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CHAPTER 11CHAPTER 11The EnvironmentThe Environment

INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSRELATIONS

Seventh EditionSeventh Edition

Joshua S. Joshua S. GoldsteinGoldstein

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Global WarmingGlobal Warming

Slow, long-term rise in average world Slow, long-term rise in average world temperaturestemperatures

Caused by emissions of carbon dioxide and Caused by emissions of carbon dioxide and other gasesother gases

Also caused by fossil fuels and their by-Also caused by fossil fuels and their by-productsproducts

Greenhouse gasesGreenhouse gases Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion 1987, Montreal Protocol (first agreement)1987, Montreal Protocol (first agreement)

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BiodiversityBiodiversity 1.4 million species have been identified, 1.4 million species have been identified,

but this is only a small fraction of total but this is only a small fraction of total number, scientists believenumber, scientists believe

Many species already extinctMany species already extinct Loss of habitatLoss of habitat International Agreements: 1971, International Agreements: 1971,

Wetlands ConventionWetlands Convention 1973, Convention on International Trade 1973, Convention on International Trade

in Endangered Species (CITES)in Endangered Species (CITES) International Whaling CommissionInternational Whaling Commission

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The Law of the SeaThe Law of the Sea

Territorial WatersTerritorial Waters 12 miles for shipping12 miles for shipping 200 miles for economic activities200 miles for economic activities Many conflicts, mainly because only Many conflicts, mainly because only

about a dozen countries control most about a dozen countries control most territorial watersterritorial waters

AntarcticaAntarctica

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State-Controlled WatersState-Controlled Waters

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Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

World EnergyWorld Energy Oil makes up 40 % of world energy Oil makes up 40 % of world energy

consumption; Coal 30 %; and Gas 25 %consumption; Coal 30 %; and Gas 25 % 1973, independent Middle East 1973, independent Middle East

countries, which control about 2/3 of countries, which control about 2/3 of world oil, use their cartel to raise oil world oil, use their cartel to raise oil pricesprices

Oil prices continue to rise, hurting Oil prices continue to rise, hurting industrialized economies industrialized economies

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Per Capita Energy Per Capita Energy Consumption and Net Energy Consumption and Net Energy

Trade, 2002Trade, 2002

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Dividing the Caspian SeaDividing the Caspian Sea

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Other Natural ResourcesOther Natural Resources

Minerals: They are more evenly Minerals: They are more evenly distributed throughout the world than distributed throughout the world than oiloil

United States is most self-sufficient United States is most self-sufficient country in relation to mineralscountry in relation to minerals

Some minerals are concentrated in Some minerals are concentrated in one country, e.g., 2/3 of manganese one country, e.g., 2/3 of manganese (for steel) and chromium are in South (for steel) and chromium are in South AfricaAfrica

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WaterWater

20 % of world’s population lacks safe 20 % of world’s population lacks safe drinking waterdrinking water

80 countries suffer water shortages80 countries suffer water shortages Some rivers run through many Some rivers run through many

countries, such as the Euphrates countries, such as the Euphrates River through Turkey, Syria, and Iraq River through Turkey, Syria, and Iraq before reaching the Persian Gulfbefore reaching the Persian Gulf

Water also contains fish and other Water also contains fish and other resourcesresources

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PopulationPopulation

6.4 billion people on Earth in 20046.4 billion people on Earth in 2004 75 million more people every year75 million more people every year 200,000 more every day200,000 more every day In 25 years, 7 to 8 billionIn 25 years, 7 to 8 billion 96 % of population growth will be in South96 % of population growth will be in South Malthusian: population grows faster than Malthusian: population grows faster than

food supply; thus, population growth food supply; thus, population growth limited by disease and faminelimited by disease and famine

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World Population World Population Trends and ProjectionsTrends and Projections

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The Demographic The Demographic TransitionTransition

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Population and AIDS by Population and AIDS by World Region, 2004World Region, 2004