antara
pembolehubah
Experimental research
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Ciri-ciri
Research designed to investigate cause andeffect relationships through the directmanipulation of an independent variable andcontrol of extraneous variables
Independent variable the variable beingmanipulated
Dependent variable the variable in which the effectof the manipulation of the independent variable areobserved
Researcher manipulation and control choice oftreatments, choice of a research design, use ofspecific procedures, etc.
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Manipulation and Control
Manipulation The researchers decisions related to what will makeup the independent variable
Control
The researchers efforts to remove the influence ofany extraneous variables that might have an effect onthe dependent variable
The goal is to be assured the only differencesbetween groups is that related to the independent
variable
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Experimental Validity
Internal validity the degree to which theresults are attributable to the independent
variable and not some other rival explanation
External/ecological validity the extent to
which the results of a study are generalizable
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Group Designs
Two major classes of designs Single-variable designs one independent variable
Factorial designs two or more independent
variables
Types of designs
Experimental designs
Quasi-experimental designs
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Kaedah eksperimen
tulen kuasi
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True Experimental Designs
Types Pretest-posttest control group design
Posttest only control group design
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Quasi-Experimental Designs
Types Non-equivalent control group design
Time series design
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Single-Subject Research
Designs that can be applied when the samplesize is one Study behavior change in an individual as the result of some
treatment
Subject serves as his or her own control
Rationale Sophistication of specific designs allows for the control of
internal validity threats
Research is focused on therapeutic impact in clinical settings,not contribution to a research base
Group comparison designs are sometimes opposed or unethical
Group comparison designs are not possible
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Walau bagaimanapun, dalam penyelidikanpendidikan, eksperimen lazimnya merujukkepada eksperimen kuasi.
Melibatkan sekurang-kurangnya 2 pembolehubah iaitu pemboleh ubah bebas dan pemboleh
ubah bersandar.
In an experimental study, the researchermanipulates at least one independent variables,
and controls other relevant variables, andobserves the effect on one or more dependentvariables.
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2 kumpulan sampel yang terlibat iaitu kumpulan
eksperimen dan kumpulan kawalan
ujian pra
ujian pasca
eksperimen
ujian pra
ujian pasca
Kumpulan eksperimen Kumpulan kawalan
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Soal selidik
Teknik yang lazim digunakan untuk
mengumpulkan data kuantitatif dalam
kebanyakan kaedah kajian.
Untuk populasi yang besar, kedudukan
responden yang berjauhan antara satu
sama lain teknik pengumpulan soal
selidik yang lain kurang sesuai.
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Kelebihan Kurangkan perbelanjaan, masa dan tenaga untuk
pengumpulan data. Keupayaan soal selidik menggunakan sampel yang
banyak akan meningkatkan ketepatan anggaran statistiksampel untuk menganggar parameter populasi. Sampelyang banyak juga mengurangkan ralat persampelan.
Item soal selidik: piawai dan serupa kepada semuaresponden- mendapatkan respons yang sama.
Soal selidik boleh meningkatkan ketepatan dankebenaran respons responden kerana tidak dipengaruhioleh personality dan tingkah laku penyelidik.
Responden juga berasa dirinya selamat untukmemberikan jawapan yang tepat
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Kelemahan Ketepatan dan kebenaran jawapan yang diberi oleh
responden terhad kepada sejauh mana soal selidiktersebut difahami dan dihargai oleh respondenmungkin disalah tafsir.
Keupayaan responden untuk mengingat adalah terhad:sekiranya item soal selidik memerlukan respondenmengingat, responden tidak akan dapat memberikan
jawapan yang tepat. Terhad kepada responden yang celik huruf, boleh
membaca, memahami soalan dan menulis jawapan.
Jawapan tidak tepat daripada responden: berdasarkanjawapan terutama yang diberikan, waktu yang kurang
mencukupi. Kesukaran memulangkan soal selidik menyukarkan
soal selidik diperoleh kembali.
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Jenis soal selidik
Soal selidik jawapandipilih
Soal selidik jawapan
diberi
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SKALA
nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio
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Kajian rintis
Kesahan (validity)
Kebolehpercayaan(reliability)
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Kesahan
Kesahan kandungan
Kesahan gagasan(konstruk)
Kesahan kriteria
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Kebolehpercayaan
Kaedah meningkatkankebolehpercayaan
Indekskebolehpercayaan
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Melakukan pemerhatian terhadap perkara-
perkara tertentu.
Lazimnya dalam kajian kuantitatif, senaraisemak (check list) akan digunakan bagi
memerhatikan sesuatu perkara.
Pemerhatian
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Ujian
Kecerdasan
Pencapaian
Bakat
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Boleh dilakukan dengan beberapa kaedah:soal selidik, senarai semak atau soalan
berstruktur.
Boleh dilakukan secara bersemuka ataumelalui telefon.
Perbezaan antara temu bual kuantitatif dan
kualitatif temu bual kuantitatif akan
dikelompokkan dan dikodkan kepada nombordan lazimnya melibatkan responden yang
ramai.
Temu bual
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Sekian.