Peat swamp forest degradation: A comparison between Indonesia and Peru
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Peat swamp forest degradation: A comparison between
the two peat-richest tropical countries Indonesia and
Peru
Hergoualc’h K, Gutierrez-Velez VH, Menton M, Verchot LV
10 October 2014 – IUFRO World Congress 2014 – Salt Lake City
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Introduction
C stored in tropical peat soils 40%
total C stored in woody vegetation in
the entire Tropics
Indonesia & Peru: The 2 peat-richest
countries in the Tropics (Page et al., 2011)
Indonesian peat forests first
described 12 decades ago
/
Existence of peatlands in Peru
documented about 1 decade ago
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Peatland threats
Indonesia: Extreme degradation and
deforestation for agricultural
expansion. Fires a major concern (Gaveau
et al., 2014)
/
Peru: Increasing pressure from
logging and deforestation for gold
mining
Peat forest degradation poorly
addressed in both countries
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Peru: Land covers on peat and threat
Variety of land covers in Peruvian
peatlands
Research focused on M. flexuosa palm
dominated peat forest locally known
as ‘dense aguajal’
Major threat: Over-harvesting of M.
flexuosa palm by slashing it.
Purpose: palm fruit and larva (suri)
collection
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Objectives
State of the art on Indonesian and
Peruvian peatlands’ extent, properties,
C stocks and degradation level
Evaluate potential of satellite data to:
- Distinguish M. flexuosa palm
dominated peat forest (‘dense
aguajal’) from other land covers
- Assess degradation level of ‘dense
aguajales’
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Case study
Peruvian Amazon, Loreto, Pastaza-
Marañon basin, watersheds Marañon
& Ucayali rivers. Wide pressure
gradient in ‘dense aguajales’
´10
km
Vegetation
- Terra-firme forest (non-flooded)
- Restinga forest (periodically flooded, alluvial soils, dominated by
woody tree species)
- ‘Mixed aguajal’ (seasonally flooded, upland valley, with but not
dominated by M. flexuosa),
- ‘Dense aguajal’ (permanently flooded, depressions, M. flexuosa-
dominated swamp forests)
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Degradation: 3 levels
Low: Undisturbed ‘dense aguajal’, clear dominance of
M. flexuosa palms, absence of stumps or other signs
of tree-cutting
Moderate: Structural characteristics of an undisturbed
‘dense aguajal’, presence of some stumps, cut trees
or other degradation evidence
High: ‘Dense aguajal’dominated by woody-tree
species rather than M. flexuosa palms as a
consequence of degradation, presence of stumps, cut
trees or other degradation evidence
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Field data collection
Biomass inventory
Land cover Qty Purpose
Mixed aguajal 14 Groundtruthing land cover map
Dense aguajal
Groundtruthing land cover map &
Biomass inventory
Low degradation 2
Medium degradation 2
High degradation 4
50x50 m plots divided in
Four 25x25 m subplots: trees w/ DBH
> 10 cm; palms w/ H > 3 m
Four 10x10 m miniplots: trees 2.5 <
DBH < 10 cm; palms 1 < H < 3 m
Allometric models for calculating AGB
& BGB in woody trees, M. flexuosa,
M. aculeate, other palms
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Satellite analysis
Landsat images fused with ALOS-PALSAR data
Database w/ structural data associated w/ each polygon & plot
linked to their geographic information
Terra-firme & restinga forests differentiated visually using a
false composite w/ Landsat bands 4, 5, 7 (non flooded/flooded)
Groundtruthing to differentiate between ‘dense/mixed aguajal’
Random forest algorithm to map ‘dense aguajal’ under
different levels of degradation and other LC
2 separate ‘mixed aguajal’ classes (2 very distinct groups in
the spectral space)
Quantitative separability analysis using Jeffries-Matusita index
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Peatlands of Indonesia and PeruIndonesia Peru
Extent (km2) 150,000 50,000
Indonesia Peru
Extent (km2) 150,000 50,000
Location
(% of above
extent)
Sumatra (43%),
Kalimantan (32%),
Papua (25%)
Pastaza-Marañón basin (Loreto, San Martin,
Amazonas) (88%), Madre de Dios (1%)
Coastal & inland Inland
Indonesia Peru
Extent (km2) 150,000 50,000
Location
(% of above
extent)
Sumatra (43%),
Kalimantan (32%),
Papua (25%)
Pastaza-Marañón basin (Loreto, San Martin,
Amazonas) (88%), Madre de Dios (1%)
Coastal & inland Inland
Ecosystem type Variety of swamp
forests dominated by
woody trees
Herbaceous plant-dominated ecosystems
Mixed swamp forests,
Palm-dominated swamp forests (‘aguajal’)
- ‘Dense aguajal’ dominated by M.
flexuosa, permanently flooded
- ‘Mixed aguajal’ dominated by several
palm species, seasonally flooded
Not all ‘mixed aguajales’ grow on peat
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Peatlands of Indonesia and Peru
Indonesia Peru
Nutrient regime Ombrotrophic mostly Ombrotrophic & minerotrophic
Indonesia Peru
Nutrient regime Ombrotrophic mostly Ombrotrophic & minerotrophic
C stocks
Peat C pool (Gt)
Peat C density
(mg C cm-3)
Vegetation
(Mg C ha-1)
57
64
220 peat swamp forest
4
35 ombrotrophic/26 minerotrophic
115 dense aguajal/88 mixed aguajal
Indonesia Peru
Nutrient regime Ombrotrophic mostly Ombrotrophic & minerotrophic
C stocks
Peat C pool (Gt)
Peat C density
(mg C cm-3)
Vegetation
(Mg C ha-1)
57
64
220 peat swamp forest
4
35 ombrotrophic/26 minerotrophic
115 dense aguajal/88 mixed aguajal
Degradation Logging & drainage
Initial AGB C stock reduced
by 53%
Peat emissions 22 Mg CO2eq.
ha−1 y−1
Logging
NO DATA
NO DATA
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Case study Mapping of ‘dense aguajales’
degradation and
impact on biomass C stocks
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Stand structural variables
0
300
600
900
1200
Low Medium High
# total trees/ha
0
300
600
900
1200
Low Medium High
# Woody trees/ha
0
200
400
600
Low Medium High
# M. flexuosa
palms/ha
No significant effect of degradation on the size of trees (DBH
woody trees or H of palms)
Biomass reduced considerably with
degradation
0
50
100
150
Low Medium High
Tree biomass (Mg C/ha)
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Land covers and degradation of ‘dense aguajales’
Most of degradation in the
North (Tigre river).
Low degradation inside
Pacaya-Samiria reserve
‘Dense aguajales’ with low
degradation had a very
distinctive signature
Main confusion between LC:
‘Mixed aguajal’ overlapping with
spectral signature of ‘dense
aguajal’ with medium and high
degradation
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Lowland peatlands Indonesia Peru: Knowledge gaps
Indonesia
Body of knowledge considerably improved over the past
decade
Forest degradation dynamics and related trace gas
emissions need much more attention
Peru
Huge knowledge gap: map, land cover description &
peat properties characterization, trace gas exchanges,
current and future extent of degradation
Particularly relevant for REDD+ implementation these
C-rich ecosystems
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Approach to map peat dense aguajales & their
degradation in the Peruvian Amazon
Suitable to map non/slightly degraded dense aguajales
as the discrimination from other LC high reliable
Potential for degradation temporal monitoring in
non/slightly degraded dense aguajales using a reference
year
Discrimination highly & moderately degraded dense
aguajales & other LC: Moderate, confusion w/ mixed
aguajales. Improvement feasible w/ more field data
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THINKING beyond the canopy
Approach to map peat dense aguajales & their
degradation in the Peruvian Amazon
Caveats:
- Low sampling intensity,
- Limited knowledge on the land use history in the
degraded areas
Further steps:
- Ground measurements to capture variables explaining
differences in the 2 groups of mixed aguajales
- Evaluation extent to which biomass changes relates to
peat C dynamics
- Application to a larger area and characterization of
additional peat LC
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THINKING beyond the canopy
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research to inform policies and practices that affect forests in developing countries.
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