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Pembroke Town Hall is open to visitors Monday to Fridayfrom 9:00am to 1:00pm ( Free Admission)

The History of Pembroke MuralsPembroke Town Hall

A series of wall panels painted by husband and wife team, George and Jeanne Lewisof Pembroke has been completed.

The project which depicts in detail, notable events, scenes and people in Pembroke duringits development and history from the Stone Age to early 20th Century, are on permanentdisplay in the foyer and upper landing of the imposing Pembroke Town Hall. The firstfive panels were put in position in February 2006 following considerable research andgathering of visual material. The final panels were put in position in July 2009.

The colourful hand painted panels which cover 700 square feet of wall space have beenpresented to the town council by the artist and are proving to be a prominent touristattraction.

Each of the twenty eight 7’ x 4’ panels had three coats of white matt emulsion paint uponwhich the artist drew out the various sections in pencil and painted them using acryliccoloured emulsion. Finally George outlined all the illustrations with a dark brownemulsion, with the exception of the portraits and tapestry work which were paintedspecifically by Jeanne. The panels were given four coats of protective varnish before beingpositioned on the walls.

The Town Council is hugely indebted to George and Jeanne who are both retired Art &Design teachers, for the hundreds of hours that they have devoted to the project and arefull of admiration for the quality of their work.

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Guide compiled by Gene Rycroft & George Lewis

Text and Research by George lewis Photographs

by Gene Rycroft

This edition published by Pembroke Town Council 2011

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CONTENTS

Title Page

Before the Normans 4 - 5

The Coming of the Normans 6 - 11

Trade and Development 12 - 14

Town Growth and Prosperity 16 - 19

Tudor Fair 20 - 21

Sea Borne Exports and Imports 22 - 23

Commerce - Late Tudor to Early Stuart 24 - 25

Early Stuart Town Life 26 - 27

The Town and Civil War 28 - 29

Ongoing Civil War 30 - 31

Towards the Final Siege 32 - 35

Restoration and Recovery 36 - 38

End of the Stuart Era 40 - 41

Through the Eighteenth Century 42 - 45

Georgian Pembroke and Beyond 46 - 53

Recommended Reading and Reference 54 - 55

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1718 20a 20b

20c20d5 1920e 20f

Before the Normans1. Solutreans (Palaeolithic) tribe out Hunting. In the vicinity of present day castle site, in

the year 12000 BC

2. Palaeolithic cave dwellers. On the banks of Pembroke River. Priory Farm cave situated westof the castle was excavated in 1907 and remains of people from this period were found alongwith animal remains and implements of both flint and metal.

3. Worked flints. Found in Monkton cave.

4. Long Barrow and a Standing Stone This sort of monumental stone was erected by people ofthe Megalithic period. Such work is to be found South of the castle site in The CastlemartinPeninsula.

5. Wild animals of Palaeolithic Times. Animals such as these inhabited the Pembroke area.Their remains were found in the Priory Cave. Here we have Reindeer, Hyena,Dingo ( Wild Dog ), Musk Ox, Bear, Wolf, Fish, Mammoth

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6. Bronze Age Implements. Recovered from the Priory Cave surveyed by Dr. A.Hurrell Stylein 1907.

7. Casting in Bronze. Circa 2250. B.C.

8. Bronze Age Smith at work.

9. Indoor Casting and Smelting of Bronze. Circa 2150. B.C. Bronze Age people wereresponsible for moving the ‘Blue Stones’ from The Preseli Mountains in North Pembrokeshireto Salisbury Plain to be used in the construction of Stonehenge.

10 & 11 Coracles. The traditional water transport of the Celts. Such craft are still used at Cenarthand parts of Carmarthenshire. They are mace of interlaced willow with a covering of tarredcanvas (originally animal skin).

12. Hut circle dwellings. 2000. B.C. The word ‘community’ came in to being for the first time.

13. Dug Out Log Craft. A world wide method of producing water transport from hollowed outtree trunks.

14. Celtic Bronze Castings. With added enamel ornament this had reached high levels in theearly years of the Romans coming to these islands.

15. Iron Smelting. Circa 700. B.C.The estimated population of Britain at that time was 150.000.

16. Roman Coins. Similar coins have been found on the castle site and further down river atPennar. Their presence suggest possible visits by Romans but no evidence has been found ofsettlements.

17. Roman Soldiers. Possible visitors to the area.

18. Druid. A Principal figure in Celtic Life, Religion ,and Culture. They were much persecutedby the Romans who feared their power over the people.

19. Roman Galley. Craft such as this patrolled the Irish Sea and indeed may well have enteredMilford Haven.

20. St Deniol. A church on a hill South of the town marks where this Celtic saint had a religiousretreat in the 5th Century. The panels show scenes in his life which are now part of legendand culminate with his appointment as Bishop of Bangor in 516. A.D.

20a. Deniol outside his simple home.

20b. Deniol changing two men in to standing stones when they attempt to steal his oxen.(The stones remain to this day in a field nearby).

20c. Two stags appear from the woods and plough his field.

20d. Deniel having travelled to North Wales is installed as Bishop of Bangor.

20e. Deniol’s Well becomes a point of pilgrimage with stories of it’s healing proper ties.

20f. Pilgrims gathered around his well. It was destroyed in 1592 in a purge by the authoritiesof Religious Sites

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The Coming of the Normans

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1. St Govan’s Chapel. This building said to date from the 13th Century, is at the foot of a cliffSouth of Pembroke and is in all probability a hermit’s refuge.

2. An Early Christian Missionary. A.D. 490. The sandy beaches and coves of thePembrokeshire coast were prime landing places for early Celtic saints spreadingChristianity.

3. Missionary sitting on a South Pembrokeshire Cliff Top.

4. A Celtic Cross. Crosses in stone carved by early Christian Communities are found innumerous parts of Pembrokeshire with one at Carew only a few miles East of Pembroke.

5. Celtic Saints crossing The Irish Sea.

6. Monks out on Missionary Work. Celtic Monks worked in the area before the Normansoccupied the area.

7. Welsh Warriors. 7th Century.

8. Vikings wading ashore on the Pembrokeshire Coast.

9. Hubba, A Viking Chieftain. Frequented Milford Haven and wintered over in 877.A.D.with 21 longboats and 2000 men.

10. Working the Land. Based on an early Monastic picture.

11. Early Welsh Figures. Figures such as these are portrayed in a 9th Century document issuedby a famous and respected Welsh ruler named Hywel Dda.

12. Dress of Nobles and Ladies of the 11th Century.

13. King Hywel Dda holds Court at Whitland in 930. A.D.

14. Rhys ap Tewdwr. King of Deheubarth. ( 1078-1093 ).

15. Welsh Soldiers. A.D.1060.

The Coming of the Normans

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16. Norman Soldiers. 1066. A.D.

17. Norman Invasion fleet crossing The English Channel. The Bayeux Tapestry is anembroidered record of The Norman Conquest in 1066. It is now in a purpose built museumin Normandy.

18. The Invaders gallop to Hastings.

19. The Normans in Battle and their arrival at Pembroke. 1093

20. The Growth & Development of the Castle. The three illustrations show the development ofthe castle from a primitive structure of wood into a mighty fortress of stone. They are selfexplanatory but the ideal site for such a structure as chosen by the Normans is obvious. A veryfull description of the building can be found in Pembroke Castle by D.J. Cathcart King.Produced by The Cambrian Archeological Association in the 1960’s.

21. Coats of Arms of the Earls of Pembroke. The first appointed Earl of Pembroke was Gilbertde Clare appointed to that new position by the King in 1138. The founder of the castle was,however, Arnulf de Montgomery in 1093.

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The Coming of the Normans

20. The Final Stage of the Castle Structure Here we have the castle in its finished state in thelate 13th C.

21. Earls of Pembroke. In this case Hastings and Tudors.

22. Castle besieged by the Welsh. 1094. One of the numerous unsuccessful attacks on the castleover the years.

23. Princess Nest. A famed Welsh beauty, one time mistress of King Henry I, who has beendescribed as the “Helen of Wales”. She spent a while at Pembroke while wed to Gerald deWindsor, custodian of the castle in the 12th century. Legends abound about her life.

24. The Castle besieged by the Welsh in 1096.

25. Transporting goods in the 12th Century.

26. Geraldus Cambrensis. Gerald the Welshman who was a famous chronicler of the 12th and13th Centuries. Born in Manorbier Castle.

27. Map of Anglo/Norman Pembrokeshire. Each of the areas is dominated by a Norman castlewith the exception of Peblinog in which the Normans respected the site of St David’sCathedral.

28. Monks ploughing at Monkton Priory. Founded by Arnulf de Montgomery in 1108 on asite overlooking the castle.

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Trade and Development

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1. King Stephen. He it was in 1138 created the Earldomof Pembroke and the County Palatine of Pembroke,with charter granting various privileges to the town andits inhabitants

2. The Royal Charter of 1154. Granted by Henry II. Noreal records exists of the first charter brought toPembroke by the first Earl Gilbert de Clare in 1138, butthis charter of Henry’s reinforced many privilegesgiven by his Grandfather.

3. King Henry II

4. Gilbert de Clare with his Knights.

5. Working the land and tending sheep.

6 Normans out Hawking. As portrayed by the BayeuxTapestry.

7. The Seal of Gilbert de Clare.

8. Battle Fleet of Henry II. Making sail fromPembroke for the assault on Ireland in 1171.

Medieval Trades.

9a. Dyer

9b. Blacksmith / Armourer

9c. Weaver

9d. Potter

10. St. Michael’s Church - 12th century. Situated at theEast end the town.

11. Stained Glass - 13th century. Parable of the Sower.

12. A Medieval Banqueting Hall.

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13. St Mary’s Church. 13th Century. Situated at West end of town.

14. Building workers of the 13th Century

15. William Marshal. The most influential and powerful of the Earls of Pembroke. in the12th Century he was the inspiration behind the Great Keep of the castle.

16. The tomb of William Marshal in Westminster Abbey.

17. The Great Round Keep of Pembroke. 1197.

18. The Tower House at Angle.

19. Prince Llewellyn ap Iorwerth attacks the Castle. A siege of the castle in theEarly 13th Century which proved costly for the Earldom, lasting as it did for over a year.

20. The Great Gatehouse at Pembroke Castle.

21. Stained glass Window. Marking the arrival of Earl William de Valence to Pembroke.

22. Earl William de Valence. 1245. An enterprising and successful Earl.

23. Medieval Builders at Work. Reproduction of a contemporary Print.

24. The Earl and Lady, with escorts, move down from the Castle in to the growing town.

25. Quay side Scene in Medieval Pembroke.

26. Town Cross. Pembroke had two crosses one near the castle and the other down near theGreat East gate. Each were important meeting points in the community where officialproclamations were made and other town matters settled.

27. Trade and Merchants. Reproduction of an illuminated manuscript of the period whichshows the importance attached to trade and commerce. The crest of Pembroke is placed inthe top left corner.

28. Town Activity in the Early 14th Century.

Trade and Development

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NOTES

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Town Growth and Prosperity

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1. Lady Riding to Market 13th Century.

2. Barnard’s Castle. Situated at the east end of the town, this tower formed part of the town’sdefenses and was manned by a force of men provided by Carew Castle,

3. Carriage bearing Ladies to Court.

4. Busy Quay side Scene with the North Gate and Town walls.

5. Town Gates. North, East, and West, as they existed in the late 13th Century.

6. Map of Pembroke by John Speed, a Tudor cartographer.

7. The Water Mill on the North Bridge. This Mill, one of three water mills in the town, wasreplaced in later times by a much larger five storey building.

8. The Arms of the Hastings family. This family inherited the Earldom in 1339.

9. Joisting at a Tournament within the Castle.

10. Welsh Symbols. The Roman Draco from which the Welsh Dragon supposedly derived . TheRed Dragon Flag of Wales and The Welsh Leek.

11. Edward Prince of Wales. known as ‘The Black Prince. He wore black Armour in battle hencehis name. He acquired the Three Feathers taken from The King of Bohemia in battle alongwith the motto Ich Dien (I Serve) . These feathers feature as the Badge of The Royal Regimentof Wales and on the Welsh Rugby Jersey.

12. Owain Glyndwr. Famous Welsh leader of the 15th Century. Designated Prince of Wales atMachynlleth and approached Pembroke in his conquests but was supposedly paidhandsomely not to attack the castle.

13. Jasper Tudor. Earl of Pembroke in 1454. His nephew Henry, born in the castle, becameHenry VII of England.

14. The Tudor Rose. A combination of The White Rose of Lancaster with The Red Rose ofYork.

15. Welsh bowmen of The Hundred Years War. 1337-1454

Town Growth and Prosperity

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16. The Black Death. Early 14th. Century. Burning infected clothes, Black rat that spread thedisease. Penitents who whipped themselves because they believed that the plague was God’spunishment for the people’s wickedness.

17. Unloading ships on the South Quay.

18. Mary Magdalene Hospice.

19. Trades people at their stalls by the Castle.

20. Printer at Work.

21. Toll Collecting.

22. Development of Armour. 12/13th, 14th,15th Century.

23. The first Mayor of Pembroke. Richard Rowe. 1381. He really was a warden. The firstmayoralty was granted by The Charter of 1484.

24. The Charter of Incorporation of Pembroke. 1484.

25. Early cannon being fired by a mailed knight.

26. Development of the Cannon.

27. Typical Shop Front of the 14th Century.

28. A Nobleman and his Falconer out for a days sport.

29. Dress of 15th Century Workers.

30. Coat of Arms of Henry VII

31. Portrait of King Henry Vll. 1505.

32. King Henry Vlll.

33. Anne Boleyn. Marshioness of Pembroke. Wife of Henry VIII

34. Acts of Union. 1536 and 1542.

35. Dissolution of the Monasteries. 1536. Monkton Priory

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Tudor Fair and Market

Unlike the other panels in the Series this panel is a one piece scene hopefully encapsulatingthe many aspects of a town in trade and entertainment in the 16th Century.

Because of its numerous Charters Pembroke was entitled to hold Fairs and Markets at varioustimes of the year.

At the outset they were mainly markets dealing in farm produce and livestock.

With the decline of the Feudal System whereby the populace were obliged to work for longperiods on their Lord’s land, they became a place where a farmer or landowner could hirelabour, often a complete family of a man and his wife and their children, to labour in hisfields and yards.

In time, however, the Fair also developed into places of relief from the hard daily life of bothtown and country folk. Traveling entertainers and players concentrated in the towns with theaddition of primitive roundabouts, swings, games of chance, exotic sideshows, various foodand candy stalls, and all the usual trappings of colour and music and dancing.

Pembroke and even its surrounding habitations had a number of Fairs during the year withnearby Monkton having at least three recorded such events.

To this day Pembroke has its Michaelmas Fair spreading through the Eastern end of the townfor three days at the onset of Winter.

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Sea Borne Exports and Imports

1. Shipbuilding on The Pembroke River.

From the Late Medieval Period many vessels of various types were built within the Haven, thebanks of the Pembroke River and the many other creeks and coves around the Pembrokeshire Coast.

Contemporary drawings, prints, and paintings clearly show this activity during various times duringthe area’s history. This tradition became of prime importance with the founding of The RoyalDockyard at Pater ( renamed Pembroke Dock ) in 1814.A smaller enterprise for shipbuilding was also founded at Jacob’s Pill at Pennar situated on theNorth bank of The Pembroke River which had the distinction of building the first ship for thenewly formed Japanese Navy in 1877. This ship, a corvette named the Hei Yei was launched bythe Japanese Ambassador Wooyeno Kagenori and his daughter.

* The illustration here is a modified version of a Medieval Print based on Noah and his sons buildingthe Ark in readiness for the Biblical Flood but does show the direct methods used in building suchcraft, most of which would be used for coastal traffic and would weigh not much more than ahundred tons and would be crewed by a skipper and maybe three seamen.

2. Shipping in and around Milford Haven. 16th.C.,

A Map of South Pembrokeshire showing the various trade routes used for the imports and exportsmoving in and out of The Haven and other Coastal Ports.

*** A great deal of information on such shipping is to be found in a Field Study Council Booklet,‘Pembrokeshire Sea Trading before 1900’ by Barbara. J. George. Published in 1967.

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2a 2b 2c 2d

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COMMERCELate Tudor - Early Stuart

1. Shipping Activity in the shadow of the Castle. A scene in Winter with a bustling Castlepool with various craft loading or unloading their cargoes at the North and South Quays, ordirectly on to the river banks.

Most of the ships using the port would be the occasional visiting warship and coastal craftwith the addition of possibly three masted barques used in the trade with the continent ofEurope.Further shipping would unload at quays on the Monkton side of the castle near The West Gate.

Elizabethan Craftsmen and Shopkeepers.

2a. Grocer/ Druggist,

2b. Barber,

2c. Brewer,

2d. Tinsmith.

Illustrations from contemporary Tudor engravings.

3. Industry South of the Town Walls. In this area were activities which gave off undesirablesmells such as Tanneries and Dyeworks. The town itself would already have a ‘ stench’ fromits primitive sewerage system, smoking fires, and animal waste but the addition of thepollution from the ‘ Common’ industries would certainly add to the discomfort of thetownspeople.There was a navigable river up to The New Way for small barges and this was in turn a tidalstretch and an outlet for the stream that flowed down the valley which worked Slothy Mill tothe East of Well Hill.

The scene here depicted is from the present Westgate chapel to The Tourist Centre based oncontemporary illustrative and written material plus research in to the processes used in therelevant industries.

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Early Stuart Town Life1A. The Cresset Bearer. This member of the community offered a lighted escort through the town

for people moving after darkness. This was a necessary service for those who sought a safepassage to their destination through unlit streets.

1B. Chimney Sweep and his Lad. A valuable pair to the town who at a time when , peat, andoccasionally coal, caused a build up of soot in chimneys, prevented fires which could easilystart in the thatched roofs of the day. The lad would generally climb up inside the chimneyto dislodge heavily deposited soot and other debris.

2. King James I of England. Also King James VI of Scotland. Son of Mary Queen of Scotsand Grandson of Henry VII. He came to the throne of Scotland in 1567 and to the throne ofEngland in 1603. He was the founder of the Stuart Dynasty and gave Pembroke a fresh andre-enforced Charter in the early years of his reign.

3. Soldiers of the Time. The form of warfare had changed considerably since the Normansfirst came to Pembroke as had the uniform and equipment, but despite the advances withfirearms and artillery there was still a place for the sword, lance, and pike.

3A. Musketeer. 3B. Pikeman.

4. Weaver at work.

5. A Wheelwright

6. Glover

7. Saddler.

8. Blacksmith.

9. A Personal Carriage.

10. A Large Wagon.

11. A Brewer’s Flatbed.

12. A) Schoolmaster. B) The Chicken Man. C) A Merchant and his Wife.

13. Pall Bearers.

14. Firefighting.

15. Schoolroom.

16. Thirty Shilling Piece of King James I.

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The Town and Civil War

INTRODUCTION Pembroke was much involved in The Civil War between Parliament and TheKing ( Charles I ). Beginning in 1642, and having two phases ending in 1649, the struggle wouldmean siege and bombardment of the town from no less a person than Oliver Cromwell who was tobecome Lord Protector of the country on the execution of The King.Pembroke, under the command of Mayor Poyer, first supported Parliament, but then later went overto The King, for which it suffered heavily.

1. Early English Woodcut Shows King James greeting his son Charles on his return fromSpain. 1623.

2. Portraits of King Charles and Oliver Cromwell along with their signatures and betweenthem The Royal Coat of Arms.

3. View of Pembroke from the North - 1642.Based on an engraving by Samuel and Nathanial Buck .

4. The Three Key Figures of The Civil War in Pembroke and District.

Mayor John Poyer.

Major General Rowland Laugharne.

Colonel Rice Powell.

5. Soldiers of the Rival Armies in The Civil War.

Roundheads. Cavaliers.

6. The Siege of Stackpole House in 1644.

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Ongoing Civil War

1. Forces Gathering in the Castle. Mayor Poyer along with Laugharne and Powell surveytheir forces lined up in the Castle with the Main Gate in the background.

2. Artillery Pieces and The Civil War.

1. A Demi Culverin.

2. A Pivot Gun.

3. A Field Piece.

4. A Saken.

5. Field gun Crew in Action.

3. Haven Naval Engagement. In 1643 Royalist ships were engaged by a Parliamentaryforce and heavily beaten.

4. Skirmish at Carew Castle. In 1643. Laugharne met a force of Royalist Cavalry whichhad ventured out of the castle to engage with him,with his very small force he routedthem.

5. Destruction of Pill Fort. In February 1644. Poyer and Laugharne assisted by aParliamentary Naval Force destroyed a Royalist Fort which threatened shipping in theHaven.

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Towards The Final Siege

1. Gerard’s Royalist Army at Pembroke 1644.

2. Poyer Appointed Governor of Pembroke Castle by Parliament 1645.

3. The Battle of Colby Moor. 1645.

4. Poyer held by Parliament in London 1646. Accused of stealing land at Carew for his owngain.

NOTE: The First Civil War was over with Charles captive on The Isle of Wight.

5. Poyer on his return to Pembroke imprisons The Lort brothers.

6. Poyer having gone over to the Royalist side defies the Parliamentary Colonel Flemingwhen told to surrender the Town and Castle.

7. Poyer also defies The Speaker’s Messenger.

8. Expecting trouble Poyer stocks up supplies within the Castle.

8a. Laugharne under Pressure. Imprisoned for supposedly aiming to seize the City ofGloucester.

9. Portrait of Sir Thomas Fairfax. Leader of all Parliamentary Forces.

10. A contemporary portrait of Roland Laugharne.

11. Civil War Archer. Still a useful figure in any Military force.

12. Poyer continues to defy Parliament.

13. Poyer breaks out of Pembroke Castle.

14. Poyer attacks Parliamentary Forces at Pwllcrochan.

15. Poyer besieges nearby Henllan House.

16. Sympathizers and Allies come to Pembroke to aid Poyer.

17. Rice Powell gains a Victory at Carmarthen.

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18. Battle of St Fagans in Early May 1648. The Parliamentary Army wrought a terribledefeat on The Rebel Army with Laugharne wounded and his brother killed.

19. Cromwell arrives in Pembroke in late May to command The Final Siege.

19a. Map of the Siege Positions.

20. Heavy artillery firing on the Town.

21. Trial of Poyer, Laugharne, and Powell.

22. Poyer is Executed by Firing Squad in Covent Garden.

23. Pembroke Castle is Slighted. On the orders of Cromwell it is partially destroyed withgunpowder to render it of no further use in military action.

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In 1660 Charles II, who had been in exile in France, was restored to the Throne of England on thedemise of the Cromwell family. His reign lasted for twenty five years and he has been called “TheMerry Monarch” despite the fact that his reign saw “The Great Plague” and “The Great Fire ofLondon”.

Restoration and Recovery

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Restoration and Recovery

1. King Charles II. (1660-1685 ).

2. Various Views of Pembroke. Most of these date from the early 18th Century up to thetime of early photography and show in many cases a ruined castle which only in the late19th Century began to undergo restoration.

2a. Lithographic Print . Circa 1835.

2b. Coloured print of Castle. 1870.

2c. Engraving .1802. From Fenton’s ‘”Tour through Pembrokeshire” published in early 19th

Century.

2d. N.W. view of Pembroke by Samuel & Nathanial Buck. 1740.

2e. Engraving after a painting by Paul Sanby.

2f. Westgate Hill. Based on photographic postcard of the early 20th Century.

2g. The Castle Barbican Gate. Based on Black & White postcard of 1903.

3. Town Mace and Mace Bearer.

4. Town councilors gathered prior to meeting.

5. A Busy South Quay. Late 17th Century.

6. A Crowded Market Day.

7. A Hiring Fair. Men would be taken on by farmers for work on their land. Sometimeswhole families were employed.

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NOTES

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End of the Stuart Era1. Late Stuart Monarchs.

a) James II. 1685-1688.

b) William and Mary. 1689-1702.

c) Queen Anne. 1702-1714.

2. Stuart Street Figures. to be seen around town during the 17th and 18th Centuries.

1. Fruit Seller.

2. Watchman.

3. Coachman.

4. Water Seller.

5. A Pedlar.

6. Army officer.

7. A Foot Soldier.

8. A Nobleman.

9. A Merchant and his Wife.

10. Servants.

11. Sedan Chairman.

12. A Religious Figure.

3. An Early Alehouse.

4. Smugglers.

5. Highway Robbery

6. Pirates

7. The Pembroke Elm. The site of the town gallows and stocks.

8. Dark Lane with the North Gate.

** An informative Chapter entitled “Pirates,Smugglers, and the odd Ghost or Two” can befound in the book Pembroke, for King and Parliament written by Phil Carradice .1992

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Through the 18th Century1. The Hanoverian Kings. The Act of Settlement of 1701 was passed to ensure that no

Catholic could sit on the throne of England and resulted in German Royalty succeeding tothe throne.

George l. Spoke only German described as dull witted and lazy came to Throne in 1714and died in 1726.

George ll. Came to throne in 1726 and died in 1760. Not much of an improvement on hispredecessor but was a good soldier and was the last King of England to lead his men in battleat Dettingden in Bavaria against the Spanish.

George lll. Grandson of George II who was born and educated in England was liked andrespected, but unfortunately suffered from a blood disorder, so much so, that his son,ThePrince Regent ruled in his stead from 1811 onwards. During his reign the Napoleonic Warswere fought, and America won its Independence.

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Through the 18th Century2. New Beverages. Voyages of Dicovery, Colonization , and Conquests brought new drinks

to light which would to an extent replace the Ales and wines and Spirits of earlier times.

Coffee Originally came from the Middle East but was grown successfully in theNew World from 1700 on, and is now one of the major industries of the region.

Tea. A product of tropical Asia, the Chinese had drunk it for centuries .It was Devedoped in N.E. India and Ceylon and later in Africa (Kenya, Malawi). Firstappeared as a drink in Britain in the 17th Century.Each Britain now drinks10lb per person per year.

Cocoa and Chocolate. Another tropical product first used by Indians of South Americawhich was fully exploited by the Spanish explorers and later all Europeans.Chocolate. Produced from cocoa beans appears in the early 18th Century.

3. John Wesley in Pembroke. Here Wesley is portrayed preaching at St Daniel’sChurch on a hill South of the town. He and his brother visited the town on a numberof occasions.

4. A Stage Wagon. A large lumbering wagon which pulled by teams of six or morehorses transported heavy loads over considerable distances.

5. Lamplighter and his Boy assistant. Refilling a lamp with whale oil. Very few lampswould be in evidence at that time.

6. French Prisoners Escaping from Prison in Pembroke. Prisoners captured atFishguard escaped from a prison on the North bank of the Mill Pond and stealing abrig sailed home to France in 1798.

7, Candlemakers Candles were one of the main sources of light and a workshopsuch as this would be kept busy. Wax would be tallow (animal suet fat).

8. Children Working in a Mine. The Pembrokeshire Coalfield had been in existencein Elizabethan times and in the 18th Century employed a large number of people,some as young as seven years of age, in appalling working conditions.

9. Charcoal Burner. A substance made of charred wood which would not only be ahousehold fuel but used extensively by blacksmiths and armourers. The charcoalburner spent most of his life working in Woodland clearings.

10. St Michael’s Square Pembroke in the late 18th Century. East End of Main Street.

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11. Hamilton House. Pembroke. Late 18th Century. Situated at the Eastern end oftown on Main Street .

12. Orielton Terrace. A Delightful row of Georgian buildings in the middle ofMain Street.

Games and Activities of the Century.13a. Billiards.

13b. Bowls.

13c. Theatre.

13d. Cock Fighting.

13e. Football.

13f Cricket.

13g Prizefighting.

13h. Quoits.

14. View of Main Street . West End. 1800

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1. Paterchurch. Site of the Royal Dockyard. The present dayPembroke Dock.

2. Georgian Naval Vessels. Ships of this sort were in service duringThe Napoleonic War and afterwards.

1) 28 gun frigate. 2) 12 gun naval revenue cutter,3) a naval pinnace. 4) a three masted rigged sloop of war5) a two decker 74 gun Ship of the Line.6) a three decker 100 gun Ship of the Line.

3. A View of the Dockyard. 1817.

4. Wooden Wall Ships under construction.

5. Sailing Craft drawn up by The North Quay at Pembroke.

6. Ships moored by Monkton Bridge in the Mid EighteenHundreds.

7. Muzzle Loading Naval Cannon.

8. Cross Section through a Wooden Ship. In this caseH.M.S. Rodney built in Pembroke Dockyard in 1833.

9. Pembroke North Gate in Winter.

10. Transportation in the 1800‘s. Stagecoach and Brougham.

11. Georgian Shopfronts.

12. Agricultural Workers.

13. Cattle drovers.

14. King George lV ( 1820- 1830).

15. Workers from Pembroke and Beyond. Going to work inPater Dockyard.

16. Royal Navy Figures of the 1800’s

1) Admiral. 2)Sailor -1805. 3) Midshipman -1828. 4) Sailor -1888. 5) Sailor-1891.

17. Local Military Forces. A mounted Trooper of the Castlemartin Yeomanry Cavalry. 1803.Rifleman. Pembrokeshire Militia. 1759.

18. Pembroke Town Hall. Built 1819.

19. Pembroke Quay and Corn Mill in Winter. The Quay dates back to Medieval times but thepresent structure was built in 1819.

Georgian Pembroke& Beyond

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20. H.M.S. Gorgon. Launched at Pater in 1837.

21. The Market. Pembroke Dock. 1826.

22. The Foundry. On the Commons 1839.

23. Tanyard. On the Commons.

24. Typical South Pembrokeshire Farm of the Period.

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Georgian Pembroke and Beyond

25. King William III. (1830- 1837 ).

26. Coats of Arms. Pembroke Borough. Pembroke, Pembrokeshire.

27. Lady and Gentleman. 1835.

28. Kitchen Range. 1821 Household Fire satisfying all cooking needs.

29. Water Sellers. 1803.

30. Public water Source.

31. The Young Queen Victoria. ( 1837-1901).

32. Rope Making. Station Road. Pembroke. 1819.

33. Pembroke Gasworks. 1828.

34. Pembroke Town Clerk and Mayor. 1835.

35. Orielton House. South West of Pembroke.

36. Stackpole House. Demolished in 1962. Was situated South of Pembroke. Originally thehome of the Cawdor family.

37. S.J. Allen. Professional Photographer. Mayor of Pembroke. Late 19th Century.

38. Ploughs of the time.

39. Threshing machine driven by Steam Engine processing corn .

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40. Ploughman with Twin team.

41. Toll Gate.

42. Wheelwright at Work.

43. A Rural family visiting the Fair.

44. Map of the Area. 1818.

45. Lewis the Saddler. Main Street, Pembroke. 1880’s.

46. Two Town Clock 1832

47. Two Town Clock 1897.

48. Pembroke Workhouse. 1839.

49. Four Pembroke Nonconformist Chapels.

A. Mount Pleasant Baptist Chapel. Built 1877.B. Tabernacle Congregational Methodist. 1867.C. Westgate Calvinistic Methodist. Built 1866.D. Wesley Wesleyan Methodist. Built 1872.

50. Seaweed Gatherers. One time industry on the coast near Pembroke.

51. Watercress picking at Lamphey. Another local small industry with boxes of cress sent‘up line’ daily.

52. Limekilns in the Area. A product much used on Pembrokeshire acidic fields. Also usedin building mortar and for lime washing buildings.

53. Gypsies Camping. Featured to a large extent in the Pembroke Area.

54. The Railway comes to Pembroke. 1863.

55. The Assembly Rooms. Main Street. Pembroke.1866.

56. The National School. 1861.

57. The Penny Bank. 1818.

Georgian Pembroke and Beyond

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58. Bush House. To the North of the town. Home of the Meyrick Family.1867.

59. Mill Pond and Mill from the West.

60. The Royal Yacht ‘ Victoria & Albert’ . Launched at Pembroke dockyard in 1899. The lastof five Royal Yachts built there.

61. Queen Victoria. Towards the end of her reign in 1890.

62. Monkton Old Hall . One of the oldest buildings in Wales, possibly the original priorsresidence or accommodation for visitors to the nearby priory.

63. The Commons & Orange Gardens. South of the Town.

64. Bicycle Collection.

65. East End School. Built in 1873. Provided education for all ,from infants to seniors, on onesite. Building still remains but no longer a school.

66. County Intermediate School. Built 1897. Provided Secondary Education to both boys andgirls. In time became a Grammar School.

67. Pembrokeshire Police. Now amalgamated into Dyfed Powys Force.( 1968).

68. Pembroke Main Street in the Snow. Late 1800’s.

69. Edward Vll. ( 1901-1910). Came to throne aged 59 on death of his motherQueen Victoria.

70. The Bentlass Disaster. 1889. Nine lives lost on local Pembroke River ferry accident.

71. Monkton Priory Church Restored. Completed in 1894 this practically rebuilt theoriginal ruined Priory church.

72. Motor Transport of the Period.A. 1911 Commer WP3 Charabanc. It carried 14 passengers.B.Daimler Car of 1897.C. Locomobile Steamer of 1906.D. Rolls Royce Silver Ghost of 1906.

73. Pembroke Michaelmas Fair. 1904. This centuries old fair is still held each year at the EastEnd of The Main Street.

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Recommended Reading & ReferenceThe following Books and Pamphlets are invaluable in respect of Local and Welsh History:

The Description of Pembrokeshire - George Owen of Henllys. Gomer Press 1994

An Historical Tour Through Pembrokeshire - Richard Fenton. Cultural Services

Department, Dyfed County Council 1994.

The Journey Through Wales - Gerald Cambrensis . Penguin Books 1995

The Making of Wales - John Davies. Cadw / Sutton Publishing. 1996

Wales and the War of the Roses - Howell.T.Evans. Sutton Publishing 1998

Wales. History of a Nation - David Ross. Geddes & Grosset. 2005

The Buildings of Wales Series, Pembrokeshire - Lloyd, Obach & Scourfield.

Yale University Press. 2006

A Guide to Ancient & Historic Wales . Dyfed Sian Rees. HMSO 1992

A History of the Red Dragon - Carl Lofmark / G.A.Wells.

Welsh Heritage Series No.4 Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. 1995

Pembrokeshire Past & Present - Brian John. Greencroft Books. 1995

Pembrokeshire 2000. Land And People - Brian John. Greencroft Books. 1999

Pembroke for King & Parliament - Phil Caradice. Pembroke Town Council. 1992

The Pembroke & Tenby Railway - M.R.C. Price. Oakwood Press. 1986

The History of Pembroke Dock - Mrs. Stuart Peters. Elliot Stock, London. 1905 The

Founding of PembrokeDock - G.Mason. London Press. 1905

Forgotten Features of Pembroke & Pembroke Dock - John Hogg.

Jackydando Books. Gwasg Gomer. 2009

The Story of Milford Haven Waterways - Sybil Edwards. Logaston Press . 2001

Down the Slipway - David James. Peter Williams Associates. 2006

Pembrokeshire Limekilns - Peter B.S.Davies. Merrivale. 1997

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Pembroke Sea Trade, 1900 - Barbara J.George. Field Studies.

Headley Brothers Ltd. 1964

The Drovers, Roads of Wales ll, Pembrokeshire & The South - Toulon & Forbes.

Whittet Books Ltd. 1992

Pembrokeshire, The Forgotten Coalfield - M.R.C.Price. Landmark Publishing. 2004

Pembroke in Old Picture Postcards, Volume 1 & 2 - Keith Johnson.

European Library 1984 … 1991

Pembroke Castle & Town Walls - D.J.Cathcart King / Mark Cheshire 1968

Cambrian Archaeological Association

The Civil War in Pembrokeshire - Terry John. Logaston Press. 2008

Maritime Wales - John Richards. Tempus Publishing. 2007

Welsh Ships & Sailing Men - Geraint Jenkins. Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. 2006

Working the Welsh Coast - Mike Smylie. Tempus publishing. 2005

Round & About South West Wales - Graham Roberts. Logaston Press. 2007

Below the Landsker - Robert Scourfield & Keith Johnson. 2008.

Jackydando Books. Gasg Gomer

Cromwell in Pembroke - Cy Nelson. Pembroke Civic Society. 1974

The Pembrokeshire Record Office, The Castle, Haverfordwest.

Tel. 01437 763707

A most valuable source of information on all aspects of Pembrokeshire Life,Culture and History

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