Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs...

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Pedestrian Safety Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: Enforcement: The Maryland The Maryland Experience Experience George Branyan George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator Coordinator SHA-MHSO SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8, 2004

Transcript of Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs...

Page 1: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Pedestrian Safety Pedestrian Safety Enforcement:Enforcement:The Maryland The Maryland

ExperienceExperience

George BranyanGeorge Branyan

Pedestrian & Special Programs Pedestrian & Special Programs CoordinatorCoordinator

SHA-MHSOSHA-MHSO

Pro Walk/Pro Bike September

8, 2004

Page 2: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Maryland Pedestrian Maryland Pedestrian Crash Data (5-year Crash Data (5-year

average, 1999-2003)average, 1999-2003) 109 fatalities (119 in 2003)109 fatalities (119 in 2003) 17% of total traffic fatalities17% of total traffic fatalities MD ranks 13MD ranks 13thth for fatalities in the US for fatalities in the US

(per population)(per population) 2887 injuries2887 injuries 84% of all crashes and 73% of fatal 84% of all crashes and 73% of fatal

crashes occur in the 5 most populous crashes occur in the 5 most populous jurisdictionsjurisdictions

6% of crashes involve the elderly, but 6% of crashes involve the elderly, but they account for 16% of all fatal they account for 16% of all fatal crashescrashes

Page 3: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Maryland Pedestrian Maryland Pedestrian Crash Data (5-year Crash Data (5-year

average, 1999-2003)average, 1999-2003) 53% of all crashes and 70% of fatal 53% of all crashes and 70% of fatal

crashes occur from 4 pm to 4 amcrashes occur from 4 pm to 4 am 28% of fatalities involve alcohol on 28% of fatalities involve alcohol on

the part of the pedestrian and 8% on the part of the pedestrian and 8% on the part of the driver, but…the part of the driver, but…

57% of fatalities occur on US/State 57% of fatalities occur on US/State RoadsRoads

55% of all crashes and 72% of 55% of all crashes and 72% of fatalities occur not in a crosswalkfatalities occur not in a crosswalk

39% of all crashes and 54% of 39% of all crashes and 54% of fatalities occur not at an intersectionfatalities occur not at an intersection

Page 4: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

At Fault Pedestrian, At Fault Pedestrian, Cyclist, and Driver Crash Cyclist, and Driver Crash

DataDataMontgomery County Traffic Collisions Involving Pedestrians for January - December 2002by Percentage At Fault and Unit Type

Bicyclist7.2%

Pedestrian32.6%

Unknown8.1%

Driver41.3%

Other4.3%

Both6.4%

Parked 0.2%

TOTAL PEDESTRIAN COLLISIONS 470

Page 5: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Pedestrians cross where they cross Pedestrians cross where they cross for a REASONfor a REASON

Pedestrians often cross mid-block Pedestrians often cross mid-block because intersections seem because intersections seem threateningthreatening

Real-World Pedestrian Real-World Pedestrian ProblemsProblems

Page 6: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Challenging Suburban Challenging Suburban EnvironmentsEnvironments

Many suburban roads in the state have high pedestrian volumes, high vehicle speeds, and long distances between signalized intersections.

MD 193 between MD 650 & MD 212

MD 650 at Langley Park

Page 7: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

What Works in What Works in Pedestrian Safety Pedestrian Safety

Enforcement?Enforcement? The Crosswalk must have meaning The Crosswalk must have meaning

for both drivers and pedestrians.for both drivers and pedestrians. Target the DRIVER as well as the Target the DRIVER as well as the

pedestrian.pedestrian. Seattle PD gave 500,000 jaywalking Seattle PD gave 500,000 jaywalking

tickets and found few safety gains, but tickets and found few safety gains, but dramatic public resentment.dramatic public resentment.

Success achieved when strategy changed Success achieved when strategy changed to focus on driver as well as pedestrian to focus on driver as well as pedestrian behavior and roadway/crosswalk design.behavior and roadway/crosswalk design.

Page 8: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Pedestrian Enforcement Pedestrian Enforcement IssuesIssues

Peer PressurePeer Pressure – “Ped violations aren’t – “Ped violations aren’t real crimes, it’s not real crimes, it’s not realreal police work.” police work.”

Social PressureSocial Pressure – Questions from the – Questions from the public, “Why aren’t you out catching public, “Why aren’t you out catching robbers and murderers?”robbers and murderers?”

Police AdministrationPolice Administration – “My Chief (Lt. , – “My Chief (Lt. , Sgt., etc.) doesn’t want me to do it.”Sgt., etc.) doesn’t want me to do it.”

CourtsCourts – “My calendar is crammed and – “My calendar is crammed and you bring me this petty matter?”you bring me this petty matter?”

FinesFines – Fines may be too high or too – Fines may be too high or too low. May require a “must appear.”low. May require a “must appear.”

1990 NHTSA report on pedestrian 1990 NHTSA report on pedestrian enforcement found many reasons enforcement found many reasons given by police for not enforcing given by police for not enforcing pedestrian safety laws: pedestrian safety laws:

Page 9: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Importance of the third Importance of the third “E” Enforcement“E” Enforcement

The Need for Police Enforcement: The Need for Police Enforcement: Un-enforced laws will be ignoredUn-enforced laws will be ignored Enforcement gives credibility to Enforcement gives credibility to

engineering and education engineering and education interventionsinterventions

Increases driver awarenessIncreases driver awareness Increases compliance and saves livesIncreases compliance and saves lives Enhances “walkability” of Enhances “walkability” of

communitiescommunities

Page 10: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Impact of Crosswalk Impact of Crosswalk EnforcementEnforcement

Washington State conducted a before-during-after multiple comparison study of targeted crosswalk enforcement (2003).

T A R G E T E D P E D E S T R I A N E N F O R C E M E N T S T U D Y

C I T Y T Y P E O F S I T E S T U D Y P H A S E

N OF DR

N OF SI

P E R C E N T S T O P F O R

P E D

4 0 .4 %

5 9 .6 %

6 5 .5 %

4 9 .3 %

6 3 .1 %

7 4 .4 %

2 6 .4 %

3 1 .7 %

1 9 .7 %

C O N T R O L

B E F O R E

E N F O R C E M E N T D U R I N G

A F T E R

P E R C E N T O F D R IV E R S S T O P P IN G

O L Y M P I A C O N T R O L

B E F O R E

D U R I N G

A F T E R

B E L L I N G H A MA F T E R

D U R I N G

B E F O R E

Page 11: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Maryland Pedestrian Maryland Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Safety Enforcement

InitiativeInitiative Multi-Jurisdictional: Multi-Jurisdictional: Overtime highway Overtime highway safety grant funds safety grant funds in 10 jurisdictions in 10 jurisdictions ($200,000)($200,000)

Created in 2002Created in 2002 Training workshops Training workshops

and recognition eventsand recognition events Educational materials, Educational materials,

law card, warning law card, warning ticketstickets

Encourage publicity Encourage publicity about enforcement – about enforcement – it’s the best educationit’s the best education

Balanced enforcement Balanced enforcement

Dan Burden & John Moffat

Page 12: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Enforcement ResourcesEnforcement Resources Enforcement Enforcement

Program ManualProgram Manual How to set up How to set up

crosswalk and crosswalk and intersection intersection enforcementenforcement

How to How to effectively effectively enforce laws on enforce laws on pedestrianspedestrians

Resources & Resources & training training materialsmaterials

Contact the Contact the “experts” “experts” sectionsection

Maryland Pedestrian Safety Law

Enforcement Initiative

Program Manual

Maryland Highway Safety Office

State Highway Administration M

aryland Pedestrian Enforcement Program

Manual

Page 13: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Enforcement ResourcesEnforcement Resources Crosswalk Law CardCrosswalk Law Card

See reverse side for explanation of laws.

Maryland Pedestrian Safety Law for Drivers

Maryland Highway Safety Office State Highway Administration

7491 Connelley Drive Hanover, MD 21076

Telephone: (410) 582-5578 Toll Free: (888) 963-0307

At crosswalks without signals, the driver of a vehicle must stop for a pedestrian when:

the pedestrian is on the half of the roadway on which the vehicle is traveling.

the pedestrian is approaching from an adjacent lane on the other half of the roadway.

Fine: Up to $500 and/or up to 2 months in jail. One Point. Must Appear in Court.

At intersections or crosswalks with signals:

drivers proceeding on a green signal, including drivers turning right or left, shall yield the right-of-way to pedestri-ans lawfully within the adjacent crosswalk.

Fine: $75. One Point.

Maryland Pedestrian Safety Law for Drivers

(§ 21-502 (a)(2))

(§ 21-202 (c) & (d))

PEDESTRIAN WARNING

DID UNLAWFULLY VIOLATE:

21-202(l) Failure to obey red traffic signal Pedestrian facing a steady red traffic signal alone

may not enter the roadway. Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00. 21-203(b) Failure to obey pedestrian control signal Pedestrian may not start to cross the roadway in

the direction of a solid “don’t walk” or “upraised hand” signal.

Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00. 21-503(a) Failure to yield right-of-way to vehicle If a pedestrian crosses a roadway at any point other than in a marked crosswalk or in an unmarked crosswalk at an intersection, the pedestrian shall yield the right-of-way to any vehicle. Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00. 21-503(c) Failure to cross at signalized intersection Between adjacent intersections at which a traffic control signal is in operation, a pedestrian may cross only in a marked crosswalk. Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00. 21-503(d) Crossing intersection diagonally Pedestrian may not cross an intersection diagonally

unless authorized by a traffic control device. Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00. 21-506(a,b) Pedestrian unlawfully on roadway Where a sidewalk is provided, a pedestrian may not

walk along and on an adjacent roadway. Where no sidewalk is provided, a pedestrian may walk only on the left shoulder or on the left side of the roadway, facing traffic.

Penalty: $35 or up to $500.00.

On average, every year more than 100 pedestrians are killed

and nearly 3,000 pedestrians are injured

in Maryland as a result of collisions with motor vehicles

Look Out for Each Other!

YOU HAVE RECEIVED A WARNING FOR FAILURE TO ABIDE BY THE MARYLAND LAW(S) INDICATED ABOVE.

THIS IS ONLY A WARNING AND WILL NOT RESULT IN ANY LEGAL ACTION.

HOWEVER, FUTHER VIOLATIONS WILL RESULT IN AN ACTUAL CITIATION BEING ISSUED.

Maryland Highway Safety Office State Highway Administration

(410) 582-5578 Toll Free: (888) 963-0307 www.marylandroads.com

DID UNLAWFULLY VIOLATE:

21-502(2) Failure to stop for pedestrian in crosswalk Driver of a vehicle shall come to a complete stop when a pedestrian

crossing the roadway in a crosswalk is: (i) on the half of the roadway on which the vehicle is traveling or (ii) approaching from an adjacent lane on the other half of the roadway.

Penalty: MA- Up to $500.00 and/ or up to 2 months in jail. 21-502(c) Passing a vehicle stopped for a pedestrian It is unlawful for a driver to pass a vehicle that is stopped for a

pedestrian either in a marked or unmarked crosswalk. Penalty: MA- Up to $500.00 and/ or up to 2 months in jail. 21-202(c) Failure to yield right-of-way when turning

on green signal Vehicles facing a circular green signal, including any vehicle turning

left or right, shall yield right-of-way to any pedestrian lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk.

Penalty: $75 or up to $500.00. One Point.

21-202(h) Failure to stop at clearly marked stop line Vehicles facing a steady circular red signal or red arrow signal shall

stop at the near side of the intersection at a clearly marked stop line, or before entering the crosswalk.

Penalty: $125 or up to $500.00. Two Points.

21-202(k) Failure to yield to pedestrian before turn on red

Vehicles facing a red signal shall, after stopping, yield the right-of-way to any pedestrian lawfully within an adjacent crosswalk.

Penalty: $75 or up to $500.00. Two Points. 21-504(a,b,c) Failure to exercise due care to avoid

hitting a pedestrian The driver of a vehicle shall exercise due care to avoid colliding

with any pedestrian, shall warn any pedestrian by sounding a horn, and shall exercise proper precaution on observing any confused or incapacitated pedestrians.

Penalty: $55 or up to $500.00. One Point. 21-801(h) Special dangers as to pedestrians The driver of a vehicle shall drive at an appropriate, reduced speed

when any special danger exists as to pedestrians. Penalty: $70 or up to $500.00. One Point.

YOU HAVE RECEIVED A WARNING FOR FAILURE TO ABIDE BY THE MARYLAND LAW(S) INDICATED ABOVE.

THIS IS ONLY A WARNING AND WILL NOT RESULT IN ANY LEGAL ACTION.

HOWEVER, FURTHER VIOLATIONS WILL RESULT IN AN ACTUAL CITIATION BEING ISSUED.

On average, every year more than 100 pedestrians are killed

and nearly 3,000 pedestrians are injured

in Maryland as a result of collisions with motor vehicles.

Look Out for Each Other!

DRIVER WARNING

Maryland Highway Safety Office State Highway Administration

(410) 582-5578 Toll Free: (888) 963-0307 www.marylandroads.com

Driver/Ped Warning TicketDriver/Ped Warning Ticket

Page 14: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Pedestrian Enforcement Training, Pedestrian Enforcement Training, 2002 & 20042002 & 2004

Annapolis

College Park

Page 15: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Initiative

Baltimore City

Greenbelt City

Page 16: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Initiative

Baltimore County

Pedestrian refuge island & mid-block crosswalk constructed by MD State Highway Administration

Page 17: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Educating Pedestrians Education of pedestrians with selective,

highly publicized education/enforcement.

C-SAFE Initiative – International Corridor, suburban Washington

Page 18: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

13 police departments 13 police departments participatingparticipating Over 40 crosswalk Over 40 crosswalk enforcement eventsenforcement events Nearly 750 citations and 536 Nearly 750 citations and 536 warnings given to drivers at warnings given to drivers at crosswalk enforcement eventscrosswalk enforcement events 258 warnings and 748 258 warnings and 748 educational brochures given to educational brochures given to pedestrianspedestrians Over 2000 speeding citationsOver 2000 speeding citations 19 arrests, including 7 19 arrests, including 7 unlicensed drivers, 1 stolen car, unlicensed drivers, 1 stolen car, 1 DUI arrest1 DUI arrest

MD Pedestrian Safety MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement Program Enforcement Program

Results, 2004Results, 2004

Page 19: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement InitiativeInitiative

Montgomery County

Publicity about enforcementPublicity about enforcement

Page 20: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement MD Pedestrian Safety Enforcement InitiativeInitiative

Publicity about enforcementPublicity about enforcement

Page 21: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Conducted since 2002

Washington and Baltimore metro areas

Funded by highway safety grant funds (DC, MD, VA)

Targets pedestrians & drivers

English and Spanish 4 week campaigns Survey evaluation

Enforcement-related Enforcement-related Education EffortsEducation Efforts

STREET SMART Pedestrian Safety Media Campaign

Page 22: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Enforcement-related Enforcement-related Education EffortsEducation Efforts

Tip Card

Interior Bus Card

Transit shelter Poster

Targeting Pedestrians

Page 23: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Enforcement-related Enforcement-related Education EffortsEducation Efforts

Targeting Drivers

Tip Card

Radio PSA

Bus Backs

Page 24: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Enforcement-related Education Enforcement-related Education EffortsEfforts

Page 25: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Awareness of Awareness of Enforcement, 2002Enforcement, 2002

Comparison of pre and post measurement Comparison of pre and post measurement indicates that unaided awareness of police indicates that unaided awareness of police efforts to crack down on drivers who do not efforts to crack down on drivers who do not yield to pedestrians increased 4 percentage yield to pedestrians increased 4 percentage points.points.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Pre Post

HEARD ABOUT POLICE EFFORTS TO CRACK DOWN ON DRIVERS WHO DO NOT YIELD TO PEDESTRIANS

20%24%

Page 26: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Awareness of Awareness of Enforcement, 2004Enforcement, 2004

2004 Baltimore campaign did not generate an 2004 Baltimore campaign did not generate an increase in unaided awareness of police efforts increase in unaided awareness of police efforts to crack down on drivers who do not yield to to crack down on drivers who do not yield to pedestrians but it was higher than in DC.pedestrians but it was higher than in DC.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Benchmark Post

% SAYING CHANCE OF GETTING TICKET IS LIKELY FOR NOT YIELDING TO PEDESTRIAN IN CROSSWALK

28% 30%

Page 27: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Conclusions-Conclusions-RecommendationsRecommendations

Get your state highway safety office to create Get your state highway safety office to create a pedestrian safety enforcement program!a pedestrian safety enforcement program!

Enlist partners that can help increase Enlist partners that can help increase publicity about enforcement, e.g. county publicity about enforcement, e.g. county gov’ts, police PIOs, sympathetic reporters, gov’ts, police PIOs, sympathetic reporters, etc.etc.

Good training is importantGood training is important Recognition is a must with cops!Recognition is a must with cops! Enlist partners that can help with media Enlist partners that can help with media

campaigns, such as MPOs.campaigns, such as MPOs. Remove statutory obstacles & educate the Remove statutory obstacles & educate the

judiciaryjudiciary

Page 28: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Pedestrian Enforcement Pedestrian Enforcement Training ResourcesTraining Resources

Walkable Communities, Inc. Walkable Communities, Inc. (www.w(www.walkable.org)alkable.org) John Moffat, former director of the John Moffat, former director of the

Washington Traffic Safety Commission. Washington Traffic Safety Commission. ([email protected])([email protected])

Dan Burden, nationally recognized expert Dan Burden, nationally recognized expert in pedestrian access and safety. in pedestrian access and safety. ([email protected])([email protected])

Center for Education & Research in Center for Education & Research in Safety (www.cers-safety.com)Safety (www.cers-safety.com) Ron Van Houten, Ph.DRon Van Houten, Ph.D J. E. Louis Malenfant, Ph.DJ. E. Louis Malenfant, Ph.D

Page 29: Pedestrian Safety Enforcement: The Maryland Experience George Branyan Pedestrian & Special Programs Coordinator SHA-MHSO Pro Walk/Pro Bike September 8,

Please contact me for Please contact me for more informationmore information

George BranyanGeorge Branyan

Pedestrian and Special Pedestrian and Special Programs CoordinatorPrograms Coordinator

Maryland Highway Safety Maryland Highway Safety OfficeOffice

410 582-5578410 582-5578

[email protected]@sha.state.md.us