Peculiarities of the New Architectural Interventions

8/18/2019 Peculiarities of the New Architectural Interventions

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Peculiarities of the New Architectural Interventions in

Rural Area. Case Study: Trascău Depression

Al!a County Ro"ania

Ana-Maria POP1, Viorel PUIU21 Babeş-Bolyai University, Centre for Regional Geography, Cluj-Napoca, RO!N"!# Babeş-Bolyai University, $aculty of Geography, Centre for Research on %ettle&ents an' Urbanis&, Cluj-Napoca, RO!N"!

(-&ail) ana#"aria.pop$%eo%rafie.u!!clu&.ro viorel'puiu$%eo%rafie.u!!clu&.ro

K e y w o r d s: vernacular architecture, *rasc+u epression, rural area, architectural conservation area, spatial planning

A B S T R A C T

1. ITRO!UCTIO

The co""union with the herita%e of our

ancestors delivered throu%h traditional values see"s to

overpass with %reat difficulty in the perspective analyses

of present %enerations re%ardless of the approached

develop"ent trend. The "odern scrape'. solutionsprevail and these replace the preservation and opti"u"

spatial plannin% of rural areas. The rural area is the

"ateriali(ed e)pression of the territorial identity and !y

its vernacular ele"ents dictates the evolution of the rural

herita%e and its landscape destiny.Seen as a inte%ratin% part of the cultural and

natural herita%e and su!&ected to de!ates !y the

"inisters responsi!le with spatial plannin% in *++, in

-&u!l&ana !y the approval of (uropean Rural /eritageObservation Gui'e - C(!* the rural herita%e !eco"esa develop"ent factor for the rural area provided that its

appropriate preservation and protection are ensured

/+0 /0. In a restrictive sense the rural herita%e includes

only the edifices associated to a%ricultural e)ploitations

in a lar%e scale conse1uently i"provin% the se"antics of

the herita%e !y the inclusion of all the "aterial

2landscape households specific products3 and

i""aterial 2!uildin% techni1ues local personalities local

D4&eant#Pons 5a%uelonne 2*++63 *he (uropean lan'scapeconvention in: Infrastru7tura i e7olo%ia teren8w wie&s7ich9Infrastructure and ecolo%y of rural areas Pols7a A7ade"ia Nau7dd(iat w ;ra7owie ;o"is&a Technic(ne& Infrastruc7tury


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Ana-Maria POP, Viorel PUIU

ournal of Settle"ents and Spatial Plannin% vol. no. 2*++3 #*E

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le%ends traditional custo"s3 ele"ents which testify the

co""union of people and territory.

The vernacular rural herita%e represents a su"

of all the vernacular architectural and landscape

ele"ents !earin% the footprint of place and inha!itants

esta!lishin% a co""on deno"inator for !oth the

traditional !uildin%s and the specific rural landscape.

The interest for the approach of such su!&ect finds an

answer in identifyin% so"e via!le spatial plannin%

"odels that fulfil the needs of the co""unity !y

interventions to the herita%e 2restoration renewal the

propa%ation of herita%e3.

The traditional architecture will %radually

yiel' up to. "odern architecture !ased on "aterialreasons due to the used technolo%y !eco"in% a

distinct field of the !uilt herita%e with visi!le !enefits

in developin% research conservation and restoration

initiatives* /,0.

=i%. . -ocation of Trascău Depression within the

ad"inistrative li"its of Al!a County.

In a society that strives to i"pose its own

values and techni0ue the vernacular tries to survive.The specialistsF interest for the conservation and

pro"otion of a vernacular herita%e soon occurred as

the ela!oration !y the IC5S 2International Council

on 5onu"ents and Sites3 of the Charter on the built

vernacular heritage 23 representin% the first proof

* ;G("4r ;. 2*++,3 *i&pul &onu&entului istoric Colec>ia Spa>iii"a%inate Hditura Paideia ucure?ti: p. B6.

of respectin% the cultural values of so"e co""unities.

ne should "ention the followin%s a"on% the trends

ai"ed for the conservation of vernacular herita%e:

perfor"ance of a well#docu"ented analysis on the

e)istin% vernacular !uildin%s 2style shape structure3

accessi!leJ respect of the cultural landscape and the

ade1uate inte%ration in the territory in case of any

su!se1uent interventionsJ "aintenance of the

traditional !uildin% syste"s !y encoura%in% the

for"ation of specialists9e)pertsJ choosin% of

construction "aterials to provide the cohesion of

!uildin%s with the surroundin% environ"entJ

adaptation of !uildin%s !y 7eepin% the traditional

structures and !y the ela!oration of a %uide intended

for specialistsF interventions e)istence of trainin%

pro%ra"s !oth for the specialists and for the

co""unity /*0. Considerin% the e)tension trends of

the settle"ents of chan%in% their i"a%e !y the new

!uildin%s or ense"!les of !uildin%s with the purpose of

i"provin% the life standard of the society new town

plannin% "easured are needed to provide new trends of

cultural landscape develop"ent concordantly with the

preservation of traditional ele"ents /E0.

2. MAT"RIA# A! M"T$O!

The study area is located in the Trascău

Depression 2territorial unit found in the researches of

H"". de 5artonne ** 5anciulea Kt. * Ilie 5.

,, E =icheu) R. , -upu 5. B+#BL3. It

is a "ountainous depression located inside the Trascău

"assif and surrounded !y calcareous "assifs with a

%radual descend towards the depression represented !y

a series of steep slopes. The e)tent of the depression

2len%th # 7" "a)i"u" width # L 7"3 ena!led the

occurrence and develop"ent of settle"ents cores

%rouped in two !asic ad"inistrative#territorial units

Ri"etea -ive(ile of which only the localities Ri"etea

Col>e?ti @ăli?oara and I(voarele are located within the

depression area.

The favoura!le cli"ate conditions 2shelter

cli"ate3 an annual avera%e of rainfall of 6++#++ ""

and the hi%h fre1uency of te"perature inversions

to%ether with a rich river networ7 2presence of surface

waters !elon%in% to the Trascău !asin 2tri!utary of the

Arie? river3 in the Northern half of the depression and

to the A"poi !asin 2tri!utary of the 5ure? river3 in its

Southern half and the fre1uent occurrence of sprin%s3

and an e)traordinary landscape diversity e)pressed !y

a specific land#use these have all represented positive

ar%u"ents for the settle"ent of the re%ion /B0.

In ad"inistrative ter"s the localities included

in the depression area !elon% to the Al!a County

2NMTS,3 included in the Central Develop"ent Re%ion

2NMTS*3 located in the central#northern part of the

county. The settle"ents spread on the !otto" of the

depression are old settle"ents docu"entary certified


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Pe%&liari'ies o( ')e ew Ar%)i'e%'&ral In'er*en'ions in R&ral Area.

Case S'&dy: Tras%+& !eression, Ala Co&n'y, Roania.


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in the 5iddle A%es Ri"etea 2*E#*E*3 Col>e?ti

2,,*3 @ăli?oara 2,L*#,L,3 I(voarele 2LE+3 whose

!irth was at a certain "o"ent conditioned !y the land#

use.

=i%. *. The settle"ents fro" Trascău Depression.

The use of various sources the study of so"e

carto%raphical "aterials and the relevant literature

re%ardin% the approach of this topic !ut also the field

research or the spatial representation of the ele"ents

specific to the architecture in Trascău Depression have

represented so"e necessary "ar7ers of the

"ethodolo%ical nor"s of the research. The inventory

typolo%y and spatial distri!ution of the e)istin%architectural ele"ents fro" the Trascău Depression

have !een acco"plished !y their identification in the

field !y the analysis of the co"parative study !etween

the types of !uildin%s found in the four settle"ents

su!&ected to study. =or the ela!oration of the %raphical

and carto%raphical "aterial %eo#referenced

orthophotoplans of the ad"inistrative territories of the

co""unes -ive(ile and Ri"etea Al!a county with a +

c"9pi)el resolution 2*L++++ s1 7"3 with spatial

coordinates e)pressed in Stereo E+ syste" perfor"ed in

the year *++L 2the 5atra fly section3 the representation

scale was :+++ which is reco""ended !y the ur!anplannin% le%islation.

In order to deter"ine the cate%ories

representative to the new architectural chan%es in the

Trascău Depression di%ital i"a%es with a ,*B)*,B

pi)els resolution were used !y "eans of a DS-R

2di%ital sin%le#lens refle) ca"era3.

The inventory of the e)istin% architectural

ele"ents fro" the Trascău Depression includes B6

houses with different architectural ad&ust"ents 2which

L restored traditional with a certified architectural

value *6 traditional houses with ad&ust"ents in

accordance with the spatial local plannin% ,

traditional houses with un&ustified ad&ust"ents which

do not respect the local identity , new houses with

vernacular architecture specificities ,+ new houses

with allochthonous architecture specificities L houses

under construction B houses with 7itsch ele"ents E

wee7end houses3. Accordin% to the type of architectural

interventions the o!servance of e)istin% town plannin%

re%ulations the new construction trends i"ple"ented

within the rural area a typolo%y of the architectural

chan%es was esta!lished. This included households in

the Trascău Depression as follows:

a2 *ra'itional houses 3ith variousinterventions 'uring the &o'ern perio', partiallyrestore' 2faades %ates foundations restorations3 orco&pletely restore' respecting the local tra'ition orlen'ing other native &o'els so"e with a certificationof their e)traordinary architectural value 2for e)a"ple

the Ri"etea rural site3.

b2 /ouses built 'uring the &o'ern perio' Ostartin% with the cate%ory of the ne3ly built houses

accordin% to the traditional specificity of the study areaor denyin% any relation to the past and endin% with the

da((lin% of so"e 7itsch ele"ents 2pheno"enon less

fre1uently "et locally as co"pared to other re%ions of

the country especially if we refer to another scale3 with

the choice of traditional ele"ents or !y hirin%

architects !y usin% "odels specific to other Huropean

rural areas or even !y i"portin% so"e patterns fro" the

ur!an area in order to i"prove the life standard

2unfortunately sporadically found in the study area

especially outside the residential areas3. The sa"e

cate%ory also includes houses un'er construction

whose style "ay !e inferred in so"e cases !ut alsohouses whose construction style is still uncertain.

c2 *ra'itional houses, public e'ifices,architectural &onu&ents, all ren'ere' as otherbuil'ings., already e)istent previously to the a!ove"entioned cate%ories.

Certainly new !uildin%s or chan%es of e)istin%

non#residential !uildin%s have occurred durin% the last

years. ne could identify the sa"e trends related to the

physio%no"y and construction style of the households

in the style of so"e cult edifices pensions processin%

units or traditional facilities.

In order to hi%hli%ht the !uilt#up areaplannin% in this area and the life style of the

inha!itants the "appin% of a%ricultural or other lands

was also perfor"ed.


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/. R"SU#TS A! !ISCUSSIO

/.1. Coe0is'en%e o( ')e 'radi'ional and ')e

odern

@illa%e represents a live entity which

continues to survive and to chan%e adapts to anythin%

ne3. acceptin% or re&ectin% so"e infusions.Internationally and nationally on a "ore conceptual

rather than applicative level the conservation of

traditional ele"ents has !eco"e a very hi%h interest

topic with %reat efforts towards achievin% "ini"al !ut

rational and lon%#ter" chan%es in the ha!itat structure.

Preoccupied !y the via!ility of the historical "onu"ent

;G("4r ;. /,0 stated that although the populararchitecture represents for us the only still alive an'relatively recent historical &o'el, it cannot be eitherintentionally built as it beco&es instantaneously cult,or consistently preserve' as it free4es 'ue the lac5 of itstra'itional function, i&&e'iately changing into acultural curiosity. ,. The depression space surrounded

!y the Trascău 5ountains represents one of the areas

that har"oniously co"!ine with the inha!itants with

their way of !ein%96tre with their developedactivities9savoir faire and with their ha!itat. Theproves of this happy co""union are the traditional

households inherited for %enerations with %ates

porches !enches crosses O all these "ar7in% the life of

people the continuous 1uest !ut also the indispensa!le

connection with the divinity.


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related to the develop"ent of an opti"u" socio#

econo"ic environ"ent.

The occurrence rhyth" of the new !uildin%s

with a hi%her or lower nu"!er of traditional ele"ents

the "ost fre1uent edifices occur outside of the

Ri"eteaFs !uilt#up areaJ "any of these !ein% used as

secondary residences or acco""odation units. Inside

the !uilt#up area the new !uildin%s are less and less

fre1uent. This fact "i%ht !e e)plained !y the old

de"o%raphical structure and the "i%ration of the youn%

inha!itants. A particular situation for this area is

represented !y the Northern sector overlappin% the

Ri"etea and Col>e?ti localities where due to the local

ur!an plannin% re%ulations the trend of new !uildin%s

is controlled. The Ri"etea territorial#ad"inistrative

unit was declared rural site and it !enefits of the

architectural Conservation Area statute proposed !y

the Transylvania Trust Association. This association has

initiated a reha!ilitation pro%ra" of the vernacular

herita%e in Ri"etea havin% the pre#appraisal ri%ht for

the !uildin%s in the respective area. Mnli7e the

Northern depression area the Southern depression

side e)tended alon% the localities I(voarele and

@ăli?oara is su!&ected to a sta%natin% rhyth" re%ardin%

the newly !uilt structures with a construction re%i"e

not re%ulated !y any institution. This issue is

transposed in the eli"ination of the traditional

ele"ents. ther traditional ele"ents occurred durin%

the recent years "ay !e identified within new

ecclesiastical !uildin%s 2the rthodo) Church inRi"etea Ri"etea 5onastery3 so"e traditional

facilities 2the water "ill in Ri"etea3 and so"e tourist

pensions 2Col>e?ti and @ăli?oara3.

In "ost of the cases however new

ad&ust"ents were preferred to the already e)istin%

foundations either !y the elevation of the house

chan%e of so"e parts of the house 2especially facades3

the e)ternal aspect re"ained the traditional one or !y

the reconstruction of others on the e)istin% foundation3.

The "ost alert partial or co"plete restoration rhyth"

was recorded in Ri"etea where various interventions

were perfor"ed conditioned !y the availa!le financialresources. In case of Col>e?ti one "ay notice a

renovation tentative of houses !ut still in an incipient

sta%e with unplastered facades and only elevated roofs.

At another scale and to a lesser e)tent we find the sa"e

desertion pheno"enon of the renewal wor7s of

!uildin%s in the I(voarele and @ăli?oara localities. The

e)istence of an old population and of a hi%h nu"!er of

people who went a!road for wor7 who started the

restoration wor7s at their parentsF houses !ut whose

wor7s have !een ceased represent possi!le ar%u"ents

for e)plainin% the unco"pleted9ceased !uildin% wor7s.

n the other hand the present econo"ic conte)teli"inates the chances of "ateriali(in% so"e

invest"ents in restorin% the households.

Another difficult issue of the present

constructions trend is represented !y the confrontin%

with the i"ple"entation of details which do not respect

the technical re%i"e of a house.

5oreover the inappropriate usa%e of these

details %ives a "eretricious i"pression representin% a

feature of a population se%"ent which has lost its %uide

land references. Put into other words *heir function isthat of social ac5no3le'ge&ent, of sociallegiti&ating. 7 /L0.

sec=iunea a """-a > ?one protejatein 5onitorul ficial al Ro"niei nr. * din * aprilie *+++J!erlnder#Trnoveanu Irina 2*++*3 Un @iitor pentru *recut2 Ghi''e bun+ practic+ pentru p+strarea patri&oniului cultural HdituraCI5HC ucure?ti: pp. L+#L.


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and i"plicitly traditional architecture conservation is

represented !y the in situ conservation of the"onu"ents and ense"!les of e)istin% "onu"ents. In

this direction at the initiative of an association which

deals with the sustaina!le protection of the !uilt

herita%e Transylvania Trust the The Ri"etea erita%e

Conservation Pro&ectQ financed !y the -ocal Council of

the th District of udapest "ateriali(ed !y donations

of !uildin% owners for their "aintenance. Accordin% to

the pu!lic infor"ation presented !y the association

startin% with the year B the houses in Ri"etea have

!enefited of a "aintenance support e1ual to a "onthly

"ediu" salary O Urant A.

The conservation %rant O which i"plied the

involve"ent of the owner in the restoration wor7s !ut

only with assistance provided !y the association and

another su!sidy provided in the case of restoration

wor7s O Urant . The restoration %rant O provided

!ased on co"petition contest /,0 /*0.

Seen as a su""er school open towards the

learnin% of ade1uate techni1ues applied in the field of

historical "onu"ents restoration !y the participants

the Transylvania Trust association has "ana%ed to

perfor" restoration e)pertise desi%n and disclosure

wor7s of E+ !uildin%s in Ri"etea.

As a result of the initial achieve"ent of the

protected "onu"ent statute they "ana%ed in *+++

the %rantin% of the architectural Conservation Area

statute for the Ri"etea rural site /0 any type of

architectural intervention was perfor"ed only with the

notification of the Co""ission for historical

"onu"ents protection and since *++L the pre#

appraisal ri%ht /*0.

The i"ple"entation of this statute of le%al

protection at national level should not !e li"ited to the

Ri"eteaFs !uilt#up area !ut e)tended to the entire

depression area includin% to the areas outside the

residential li"its in the conte)t of identifyin% an

ori%inal cultural landscape.

The identification of a "aterial asset as an

ele"ent of herita%e ena!les its reco%nition itFs

positionin% in the society re%eneration of the rural

space !y valorisin% the respective "onu"ent of"onu"ents ense"!le and !y the reco%nition of its

identity.

The restoration wor7s perfor"ed in Ri"etea

have led the %rantin% of the Huropa Nostra pri(e to the

Transylvania Trust Association. ecause of this award

*+ !uildin%s have !enefitted of faade restoration.

The award of this Huropean Mnion pri(e for

the cultural herita%e is destined for the sti"ulation and

support of the pro&ects re%ardin% the preservation of the

ancestral cultural herita%e !y "eans of the Huropa

Nostra or%ani(ation succeedin% to create a networ7 of

"ore than L++ "e"!ers and professionalor%ani(ations with the sa"e "utual purpose on the

Huropean continent.

3. COC#USIO

The "ain conclusions drawn fro" the analysis

of the local architecture of the Trascău Depression "ay

!e rendered in the followin% ideas:

# the low nu"!er of newly !uilt structures an

interrelation action for the Ri"eteaFs !uilt#up area with

the local plannin% re%ardin% the construction ter"s

accordin% to the confi%uration of the areaJ

# there is a visi!le difference !etween the

residential and non#residential areas of the localities the

construction of new edifices in the non#residential area of

the localities 2!e they vacation houses houses pensions

ca"pin% places3 is not controlled and not concordant to

spatial plannin% rulesJ

# the lac7 of sound solutions of inte%ratin% the

new rural space for the avoidance of previously

"entioned situationJ

# the traffic infrastructure represents a serious

pro!le" of the investi%ated area slowin% down the

territorial econo"ic develop"entJ

# a low participation interest on !ehalf of the

pu!lic sphere a %eneral pheno"ena at national level !ut

with unfavoura!le effects locallyJ

# one part of the rural patri"ony of the Trascău

Depression ORi"etea rural siteO!enefits of the

conservation area statute which ensures the in situ survival of the historical "onu"entsJ

# the "ental evolution of the inha!itants local

or not the transition fro" the si"ple "entality of the

peasant9villa%er which places the accent on a safe

sustaina!le and efficient architecture 2not declared as

such3 har"oniously !alanced with the rural

environ"ent to the "entality of the ur!anQ villa%er or

of the towns"an who ca"e here for vacationQ

do"inated !y consu"eris" technolo%y and standards.

The declaration of an environ"ental protection

area and9or e)tent of the architectural conservation area

for the entire depression in the conte)t of the e)istence

of so"e co""on traditional ele"ents in all four localities

could represent one of the via!le alternatives for the

"aintenance of the rural herita%e of the Trascău

Depression. y si"ply crossin% the villa%e streets in theTrascău Depression which are surrounded on one side

and the other !y authentic liveQ si"ple households

%ives us live "odels whose survival is conditioned !y

present or desi%ned chan%es of the so#called specialists

re%ardless of their field of intervention. The vernacular

spreadin% fro" the invisi!le !ut lastin% identity threads

as opposed to the post#"odernist ele"ents should

!eco"e a generali4e' de!ate point approached notinsularly &ulti'isciplinary, !y an openin% towards thecooperation with specialists in various fields 2architects

ur!an planners %eo%raphers sociolo%ists econo"ists

etc.3 applicative and institutionali4e' otherwise it ris7sre"ainin% &ust an idea a plan ... on the shelves of a

!eneficiary institution.


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R"4"R"C"S

/0 !56ean'-Pons, Ma&elonne 2*++63 *he (uropean lan'scape convention in: Infrastru7tura ie7olo%ia teren8w wie&s7ich9 Infrastructure and ecolo%y

of rural areas Pols7a A7ade"ia Nau7 dd(iat w

;ra7owie ;o"is&a Technic(ne& Infrastruc7tury ia Spa>ii i"a%inate Hditura Paideia ucure?ti.

/L0 Mi)+iles%&, V. 2*++3 %atul ca peisaj cultural in:Mr!anis"ul serie nouă "ai nr. * an II: pp. LB#B.

/0 Oerl9nder-Trno*ean&, Irina 2*++*3 Un@iitor pentru *recut2 Ghi' 'e bun+ practic+ pentru

p+strarea patri&oniului cultural Hditura CI5HCucure?ti.

/B0 Poes%& Are;el, I. 2E3 un=ii *rasc+u2 %tu'iu geo&orfologic te(ă de doctorat coord. T.5orariu.

/E0 Sale), M. A. ". 2*++L3 8earning fro& tra'ition)the planning of resi'ential neighborhoo's in achanging 3orl' in: a!itat International nr. *6: pp.B*#B, www.elsevier.co"9locate9ha!itatint last

accessed *.+E.*++.

/60 S&rd, V.

Peculiarities of the New Architectural Interventions

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