Water Pollution Water Pollution ControlControl

References:References:

1. Industrial Water Treatment1. Industrial Water Treatment Author: F. Berne Author: F. Berne J. CordonnierJ. Cordonnier

2. Water Conditioning for Industry2. Water Conditioning for Industry Author: Sheppard T. PowellAuthor: Sheppard T. Powell

3. Water Treatment and Waste Recovery3. Water Treatment and Waste Recovery Author: Nicholas P. CheremisinoffAuthor: Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff Paul N. CheremisinoffPaul N. Cheremisinoff

4. Environmental Engineering: a design approach4. Environmental Engineering: a design approach Author: Arcadio P. SinceroAuthor: Arcadio P. Sincero Gregoria A. SinceroGregoria A. Sincero

Unit Utilitas Unit Proses

unit proses dalam pabrik kimia, memerlukan air untuk berbagai macam kebutuhan, misal untuk: proses (melarutkan, mengencerkan dsb), pendinginan, pemanasan, dll., yang masing-masing harus memenuhi persyaratan kualitas air sesuai dengan peruntukannya

KEBUTUHAN AIR KEBUTUHAN AIR DALAM INDUSTRIDALAM INDUSTRI

AIR AIR PENDINGINPENDINGIN

AIR UMPAN AIR UMPAN BOILERBOILER

Lain-LainLain-Lain

AIR AIR PROSESPROSES

Problem:Problem:• Scaling Scaling • Corrosion Corrosion • Priming (formation of Priming (formation of droplets) droplets) • Carryover in the steam Carryover in the steam (of (of volatile minerals) volatile minerals)

Parameter penting:Parameter penting:• Hardness Hardness • Oxygen and Oxygen and carbondioxide carbondioxide concentration concentration • Silicates Silicates • Dissolved solids Dissolved solids • Suspended solids Suspended solids • Concentration Concentration organics organics • pHpH

Contoh persyaratan untuk air yang akan dibuat steam(air Contoh persyaratan untuk air yang akan dibuat steam(air umpan boiler=boiler feed water) menurut ASMEumpan boiler=boiler feed water) menurut ASME

Tekanan Operasi Boiler (psig)Tekanan Operasi Boiler (psig)

0-0-300 300

301-301-450 450

451-451-600 600

601-601-750 750

751-751-900 900

901-901-10001000

1001-1001-1500 1500

1501-1501-20002000

Oksigen Oksigen TerlarutTerlarut

<40<40

ppbppb<40<40

ppbppb<7 ppb<7 ppb <7 ppb<7 ppb <7 ppb<7 ppb <7 ppb<7 ppb <7 ppb<7 ppb <7 ppb<7 ppb

Total FeTotal Fe <100<100

ppbppb<50<50

ppbppb<30<30

ppbppb<25<25

ppbppb<20<20

ppbppb<20<20

ppbppb<10<10

ppbppb<10<10

ppbppb

SilicaSilica <150<150

ppmppm<90<90

ppmppm<40<40

ppmppm<30<30

ppmppm<20<20

ppmppm<8<8

ppmppm<2<2

PpmPpm<1<1

ppmppm

KesadahaKesadahann

<300 <300

ppbppb<300<300

ppbppb<200<200

ppbppb<200<200

ppbppb<100<100

ppbppb<50<50

ppbppbNot Not detectabldetectablee

Not Not detectabldetectablee

pHpH 7,5-7,5-1010

7,5-107,5-10 7,5-107,5-10 7,5-107,5-10 7,5-107,5-10 8,5-9,58,5-9,5 9,0-9.69,0-9.6 9,0-9,69,0-9,6

Air merupakan solvent universal dan praktis hampir Air merupakan solvent universal dan praktis hampir semua zat dapat dikatakan larut (dalam kadar tertentu) semua zat dapat dikatakan larut (dalam kadar tertentu) didalamnya. Dengan sifatnya ini, air akan dengan didalamnya. Dengan sifatnya ini, air akan dengan mudah terkontaminasi oleh senyawa lain. Oleh karena mudah terkontaminasi oleh senyawa lain. Oleh karena itu hampir tidak mungkin kita mendapatkan air yang itu hampir tidak mungkin kita mendapatkan air yang murni secara kimiawi. murni secara kimiawi.

What's the problem?:What's the problem?:

•The population is growing rapidly, putting more The population is growing rapidly, putting more pressure on our water supply pressure on our water supply (demand is (demand is increasing)increasing)

•The amount of water is effectively reduced by The amount of water is effectively reduced by pollution and contamination pollution and contamination (supply is decreasing)(supply is decreasing)

•What does the future hold? We can best explore this What does the future hold? We can best explore this question by looking carefully at the world's water question by looking carefully at the world's water resources. resources. 

Over 70% of our Over 70% of our Earth's surface is covered by water ( we is covered by water ( we should really call our planet "Ocean" instead of "Earth"). should really call our planet "Ocean" instead of "Earth").

Although water is seemingly abundant, the real issue is the Although water is seemingly abundant, the real issue is the amount of amount of fresh water available.  available.  • 97.5% of all water on Earth is salt water, leaving only 2.5% 97.5% of all water on Earth is salt water, leaving only 2.5% as fresh water  as fresh water  • Nearly 70% of that fresh water is frozen in the icecaps Nearly 70% of that fresh water is frozen in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland; most of the remainder is present of Antarctica and Greenland; most of the remainder is present as soil moisture, or lies in deep underground aquifers as as soil moisture, or lies in deep underground aquifers as groundwater not accessible to human use.  groundwater not accessible to human use.  • < 1% of the world's fresh water (~0.007% of all water on < 1% of the world's fresh water (~0.007% of all water on earth) is accessible for direct human uses. This is the water earth) is accessible for direct human uses. This is the water found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and those underground found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and those underground sources that are shallow enough to be tapped at an affordable sources that are shallow enough to be tapped at an affordable cost. Only this amount is regularly renewed by rain and cost. Only this amount is regularly renewed by rain and snowfall, and is therefore available on a sustainable basis. snowfall, and is therefore available on a sustainable basis.

The Water Resources of Earth

Some believe that fresh water will be a critical limiting resource for Some believe that fresh water will be a critical limiting resource for many regions in the near future. About one-third of the world's many regions in the near future. About one-third of the world's population lives in countries that are experiencing water stress. population lives in countries that are experiencing water stress.

In Asia, where water has always been regarded as an abundant In Asia, where water has always been regarded as an abundant resource, per capita availability declined by 40-60% between 1955 resource, per capita availability declined by 40-60% between 1955 and 1990. and 1990.

Projections suggest that most Asian countries will have severe Projections suggest that most Asian countries will have severe water problems by the year water problems by the year 20252025. Most of Africa historically has . Most of Africa historically has

been water-poor.been water-poor.   

Air semakin sulit diperoleh, jika pun ada jumlah dan jenis Air semakin sulit diperoleh, jika pun ada jumlah dan jenis kontaminan yang ada semakin banyak dan bervariasikontaminan yang ada semakin banyak dan bervariasi

1313

Siklus Hidrologi Siklus Hidrologi

aliran air tanah

air permukaan

lapisan kedap air

recharge

1414

Penggunaan Air Penggunaan Air

1515

Pembagian zona vertikal Pembagian zona vertikal tanah tanah

1616

Air Tanah & Sistem Akuifer Air Tanah & Sistem Akuifer

PPengambilan air tanah engambilan air tanah tergantung tergantung – kapasitas akuifer kapasitas akuifer – recharge yang masuk ke recharge yang masuk ke

akuifer. akuifer.

JJika volume pengambilan ika volume pengambilan melebihi volume recharge, melebihi volume recharge, maka akan terjadi maka akan terjadi penurunan tanah. penurunan tanah.

Akuifer tekan

lapisan kedap air

Akuifer nirtekan

Sumur dalam

Sumur dalam

Sumur dangkal

Akuifer tekan

Akuifer nirtekan

lapisan kedap air

Air tanah perched

sungai

sungai

1717

Air tanah perched Air tanah perched

Akuifer nirtekan

Muka air tanah

Lapis kedap air

Air tanah perched

Muka tanah

Hydrological cycleHydrological cycle

2/3 bagian1/3 bagian

ground water

surface water

SIKLUS AIR DI ALAMSIKLUS AIR DI ALAMThe water cycle on Earth is essentially a closed system – we always have the same amount of water

SIKLUS AIR DI ALAMSIKLUS AIR DI ALAM

komposisi kandungan kontaminan suatu air akan merefleksikan karakter geologis daerah dimana air tersebut berasal

SUMBER AIR UNTUK SUMBER AIR UNTUK INDUSTRIINDUSTRI

AIR SUNGAIAIR SUNGAI AIR LAUTAIR LAUT

Kontaminan Dalam AirKontaminan Dalam Air

• Suspended Solids: Suspended Solids: lumpur, humus, sampahlumpur, humus, sampah

• Dissolved Ion:Dissolved Ion:

Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, SO4, Cl, dll.Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, SO4, Cl, dll.

• Dissolved Gas:Dissolved Gas:

O2, CO2, dll.O2, CO2, dll.

Dissolved oxides of nitrogen produce acid rain.

Incineration and combustion of fossil fuel containing nitrogen

releases oxides of nitrogen into the atmosphere.

SOSOxx; NO; NOxx

NO

X i

n S

cru

bb

er

Dis

char

ge

Unfortunately water is also collecting chemical impurities Unfortunately water is also collecting chemical impurities throughout this entire cycle. These chemicals are generally throughout this entire cycle. These chemicals are generally odorless, colorless, tasteless and most importantly health odorless, colorless, tasteless and most importantly health threatening. threatening.

Kolam Kolam EkualisasiEkualisasi sedimentasisedimentasi

Unit Unit DeaeratorDeaerator

Unit Unit DemineralisasiDemineralisasi

steamsteam

OO22 + CO + CO22

air bebas koloidair bebas koloid

chlorchlor

BFWBFW

Ca, Mg, SOCa, Mg, SO44, Cl, Cl

Air minumAir minum

padatapadatann

ClarifierClarifier

filtrasifiltrasi

padatapadatann

screening

SedimentasiSedimentasi Klarifikasi Klarifikasi (mixing, flokulasi, settling)(mixing, flokulasi, settling)

Sand FilterSand Filter

Carbon FilterCarbon Filter

DeaerasiDeaerasi demineralisasidemineralisasi

Tahapan Tahapan Pengolahan Air Pengolahan Air Sungai Sungai

boiler

screening

BFW

ScreeningScreening Desalinasi Desalinasi Tangki PenampungTangki Penampung

Carbon FilterCarbon Filter

DeaerasiDeaerasi demineralisasidemineralisasi

Tahapan Pengolahan Air Tahapan Pengolahan Air Laut Laut

boiler