PENGENALAN JAMBATAN

PENGENALAN REKABENTUK, KOMPONEN DAN PEMBINAAN JAMBATAN

By Ir M Sanusi Badilah

MASA Jurutera Perunding www.masa.my

DEFINITION

q  A bridge is a structure that spans physical obstacles such as: q  A stream/river/ravine/valley q  Railroad track/roadway/waterway

q  The traffic that uses a bridge may include: q  Pedestrian or cycle traffic q  Vehicular or rail traffic q  Water/gas pipes q  A combination of all the above

FUNCTION

q  Bridges help pedestrians and vehicle bypass obstacle and often cut travel time dramatically by providing a more direct route.

q  To transfer the loads from the service to the foundations at ground level

Stone Arch Bridge Yemen

HISTORY OF BRIDGE DEVELOPMENT 700 A.D. Asia

100 B.C. Romans

Natural Bridges

Natural Bridge

! Tree trunk ! Stone

Roman Arch Bridge

Great Stone Bridge in China ! Low Bridge ! Shallow Arch

1300 A.D. Renaissance

! Strength of Materials ! Mathematical Theories ! Development of Metal ! The Arch

! Natural Cement

HISTORY OF BRIDGE DEVELOPMENT

First Cast-Iron Bridge Coalbrookdale, England

1800 A.D.

Britannia Tubular Bridge

1850 A.D.

! Wrought Iron

Truss Bridges ! Mechanics of Design

Suspension Bridges ! Use of Steel for the suspending cables

1900 A.D.

1920 A.D.

! Prestressed Concrete ! Steel

2000 A.D.

CLASSIFICATION OF THE BRIDGES

Bridges are generally classified and separately called by function as follows: q  Road or Highway Bridges. Any bridge on roads and highways. q  Railway Bridges. Any bridge on railways. q  Flyover or Overpass Bridges. Bridges for grade-separation with other roads,

highways or railways at intersection. q  Viaducts. Bridges to support elevated roads, highways, or railways, which

are built mainly at where ground space is limited in urban area or in soft ground area which embankment is difficult and expansive to construct.

q  Overhead Footbridges. Bridges for pedestrian crossing.


Railway Bridge

Pedestrian Bridge


Viaduct Bridge

Flyover Bridge

PLANNING

Preliminary Study q  Traffic Data q  Hydrology q  Geotechnical Data q  Environmental Considera9ons q  Alterna9ves for Bridge Type q  Economic Feasibility q  Bridge Selec9on and Detailed Design

PLANNING

The following information must clarified first and plan in advance before proceed with design work to assure its implementation; q  Construction material; is a decisive factor to select bridge type q  Cross-section of bridge, must be based on traffic study and geometric

design parameter q  Bridge span length; which is the distance between columns q  Vertical clearance between the road surface or railway track to the beam

soffit

PLANNING q  Short span : 6-30m q  Medium span: 30-100m q  Long span: >100m

Span>6m ! Bridge Span<6m ! Culvert

PLANNING

Bridge over Roadway – JKR requirements

PLANNING

Bridge over River – JPS Requirements

PLANNING

Bridge over Railway – KTM Requirements

PLANNING

Ò  Inadequate bridge clearance height

PLANNING

q  Concrete q  Concrete is a composite construction material, composed of cement

(commonly Portland cement) and other cementitious materials such as fly ash and slag cement, aggregate (generally a coarse aggregate made of gravels or crushed rocks such as limestone, or granite, plus a fine aggregate such as sand), water, and chemical admixtures.

q  Concrete is strong in compression but weak in tension; however steel reinforced concrete or prestressing cable are used to ensure that it within tensile and compressive capacity of design loading.

q  Two methods of Prestressing concrete : q  Precast Pre-tensioned: Tendons are stressed by jacking against an

anchor frame before the concrete is placed. q  Precast post- tensioned: Tendons are placed inside a duct cast into

concrete, then tendons are stressed after the concrete beam reached the desired strength.

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

q  Steel

q  Steel structure is strong in compression and tension compare to concrete. Steel bridges are susceptible to rust and corrosion, and tend to require a lot of maintenance. Need anti rust paint to improve durability.

q  Steel used in composite deck construction with rolled beam, or fabricated plate girders. Other popular form of steel bridge are arch bridge and truss bridge.

q  Masonry (Brick and mortar) q  Constructed using brick or stone and bind with cement mortar. Strong in

compression but weak in tension, requires massive support. Used only in arch bridges, also often used to build bridge piers and abutments, which allow the upper portions of the bridge to be built from more affordable and lighter materials.


q  Timber q  not as reliable as other bridge construction materials, and should only be

used on relatively simple structures. It is one of the more affordable bridge-building materials, and is easy to work with using basic tools and equipment


TYPES OF BRIDGES

q  Basic Types: q  Beam/Girder Bridge q  Arch Bridge q  Cantilever Bridge q  Cable Stayed Bridge q  Suspension Bridge

q  The type of bridge used depends on various features of the obstacle. The main feature that controls the bridge type is the size of the obstacle. How far is it from one side to the other? This is a major factor in determining what type of bridge to use.

q  The biggest difference of the bridge types are the distances they can each cross in a single span.

TYPES OF BRIDGES

•  The most basic type of bridge

•  Typically consists of a beam simply supported on each side by a support and can be made continuous later

•  Typically inexpensive to build

•  Combination of compression and tension force, ideal for PC beam construction

Beam Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

•  Most of the beam bridges are concrete (RC or PC)

•  Can be simply supported or continuous

•  Usually beams are simply supported with continuous deck slab

Beam Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

•  An arch bridge can be designed so that no part of it has to withstand tension. The arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is carried outward along the curve to the supports at each end. The supports, called abutments, push back on the arch and prevent the ends of the arch from spreading apart.

Arch Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

•  I n a c a n t i l eve r b r i d g e , t h e superstructure is constructed out from the pier in two directions at the same time so that the weight on both sides counterbalance each other

Cantilever Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

•  All the forces are transferred from the deck through the cables to the pylon

•  deck superstrucre can be : •  (prestressed) Concrete Box Deck •  Steel Box Deck •  Steel Truss Deck

Cable Stayed Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

•  A suspension bridge consists, basically, of a deck suspended from cables slung between high towers

•  The cables made of high tensile steel wire must be strong to support superstructure

•  Cables are anchored at abutment

Suspension Bridge

q  Reinforced Concrete Slab bridges

q  Reinforced concrete bridge is most suited for small and medium span bridge. Constructed as cast in situ, formwork is supported on full height. Most economical if construction time not an issue. RC slab has been used for bridge up to 10m and RC voided deck slab up to 25m.

q  Beam and slab bridges q  Prestressed beam and slab are the most common form of bridge

construction. Beam depth usually constant along their length and frequently used for road bridge scheme. Can be post-tensioned or pre-tensioned. Pre-tensioned is more economic if pre-casting yard already establish. Span lengths range from 25 m up to 40 m. Beams are placed on support by crane or launching truss girder.

q  Cantilever bridges q  Deck is built from each side of each pier in a balanced sequence.

Constructed cast in-situ concrete with a traveller form, suitable for long spans and difficult access. Span lengths range from 50 m to 200 m.

TYPES OF BRIDGES

q  Arch bridges q  Arches which work principally in compression, are among the most beautiful

of structures. Can be built with any types of materials such as masonry, reinforced concrete or steel. However, arches can be labour intensive to build, and costly.

q  Suspension bridges q  Suspension bridges are suspended by cables between the pylon and the end

cables anchored in the counter weight foundation. q  Cable stayed bridges

q  Stay cables are used to support the deck; arranged from one, two or more pylons; with fan layout cable arrangement.

TYPES OF BRIDGES

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Box Girder Continuous Bridge

Continuous Bridge Interchange

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Steel Truss Arch Bridge

Concrete Arch Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Concrete Arch Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Balanced cantilever construction of arch

TYPES OF BRIDGES Balanced Cantilever Box Girder Bridge

Balanced Cantilever Bridge Construction

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Cable Stayed Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Suspension Bridge

TYPES OF BRIDGES

Suspension Bridge Construction

TYPICAL BRIDGE COMPONENTS

BRIDGE COMPONENTS

q  Substructure q  Substructure is refer to the part below the roadway deck q  Abutment, Pier, Pilecap

q  Superstructure q  Superstructure is refer to the part above the supports q  Beam, deck slab, parapet

q  Others q  Pavement, approach slab, expansion joints, drainage, slope protection,

railings etc.

MAIN COMPONENTS

EXPANSION JOINT

BRIDGE 3D VIEW

MAIN COMPONENTS-BEARING

ELASTOMERIC BEARING PAD

An elastomer is either vulcanised natural rubber or synthetic material-called neoprene having rubber like characteristics. Movement and rotation are accommodated by compressing or shearing the layers.

Bearings is a point of connection between a superstructure and its support, the purposes is to transmit vertical and horizontal loads, also allowed for rotations.

MAIN COMPONENTS-BEARING

The bearings are made up of metal such as steel. Movement and rotation are accommodated by rolling, rocking or sliding action of the metal parts.

MECHANICAL POT BEARING

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT

q  A device to support the surfacing, or provide a running surface, across the expansion gap, i.e. the area between adjacent bridge deck spans or the bridge deck and abutment

q  The generic descriptions of the different types of joints are: q  Buried q  asphaltic plug q  nosings q  elastomeric/reinforced elastomeric q  cantilever, comb or tooth. q  elastomeric elements in metal runners

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT Type 1: Buried joint (Movement range ±10mm) An in-situ joint consisting of an elastomeric pad or flashing placed across the expansion gap to support the surfacing laid continuously over the joint.

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT Type 2: Asphaltic plug joint (APJ) An in-situ joint comprising a band of specially formulated binder plus aggregate, typically 500mm wide and 100mm deep. This runs across the road, above the expansion gap. These joints accommodate movements of ±20mm without cracking at low temperatures. They resist rutting under wheel loading at high temperatures.

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT Types 3 and 4: Nosing joint (N) A section of nosing material is bonded to the deck on both sides of the expansion gap, bridged by a compression seal. The nosing material is to support the adjacent surfacing, providing an edge which will resist the impact of vehicle wheel loads. Movement range is ±20mm, as the maximum joint gap specified in BD33/94(2) may not exceed 65mm.

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT Type 5: Reinforced elastomeric joint (RE) A sectional prefabricated joint where an elastomer bonded to metal plates is bolted to the deck. Additional metal reinforcing plates are embedded in the elastomer. Movement range ±165mm.

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT Type 6: Elastomeric joint in metal runners (EMR) The single version has a movement capacity of 75mm (single) whereas the multi-element form has a capacity of 1m.

MAIN COMPONENTS-EXPANSION JOINT Type 7: Cantilever comb or tooth joint (CT) A prefabricated joint consisting of mating metal comb or sawtooth plates bridging the expansion gap. Movement range ±300mm.

MAIN COMPONENTS - ABUTMENT

Pandangan belakang abutment dalam pembinaan

q  Abutment is a substructure at both ends of a bridge that supports the superstructure and loadings and distribute the loads to the foundation.

q  The abutments connect the structure and its approaches and are arranged to give continuity between the h i g h w a y ( g e n e r a l l y o r a n embankment) and the the bridge itself. It also retains the earth in the embankment approach of the bridge.

MAIN COMPONENTS - SLOPE

Stone pitching untuk melindungi abutment dari hakisan

MAIN COMPONENTS - PIER

MAIN COMPONENTS - BEAM

Beam is placed to position by crane launching method

Completed beams on pier support

UNDERPASS STRUCTURE - VBC

BOX CULVERT

PIPE CULVERT

BEBO ARCH

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

SPAN 1 2 3 4

BEAM WEIGHT (TON)

40 ~ 45 40 ~ 45 40 ~ 45 60 ~ 65

BEAM LENGTH (mm)

Same length (26956)

Same length (26629)

Various length (26422 ~ 26956)

Various length (36430 ~ 37330)

QUANTITY (nos)

20 20 20 19

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Beam launching Ò To launch Post Tensioned I-beam (on

site I-beam) and Pre-stressing I-beam (factory I-beam) using mobile crane (200 ton and 130 ton) and assisted by prime mover.

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Machine Ò  Mobile crane (200 ton & 130 ton) – placing at launching site Ò  Mobile crane (100 ton & 80 ton) – placing at casting yard Ò  Prime mover – loaded I-beam

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

On site I-beam Factory I-beam

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Platform Preparation Ò  Cut and filled surcharge area at CH 2825 ~ 3100

as ramp up and ramp down for access purpose. Ò  Soft soil treatment near piers for parked mobile

crane and access for prime mover between 2 bridge (near center line).

Ò  Access road from casting yard to the abutment A will be leveling and compact well to avoid any problem to the prime mover.

Ò  Steel plate used to make sure prime mover moving easily and mobile crane parked in safely condition.

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Trimming surcharge area Platform treatment

Use steel plate

Launching Sequence �  Two units of mobile crane are use at the casting yard (100 ton & 80

ton) and another two units of 200 ton and 130 ton mobile cranes are used to hoist the beams, which were parked at back face of pier and abutment.

�  The sequence of I-beam launched start form span 4 to span 1 for both side.

�  The sequence of launching for the I-beam is form outer beam to inner beam from the center line (from BM20 or BM19 to BM12 for RHS and from BM1 to BM11 for LHS).

�  The 1st beam will be then being lifting up and directly launch to required position.

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Crane parked at back face of pier and abutment

Directly launch I-beam to required position

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION Beam Launching by Gantry

The laying of precast beams to form the deck of the Route 3 elevated roadway at Kwai Chung

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION RC VOIDED DECK

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION Precast Segmental Box Girder construction by launching gantry

Construction of an elevated highway bridge using precast girder erected by the use of a launching machine

Construction of an elevated highway bridge using precast girder erected by the use of a launching machine

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Erection of the viaduct using balanced cantilever arrangement with temporary anchor before completion of a span

BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION

Constructing the linking bridge between Tung Chung and Chek lap Kok(the Airport Railway) using Incremental Launching method

Bridge construction using Incremental Launching Method

PENGENALAN JAMBATAN

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