Peace Corps Comprehensive Agency Assessment | June 2010

8/9/2019 Peace Corps Comprehensive Agency Assessment | June 2010

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/peace-corps-comprehensive-agency-assessment-june-2010 1/220

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@$ ERELUX@SE \UAAGVP $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7

G$ G S@\@JD CJV XBE ÊGLE LJV^\ GX C@CXP $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7

F$ XBE ÊGLE LJV^\‐ A@\\@JD GDH XBVEE IJGK\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6

L$ XBE GIEDLP G\\E\\AEDX $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6

L$7$ Fglmivjudh $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6

L$6$ G||e||aedx aexbjhjkjip $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <

L$<$ Jvigd`zgx`jd jc xbe ve~jvx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <

@@$ S@\@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5

G$ S@\@JD CJV XBE ÊGLE LJV^\ GX C@CXP $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5

F$ XBE ÊGLE LJV^\‐ A@\\@JD GDH XBVEE IJGK\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3

L$ KE\\JD\ KEGVDEH? LV@X@LGK EKEAEDX\ JC G \XVGXEIP CJV XBE ÊGLE

LJV^\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3

L$7$ Aegd`dicuk yjvm $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9

L$6$ ^gvxdev $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9

L$<$ D`lbe $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9

L$8$ Sjkudxeev| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9

H$ XBE ÊGLE LJV^\‐ \@R ^J@DX \XVGXEIP $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9

E$ DEY \XVGXEI@E\ XJ AGID@CP ÊGLE LJV^\‐ ^VE\EDLE+ @A^GLX GDH

VEGLB $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2

C$ @A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 73 I$ ^KGD JC GLX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 73

B$ \UAAGVP JC C@DH@DI\+ VELJAAEDHGX@JD\+ GDH \XVGXEIP CJV

@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 72

@@@$ FGLMIVJUDH GDH G\\E\\AEDX AEXBJHJKJIP $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 67

G$ XBE ÊGLE LJV^\ “ G FV@EC B@\XJVP $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 67

G$7$ @dxvjhulx`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 67

G$6$ Sjkudxeev glx`s`xè| fp ~vjivga gveg $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 66

F$ XBE ÊGLE LJV^\‐ VEKESGDLE @D XJHGP‐\ YJVKH $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 65

L$ XBE @A^GLX JC CUDH@DI JD XBE GIEDLP‐\ JÊVGX@JD\ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$ 63

H$ XBE GIEDLP!Y@HE G\\E\\AEDX $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 62

H$7$ @dxvjhulx`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 62

H$6$ Aexbjhjkjip $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 62

H$<$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <>

H$8$ Xbe giedlp g||e||aedx ghs`|jvp ljaa`xxee $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <6



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H$5$ Xbe `dhe~edhedx vesèy ~vjle|| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <6

@S$ GHOU\X@DI SJKUDXEEV ^KGLEAEDX XJ VECKELX ^V@JV@XP UD@XEH \XGXE\

@DXEVE\X\+ LJUDXVP DEEH\ GDH LJAA@XAEDX XJ \BGVEH IJGK\+ GDH

SJKUDXEEV \M@KK\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <5

G$ HE\LV@^X@JD JC XBE LUVVEDX ^VJLE\\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <5

G$7$ @dxvjhulx`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <5

G$6$ Jsevsèy jc xbe hel`|`jd agm`di ~vjle|| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <5

G$<$ Edxvp jv ve!edxvp `dxj g ljudxvp $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <3

G$8$ Gkkjlgx`di Sjkudxeev gdh jxbev ve|juvle| gajdi êgle Ljv~| ljudxvè| $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$ <2

G$5$ Ljudxvp lkj|uve| gdh |u|~ed|`jd| `d xbe kg|x xed pegv| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ <0

G$3$ Veckelx`di ~v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| `dxeve|x| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8>

G$9$ Ljudxvp deeh sev|u| Sjkudxeev gdh jxbev ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 8<

G$2$ Aeex`di ljudxvp deeh| “ aeg|uv`di à~glx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 85

G$0$ Ljdlku|`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 85

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 80

F$7$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 80

F$6$ @a~vjseaedx| xj xbe @dxeivgxeh ^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex`di \p|xea "@^F\ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$ 5>

L$ \UAAGVP JC C@DH@DI\+ VELJAAEDHGX@JD\+ GDH \XVGXEIP CJV

@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5>

L$7$ \uaagvp jc c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 5>

L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 56

S$ \XVEDIXBED@DI AGDGIEAEDX GDH @DHEÊDHEDX ESGKUGX@JD GDH JSEV\@IBX $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $ 55

^GVX G? \XVEDIXBED@DI AGDGIEAEDX $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$ 55

G$ HE\LV@^X@JD JC XBE LUVVEDX ^VJLE\\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 55

G$7$ Xbe giedlp‐| \xvgxei`l ^kgdd`di ^vjle|| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 55

G$6$ Ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd y`xb`d xbe giedlp $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 52

G$<$ Buagd ve|juvle| agdgieaedx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 37

G$8$ Ljd|`|xedlp `d agdgieaedx ~vglx`le| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 30

F$ \UAAGVP JC C@DH@DI\+ VELJAAEDHGX@JD\+ GDH \XVGXEIP CJV

@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 97

F$7$ \uaagvp jc c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 97

F$6$ \xvgxeip cjv à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 9<

^GVX F? XBE C@SE!PEGV VUKE $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ 99

G$ FGLMIVJUDH $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 99

G$7$ @dxvjhulx`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 99

G$6$ Kei`|kgx`se b`|xjvp $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 92

G$<$ Fedec`x| gdh lbgkkedie| jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 90



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G$8$ Xjjk| gsg`kgfke xj agdgie lbgkkedie| jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 25

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 29

F$7$ Kei`|kgx`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 29

F$6$ Giedlp eccjvx| xj a`dà`ze deigx`se à~glx| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 29

F$<$ \xuhè| gdh g||e||aedx| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 29 F$8$ Lbgdie| xj à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 22


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 20

L$7$ \uaagvp jc c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 20

L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 07

^GVX L? \XVEDIXBED@DI ESGKUGX@JD GDH JSEV\@IBX $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ 05

G$ HE\LV@^X@JD JC XBE LUVVEDX \P\XEA $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$ 05

G$7$ Ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd xjjk| $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$ 05

G$6$ Jcc`le| edigieh `d ~vjoelx esgkugx`jd gdh jsev|ìbx $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$ 02

G$<$ Xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk‐| jsev|ìbx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 02

G$8$ Jcc`le jc Lbèc Lja~k`gdle Jcc`lev $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7>>

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7>>


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7>7

L$7$ \uaagvp jc c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7>7

L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv à~keaedxgx`jd jc veljaaedhgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7><

S@$ @A^VJS@DI XBE VELVU@XAEDX GDH \EKELX@JD ^VJLE\\ XJ GXXVGLX G Y@HE

H@SEV\@XP JC B@IBKP GDH G^^VJ^V@GXEKP \M@KKEH SJKUDXEEV\$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7>5

G$ HE\LV@^X@JD JC XBE LUVVEDX ^VJLE\\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7>5

G$7$ Jsevsèy jc xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7>5

G$6$ Jcc`le| `dsjkseh `d xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7>3

G$<$ @a~keaedx`di g dey velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip cjv |m`kkeh gdh bìbkp |m`kkeh Sjkudxeev| 7>2

G$8$ H`sev|`xp velvu`xaedx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7>0

G$5$ Agvmex`di $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 77>

G$3$ @a~vjs`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ 777

G$9$ Veljaaedhgx`jd cjv à~vjs`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle|| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 773

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 779

F$7$ \elxjv velvu`xaedx |~el`gk`|x| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 779

F$6$ Cèkh fg|eh velvu`xev| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 779

F$<$ Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea ajhevd`zgx`jd gdh ve!he|ìd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 779



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@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 772

L$7$ \uaagvp jc c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 772

L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 770

S@@$ AEH@LGK LGVE JC SJKUDXEEV\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 767

G$ HE\LV@^X@JD JC XBE LUVVEDX ^VJLE\\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 767

G$7$ ^vjs`h`di begkxb lgve xj Sjkudxeev| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 767

G$6$ Xbe Jcc`le jc \~el`gk \evs`le| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 767

G$<$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs le| $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$ 766

G$8$ @d!Ljudxvp Sjkudxeev Begkxb ^vjivga $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 76<

G$5$ Sjkudxeev |gx`|cglx`jd y`xb xbe begkxb |p|xea $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 76<

G$3$ Wugk`xp jc xbe Sjkudxeev begkxb |p|xea $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 763

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 769


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 760


L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv à~keaedxgx`jd jc veljaaedhgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<>

S@@@$ XVG@D@DI JC SJKUDXEEV\ GDH \XGCC $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<7

^GVX G? SJKUDXEEV XVG@D@DI $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$ 7<7

G$ HE\LV@^X@JD JC XBE LUVVEDX ^VJLE\\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<7

G$7$ @dxvjhulx`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<7

G$6$ Xp~e| jc xvg`d`di $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<7

G$<$ Xvg`d`di |xgcc $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<8

G$8$ Ljve xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di glvj|| ~j|x| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<5

G$5$ ^vjs`h`di cjv wugk`xp Sjkudxeev kegvd`di $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<9

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<9

F$7$ Xvg`d`di he|ìd gdh esgkugx`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<9

F$6$ Febgs`jv lbgdie `dxevsedx`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<2

F$<$ Aeg|uv`di xvg`d`di eccelx`sede|| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<2


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<0

L$7$ \uaagvp jc c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 7<0

L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv @a~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 787

^GVX F? \XGCC XVG@D@DI $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$ 785


G$7$ \xvulxuve jc jsev|eg| |xgcc $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 785



s

G$6$ Jsev|eg| xvg`d`di cjv ljudxvp h`velxjv|+ ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di |xgcc+ gdh gha`d`|xvgx`se

jcc lev|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 783

G$<$ \xgcc jvèdxgx`jd gdh hesekj~aedx fepjdh J\X $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 783

G$8$ @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx jc xbe Ledxev cjv Cèkh G||`|xgdle gdh G~~kèh

Ve|egvlb $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 789

G$5$ Beghwugvxev| |xgcc jvèdxgx`jd gdh xvg`d`di $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 782

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 782

F$7$ Jcc`le jc ^vjivga gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx $$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$ 782

F$6$ Xbe ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 780

F$<$ Xbe Ikjfgk Jdk`de S`kkgie $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 75>

F$8$ \xgcc hesekj~aedx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 757


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 756


L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 75<

@R$ LJJVH@DGX@DI Y@XB @DXEVDGX@JDGK GDH BJ\X LJUDXVP HESEKJÂEDX

JVIGD@_GX@JD\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 755


G$7$ @dxvjhulx`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 755

G$6$ Xp~e| jc giveeaedx| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 755

G$<$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ agdgieaedx jc giveeaedx| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 73>

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 73<

F$7$ G dey ~ev|~elx`se jd ~gvxdev|b`~| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 73<

F$6$ Xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 73<

F$<$ Xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 735

F$8$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$ 733

F$5$ Xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 739


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 739


L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 730

R$ KJYEV@DI EGVKP XEVA@DGX@JD VGXE\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 797


G$7$ Xp~e| jc egvkp xeva`dgx`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 797

G$6$ Aeg|uveaedx jc gxxv`x`jd $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 797

G$<$ H`ccevedle| gajdi xbe xbvee aeg|uve| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 796

G$8$ Xvedh| `d egvkp xeva`dgx`jd*ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 79<



s`

G$5$ Sjkudxeev ve|ìdgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 795

G$3$ Agdgi`di ve|ìdgx`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 799

G$9$ Udhev|xgdh`di ybgx ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| aeg|uve $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 792

G$2$ Ve|ìdgx`jd| gdh ljudxvp h`velxjv gdh ~j|x ~evcjvagdle $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ 790

G$0$ Ve|ìdgx`jd| gdh Sjkudxeev à~glx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 790 G$7>$ Ljdxvjkkgfke ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 790

G$77$ ^ves`ju| xg|m cjvle |xuhè| jd vehul`di ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 72>

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 727

F$7$ Edljuvgi`di erxed|`jd| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 727

F$6$ Er~elxgx`jd| agdgieaedx $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 727


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 726


L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 72<

R@$ \XVEDIXBED@DI XB@VH IJGK GLX@S@X@E\ GDH VE^JVX@DI AELBGD@\A\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 725

G$ HE\LV@^X@JD JC LUVVEDX ^VJLE\\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 725

G$7$ Fglmivjudh $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 725

G$6$ @dxev~vex`di xbe xb`vh ijgk $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 725

G$<$ Eccjvx| xj glbèse xbe xb`vh ijgk $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 729

G$8$ Ajd`xjv`di gdh ve~jvx`di jc luvvedx xb`vh ijgk aelbgd`|a| jc Sjkudxeev| gdh vexuvdeh

Sjkudxeev| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 705

G$5$ @dledx`se| gdh gygvh| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 703

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 709

F$7$ \ìd`c`lgdle jc xbe xb`vh ijgk `d xbe lja`di pegv| $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 709

F$6$ Ljvve|~jdhedle Agxlb ^vjivga $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 702

F$<$ @dxeivgxeh ^vjivgaa di gdh Fuhiex \p|xea "@^F\ ^vjle|| $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$ $$$ 702

F$8$ ^kgd| cjv juxveglb gdh edbgdleaedx cvja xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx $$$$$$$$$$$ 702


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 700


L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd|$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6>7



s``

GLVJDPA K@\X

GJ Gha`d`|xvgx`se Jcc`lev

G^LH G||jl`gxe êgle Ljv~| H`velxjv

G^LAJ Gveg êgle Ljv~| Aeh`lgk Jcc`levLH Ljudxvp H`velxjv

LHG Ljudxvp He|m G||`|xgdx

LHU Ljudxvp He|m Ud`x

LBJ^\ Lbèc jc J~evgx`jd|

LCJ Lbèc C`dgdl`gk Jcc`lev

L@J Lbèc @dcjvagx`jd Jcc`lev

LJ\ Lkj|e jc \evs`le

LYY\ Ljsevhekk Yjvkh Y`|e \lbjjk| "~vjivga

EAG Euvj~e+ Aeh`xevvgdegd+ gdh G|`g Vei`jd

EX Egvkp Xeva`dgx`jd

C\D Cjveìd \evs`le Dgx`jdgkCP C`|lgk Pegv

IGJ Iedevgk Glljudx`di Jcc`le

IL Iedevgk Ljud|ek

BLD Bj|x Ljudxvp Dgx`jdgk

BH@ Buagd Hesekj~aedx @dher

BVA Buagd Ve|juvle| Agdgieaedx

@G^ @dxev!Gaev`lg gdh ^gl`c`l vei`jd

@\X @d!|evs`le Xvg`d`di

@^G @dxevijsevdaedxgk êv|jddek Glx

@^F\ @dxeivgxeh vjivgaa`di gdh Fuhiex \p|xea

@I @d|~elxjv Iedevgk

@X @dcjvagx`jd XelbdjkjipOLGBJ Oj`dx Ljaa`||`jd jd Gllveh`xgx`jd jc Begkxblgve Jvigd`zgx`jd|

M\G Mdjykehie+ \m`kk|+ gdh Gf`k`xè|

Aehesgl Aeh`lgk Esglugx`jd

A@ Ag|xev‐| @dxevdgx`jdgk "~vjivga

AJG Aeajvgdhua jc Giveeaedx

AJU Aeajvgdhua jc Udhev|xgdh`di

A\ Agdugk \elx`jd

DIJ Djdijsevdaedxgk Jvigd`zgx`jd

JGLA Jcc`le jc Glwu`|`x`jd gdh Ljdxvglx Agdgieaedx

JLCJ Jcc`le jc xbe Lbèc C`dgdl`gk Jcc`lev

JL@J Jcc`le jc Lbèc @dcjvagx`jd Jcc`lev

JIJ Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|

JA\ Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le|

J^GX\ Jcc`le jc ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx

JÊ Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx

J^\@ Jcc`le jc ^v`sgxe \elxjv @d`x`gx`se|

J\@V^ Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb+ gdh ^kgdd`di

J\X Jsev|eg| \xgcc Xvg`d`di

^LAJ êgle Ljv~| Aeh`lgk Jcc`lev



s```

^LV êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e

^LVS êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev

^LX êgle Ljv~| Xvg`dee

^LS êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev

^LSB\ êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev Begkxb \p|xea

^LSK êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev Keghev

Ê^CGV ^ve|`hedx‐| Eaeviedlp ^kgd cjv G@H\ Vekèc

^\L êv|jdgk \evs`le Ljdxvglxjv

^\X ^ve!\evs`le Xvg`d`di

^XJ ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di Jcc`lev

WXV\ Wugvxevkp Xvg`dee Ve~jvx \uaagvp

V^LS Vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev

VVJ Vei`jdgk Velvu`xaedx Jcc`le

\^G \agkk vjoelx G||`|xgdle

\#\ \gcexp gdh \eluv`xp

\XVGX \xvgxei`l Velvu`xev

XHP Xea~jvgvp Huxp

XECK Xeglb`di Edik`|b g| g Cjveìd KgdiugieXE\K Xeglb`di Edik`|b g| g \eljdh Kgdiugie

XJX Xvg`d`di jc Xvg`dev|

U\G@H U$\$ Giedlp cjv @dxevdgx`jdgk Hesekj~aedx

U\HB U$\$ H`velx B`ve

SGL Sjkudxeev Ghs`|jvp Ljaa`xxee

SGH Sjkudxeev G||ìdaedx He|lv`~x`jd

SH\ Sjkudxeev Hek`sevp \p|xea

SV\ Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd

S\ Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx

S*X Sjkudxeev*Xvg`dee



`r

XB@\ GIE KECX @DXEDX@JDGKKP FKGDM



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yjvkh ~egle gdh cvèdh|b`~‘bg| xbvee

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6$ Bek~`di ~vjajxe g fexxev

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G$ G S@\@JD CJV XBE ÊGLE LJV^\ GX C@CXP

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~g||`jd xbgx hvjse xbe lvegx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~| `| |x`kk sevp es`hedx `d xbe k`se| jc xbe Sjkudxeev| ybj

|evse gvjudh xbe yjvkh xjhgp$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| gx c`cxp `| veghp cjv g |xvjdi dey fei`dd`di‘vjjxeh d xbe

s`fvgdx ~g|x jc xbj|e egvkp pegv|+ pex veghp xj bgvde|| xyedxp!c`v|x ledxuvp Gaev`lgd `dxekkelxugk ~jyev+

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Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| |x`kk sevp aulb `d heagdh cvja fjxb `x| bj|x

ljudxvè| gdh xbe Gaev`lgd ~ufk`l$ ^ve|`hedx| gdh lgf dex

a`d`|xev| `d hjzed| jc ljudxvè| lveh`x xbe`v |xgvx xj êgle Ljv~|

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Sjkudxeev| `d 99 bj|x dgx`jd| gve m`dhk`di g c`ve `d xbe keghev| jc xjajvvjy$ Xbe cglx xbgx vewue|x| cjv Sjkudxeev| |x`kk cgv erleeh

xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ lg~gl`xp xj ~kgle xbea y`xb`d `x| fuhiex `| g

lkegv gdh ljds`dl`di aeg|uve jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ à~jvxgdle xj

agdp dgx jd| gdh x| à~glx gvjudh xbe yjvkh$ êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev| gve Gaev`lg‐| fe|x gdh aj|x lj|x eccelx`se ivg||vjjx|

hesekj~aedx yjvmev|+ agid`cp`di xbe à~glx jc ijsevdaedx gdh

hjdjv `dse|xaedx| gx xbe ljaaud`xp kesek gdh ed|uv`di xbgx

eccjvx| cudheh fp jxbev| gve ljaaud`xp!jydeh gdh |u|xg`deh$

êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| gve Gaev`lg‐| fe|x gafg||ghjv|+ fu`kh`di vekgx`jd|b`~| y`xb |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev

ljudxvè| cvja xbe ivjudh u~ `d ljaaud`xè| glvj|| xbe ikjfe$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega g|meh xbe wue|x`jd+ ‛@c xbe êgle Ljv~| yeve lvegxeh xjhgp+ ybgx |bjukh `x kjjm k`me:‑

Xbe gd|yev?

‛Xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk fe g keghev+ `d ~gvxdev|b`~ y`xb jxbev|+ `d xbe ikjfgk eccjvx xj cuvxbev buagd

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ke|| `d xbe vegv!sèy a`vvjv gx `x| v`lb b`|xjvp+ fux vgxbev+ kjjm cjvygvh c`vakp fekès`di `x| fe|x hgp| gve pex

xj ljae$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| djx jdkp |x`kk vekesgdx‘`x `| ajve à~jvxgdx xbgd esev `d xb`| `dlveg|`dikp lja~kerxyedxp!c`v|x ledxuvp yjvkh$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ keghev|b ~ `| veghp xj xgme xbe giedlp xj g dey kesek jc

edigieaedx+ y`xb gd `d|~`v`di dey |xvgxeip xj fjxb ves`xgk`ze xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh glbèse esed ivegxev

à~glx `d xbe dgx`jd| `x |evse|$



6

F$ XBE ÊGLE LJV^\‐ A@\\@JD GDH XBVEE IJGK\

Xbe giedlp‐| a`||`jd gdh xbvee ijgk| bgse b`|xjv`lgkkp ~vjs`heh xbe cvgaeyjvm cjv hec`d`di `x| s`|`jd‘gdh

|bjukh ljdx`due xj hj |j d xbe cuxuve$ Bjyesev+ xbe xbvee ijgk| gve djx |ucc`l edx cjv |exx`di xbe giedlp‐|

cuxuve h`velx`jd+ gvx`lukgx`di `x| vjke `d xbe yjvkh+ gdh e|xgfk`|b`di xbe fg|ek`de gdh vecevedle ~j`dx| cjv

|xvgxei`l hel`| jd!agm`di `d xbe cuxuve$ Yb`ke xbe xbvee ijgk| |x`kk veag`d ~gvgajudx+ xbe êgle Ljv~|

deeh| xj lkegvkp gvx`lukgxe `x| |xvgxeiè| cjv bjy `x y`kk aeex `x| xbvee ijgk| `d g yjvkh sevp h`ccevedx cvja xbe

jde `d 7037 ybed `x yg| cjudheh$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ dey |xvgxeip au|x xgme `dxj glljudx xbe lbgdi`di cgle

jc fjxb xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gdh xbe ljudxvè| `x |evse|$ Xbe xyedxp!c`v|x ledxuvp êgle Ljv~| `| cukkp lg~gfke

jc glbès`di ajve xbgd esev fecjve+ fux deeh| g fexxev vjghag~ xj |xvgxei`lgkkp iu`he `x| cuxuve$

G| xbe yjvkh bg| ghsgdleh gdh feljae ajve |j~b`|x`lgxeh xbvjuib dey xelbdjkjiè|+ g| dey ~vjfkea|

bgse gv`|ed gdh jkh ~vjfkea| bgse vesegkeh xbe`v lja~ker`xp gdh `dxvglxgf`k`xp+ xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj

esjkse `d jvhev xj fexxev ~ve~gve gdh |u~~jvx Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe`v ~gvxdev| `d ghhve||`di ljaaud`xp deeh|$

Ljudxvè| yjvkhy`he djy bgse ud sev|`xp xvg`deh keghev| gdh dgx`jdgk hesekj~aedx |xvgxeiè|$ Xbep gk|j

bgse bìb er~elxgx`jd| jc xbe Gaev`lgd| ybj ljae xj k`se gdh yjvm `d xbe`v ljaaud xè|$ Dj kjdiev lgd

xbe giedlp |edh Sjkudxeev| xj |evse y`xbjux ed|uv`di xbgx xbeve `| à~jvxgdx yjvm gyg`x`di xbea gdh xbgxxbep bgse vele`seh xbe sevp fe|x xvg`d`di gdh ~ve~gvgx`jd cjv lja~kex`di xbe`v g||ìdaedx|$

Dj kjdiev `| xbe êgle Ljv~| xbe jdkp Gaev`lgd sjkudxeev jvigd`zgx`jd j~evgx`di `dxevdgx`jdgkkp$ Xjhgp‐|

Sjkudxeev| bgse agdp jxbev j~x`jd| cjv |evs`le gdh gve gygve jc xbj|e j~x`jd|$ Xbe giedlp deeh| xj

veljid`ze xbgx `x j~evgxe| `d g cgv ajve lja~ex`x`se eds`vjdaedx gdh ghj~x g dey velvu`x`di ajhek |j xbgx `x

lgd ljdx`due xj gxxvglx xbe sevp fe|x Sjkudxeev|$

C`dgkkp+ Gaev`lgd| bjkh xbe êgle Ljv~| glljudxgfke cjv u|`di |lgvle ve|juvle| `d xbe aj|x eccelx`se ygp|

~j||`fke$ Xbe giedlp deeh| xj agr a`ze `x| à~glx+ gdh hj`di |j vewu`ve| g vìjvju| hel`|`jd!agm`di

~vjle|| xj j~xà`ze ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd+ gdh gd glx`se ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd cudlx`jd xbgx aeg|uve|

~vjive|| gdh |xvedixbed| agdgieaedx hel`|`jd|$

Xbe|e ae||gie| lgae xbvjuib kjuh gdh lkegv `d xbe `dxevsèy| xbe g||e||aedx xega ljdhulxeh+ xbe ve~jvx|

xbe xega vesèyeh+ gdh xbe budhveh| jc ve|~jd|e| xbe xega vele`seh cvja Sjkudxeev|+ vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+

giedlp |xgcc+ bj|x ljudxvp ~gvxdev|+ Aeafev| jc Ljdive|| gdh xbe`v |xgcc+ gdh jxbev|$ @c xbe êgle Ljv~| `|

xj aeex xbe heagdh| jc xbe 67|x ledxuvp+ `x au|x hesekj~ g hpdga`l ~kgd jc glx`jd y`xb lkegvkp gvx`lukgxeh

|xvgxeiè| xj xgme `x `dxj xbe derx 5> pegv|$

G| |xgxeh gx xbe jux|ex+ xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xb`| `| g mep ajaedx xj vedey erl`xeaedx cjv xbe

ud`wue er~evèdle xbgx êgle Ljv~| |evs`le ~vjs`he|+ xj `dlveg|e edigieaedx y`xb xbe `dxevdgx`jdgk

ljaaud`xp xbvjuib lvegx`se gdh `ddjsgx`se ~gvxdev|b`~|+ gdh xj edbgdle xbe eccelx`sede|| jc xbe êgle

Ljv~| yjvkhy`he$

L$ XBE GIEDLP G\\E\\AEDX

L$7$ Fglmivjudh

Xbe Ljd|jk`hgxeh G~~vj~v`gx`jd| Glx+ 6>7> "ûfk`l Kgy 777!779 edglxeh jd Heleafev 73+ 6>>0 ~vjs`heh

xbe êgle Ljv~| y`xb xbe kgvie|x pegv!xj!pegv cudh`di `dlveg|e `d ajve xbgd g helghe$ @x gk|j `dlkuheh g



<

~vjs`|`jd vewu`v`di xbe H`velxjv jc xbe êgle Ljv~| xj |ufa`x g ve~jvx xj xbe Ljaa`xxee| jd G~~vj~v`gx`jd|

jd xbe c`dh`di| jc g lja~vebed|`se g||e||aedx `d xbe gveg| k`|xeh fekjy?

7$ @a~vjs`di xbe velvu`xaedx gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| xj gxxvglx g y`he h`sev|`xp jc bìbkp gdh g~~vj~v`gxekp

|m`kkeh sjkudxeev|=

6$ Xvg`d`di gdh aeh`lgk lgve cjv sjkudxeev| gdh |xgcc=

<$ Ghou|x`di sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx xj veckelx ~v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| `dxeve|x|+ ljudxvp deeh| gdh

ljaa`xaedx xj |bgveh ijgk|+ gdh sjkudxeev |m`kk|=

8$ Ljjvh`dgx`di y`xb dxevdgx`jdgk gdh bj|x ljudxvp hesekj~aedx g||`|xgdle jvigd`zgx`jd|=

5$ Kjyev`di egvkp xeva`dgx`jd vgxe|=

3$ \xvedixbed`di agdgieaedx gdh `dhe~edhedx esgkugx`jd gdh jsev|ìbx= gdh+

9$ Gdp jxbev |xe~| deeheh xj ed|uve xbe eccelx`se u|e jc ve|juvle| gdh sjkudxeev|+ gdh xj ~ve~gve cjv gdh

à~keaedx gd g~~vj~v`gxe er~gd|`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$

Xbe H`velxjv jc xbe giedlp gk|j g|meh xbe g||e||aedx xega xj ghhve|| bjy xbe giedlp lgd fe|x |xvedixbed

xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| gdh giedlp ve~jvx`di aelbgd`|a|$

L$6$ G||e||aedx aexbjhjkjip

Xbe g||e||aedx aexbjhjkjip | he|lv`feh `d ivegxev hexg`k `d lbg~xev @@@ jc xb`| ve~jvx$ G agojv bgkkagvm jc

xbe giedlp g||e||aedx yg| xbe juxveglb eccjvx ux`k`zeh fp xbe xega xj igxbev g kgvie duafev jc h`sev|e

j~`d`jd| cvja gkk |xgmebjkhev|$ Xbe jf|evsgx`jd|+ ljdlku|`jd|+ gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| ~ve|edxeh `d xb`|

ve~jvx gve fg|eh jd xb`| agojv juxveglb `d`x`gx`se xbgx iedevgxeh |xvjdi `d~ux cvja aukx`~ke |juvle|+

`dlkuh`di?

… Gd erxed|`se k`xevgxuve vesèy `dlkuheh `dxevdgk hjluaedx| gdh erxevdgk hjluaedx| cvja fjxb

|u~~jvxev| gdh lv`x`l| jc xbe giedlp=

… Aeex`di| gdh `dxevsèy| y`xb |xgmebjkhev|+ `dlkuh`di luvvedx gdh cjvaev êgle Ljv~| |xgcc+

vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|+ luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev|+ gdh aeafev| jc Ljdive|| gdh

ljdive||`jdgk |xgcc=

… \uvsep| jd luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev|+ vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+ gdh deykp velvu`xeh Sjkudxeev| g|

xbep ~ve~gveh xj xvgsek xj xbe`v ~j|x|=

… G |xvjdi juxveglb eccjvx |jk`l`x`di `d~ux cvja luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev| gdh êgle Ljv~| |xgcc

xbvjuib gd e!ag`k ghhve|| lvegxeh fp xbe g||e||aedx xega cjv xb`| ~uv~j|e=

… \xvgxei`l ~kgdd`di |e||`jd| y`xb xbe giedlp‐| agdgieaedx xega= gdh+

… ^gvx`l`~gx`jd `d giedlp ljdcevedle| y`xb ljudxvp h`velxjv|+ ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev|+ gdh

`dxevdgk yjvm`di ivju~|$

Xbe juxveglb eccjvx pèkheh |jae à~jvxgdx lvj||!luxx`di xbeae| xbgx `d xuvd keh xj xbe hesekj~aedx jc xbe

s`|`jd+ xbe |`r |u~~jvx`di |xvgxeiè|+ gdh xbe à~keaedxgx`jd ~kgd ~ve|edxeh `d xb`| ve~jvx$

L$<$ Jvigd`zgx`jd jc xbe ve~jvx

Xbe ve~jvx `| h`s`heh `dxj ekesed lbg~xev| xbgx ve|~jdh xj xbe |esed gveg| k`|xeh `d xbe Ljd|jk`hgxeh

G~~vj~v`gx`jd| Glx+ 6>7> edglxeh jd Heleafev 73+ 6>>0$

Eglb lbg~xev jc xbe ag`d fjhp jc xbe ve~jvx ljd|`|x| jc xbvee |elx`jd|?



5

Xbe êgle Ljv~|) a`||`jd‘xj ~vjajxe

yjvkh ~egle gdh cvèdh|b`~‘bg| xbvee

ijgk|?

7$ Bek~`di xbe ~ej~ke jc `dxeve|xeh

ljudxvè| `d aeex`di xbe`v deeh cjv

xvg`deh aed gdh yjaed$

6$ Bek~`di ~vjajxe g fexxev

udhev|xgdh`di jc Gaev`lgd| jd xbe

~gvx jc xbe ~ej~ke| |evseh$

<$ Bek~`di ~vjajxe g fexxev

udhev|xgdh`di jc jxbev ~ej~ke| jd xbe

~gvx jc Gaev`lgd|$

@@$ S@\@JD

G$ S@\@JD CJV XBE ÊGLE LJV^\ GX C@CXP

C`cxp pegv| gij+ ^ve|`hedx Meddehp kgudlbeh gd `ddjsgx`se dey ~vjivga xj |~egvbegh ~vjive|| `d

hesekj~`di ljudxvè| gdh ~vjajxe auxugk udhev|xgdh`di fexyeed xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gdh xbe ~ej~ke jc xbe

yjvkh$ C`cxp pegv| kgxev+ xbe a`|| jd gdh xbe xbvee ijgk| xbgx `d|~`veh xbe f`vxb jc xbe êgle Ljv~| gve |x`kk

vekesgdx$ Xbe ~g||`jd xbgx hvjse xbe lvegx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~| `| |x`kk sevp es`hedx `d xbe k`se| jc xbe

Sjkudxeev| ybj |evse gvjudh xbe yjvkh xjhgp$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| gx c`cxp `| veghp cjv g |xvjdi dey

fei`dd`di‘vjjxeh `d xbe s`fvgdx ~g|x jc xbj|e egvkp hgp|+ pex veghp xj bgvde|| xyedxp!c`v|x ledxuvp

Gaev`lgd dxekkelxugk ~jyev+ ddjsgx`jd gdh ljaa`xaedx xj ve|ukx|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| |x`kk sevp aulb `d heagdh cvja fjxb `x| bj|x

ljudxvè| gdh xbe Gaev`lgd ~ufk`l$ ^ve|`hedx| gdh lgf dex

a`d`|xev| `d hjzed| jc ljudxvè| lveh`x xbe`v |xgvx xj êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev| ybj xjulbeh xbe`v k`se| gx gd egvkp gie$ êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev| `d 99 bj|x dgx`jd| gve m`dhk`di g c`ve `d xbe keghev| jc xjajvvjy$ Xbe cglx xbgx vewue|x| cjv Sjkudxeev| |x`kk cgv erleeh

xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ lg~gl`xp xj ~kgle xbea y`xb`d `x| fuhiex `| g

lkegv gdh ljds`dl`di aeg|uve jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ à~jvxgdle xj

agdp dgx jd| gdh x| à~glx gvjudh xbe yjvkh$ êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev| gve Gaev`lg‐| fe|x gdh aj|x lj|x eccelx`se ivg||vjjx|

hesekj~aedx yjvmev|+ agid`cp`di xbe à~glx jc ijsevdaedx gdh

hjdjv `dse|xaedx| gx xbe ljaaud`xp kesek gdh ed|uv`di xbgx

eccjvx| cudheh fp jxbev| gve ljaaud`xp!jydeh gdh |u|xg`deh$

êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| gve Gaev`lg‐| fe|x gafg||ghjv|+ fu`kh`di vekgx`jd|b`~| y`xb |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev

ljudxvè| cvja xbe ivjudh u~ `d ljaaud`xè| glvj|| xbe ikjfe$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega g|meh xbe wue|x`jd+ ‛@c xbe êgle Ljv~| yeve lvegxeh xjhgp+ ybgx |bjukh `x kjjm k`me:‑

Xbe gd|yev?

‛Xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk fe g keghev+ `d ~gvxdev|b`~ y`xb jxbev|+ `d xbe ikjfgk eccjvx xj cuvxbev buagd

~vjive|| gdh cj|xev udhev|xgdh`di gdh ve|~elx gajdi ~ej~ke$‑

Erl`xeaedx+ edigieaedx+ gdh eccelx`sede|| gve xbe xeva| xbgx |bjukh lbgvglxev`ze xbe êgle Ljv~| g| `x

ajse| `dxj xbe cuxuve$ G| xbe giedlp ~ve~gve| xj xuvd c`cxp+ xbe giedlp deeh| xj ~j|`x`jd `x|ekc xj fe jde xbgx

kjjm| ke|| `d xbe vegv!sèy a`vvjv gx `x| v`lb b`|xjvp+ fux vgxbev+ kjjm| cjvygvh c`vakp fekès`di `x| fe|x hgp|

gve pex xj ljae$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| djx jdkp |x`kk vekesgdx‘`x `| ajve à~jvxgdx xbgd esev `d xb`| `dlveg|`dikp lja~kerxyedxp!c`v|x ledxuvp yjvkh$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ keghev|b`~ `| veghp xj xgme xbe giedlp xj g dey kesek jc

edigieaedx+ y`xb gd `d|~`v`di dey |xvgxeip xj fjxb ves`xgk`ze xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh glbèse esed ivegxev

à~glx `d xbe dgx`jd| `x |evse|$



3

F$ XBE ÊGLE LJV^\‐ A@\\@JD GDH XBVEE IJGK\

Xbe giedlp‐| a`||`jd gdh xbvee ijgk| bgse b`|xjv`lgkkp ~vjs`heh xbe cvgaeyjvm cjv hec`d`di `x| s`|`jd‘gdh

|bjukh ljdx`due xj hj |j d xbe cuxuve$ Bjyesev+ xbe xbvee ijgk| gve djx |ucc`l edx cjv |exx`di xbe giedlp‐|

cuxuve h`velx`jd+ gvx`lukgx`di `x| vjke `d xbe yjvkh+ gdh e|xgfk`|b`di xbe fg|ek`de gdh vecevedle ~j`dx| cjv

|xvgxei`l hel`| jd!agm`di `d xbe cuxuve$ Yb`ke xbe xbvee ijgk| |x`kk veag`d ~gvgajudx+ xbe êgle Ljv~|

deeh| xj lkegvkp gvx`lukgxe `x| |xvgxeiè| cjv bjy `x y`kk aeex `x| xbvee ijgk| `d g yjvkh sevp h`ccevedx cvja xbe

jde `d 7037 ybed `x yg| cjudheh$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ dey |xvgxeip au|x xgme `dxj glljudx xbe lbgdi`di cgle

jc fjxb xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gdh xbe ljudxvè| `d yb`lb x |evse|$ Xbe xyedxp!c`v|x ledxuvp êgle Ljv~| `|

cukkp lg~gfke jc glbès`di ajve xbgd esev fecjve+ fux deeh| g fexxev vjghag~ xj |xvgxei`lgkkp iu`he `x|

cuxuve$

G| xbe yjvkh bg| ghsgdleh gdh feljae ajve |j~b`|x`lgxeh xbvjuib dey xelbdjkjiè|+ g| dey ~vjfkea|

bgse gv`|ed gdh jkh ~vjfkea| bgse vesegkeh xbe`v lja~ker`xp gdh `dxvglxgf`k`xp+ xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj

esjkse g| yekk `d jvhev xj fexxev ~ve~gve gdh |u~~jvx Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe`v ~gvxdev| xj ghhve|| ljaaud`xp

deeh|$

Ljudxvè| yjvkhy`he djy bgse ud sev|`xp xvg`deh keghev| gdh dgx`jdgk hesekj~aedx |xvgxeiè|$ Xbep gk|jbgse bìb er~elxgx`jd| jc xbe Gaev lgd| ybj ljae xj k`se gdh yjvm `d xbe`v ljaaud xè|$ Dj kjdiev lgd

xbe giedlp |edh Sjkudxeev| xj |evse y`xbjux ed|uv`di xbgx xbeve `| à~jvxgdx yjvm gyg`x`di xbea gdh xbgx

xbep bgse vele`seh xbe sevp fe|x xvg`d`di gdh ~ve~gvgx`jd cjv lja~kex`di xbe`v g||ìdaedx|$

Dj kjdiev `| xbe êgle Ljv~| xbe jdkp Gaev`lgd sjkudxeev jvigd`zgx`jd j~evgx`di `dxevdgx`jdgkkp$ Xjhgp‐|

Sjkudxeev| bgse agdp jxbev j~x`jd| cjv |evs`le gdh gve gygve jc xbj|e j~x`jd|$ Xbe giedlp deeh| xj

veljid`ze xbgx `x j~evgxe| `d g cgv ajve lja~ex`x`se eds`vjdaedx gdh ghj~x g dey velvu`x`di ajhek |j xbgx `x

lgd ljdx`due xj gxxvglx xbe sevp fe|x Sjkudxeev|$

C`dgkkp+ Gaev`lgd| bjkh xbe êgle Ljv~| glljudxgfke cjv u|`di |lgvle ve|juvle| `d xbe aj|x eccelx`se ygp|

~j||`fke$ Xbe giedlp deeh| xj agr a`ze `x| à~glx+ gdh hj`di |j vewu`ve| g vìjvju| hel`|`jd!agm`di

~vjle|| xj j~xà`ze ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd+ gdh gd glx`se ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd cudlx`jd xbgx aeg|uve|

~vjive|| gdh |xvedixbed| agdgieaedx hel`|`jd|$

Xbe|e ae||gie| lgae xbvjuib kjuh gdh lkegv `d xbe `dxevsèy| xbe g||e||aedx xega ljdhulxeh+ xbe ve~jvx|

xbe xega vesèyeh+ gdh xbe budhveh| jc ve|~jd|e| xbe xega vele`seh cvja Sjkudxeev|+ vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+

giedlp |xgcc+ bj|x ljudxvp ~gvxdev|+ Aeafev| jc Ljdive|| gdh xbe`v |xgcc+ gdh jxbev|$ @c xbe êgle Ljv~| `|

xj aeex xbe heagdh| jc xbe 67|x ledxuvp+ `x au|x hesekj~ g hpdga`l ~kgd jc glx`jd y`xb lkegvkp gvx`lukgxeh

|xvgxeiè| xj xgme `x `dxj `x| derx 5> pegv|$

G| |xgxeh gx xbe jux|ex+ xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xb`| `| g mep ajaedx xj vedey erl`xeaedx cjv xbe

ud`wue er~evèdle xbgx êgle Ljv~| |evs`le ~vjs`he|+ xj `dlveg|e edigieaedx y`xb xbe `dxevdgx`jdgk

ljaaud`xp xbvjuib lvegx`se gdh `ddjsgx`se ~gvxdev|b`~|+ gdh xj edbgdle xbe eccelx`sede|| jc xbe êgleLjv~| yjvkhy`he$

L$ KE\\JD\ KEGVDEH? LV@X@LGK EKEAEDX\ JC G \XVGXEIP CJV XBE ÊGLE LJV^\

Ybed xbe g||e||aedx xega g|meh xbe fvjghev êgle Ljv~| ljaaud`xp cjv j~`d`jd| jd |xvedixbed`di xbe

giedlp+ xbeve yg| dj |bjvxgie jc ~g||`jdgxe ve|~jd|e|$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega gdgkpzeh xb`| v`lb‘gdh

gfudhgdx‘ceehfglm xj hexeva`de ljaajd ekeaedx| aedx`jdeh cvja sgvp`di ~ev|~elx`se| gdh kjjmeh xj



9

fu`kh jd xbe|e ekeaedx| xj hesekj~ g |xvgxeip cjv vecjva`di j~evgx`jd|$ Xbe g||e||aedx ve~jvx `| ivjudheh

`d xbe|e cjuv lv`x`lgk ekeaedx|+ yb`lb gve xbe mep |xvedixb| gdh udhev|xgdh`di| kegvdeh cvja 80 pegv| jc xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jd|$

L$7$ Aegd`dicuk yjvm

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |ulle|| gdh à~glx `| he~edhedx u~jd xbe giedlp‐| gf`k`xp xj ~vjs`he lg~gfke+ ~ve~gvehSjkudxeev| xj aeex hec`deh bj|x ljudxvp deeh| "Ijgk 7$ Ijgk 7 `| xbe edi`de xbgx ~ukk| xbe êgle Ljv~|

xvg`d+ gdh cgl`k`xgxe| xbe glbèseaedx jc Ijgk| 6 gdh < gàeh gx fu`kh`di ivegxev udhev|xgdh`di fexyeed

Gaev`lgd| gdh xbe yjvkh$ Xbevecjve+ xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ eccjvx gdh ve|juvle| |bjukh fe xgviexeh xj à~vjse

xbe wugk`xp gdh ~vjce||`jdgk`|a jc Sjkudxeev yjvm+ ed|uv`di esevp Sjkudxeev bg| g aegd`dicuk ojf gdh `|

~vj~evkp xvg`deh xj eccelx`sekp lgvvp `x jux$

L$6$ ^gvxdev

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| gx `x| fe|x ybed `x yjvm| y`xb gdh lja~keaedx| xbe eccjvx| jc jxbev|+ `dlkuh`di U$\$

ijsevdaedx ~gvxdev|$ Cjveìd ijsevdaedx|+ jvigd`zgx`jd|+ gdh ljaaud xè| gvjudh xbe yjvkh ~kgle

ljdc`hedle `d xbe êgle Ljv~| ybed vewue|x`di g Sjkudxeev$ Sjkudxeev| gve vewue|xeh fp bj|x ljudxvp~gvxdev| gdh agvmexeh fp xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |xgcc g| `dh`s`hugk| ybj ljae xj g||`|x xbe`v ljaaud`xè| gdh

~vjajxe auxugk udhev|xgdh`di$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ s`|`jd |bjukh veckelx xbe à~jvxgdle jc `x| vjke g| g

~gvxdev `d |u~~jvx`di kjlgkkp `hedx cèh hesekj~aedx ~v`jv`x e|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ à~glx `| a`dà`zeh gdh

|u|xg`dgf`k`xp `| kà`xeh+ ybed `x glx| g| gd `dhe~edhedx giedx y`xbjux |xvjdi ~gvxdev|$

L$<$ D`lbe

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jdgk ajhek `| ud`wue+ gdh `x `| gk|j `x| agojv |xvedixb$ Sjkudxeev| k`se gdh yjvm `d

ljaaud`xè| ybeve jxbev |evs`le jvigd`zgx`jd| xedh djx xj ij+ gdh xbep hj |j cjv erxedheh ~ev`jh| jc xàe$

Sjkudxeev| kegvd xbe kjlgk kgdiugie gdh lukxuve gdh xbe`v yjvm `| hv`sed fp ve|~elx cjv xbe`v bj|x|$ Xbe

vekgx`jd|b`~| xbgx Sjkudxeev| fu`kh y`xb xbe`v ~gvxdev| gx xbe dgx`jdgk gdh ljaaud`xp kesek gve fg|eh jd xb`|

ud`wue g~~vjglb$ @x gk|j cjva| xbe ljve jc xbe giedlp‐| eccelx`sede||$ Sevp cey jxbev jvigd zgx`jd| agmegdh glbèse |ulb ljaa`xaedx|‘dj jxbev U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlp ljae| lkj|e$

L$8$ Sjkudxeev|

G~~vjràgxekp 25 ~evledx jc xbe giedlp‐| Sjkudxeev| gve veledx ljkkeie ivghugxe| y`xb k`xxke jv dj

~vjce||`jdgk er~evèdle$ Yb`ke xbe velvu`xaedx jc `dh`s`hugk| y`xb ivegxev ~vjce||`jdgk |m`kk| gdh vekesgdx

|m`kk |ex| bg| `dlveg|eh `d veledx pegv|+ pjudiev+ ke|| er~evèdleh Sjkudxeev| y`kk ljdx`due xj cjva xbe

cjudhgx`jd cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx jd|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| au|x fe ljaa`xxeh xj ~vjs h`di xbe|e ke||

er~evèdleh Sjkudxeev| y`xb xbe |m`kk| xbep deeh xj fe eccelx`se+ gdh xj g||ìd`di xbea xj ljaaud`xè|

ybeve xbe`v |m`kk| gdh er~evx`|e gkkjy xbea xj bgse aegd`dicuk yjvm gdh g wugk`xp sjkudxeev er~evèdle$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh ljdx`due xj velvu`x bìbev |m`kkeh g~~k`lgdx|+ fux `x |bjukh ve|`|x ~kgdd`di g| `c xbe

agojv`xp jc `x| g~~k`lgdx| ljae gkveghp xvg`deh$

H$ XBE ÊGLE LJV^\‐ \@R ^J@DX \XVGXEIP

Fg|eh jd `d~ux xj xbe g||e||aedx cvja `dh`s`hugk| gdh ivju~| `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gdh jsev|eg|+ xbe

g||e||aedx xega yjvmeh y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |ed`jv keghev|b`~ xj hec`de g |ex jc |`r mep |xvgxeiè| xj



2

iu`he xbe giedlp `d xbe lja`di helghe$ Xbe|e |xvgxeiè| gve k`|xeh fekjy gdh xbed he|lv`feh `d ajve hexg`k

`d xbe cjkkjy`di |elx`jd$

Xbe cjkkjy`di |`r |xvgxeiè| gve xbe ledxev~èle jc xbgx eccjvx?

7$ Xgviex xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ve|juvle| gdh ljudxvp ~ve|edle glvj|| ljudxvè| glljvh`di xj |~el`c`l ljudxvp

|ekelx`jd lv`xev`g xj agrà`ze ivg||vjjx| hesekj~aedx à~glx gdh |xvedixbed vekgx`jd|b`~| y`xb xbehesekj~`di yjvkh$

6$ Cjlu| jd g ajve kà`xeh duafev jc bìbkp eccelx`se xelbd`lgk `dxevsedx`jd| xbgx y`kk edgfke xbe êgle

Ljv~| xj heajd|xvgxe à~glx gdh glbèse ikjfgk erlekkedle$

<$ Eafvgle iedevgk`|x Sjkudxeev|+ velvu`x xbea veljid`z`di xbe lja~ex`x`jd cjv xbe`v |evs`le|+ gdh ~vjs`he

xbea y`xb xvg`d`di gdh lja~vebed|`se |u~~jvx cjv |ulle|| `d xbe`v ~vjoelx gveg| gdh ljaaud`xp

juxveglb glx`s`xè|$

8$ Agme êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e gd edi`de jc `ddjsgx`jd fp ~`kjx`di dey ~vjivga| xj er~gdh xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ ~ve|edle gdh xelbd`lgk he~xb gdh `dlveg|e jsev|eg| |evs`le j~~jvxud`xè| cjv xgkedxehGaev`lgd|$

5$ Glx`sekp edigie Sjkudxeev|+ vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe Gaev`lgd ~ufk`l xbvjuib |xvjdi ~gvxdev|b`~|

y`xb ~v`sgxe |elxjv lja~gdè|+ |lbjjk|+ l`s`k |jlèxp+ vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev ivju~| gdh

ijsevdaedx giedlè| xj `dlveg|e udhev|xgdh`di jc jxbev lukxuve| gdh iedevgxe ljaa`xaedx xj

sjkudxeev`|a gdh ljaaud`xp |evs`le g| g ygp xj ‛ljdx`due |evs`le$‑

3$ \xvedixbed xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ agdgieaedx gdh j~evgx`jd| fp u|`di ajhevd xelbdjkjip+ `ddjsgx`se

g~~vjglbe| gdh à~vjseh fu|`de|| ~vjle||e| xbgx y`kk edgfke xbe giedlp xj eccelx`sekp lgvvp jux xb`|

dey |xvgxei`l s`|`jd$

E$ DEY \XVGXEI@E\ XJ AGID@CP ÊGLE LJV^\‐ ^VE\EDLE+ @A^GLX GDH VEGLB

7$ Xgviex xbe êgle Ljv~| ve|juvle| gdh ljudxvp ~ve|edle glvj|| ljudxvè| glljvh`di xj |~el`c`l

ljudxvp |ekelx`jd lv`xev`g xj agrà`ze ivg||vjjx| hesekj~aedx à~glx gdh |xvedixbed

vekgx`jd|b`~| y`xb xbe hesekj~`di yjvkh$

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ a`||`jd gdh ijgk| veag`d vekesgdx gdh xbe giedlp ljdx`due| xj fe jde jc xbe aj|x lj|x

eccelx`se U$\$ cjveìd g||`|xgdle ~vjivga|+ bjyesev xbe giedlp au|x hj g fexxev ojf ljdsep`di xb`| xj xbe

Gaev`lgd ~ej~ke$ @d ~gvx`lukgv+ xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj heajd|xvgxe xbgx `x `| glx`se `d xbj|e ljudxvè|

ybeve xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ghheh sgkue glbèse| xbe ivegxe|x à~glx gdh ybeve xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| y`kk fedec`x

cvja |xvedixbedeh vekgx`jd| gdh `dlveg|eh lvj||!lukxuvgk udhev|xgdh`di$

Xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| bg| agdp |xvgxei`l ~v`jv`xè|+ gdh xbe êgle Ljv~| `| ljaa`xxeh xj ghsgdl`di xbe|e

~v`jv`xè| `d xbe ljudxvè| ybeve `x |evse|+ g| kjdi g| xbep gve ljd|`|xedx y`xb bj|x ljudxvp ~v`jv`xè|$

Ybexbev xbe|e |xvgxei`l ~v`jv`xè| gve xelbd`lgk `d dgxuve "cjjh |eluv`xp+ B@S*G@H\+ ehulgx`jd jv vekgxe xj

fu`kh`di cvèdh|b`~| gdh `dlveg|eh udhev|xgdh`di+ xbep |bjukh fe ljd|`|xedx y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ a`||`jd$

G| he|lv`feh `d ivegxev hexg`k `d lbg~xev @S+ xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj g~~kp g ajve ljbevedx |xvgxeip `d

hexeva`d`di xbe |`ze gdh h`|xv`fux`jd jc `x| ljudxvp ~jvxcjk`j `d jvhev xj agme xbe aj|x |xvgxei`l u|e jc `x|



0

|lgvle ve|juvle|$ Xb`| gdgkp|`| |bjukh u|e |~el`c`l+ jfoelx`se ljudxvp |ekelx`jd lv`xev`g xj edgfke xbe giedlp

xj agme ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd hel`|`jd| xbgx y`kk agrà`ze glbèseaedx jc `x| xbvee ijgk| gdh ghsgdle xbe

~v`jv`xè| jc bj|x ljudxvp ~gvxdev| gdh xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| au|x gkygp| ed|uve xbgx xyj lv`xev`g veag`d ~gvgajudx `d `x| hel`|`jd xj ~kgle Sjkudxeev|?

g ljudxvp‐| ljaa`xaedx xj xbe êgle Ljv~|+ gdh xbe g||uvgdle xbgx xbe |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp jc Sjkudxeev|

gdh |xgcc lgd fe ag`dxg deh$ Fepjdh xbgx+ |jae jc xbe lv`xev g xbgx xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe

êgle Ljv~| u|e xj ljdhulx g ~jvxcjk`j vesèy `dlkuhe?

… Ljudxvè| ybeve xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| heajd|xvgxeh `x| eccelx`sede|| jv ybeve `x lgd fe hexeva`deh

xbgx `x lgd fe eccelx`se=

… Ljudxvè| ybeve xbe deeh cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga| `| ivegxe|x=

… Ljudxvè| ybeve xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~ve|edle lja~kàedx| jxbev U$\$ `dse|xaedx| gdh ~v`jv`xè|=

… Ljudxvè| heajd|xvgx`di lj|x eccelx`se j~evgx`jd| gdh |xvjdi agdgieaedx lg~gl`xp$

@d ljdhulx`di xb`| ~jvxcjk`j vesèy+ xbe êgle Ljv~| au|x fe veghp xj agme xbe xjuib lbj`le xj vehule

Sjkudxeev `d~ux jv esed lkj|e j~evgx jd| `d |jae ljudxvè|$ Xbe giedlp au|x gk|j ~vjglx`sekp |eem

j~~jvxud`xè| xj edxev dey ljudxvè| jv er~gdh ~vjivga| `d er`|x`di ljudxvè| ybeve `x lgd fe ajveeccelx`se$ Xbe ~vjle|| jc ljdhulx`di xb`| vesèy y`kk fe fg|eh jd er`|x`di hgxg |juvle| gdh `d~ux cvja xbe

giedlp‐| agdp |xgmebjkhev|$ @d xbe edh+ xbe ~vjle|| y`kk veckelx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ fe|x ouhiaedx jc ybeve `x

lgd |xvgxei`lgkkp agrà`ze `x| eccelx sede|| gdh à~glx$ Xbe giedlp bg| gkveghp `d`x`gxeh xbe ~vjle|| jc

udhevxgm`di xb`| ~jvxcjk`j vesèy gdh y`kk lja~kexe `x huv`di xbe cjuvxb wugvxev jc CP 6>7>$ Xbe giedlp

bg| gk|j ljaa`xxeh xj lgvvp`di jux xb`| ~jvxcjk`j vesèy gddugkkp+ `d xbe cjuvxb wugvxev jc esevp c`|lgk pegv$

6$ Cjlu| jd g ajve kà`xeh duafev jc bìbkp eccelx`se xelbd`lgk `dxevsedx`jd| xbgx y`kk edgfke xbe

êgle Ljv~| xj heajd|xvgxe à~glx gdh glbèse ikjfgk erlekkedle$

G mep ekeaedx jc xb`| |`r ~j`dx |xvgxeip `| eafvgl`di xbe cglx xbgx 25 ~evledx jc xbe giedlp‐| Sjkudxeev| gve

veledx ljkkeie ivghugxe| y`xb k`xxke jv dj ~vjce||`jdgk er~evèdle$ Xbe|e iedevgk |x| gve yekk!ehulgxeh+

bìbkp ajx`sgxeh+ gdh lg~gfke jc felja`di eccelx`se giedx| jc lbgdie y`xb xbe vìbx xvg`d`di gdh |u~~jvx$

Xvg`d`di ~vjivga| au|x fe xg`kjveh xj xbe deeh| jc xbe|e ke|| er~evèdleh Sjkudxeev|$ @c xbe êgle Ljv~| `|

xj fe g keghev `d xbe ikjfgk eccjvx xj cuvxbev buagd ~vjive||+ `x au|x fe xbe ~gvxdev jc lbj`le cjv cjveìd

ijsevdaedx|+ `dxevdgx jdgk jvigd`zgx`jd|+ gdh kjlgk ~gvxdev|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk jdkp glbèse xb`| |xgxu|

`c `x lgd xvg`d Sjkudxeev| xj hek`sev bìbkp eccelx`se xelbd`lgk `dxevsedx`jd| xbgx gve aj|x lv`x`lgk xj

ghhve||`di xbe deeh| `d xbe ljaaud`xè| xbep |evse$

Gkxbjuib xbe êgle Ljv~| |xgxe| xbgx Sjkudxeev| yjvm `d |`r ~vàgvp |elxjv| "ehulgx`jd+ begkxb gdh

B@S*G@H\+ giv`lukxuve+ eds`vjdaedx+ pjuxb hesekj~aedx gdh fu|`de||+ Sjkudxeev| glxugkkp yjvm `d 677

h`ccevedx ~vjoelx| xbgx lgd fe ivju~eh `dxj c`cxp h ccevedx xelbd`lgk ~vjivga|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| lgddjx

eccelx`sekp xvg`d gdh |u~~jvx Sjkudxeev| `d |j agdp h`ccevedx xelbd lgk ~vjivga|$ Cuvxbevajve+ ~vjoelx|

gve luvvedxkp he|ìdeh fp ~j|x| y`xb udesed giedlp iu`hgdle+ kà`xeh xelbd`lgk jsev|ìbx+ gdh a`dàgkj~~jvxud`xp cjv |bgv`di ijjh gdh ~vja`|`di ~vglx`le| gajdi ~j|x|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj `hedx`cp g |agkkev |ex jc xelbd`lgk `dxevsedx`jd| xbgx agrà`ze à~glx gdh xbgx

lgd fe eg|`kp ag|xeveh fp xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ iedevgk`|x Sjkudxeev|$ Jdle `hedx`cèh+ xbe giedlp deeh| xj

e|xgfk`|b xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di ~vjivga| gdh |u~~jvx `dsjks`di cgv ivegxev sìjv gdh he~xb xj ed|uve iedevgk`|x

Sjkudxeev| gve |judhkp ~ve~gveh cjv |evs`le$ Cjlu| hjyd‘xvg`d u~$



7>

Xbe giedlp |bjukh ljaa`x xj erlekkedle `d xb`| vehuleh |ex jc `dxevsedx`jd|+ gdh jvèdx `x| xvg`d`di+

~vjivgaa`di+ gdh agdgieaedx |u~~jvx xj xbgx edh$ Xbe|e xelbd`lgk `dxevsedx jd| y`kk gk|j fedec`x cvja

à~vjseh xelbd`lgk jsev|ìbx gdh ajve vìjvju| mdjykehie agdgieaedx xj cgl`k`xgxe lvj||!fjvhev |bgv`di$

G ajve cjlu|eh |xvgxei`l ked| y`kk gkkjy xbe êgle Ljv~| xj lvegxe ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb veljid`zeh xelbd`lgk

er~evx| cvja glghea`g+ l`s`k |jlèxp+ ijsevdaedx gdh xbe hjdjv ljaaud`xp `d eglb ~v`jv`xp |elxjv xj fexxev

`dcjva Sjkudxeev xvg d`di+ xelbd`lgk |u~~jvx+ ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd$ @hegkkp+ ~ve!|evs`le xvg`d`di y`kk

fe lja~keaedxeh y`xb |lbehukeh `d!|evs`le xvg`d`di+ xbe hesekj~aedx jc xgviexeh xjjk| gdh ojf g`h|+ gdh

veiukgv |u~evs`|`jd fp xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xvg`d`di gdh xelbd`lgk |~el`gk`|x|$ Fp yjvm`di lkj|ekp y`xb ikjfgk

keghev| `d xbe hesekj~aedx jc vìjvju| xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di+ `x agp fe ~j||`fke cjv Sjkudxeev| xj egvd g

levx`c`lgxe jc ~vjc`lèdlp yb`lb yjukh levx`cp xbe`v gxxg`daedx jc g |xgdhgvh jc lja~exedle `d xbgx |ufoelx$

\ulb g levx`c`lgx`jd yjukh |xvedixbed Sjkudxeev ajx`sgx`jd gdh jccev g lgveev fjj|x gx xbe edh jc xbe`v

|evs`le$

Yb`ke xbe g||e||aedx xega h`h djx ceek ljacjvxgfke hec`d`di xbe |ex jc `dxevsedx`jd| xbe êgle Ljv~|

|bjukh |ekelx+ xbe xega `| ljdc`hedx xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| xbe lg~gl`xp xj hexeva`de xbj|e xelbd`lgk gveg|

ybeve `x lgd fe aj|x eccelx`se$ Fp ljaf`d`di giedlp mdjykehie y`xb `d~ux gdh |xvgxei`l xb`dm`di cvja xbe

cèkh+ bj|x ljudxvè|+ U$\$ ijsevdaedx+ glghea`g gdh l`s`k |jlèxp ~gvxdev|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| lgd cjlu| xbeyjvm jc `x| Sjkudxeev|+ `d g ygp xbgx y`kk aj|x eccelx`sekp ljdxv`fuxe xj xbe dgx`jdgk hesekj~aedx jc xbe

bj|x ljudxvè|$ Xj g||`|x `d xbe ~v`jv`x`zgx`jd ~vjle||+ xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle

Ljv~| ljd|`hev xbe cjkkjy`di |ekelx`jd lv`xev`g `d agm`di `x| lbj`le|?

… Erlekkedle? Ybgx hj êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| hj fe|x:

… Heagdh? Ybgx hj xbe ljaaud`xè| gdh ~gvxdev| |evseh ygdx:

… \pdevip? Ybgx gve xbe |xvgxei l ~v`jv`xè| jc xbe bj|x ljudxvp gdh jc xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|:

… Xvg`d`di? Ybgx lgd xbe êgle Ljv~| eccelx`sekp xvg`d Sjkudxeev| `d xj glbèse g bìb kesek jc

|ulle|| `d xbe`v yjvm:

… @a~glx? Ybgx gve xbe xelbd`lgk gveg| ybeve xbe giedlp y`kk bgse xbe ivegxe|x à~glx:

G| xbe giedlp xgviex| `x| ~vjivga cjlu| gdh fu`kh| |xvjdiev xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di ~vjivga|+ xbe gf`k`xp jc eglb

Sjkudxeev xj yjvm y`xb xbe`v ljaaud`xp ~gvxdev| xj ghhve|| kjlgk deeh| fepjdh xbe Sjkudxeev‐| ~vàgvp

g||ìdaedx y`kk ljdx due xj fe g lv`x`lgk ekeaedx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ljdxv`fux`jd$ Cjv erga~ke+ g ygxev

|p|xea| Sjkudxeev yjukh |x`kk fe g||ìdeh y`xb g bj|x giedlp ~gvxdev gdh g bj|x ljudxev~gvx xj yjvm jd

ygxev |p|xea|$ Bjyesev+ xbe Sjkudxeev y`kk |x`kk fe edljuvgieh xj gk|j |xgvx g |jllev xega jv hesekj~ gd

Edik`|b lkuf$ êgle Ljv~| |xgcc jsev|eg| yjukh fe ljdc`hedx `d ~vjs h`di ~gvxdev| y`xb edxbu|`g|x`l

Sjkudxeev| lg~gfke jc `dxeivgx`di gdh yjvm`di gkjdi|`he xbea+ g| yekk g| Sjkudxeev| y`xb g~~k`lgfke |m`kk|

xj glbèse xbe ijgk| jc xbe`v g||ìdaedx|$

@d|xegh jc yg`x`di ajdxb| cjv aegd`dicuk yjvm `d xbe`v ljaaud`xè|‘g lbgkkedie er~ve||eh fp agdp

êgle Ljv~| |xgcc+ Sjkudxeev|+ gdh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| ~vjs`h`di `d~ux cjv xbe g||e||aedx‘`dh`s`hugk|

|evs`di y`xb`d g ajve cjlu|eh giedlp yjukh ljdxv`fuxe aulb egvkèv$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ eccelx`sede|| gdhà~glx yjukh `dlveg|e+ y`xb xbe |~`v`x jc ljaaud`xp |evs`le gdh ljaaud`xp `dxeivgx`jd `dxglx$

Xbe ~vjle|| jc `hedx`cp`di xbe xgviexeh `dxevsedx`jd| gdh hesekj~`di |xvjdiev xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di ~vjivga|

|bjukh ajse gbegh àaeh`gxekp+ gdh au|x hj |j y`xb gd udhev|xgdh`di xbgx djx gkk luvvedx ~vjoelx| y`kk

ljdx`due xj j~evgxe g| xbep bgse `d xbe ~g|x$ Xbe giedlp |bjukh ~vjleeh fp `hedx cp`di gdh vjkk`di jux

|ekelxeh `dxevsedx`jd| |ewuedx`gkkp+ `d|xegh jc gxxea~x`di xj à~keaedx xbe cukk |lj~e jc xbe ~vj~j|eh

cjlu|`di gx xb`| xàe$ @d eglb xgviex gveg+ xbe giedlp y`kk gk|j deeh xj hexeva`de xbe aj|x g~~vj~v`gxe



77

xvg`d`di luvv`lukua gdh fe|x hek`sevp aexbjh cjv xbgx xvg`d`di+ yjvm`di y`xb |xgcc xj |lgke!u~ xbgx

`dxevsedx`jd ~v`jv xj hedx`cp`di xbe derx$

<$ Eafvgle iedevgk`|x Sjkudxeev|+ velvu`x xbea veljid`z`di xbe lja~ex`x`jd cjv xbe`v |evs`le|+ gdh

~vjs`he xbea y`xb xvg`d`di gdh lja~vebed|`se |u~~jvx cjv |ulle|| `d xbe`v ~vjoelx gveg| gdh

ljaaud`xp juxveglb glx`s`xè|$

He|~`xe |ìd`c`lgdx giedlp eccjvx| jsev xbe pegv| xj gxxvglx Sjkudxeev| y`xb ivegxev ~vjce||`jdgk er~evèdle+

iedevgk`|x| lja~v`|e 25 ~evledx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ Sjkudxeev cjvle xjhgp+ gdh y`kk ljdx`due xj fe xbe

~vàgvp xgviex guhèdle cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ velvu`xaedx eccjvx|$ Bjyesev+ xjhgp‐| iedevgk`|x g~~k lgdx|

gve sevp h`ccevedx cvja xbe v ~vehele||jv|$ Xbep gve k`mekp xj fe xelbdjkji`lgkkp |gssp gdh bìbkp cjlu|eh

jd fu`kh`di g lgveev$ Xbep bgse h`ccevedx er~elxgx jd| gdh gve djx g| k`mekp xj yg`x jux xbe giedlp‐| xyekse

ajdxb g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| feigd g| g vesjkux jdgvp `heg$ @x lg~xuveh xbe àgi dgx`jd jc pjudi ~ej~ke `d xbe 703>|

gdh Gaev`lgd| oj`deh ed ag||e$ @x yg| xbe ~j|x ljkkeie er~evèdle cjv ghsedxuvju|+ ljaa`xxeh+ gkxvu`|x l

pjudi ~ej~ke$ G~gvx cvja a`|| jdgvp |evs`le+ `x yg| jde jc jdkp g cey j~x`jd| cjv ~ej~ke ybj kjdieh xj

|evse d dxevdgx`jdgk he|x`dgx`jd|$

Xjhgp‐| iedevgk`|x g~~k`lgdx bg| agdp gkxevdgx`se| xj xbe êgle Ljv~| xbgx h`h djx er |x `d xbe ~g|x$ Agdp

j~x`jd| cjv `dxevdgx`jdgk |evs`le `d sgv`ju| ~vjivgaagx`l |elxjv|+ iejivg~b`l kjlgx`jd|+ gdh kedixb| jc

|evs`le gve djy gsg`kgfke$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| cgle| lja~ex x`jd cvja hjae|x`l gdh `dxevdgx`jdgk sjkudxeev

jvigd`zgx`jd| xbgx gve |ulle||cukkp xg~~`di `dxj xbe agvmex cjv bìbkp ajx`sgxeh yekk!ehulgxeh ljkkeie

ivghugxe|‘xvgh`x jdgkkp xbe giedlp‐| cjlu|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| au|x fe y`kk`di xj ljd|`hev dey velvu`xaedx ajhek|+ u|`di gkk jc xbe hì`xgk xjjk| gdh

`dxev~ev|jdgk g~~vjglbe| xbgx g~~egk xj xjhgp‐| xgviex g~~k`lgdx$ Xbe giedlp |x`kk jccev| g ud`wue

`dxevdgx`jdgk sjkudxeev er~evèdle xbgx Gaev lgd‐| ljdx`due xj |eem$ Xbe xàe `| djy xj ves`xgk ze xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ velvu`xaedx gdh agvmex`di |xvgxeiè| xj lg~xuve xbe àgi`dgx`jd jc xjhgp‐| g~~k`lgdx| y`xb

ae||gie| xbgx g~~egk xj xbea ybeve xbep gve‘`d xbe`v bjae|+ lgv|+ ojf|+ lekk ~bjde|+ gdh lja~uxev|$

Jdle jd fjgvh+ xbe êgle Ljv~| au|x e|xgfk`|b g dey kesek jc ljaa`xaedx xj ed|uv`di Sjkudxeev| y`kk

vele`se yjvkh!lkg|| kgdiugie+ lukxuvgk gdh xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di `d ~ve~gvgx`jd cjv aegd`dicuk yjvm xbgx gyg`x|

xbea$ G~~k`lgdx| |bjukh kjjm xj xbe êgle Ljv~| g| xbe |evs`le j~x`jd jc lbj`le+ g| xbep mdjy xbgx xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ xvg`d`di ~vjs`he| vegk |m`kk|+ sgkugfke cjv xbe`v Sjkudxeev |evs`le gdh xbvjuibjux xbe`v

~vjce||`jdgk lgveev|$ G~~k`lgdx| |bjukh ceek ljdc`hedx xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xvg`d`di | cjkkjyeh fp gd

g||ìdaedx xj g ljaaud`xp ybeve xbe`v |m`kk| gdh er~evx`|e gve deeheh+ ygdxeh gdh y`kk gkkjy xbea xj

agme g h`ccevedle$ Gcxev fei`dd`di xbe`v yjvm+ xbep |bjukh mdjy gd jdij`di xvg`d`di ~vjivga `| `d ~kgle

xbvjuibjux xbe`v |evs`le xj ljd|xgdxkp agrà`ze xbe`v eccelx`sede||$

I`sed xbe à~jvxgdle jc xvg`d`di xj Sjkudxeev |ulle|| `d xbe cèkh+ xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbeêgle Ljv~| gkkjlgxe ivegxev ve|juvle| cjv b`v`di ajve cukk!xàe xvg`d`di |xgcc gx ~j|x+ ed|uve ivegxev

ljudxev~gvx ~gvx`l ~gx`jd `d xvg`d di esedx| gdh ~vjs`he jdij`di `dse|xaedx `d mep xvg`d`di |xgcc$ Xbe

vìjvju| g~~k`lgx`jd jc eccelx`se xvg`d`di ~vjivga| |à~kp lgddjx fe gllja~k`|beh gx xbe g~~vj~v`gxe kesek

fp ~gvx!xàe jv ljd|ukxgdx xvg`d`di |xgcc$

Djy `| xbe xàe xj jccev kesek| jc xvg`d`di |uv~g||`di ybgx `| luvvedxkp ~vjs`heh+ fjxb `d wugk`xp gdh he~xb+

iugvgdxee`di g~~k`lgdx| xbgx |evs`le `d xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk ~vjs`he djx jdkp gd j~~jvxud`xp xj |evse jxbev|+

fux |m`kk| gdh xvg`d`di dele||gvp xj agme gd à~glx gdh gd udagxlbeh j~~jvxud`xp cjv ~vjce||`jdgk ivjyxb$



76

8$ Agme êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e gd edi`de jc `ddjsgx`jd fp ~`kjx`di dey ~vjivga| xj er~gdh xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ ~ve|edle gdh xelbd`lgk he~xb gdh `dlveg|e jsev|eg| |evs`le j~~jvxud`xè| cjv

xgkedxeh Gaev`lgd|

êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e7

‘cjvaevkp mdjyd g| Lv`|`| Ljv~|‘~vjs`he| vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| xbe

j~~jvxud`xp xj |evse d veygvh`di+ |bjvx!xeva g||ìdaedx| `d hesekj~`di ljudxvè|$ Xj hgxe+ ajve xbgd

7+7>> êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| bgse |evseh `d jsev 8> ljudxvè| `d Kgx`d Gaev`lg+ Gcv`lg+ xbe

^gl`c`l+ G|`g+ gdh Eg|xevd Euvj~e gdh+ cjkkjy`di buvv`lgde Mgxv`dg+ 696 êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev|

yeve he~kjpeh `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$ G||ìdaedx| `dlkuhe edbgdl`di er`|x`di giedlp ~vjivga|+ ve|~jdh`di

xj dgxuvgk h`|g|xev|+ `d`x`gx`di c`v|x!xàe ~vjivga| `d dey êgle Ljv~| ljudxvè|+ jv vexuvd`di xj g ljudxvp

ybeve xbeve bg| djx feed g êgle Ljv~| ~ve|edle cjv |jae xàe$

êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| fv`di xbe |m`kk| gdh er~evèdle ig`deh huv`di xbe`v ~ves`ju| êgle Ljv~|

|evs`le xj dey |bjvx!xeva ~vjoelx| `d ~kgle| ybeve xbep gve deeheh aj|x$ Udcjvxudgxekp+ êgle Ljv~|

Ve|~jd|e `| |x`kk sevp |agkk+ gdh luvvedxkp kglm| xbe xelbdjkji`lgk lg~gl`xp xj ~vjle|| g kgviev duafev jc

g~~k`lgx`jd|$ Desevxbeke||+ êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e `| luvvedxkp gfke xj aeex bj|x ljudxvè| vewue|x| cjv

|~el`c`l |m`kk |ex| jd g cg|xev xuvd!gvjudh xàe xbgd xvgh`x`jdgk êgle Ljv~| ~vjivga|$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| hesekj~`di gd er~gdheh êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e ~vjivga xj gxxvglx gdh

|u~~jvx ajve er~evèdleh `dh`s hugk|$ Fvegm`di cvja xbe luvvedx a ||`jd jc êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e+

g||ìdaedx| yjukh fe j~ed xj xbj|e ybj ljukh aeex wugk`c`lgx`jd lv`xev`g+ ybexbev jv djx xbep bgh feed

êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| `d xbe ~g|x$ Xb`| ~vjivga yjukh ~kgle er~evèdleh gdh wugk`cèh `dh`s`hugk| dxj

g||ìdaedx| xbgx hvgy jd xbe`v |~el`c`l |m`kk| gdh er~evèdle+ y`xb cker`fke xàe ljaa`xaedx| 6

$ Jsev|eg|

~j|x| ljukh vewue|x g Sjkudxeev y`xb g |~el`c`l |m`kk |ex cvja êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e jv êgle Ljv~|

Ve|~jd|e ljukh djx`cp ~j|x| jc xbe gsg`kgf`k`xp jc `dh`s`hugk| y`xb |~el`c`l |m`kk| gdh er~evèdle$

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ dey |xvgxeip xj er~gdh êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e xj gdp Gaev`lgd ybj bg| xbe vewu`|`xe

xelbd`lgk |m`kk| gdh ~vjce||`jdgk er~evèdle xj ghhve|| |jae jc xbe yjvkh‐| aj|x lv`x`lgk deeh| `| g fjkh keg~

cjvygvh$ Fp hj`di |j+ xbe giedlp y`kk gkkjy ajve Gaev`lgd| xbe j~~jvxud`xp xj |evse jsev|eg| y`xb xbe

êgle Ljv~| gdh fv`di ivegxev h`sev|`xp gdh er~evèdle xj xbe êgle Ljv~| ~jvxcjk`j$ J~ed`di êgle Ljv~|

Ve|~jd|e xj gkk wugk`cèh Gaev`lgd| y`kk edgfke xbj|e ybj gve djx gfke xj ljaa`x xj xyj pegv| y`xb xbe

j~~jvxud`xp xj |evse jd |bjvxev!xeva g||ìdaedx| `d g ljudxvp xbgx he|~evgxekp deeh| xbe`v |m`kk|$ @x

à~vjse| xbe lbgdle| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| lgd |ulle||cukkp gdh ghewugxekp c`kk vewue|x| cvja bj|x ljudxvè|

cjv Sjkudxeev| y`xb g fvjghev gdh hee~ev |ex jc xelbd`lgk |m`kk|$ Xb`| y`kk fe ~gvx`lukgvkp à~jvxgdx `c xbe

êgle Ljv~| fei`d| xj cjlu| `x| xvgh`x`jdgk ~vjivga jd g ajve xgviexeh |ex jc xelbd`lgk `dxevsedx`jd|$

Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| lgd feljae aedxjv| xj xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe`v bj|x ljudxvp

ljudxev~gvx|+ y`xb g||ìdaedx| xbgx lja~keaedx xbe eccjvx| jc xbe xvgh`x`jdgk xyj!pegv êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev$ Gd er~gdheh Ve|~jd|e ~vjivga y`kk gk|j vg~`hkp `dlveg|e xbe duafev jc Gaev`lgd| ybj ceek

m`d|b`~ y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|+ edgfk`di xbe giedlp xj ajve cukkp glbèse `x| xbvee ijgk| xbvjuib fvjghev~gvx`l`~gx`jd$ êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e y`kk ~vjs`he xgviexeh xvg`d`di cjv Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev|+ he~edh`di jd

7 êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e bg| `x| vjjx| `d gd gh bjl gdh `dxeva`xxedx ~vglx`le xbgx hesekj~eh `d xbe 709>| jc |edh`di Vexuvdeh êgleLjv~| Sjkudxeev| jd |bjvx xeva g||`|xgdle g||ìdaedx|+ `dlkuh`di xj ljudxvè| ybeve xbeve yg| dj êgle Ljv~| ~ve|edle$ @d 7003+ xbe~vjle|| yg| cjvagk`zeh gdh Lv`|`| Ljv~|+ gd jcc`le gx xbe êgle Ljv~| heh`lgxeh xj h`|g|xev vekèc+ yg| e|xgfk`|beh$ @d 6>>9+ cjkkjy`dig ivghugk lbgdie `d vewue|x| cjv Sjkudxeev| y`xb ajve xelbd`lgk |m`kk| `d ljudxvè| xbgx yeve djx er~evèdl`di g h`|g|xev jv lv`|`| xbe~vjivga yg| vedgaeh ‛êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e$‑ êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| gve ~kgleh `d |bjvx!xeva+ bìb à~glx g||ìdaedx|vgdi`di cvja xbvee ajdxb| xj jde pegv$6 Vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev‐| yjukh fe gfke xj ljdx`due |evs`di `d êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e cjv |bjvxev ~ev`jh| jc xàe$



7<

xbe g~~k`lgdx‐| ~ves`ju| jsev|eg| yjvm er~evèdle+ kgdiugie lg~gl`xp+ xelbd`lgk |m`kk| gdh ~vjce||`jdgk

er~evèdle$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| gkveghp feiud u|`di Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| xj edxev dey ljudxvè| jv vexuvd xj cjvaev

bj|x ljudxvè|+ ~gvx lukgvkp xbj|e xbgx gve veledxkp ~j|x!ljdck lx+ |ulb g| K`fev`g gdh \èvvg Kejde$ Xb`|

ajhek bg| edgfkeh xbe êgle Ljv~| xj xe|x xbe ygxev| gdh xgme xbe xàe xj fu`kh u~ gd `dcvg|xvulxuve fecjve

ljaa`xx`di xj g cukk!ckehieh xyj pegv Sjkudxeev ~vjivga$

5$ Glx`sekp edigie Sjkudxeev|+ vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe Gaev`lgd ~ufk`l xbvjuib |xvjdi

~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb ~v`sgxe |elxjv lja~gdè|+ |lbjjk|+ l`s`k |jlèxp+ vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev ivju~|+ gdh ijsevdaedx giedlè| xj `dlveg|e udhev|xgdh`di jc jxbev lukxuve| gdh

iedevgxe ljaa`xaedx xj sjkudxeev`|a gdh ljaaud`xp |evs`le g| g ygp xj ‛ljdx`due |evs`le$‑

Xbe yjvkh xjhgp `| hvgagx`lgkkp h`ccevedx cvja xbe jde `d yb`lb xbe êgle Ljv~| yg| cjudheh$

Ghsgdleaedx| `d `dcjvagx`jd xelbdjkjip+ xvgd|~jvxgx`jd+ giv`lukxuve+ `dhu|xvp+ gdh ljaaud`lgx`jd bgse

xvgd|cjvaeh xbe yjvkh `dxj g cku`h ikjfgk eljdjap$ Xbe cgle jc xbe ljudxvp `| lbgdi`di$ Xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|

bg| gkygp| feed xbe kgdh jc àaìvgdx|+ gdh xbgx bg| desev feed ajve xvue xbgd xjhgp$ Xjhgp‐| l`x`zed|

deeh xj eafvgle xbe h`sev|`xp xbgx `| Gaev`lg+ gdh ~ve~gve xj k`se `d gd `dlveg|`dikp `dxevhe~edhedx yjvkh$Fg|eh jd xbe`v er~evèdle|+ luvvedx Sjkudxeev| gdh vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| bgse ud`wue ~jxedx`gk

xj glx`sekp ~vjajxe ikjfgk l`x`zed|b`~ xbvjuib @dxevdex gdh |lbjjk!fg|eh ~vjivga| xgviex`di pjudi ~ej~ke

xj ehulgxe gfjux ljudxvè| gdh lukxuve| gvjudh xbe yjvkh$

Gx xbe |gae xàe+ gkxbjuib xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| veag`d| g hja`dgdx ~jyev+ xbe ljudxvp cgle| duaevju| |jl`gk

lbgkkedie| xbgx hvg`d `x| ve|juvle| gdh lja~vja`|e xbe ljudxvp‐| dgx jdgk hesekj~aedx$ Luvvedx

Sjkudxeev| gdh vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| mdjy ybgx `x `| k`me xj ‛k`se‑ ljaaud`xp |evs`le+ gdh

bgse xbe xjjk|+ mdjykehie gdh er~ev edle xbgx ljae cvja xb`| àaev|`jd$ Xbep udhev|xgdh xbgx l`x zed

glx`jd `| mep xj ghhve||`di dgx`jdgk ~v`jv`xè| cvja xbe ivjudh u~$ Xbep bgse y`xde||eh xbe ~jyev jc

`dh`s`hugk gdh ljkkelx`se `ddjsgx`jd xj xvgd|cjva de ibfjvbjjh|$ Xbeve `| ivegx ~jxedx`gk `d xbe vexuvdeh

êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev ljaaud`xp xj bek~ cj|xev `ddjsgx`jd gdh lbgdie `d ljaaud`xè| `d xbe Ud`xeh

\xgxe|+ ou|x g| xbep h`h `d xbe`v bj|x ljudxvè|$

Xj hgxe+ bjyesev+ xb`| ~jxedx`gk bg| feed kgviekp udxg~~eh fp xbe êgle Ljv~|+ g| xbe giedlp‐| eccjvx| bgse

cjlu|eh ajve |wugvekp `x| c`v|x gdh |eljdh ijgk|$ Bjyesev+ xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |ed`jv keghev|b ~ `| heh`lgxeh

xj fv`di`di xbe yjvkh fglm bjae fp ajve erxed|`se ~gvxdev`di y`xb ~v`sgxe |elxjv lja~gdè|+ |lbjjk|+ l`s`k

|jlèxp+ vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev ivju~| gdh ijsevdaedx giedlè| xj ~vjajxe ikjfgk l`x`zed|b`~ gdh

sjkudxeev`|a g| g ygp xj ‛ljdx`due xbe |evs`le‑ gdh bek~ ghhve|| ~ve||`di dgx`jdgk lbgkkedie|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| lgd ajve eccelx`sekp ajf`k`ze Sjkudxeev ~g||`jd gdh ljaa`xaedx y`xb g cey |agkk |xe~|+

`dlkuh`di ve`dcjvl`di xbe er~elxgx`jd xbgx ‛fv`di`di xbe yjvkh fglm bjae‑ `| g kjdi!xeva ljaa`xaedx gx

esevp |xgie jc xbe Sjkudxeev k`celplke‘velvu`xaedx+ xvg`d`di+ sjkudxeev |evs`le+ gdh vexuvd bjae$ Xbe

êgle Ljv~| |bjukh fe ~vjglx`se `d hesekj~`di g |ex jc xjjk| xj g||`|x Sjkudxeev| `d xb`| eccjvx‘fjxb `d ~ve!

|evs`le xvg`d di gdh ~j|x!|evs le xvg`d`di$ Djy mdjyd g| Lja~kex`jd jc \evs`le "LJ\ xvg`d di+ xbe

g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbgx `x |bjukh fe ve!~j|`x`jdeh g| ‛Ljdx`dugx`jd jc \evs`le‑ xvg`d`di+ y`xb

ljdlvexe xjjk| gdh ve|juvle| xj iu`he gdh |u~~jvx Sjkudxeev eccjvx|$ Y`xb xbgx `d a`dh+ xbe g||e||aedx xega

veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| ~uv|ue g xb`vh ijgk |xvgxeip cjlu|`di jd xyj ag`d `d`x`gx`se|$

7$ @dlveg|e ~gvx`l`~gx`jd gdh er~gdh xbe Ljsevhekk Yjvkh Y`|e \lbjjk| "LYY\ ~vjivga gdh jxbev

|lbjjk!fg|eh d`x`gx`se| xj ~vjajxe ikjfgk l`x`zed|b`~+ yb`ke gk|j edigi`di jxbev djd!|lbjjk guhèdle|=



78

Xbe Ljsevhekk Yjvkh Y`|e \lbjjk| ~vjivga `| g |xvjdi ~gvxdev `d U$\$ eccjvx| xj xeglb Gaev`lgd |lbjjk

lb`khved bjy xj fe ikjfgk l`x`zed|$ LYY\ bg| xbvee ~vàgvp glx`s`xè|? c`v|x+ `x| lkg||vjja ve|juvle|

~vjivga+ ybeve LYY\ hesekj~| gdh h`|xv`fuxe| ke||jd ~kgd|+ ehulgx`jdgk s`hej|+ ~jhlg|x| gdh `dxevglx`se

|àukgx`jd| jc êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev glx s`xè| xj ~vàgvp gdh |eljdhgvp |lbjjk| gvjudh xbe ljudxvp=

|eljdh+ `x| LYY\ Ljvve|~jdhedle Agxlb ~vjivga xbgx ljddelx| U$\$ ekeaedxgvp gdh |eljdhgvp |lbjjk

xeglbev| y`xb luvvedx Sjkudxeev| ybj |bgve xbe`v êgle Ljv~| er~evèdle| gx keg|x jdle g ajdxb xbvjuib

kexxev|+ eag`k|+ ~bjxj|+ gvx`cglx|+ gdh*jv ~bjde lgkk|$ Kg|xkp+ xbe LYY\ \~egmev| Agxlb ~vjivga ljddelx|

U$\$ ehulgxjv| y`xb vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| ybj givee xj |bgve xbe`v êgle Ljv~| er~evèdle| `d

ekeaedxgvp |lbjjk|+ bìb |lbjjk|+ gdh ljkkeie| `d xbe v ljaaud`xè|$ Xbe|e eccjvx| |bjukh fe ljdx dueh

gdh er~gdheh xj `dlkuhe ivegxev ~gvx`l`~gx`jd cvja |evs`di Sjkudxeev|+ y`hev `dsjkseaedx cvja Gaev`lgd

|lbjjk| gdh `dlveg|eh ux`k`zgx`jd jc |jl`gk aeh`g gdh xelbdjkjip$

Fepjdh xbe LYY\ ~vjivga+ xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh glx`sekp |eem ~gvxdev|b`~ y`xb k`me!a`dheh

jvigd`zgx`jd|+ ud`sev|`xè|+ cjudhgx`jd|+ ~jk`lp ivju~| gdh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev ivju~| xj er~gdh |u~~jvx

gdh ljaa`xaedx xj ikjfgk l`x`zed|b`~$ Xbeve gve agdp j~~jvxud`xè| xj ~gvx l`~gxe ajve y`hekp `d xbe

ikjfgk hefgxe gfjux xbe fedec`x| jc sjkudxeev |evs`le gdh xbe à~jvxgdle jc ikjfgk l`x`zed|b`~ xbvjuib

keghev|b`~ vjke| `d ljdcevedle|+ yjvm|bj~|+ ~vjce||`jdgk ojuvdgk|+ gdh ~j~ukgv aeh`g$ @d`x`gx`se| |ulb g|

xbe Ikjfgk \evs`le Cekkjy| ~vjs`he j~~jvxud`xè| cjv ivegxev ~ufk`l h`|ljuv|e jd xb`| à~jvxgdx xj~`l$ Ajveglx`se edigieaedx `d xbe ~ufk`l hefgxe jd xbe vjke jc ikjfgk l`x`zed|b`~ y`kk vewu`ve g bìbev kesek jc |ed`jv

agdgieaedx |xgcc ljaa`xaedx d xbe cuxuve$

6$ Lvegxe ~gvxdev|b`~| xj |lgke u~ vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev ~gvx`l`~gx`jd `d glx`s`xè| xj |bgve xbe`v

er~evèdle gdh |u~~jvx ddjsgx`se ljaaud`xp |evs`le$

Giedlp keghev|b`~ `| c`vakp ljaa`xxeh xj xbe g||e||aedx xega‐| veljaaedhgx`jd| cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| xj

fei`d ghhve||`di xbe `dsgkugfke hjae|x`l h`s`hedh jc êgle Ljv~| |evs`le xbvjuib g hvgagx`lgkkp ajve

|xvulxuveh gdh edigi`di g~~vjglb xj xb`vh ijgk eccjvx|$ @d ghh`x`jd xj luvvedx giedlp ~vjivga|+ xbe êgle

Ljv~| `| fu`kh`di g dexyjvm jc |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb xgviexeh hjae|x`l djd!~vjc`x jvigd`zgx`jd| xj

ljddelx vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| y`xb fvjghev j~~jvxud`xè| xj ‛ljdx`due |evs`le‑ `d ygp| xbgx bek~

ghhve|| ~ve||`di dgx jdgk ~vjfkea|$ Jsev xbe ~g|x d`de ajdxb|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| edxeveh `dxj cjvagk

~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd+ xbe Dgx`jdgk G||jl`gx`jd jc Ljaaud`xp Begkxb

Ledxev|+ L`xp Pegv+ gdh Xbe Ljv~| Dexyjvm+ gdh y`kk ljdx`due xj fu`kh vekgx`jd|b`~| y`xb agdp jxbev djd!

~vjc`x|+ fu|`de||e|+ ud`sev|`xè| gdh vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev ivju~| `d xbe cuxuve$ Gd à~jvxgdx

~gvxdev `d xb`| eccjvx `| xbe Yb`xe Bju|e Jcc`le jc \jl`gk @ddjsgx`jd gdh L`s`l ^gvx`l`~gx`jd+ yb`lb yjvm|

y`xb cehevgk giedlè| xj lvegxe xjjk|+ |ulb g| `ddjsgx`jd cudh|+ ~v`ze|+ gdh jxbev |jl`gk lg~`xgk agvmex

|xvulxuve| xj hv`se ve|juvle| xjygvh| ljaaud`xp |jkux jd| xbgx heajd|xvgxe |ulle||$ Gkk jc xbe|e ~gvxdev|

bgse |xvjdi ~vjivga| ybeve vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| lgd fu`kh u~jd xbe`v Sjkudxeev er~evèdle xj

|u~~jvx ljaaud`xp |jkux`jd| xj Gaev`lg‐| xjuibe|x lbgkkedie|$

Xbe|e eccjvx| au|x fe er~gdheh gdh ajve y`hekp ~vjajxeh$ @c xbe êgle Ljv~| | xj ~v`jv`x`ze xb`vh ijgk

glx`s`xè|+ `x au|x vg`|e xbe`v ~vjc`ke y`xb`d xbe giedlp gdh `dlveg|e xbe ~vj~jvx`jd jc cudh`di h`velxeh xjxbe`v à~keaedxgx`jd$ @x au|x gk|j ~uv|ue `ddjsgx se dey g~~vjglbe|+ |ulb g| e|xgfk`|b di g êgle Ljv~|

@dxevd ~vjivga gkkjy`di |jae jc xbe giedlp‐| xj~ Sjkudxeev xgkedx cvja jsev|eg| xj lja~kexe g pegv!kjdi

~g`h `dxevd|b`~ `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| y`xb mep hesekj~aedx ~gvxdev| g| yekk g| ~v`sgxe gdh ~ufk`l |elxjv

jvigd`zgx`jd| ybj yjukh fedec`x cvja xbe ud`wue ~ev|~elx`se fvjuibx xj xbe`v jvigd`zgx`jd fp g veledxkp

vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev$

Xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd bg| |uiie|xeh ghh`x`jdgk `ddjsgx`se `heg| xj edljuvgie vexuvdeh

êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| xj ~gvx`l`~gxe ajve glx`sekp ybed xbep vexuvd bjae+ gdh xbe|e |bjukh fe i`sed



75

|xvjdi ljd|`hevgx jd$ Xbep `dlkuhe g ~vj~j|gk xj edljuvgie deykp vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| xj ~kgd+ ljdhulx gdh

ve~jvx jd xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| jsev gd ghh`x`jdgk ~ev`jh jc xàe cjkkjy`di xbe`v vexuvd bjae+ y`xb g ajhe|x

c`dgdl`gk `dledx se cjv hj`di |j$ Gdjxbev `heg `| xj lvegxe g |agkk ivgdx| ~vjivga xj er~gdh `ddjsgx`se

xb`vh ijgk glx s`xè| u|`di dey xelbdjkjiè| xj veglb dey guhèdle|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ cudh| cjv xb`|

~uv~j|e yjukh fe kesevgieh fp g agxlb cvja xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd$

3$ \xvedixbed xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ agdgieaedx gdh j~evgx`jd| fp u|`di ajhevd xelbdjkjip+

`ddjsgx`se g~~vjglbe| gdh à~vjseh fu|`de|| ~vjle||e| xbgx y`kk edgfke xbe giedlp xj eccelx`sekp

lgvvp jux xb`| dey |xvgxei`l s`|`jd$

Xbe |xvgxeip he|lv`feh gfjse `| erl`x`di gdh ~vjglx`se+ fux `x| à~keaedxgx`jd y`kk vewu`ve ljdx`dueh

ghsgdleaedx| `d `ddjsgx jd gdh à~vjseh agdgieaedx ~vglx`le|$ G| g ijsevdaedx giedlp+ xbe êgle

Ljv~| bg| |ìd`c`lgdxkp ke|| fuvegulvglp xbgd aj|x$ Fux `x bg| |ucceveh cvja pegv| jc fuhiex lux|+ g| bgse

agdp giedlè|+ xbgx bgse yb`xxkeh gygp cudh`di cjv mep cudlx`jd| |ulb g| Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di gdh |xgcc

hesekj~aedx+ gdh kà`xeh `x| gf`k`xp xj ajhevd`ze `x| |p|xea| gdh ~vjle||e|+ ~gvx`lukgvkp `d xbe gveg jc

`dcjvagx`jd xelbdjkjip$

\esevgk gveg| cjv |uf|xgdx`se yjvm yeve djxeh fp xbe g||e||aedx xega+ `dlkuh`di xbe deeh cjv g |ev`ju| kjjm gx xbe buagd ve|juvle| dele||gvp gx beghwugvxev| gdh "e|~el`gkkp xbe cèkh xj cjkkjy xbvjuib y`xb xbe

vìjvju| xvg`d`di ~vjivga gdh Sjkudxeev| |u~~jvx aeg|uve| he|lv`feh `d xb`| |xvgxeip$ Xb`| `| gd erlekkedx

xàe xj cjlu| jd |xvedixbed`di cukk!xàe xvg`d`di lg~gl`xp gx xbe cèkh kesek+ |u~~keaedx`di xbgx y`xb g dey

lghve jc bìbkp |m`kkeh xelbd`lgk ghs`|jv| gx xbe beghwugvxev| gdh*jv vei`jdgk kesek| xj |u~~jvx xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ ajse xj |u~~jvx g ajve vìjvju| xelbd`lgk giedhg$

Xbe Jfgag Gha`d`|xvgx`jd bg| ~v`jv`x`zeh `ddjsgx`jd gdh J~ed Ijsevdaedx+ gdh xbe êgle Ljv~| `| egiev

xj ghg~x gdh ajhevd`ze `x| |p|xea| |j xbgx `x lgd ~vjs`he g aulb bìbev kesek jc ecc`lèdlp+ xvgd|~gvedlp

gdh wugk`xp `d `x| j~evgx`jd|$ Xbe Sjkudxeev Hek`sevp \p|xea+ luvvedxkp `d hesekj~aedx+ y`kk |xvegak de xbe

g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle|| cjv dey velvu`x|+ à~vjs`di xbe xàek`de|| gdh wugk`xp jc xbe velvu`xaedx ~vjle||+ gdh

bj~ecukkp vehul`di hvgagx`lgkkp xbe duafev jc g~~k lgdx| kj|x xj hvj~!jux$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| eafgvm`di

jd g dey ekelxvjd`l aeh`lgk veljvh| `d`x`gx`se `d jvhev xj à~vjse xbe wugk`xp jc Sjkudxeev begkxb lgve gdh

|xvegak`de xbe agdgieaedx jc Sjkudxeev begkxb |evs`le|$

@d veledx pegv|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| aulb ajve ~vjglx`sekp |juibx xj à~vjse ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd

~vglx`le|+ gdh bg| ljdhulxeh g |evè| jc ljudxvp à~glx |xuhè| xbgx ~vjs`he |jae sgkugfke ve|ukx| xj

|xvedixbed ljudxvp ~vjivga| gdh h`||ea`dgxe fe|x ~vglx`le| ajve y`hekp$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| ljaa`xxeh xj

à~vjs`di `x| lg~gl`xp `d xb`| gveg+ gdh bg| ~vjs`heh |xvjdi keghev|b`~ `d xbe Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l

@dcjvagx`jd gdh ^kgdd`di ybj yjvm lkj|ekp y`xb ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd |xgcc gx xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|

^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx xj à~vjse ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd ~vglx`le|$ Gd à~vjseh

ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd |p|xea yjukh djx jdkp |xvedixbed xbe wugk`xp jc xvg`d`di gdh xelbd`lgk |u~~jvx xj

Sjkudxeev|+ fux `x y`kk gk|j kegh xj fexxev ljaaud`lgx`jd jc ve|ukx| xj gkk |xgmebjkhev|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk

deeh xj g||e|| fjxb xbe buagd ve|juvle gdh xelbdjkjip vewu`veaedx| jc |xvedixbed`di `x| ajd`xjv`di gdhesgkugx`jd lg~gl`xp xj ljkkelx+ gdgkpze+ u|e gdh h`||ea`dgxe hgxg cjv ajve eccelx`se hel`|`jd!agm`di$ Xbe

êgle Ljv~| gk|j deeh| xj hvg|x`lgkkp |xvedixbed `x| mdjykehie agdgieaedx lg~gl`xp u|`di gd `dxeivgxeh+

|p|xeagx`l g~~vjglb xj `hedx`cp`di+ glwu`v`di+ |xjv`di+ h`||ea`dgx`di+ u|`di+ gdh |bgv`di xbe êgle Ljv~|‐

mdjykehie$



73

C$ @A^KEAEDXGX@JD

Xbe à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe dey s`|`jd gdh xbe |u~~jvx`di |xvgxeip y`kk djx ljae y`xbjux lbgkkedie| xj xbe

giedlp gdh `x| luvvedx ~vjivga ajhek$ Ljaa`xaedx cvja xbe giedlp‐| keghev|b`~ g| yekk g| veiukgv gdh

ljd|`|xedx ljaaud lgx`jd xbvjuib gkk kesek| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jd| y`kk fe e||edx`gk$ @d ghh`x`jd xj

xbe `dbevedx lbgkkedie| g||jl`gxeh y`xb agm`di |uf|xgdx`se lbgdie xj gdp jvigd`zgx`jd+ xbeve y`kk fe

xgdi`fke à~k`lgx`jd| `d veigvh| xj ve|juvle|+ |xgcc+ |p|xea| gdh j~evgx`jd|$ Agdp jc xbe|e lbgkkedie| y`kk

vewu`ve cve|b g~~vjglbe| gdh g |~`v`x jc `ddjsgx`jd$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbe lbgkkedie| lgd fe

jsevljae+ gdh agdp ~vjs`he j~~jvxud`xè| cjv cuvxbev ves`xgk`z`di gdh |xvedixbed`di xbe êgle Ljv~|$

Xbe giedlp au|x gk|j fe ~ve~gveh xj ghhve|| lbgdie| `d |xgcc`di dele||gvp xj |u~~jvx xb`| dey |xvgxei`l

s`|`jd$ Dey ~j|`x`jd| y`kk fe lvegxeh= |jae ~j|`x`jd| y`kk esjkse+ gdh |xgcc xvg d`di deeh| y`kk fe

`dlveg|eh$ Xbe|e dey lbgkkedie| xbgx gk|j ~ve|edx j~~jvxud`xè|+ `dlkuh`di xbe j~~jvxud`xp cjv vexvg`d`di

gdh ve`dsìjvgx`di jsev|eg| gdh hjae|x`l |xgcc$

@d gd giedlp xbgx |ee| cvewuedx xuvdjsev gx gkk kesek| felgu|e jc xbe C`se Pegv Vuke gdh ~jk`x`lgk

g~~j`dxaedx|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| cgle| g ~gvx`lukgv lbgkkedie xj xbe |ulle||cuk à~keaedxgx`jd jc xb`|

|xvgxeip$ Bjyesev+ xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| `| lg~gfke jc agm`di |ulb g lbgdie|j xbgx |xvgxei`l+ es`hedle!fg|eh hel`|`jd| feljae |xgdhgvh j~evgx`di ~vjlehuve veigvhke|| jc cuxuve

keghev|b`~ xvgd|`x`jd|$

Xbe à~keaedxgx`jd jc xb`| |xvgxeip y`kk vewu`ve |xvjdi keghev|b`~$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| gx g xuvd`di ~j`dx+

gdh glx`jd xgmed djy y`kk bgse g xveaedhju| à~glx yekk `dxj xbe cuxuve$ Y`xb xbe 5>xb gdd`sev|gvp cg|x

g~~vjglb`di+ xbe êgle Ljv~| au|x xgme g wugdxua keg~ `d |xvgxeip gdh ve|jkse xj fe veghp cjv xbe derx c`cxp

pegv|+ yb`lb+ `c xbe giedlp |xgp| xbe ljuv|e+ bjkh| xbe ~vja`|e xj fe esed fexxev xbgd xbe c`v|x bgkc ledxuvp$

I$ ^KGD JC GLX@JD

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ keghev|b`~ ~kgd| xj e|xgfk`|b g xega xj jsev|ee xbe à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe s`|`jd gdh |`r

mep |xvgxeiè| ~ve|edxeh `d xb`| g||e||aedx$ Keh fp g ~vjoelx agdgiev+ xbe à~keaedxgx`jd xega y`kk yjvm

udhev xbe |u~evs`|`jd jc xbe Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv+ gdh `d lkj|e ljkkgfjvgx`jd y`xb xbe ve|x jc xbe giedlp‐|

agdgieaedx$ Yb`ke xb`| xega y`kk hesekj~ xbe à~keaedxgx`jd ~kgd+ xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbe

ljvdev|xjde| jc xbe ~kgd au|x `dlkuhe xbe cjkkjy`di xb`vxeed ~j`dx|?

7$ E|xgfk`|b g ~kgd xj ghhve|| xbe à~glx| jd jsev|eg| j~evgx`jd| `d g ljkkgfjvgx`se agddev y`xb xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ |xgcc `d xbe cèkh?

… Ljaaud`lgxe lbgdie| xj luvvedx j~evgx`jd| gdh à~glx| jd |xgcc=

… Hexeva`de lbgdie| xj luvvedx ~vjoelx| gdh ljudxvp ~vjivga|=

… Hexeva`de dey ljudxvp ~vjivga| gdh `dxevsedx`jd| xj fe ~uv|ueh=… E|xgfk`|b g xvg`d`di ~vjivga cjv bj|x ljudxvp |xgcc ybj|e vjke y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk lbgdie=

gdh+

… Hek`sev veiukgv ljaaud`lgx`jd gdh e|xgfk`|b j~ed gdh jdij`di h`gkjiue y`xb xbe cèkh$

6$ Erga`de ybp xbe giedlp j~evgxe| ybeve `x j~evgxe| y`xb xbe Sjkudxeev kesek| g||ìdeh xj eglb ljudxvp

gdh iejivg~b`l ~kgleaedx| jc Sjkudxeev| y`xb`d eglb ljudxvp$ Hesekj~ g |xvgxei l g~~vjglb xj

ljudxvp g||ìdaedx|+ Sjkudxeev gkkjlgx`jd|+ gdh Sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx| y`xb`d `dh`s`hugk ljudxvè|$



79

Xb`| g~~vjglb |bjukh fe fg|eh jd lv`xev`g xbgx ljd|`hev ivg||vjjx| hesekj~aedx deeh|+ `dxevsedx`jd| `d

yb`lb xbe êgle Ljv~| yjukh bgse xbe ivegxe|x hesekj~aedx à~glx+ j~~jvxud`xè| cjv |xvedixbedeh

vekgx`jd| fexyeed xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gdh xbe bj|x ljudxvp+ Sjkudxeev begkxb gdh |gcexp+ gdh xbe

k`mek`bjjh jc Sjkudxeev| glbès`di xbe giedlp‐| xbvee ijgk|$

<$ Hexeva`de |~el`c`l xelbd`lgk `dxevsedx`jd| xbvjuib g ljkkgfjvgx`se ~vjle|| xbgx u|e| cèkh mdjykehie+

beghwugvxev| ~ev|~elx`se+ gdh `d~ux cvja kegh`di hesekj~aedx jvigd`zgx`jd| gdh ~gvxdev|$ @hedx`cp gdh

vjkk jux eglb `dxevsedx`jd |ewuedx`gkkp$

8$ G||e|| xbe ghewuglp jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ luvvedx agdgieaedx |xvulxuve gdh fu|`de|| ajhek gdh agme

g~~vj~v`gxe ghou|xaedx| xj ed|uve ve|juvle| gve heh`lgxeh cjv xbe |ulle||cuk à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe

s`|`jd gdh x| |u~~jvx`di |xvgxeiè|$

5$ Hesekj~ g hpdga`l gdh fvjgh ljaaud`lgx`jd| |xvgxeip xbgx u|e| xelbdjkjip gdh |jl`gk aeh`g xj

|u~~jvx xbe giedlp‐| dey |xvgxei`l s`|`jd$ Xbe ljaaud`lgx`jd| |xvgxeip |bjukh ux`k`ze xbe 5>xb

Gdd`sev|gvp jc xbe êgle Ljv~| g| gd j~~jvxud`xp xj hek`sev xbe giedlp‐| dey |xvgxei`l s`|`jd xj xbe

~ufk`l+ giedlp |xgcc+ ~gvxdev|+ bj|x ijsevdaedx|+ Sjkudxeev|+ ~jxedx`gk Sjkudxeev|+ Ljdive||+ gdh xbe

ivegxev egle Ljv~| ljaaud`xp$

3$ Vehe|ìd gdh edbgdle êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e xj à~keaedx `x| dey vjke g| hec`deh `d xb`| g||e||aedx$

9$ Hesekj~ g |xvjdi ljaaud`lgx`jd| |xvgxeip cjv êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e+ bìbkìbx`di `x| dey `ddjsgx`se

g~~vjglbe| gdh |ìd`c`lgdx lbgdie|$

2$ Hesekj~ g velvu`x`di |xvgxeip gdh g dey velvu`x`di ajhek cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh êgle Ljv~|

Ve|~jd|e xj à~keaedx xbe ~kgd$

0$ E|xgfk`|b g |xgdhgvh`zeh ljve xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di ~vjivga `d xbe |~el`c`l xelbd`lgk `dxevsedx`jd|

`hedx`cèh+ gdh hexeva`de xbe aj|x eccelx`se aexbjh cjv |ulb xvg`d`di$

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jc xbe ~kgd$

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xbe a~keaedxgx`jd ~kgd$

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7<$

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xb

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ljae$



72

B$ \UAAGVP JC C@DH@DI\+ VELJAAEDHGX@JD\+ GDH \XVGXEIP CJV

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Xbe g||e||aedx xega agme| xyj jsevgvlb`di veljaaedhgx`jd|?

Veljaaedhgx`jd @@!7?

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Veljaaedhgx`jd @@!6?

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xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh|?

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6 Cjlu|`di jd g ajve kà`xeh duafev jc b ibkp eccelx`se xelbd`lgk `dxevsedx`jd| xbgx y`kk edgfke xbe

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Gaev`lgd| "\ee lbg~xev S@=

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R@= gdh+

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dey |xvgxeiè| xj agid`cp xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~ve|edle+ à~glx gdh veglb$



70

@A^KEAEDXGX@JD AGXV@R

VELJAAEDHGX@JD KEGH JCC@LE \U^^JVX JCC@LE"| X@A@DI

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Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di

gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx

Fei`d @aaeh`gxekp



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67

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66

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G$6$h Eds`vjdaedx

Sjkudxeev| yjvm`di jd eds`vjdaedxgk ~vjoelx| bek~ |xvedixbed g ljaaud`xp‐| gf`k`xp xj |u|xg`dgfkp u|e

dgxuvgk ve|juvle|$ Xbep yjvm ~vàgv`kp gx xbe ivg||vjjx| kesek+ cjlu|`di jd buagd deeh| gdh |u|xg`dgfke

gkxevdgx`se|$ Eds`vjdaedxgk Sjkudxeev|+ cjv erga~ke+ `hedx`cp gdh xvg`d kjlgk keghev| |j xbep lgd xeglb

jxbev cgvaev| bjy xj yjvm `d eds`vjdaedxgkkp cvèdhkp ygp| xj à~vjse xbe ~vjhulx`s`xp jc xbe`v cèkh| gdh

igvhed| `d |u|xg`dgfke ygp|$ Sjkudxeev| gk|j ~vjajxe eds`vjdaedxgk lkuf| gdh elj!lga~|$ Gx |jae ~j|x|+

|lbjjk| gdh ljaaud`xè| gve ljddelxeh g| ~gvedx| gdh pjuxb yjvm xjiexbev xj `hedx`cp oj`dx ~vjoelx|+ |ulb

g| fjxxke velplk`di jv ljaaud`xp lkegdu~ hgp|$

G$6$e Begkxb gdh B@S*G@H\

Begkxb ~vjivga Sjkudxeev| yjvm xj ~vjajxe ~vesedx`se begkxb ehulgx`jd gdh ~vglx`le| y`xb gd ea~bg|`| jd

jsevgkk begkxb gdh yekk!fe di$ Xbe |lj~e jc xbe|e ~vjoelx| `dlkuhe| bpi ede gdh |gd`xgx`jd= ygxev |p|xea|

hesekj~aedx gdh edbgdleaedx= duxv`x`jd gdh cjjh |eluv`xp= agxevdgk gdh lb`kh begkxb= ve~vjhulx`se begkxb=

ljaaud`lgfke h`|eg|e|= lbvjd`l `kkde||e|= gdh begkxbp k`ce|xpke gdh erevl`|e hel`|`jd agm`di$ Sjkudxeev|

gdh xbe`v ljudxev~gvx| ghhve|| xbe|e `||ue| `d g sgvèxp jc ygp|+ `dlkuh`di cjvagk lkg||vjja `d|xvulx`jd

cvja m`dhevigvxed xj xbe ud`sev|`xp kesek gdh ljaaud`xp!fg|eh glx`s`xè| xbgx u|e vgh`j+ xekes`|`jd+ ~u~~ex

|bjy|+ auvgk|+ exl$= ehulgx`jdgk gdh xvg`d`di agxev`gk| hesekj~aedx gdh h`|xv`fux`jd= xvg`d`di gdh xelbd`lgk

|u~~jvx cjv begkxb lgve ~vjs`hev|+ ~eev ehulgxjv|+ xeglbev|+ gdh djd!cjvagk ljaaud`xp begkxb sjkudxeev|=gdh |e||`jd| u|`di auvgk|+ xbegxev+ vgh`j+ xekes`|`jd+ gdh ~u~~ex |bjy|$

5 Xbe cg|xe|x ivjy`di ehulgx`jd ~vjivga `d xbe êgle Ljv~| `| Edik`|b kgdiugie xvg`d`di "Xeglb`di Edik`|b g| g Cjveìd Kgdiugie “XECK$



68

Agdp Sjkudxeev| cjlu| jd B@S*G@H\

~vesedx`jd gdh lgve erlku|`sekp jv g| ~gvx jc g

lja~vebed|`se ljaaud`xp begkxb ~vjoelx$

K`ce |m`kk| xvg`d`di ljdx`due| xj fe gx xbe

ledxev jc aulb jc Sjkudxeev|‐ B@S*G@H\

~vesedx`jd yjvm+ ~gvx`lukgvkp ybed xgviex`di

pjuxb$ @dlveg|`dikp+ Sjkudxeev| gve g||ìdeh

xj B@S*G@H\!vekgxeh DIJ| gdh g||`|x `d

`dlveg|`di xbe xelbd`lgk+ agdgiev`gk+ gdh

gha`d`|xvgx se lg~gl`xè| jc |ulb ivju~|$

Sjkudxeev| gve ud`wuekp |u`xeh xj yjvm `d

B@S*G@H\ ~vesedx`jd felgu|e xbep k`se gdh

yjvm `d kjlgk ljaaud`xè| gdh lgd ~ve|edx

`dcjvagx`jd `d lukxuvgkkp |ed|`x`se ygp|$ Xbe

êgle Ljv~| `| ljkkgfjvgx`di y`xb xbe U$\$

He~gvxaedx jc \xgxe‐| Jcc`le jc xbe Ikjfgk

G@H\ Ljjvh`dgxjv xj |u~~jvx xbe U$\$ijsevdaedx‐| ljaa`xaedx xj yjvkhy`he

B@S*G@H\ lgve+ ~vesedx`jd+ gdh xvegxaedx xbvjuib xbe ^ve|`hedx‐| Eaeviedlp ^kgd cjv G@H\ Vekèc

"Ê^CGV$ @d 6>>0+ Sjkudxeev|‐ B@S*G@H\ glx`s`xè| g|| |xeh ajve xbgd 7+>>>+>>> `dh`s`hugk|+ jsev

86+>>> B@S*G@H\ |evs`le ~vjs`hev|+ gdh degvkp <+7>> jvigd`zgx`jd|3

$

Agdp Sjkudxeev| yjvm xj a`xìgxe xbe hesg|xgx`di à~glx xbgx agkgv`g bg| jd agdp ljaaud`xè|+

~gvx`lukgvkp pjudi lb`khved$ Sjkudxeev| c`kk g deeheh d`lbe `d lgvvp`di jux ivg||vjjx| ljaaud`xp!fg|eh

ehulgx`jd gdh |gk edx begkxb ehulgx`jd glx`s`xè| cjlu|eh jd agkgv`g ljdxvjk$ Begkxb |elxjv Sjkudxeev|+

yjvm`di gkjdi|`he xbe`v ljudxev~gvx|+ cjlu| jd agkgv`g ljdxvjk xbvjuib à~vjs`di mdjykehie gdh febgs`jv

vekgxeh xj agkgv`g xvgd|a`||`jd+ udhev|ljv`di xbe à~jvxgdle jc `dxeva`xxedx ~ve|ua~x`se xvegxaedx cjv

~vedgxgk lgve+ gdh cgl`k`xgx`di xbe h`|xv`fux`jd gdh ux`k`zgx`jd jc d|elx`l`he xvegxeh dex|$

@d ygxev+ |gd`xgx`jd+ gdh bpiède+ Sjkudxeev| bek~ kjlgk ~ej~ke fu`kh+ agdgie+ gdh |u|xg`d xbe`v jyd ygxev

|u~~kp gdh |gd`xgx`jd `dcvg|xvulxuve$ Sjkudxeev| gk|j ~vjajxe bpièd`l febgs`jv|+ |ulb g| bgdh yg|b`di

y`xb |jg~+ xbgx vehule xbe `dl`hedle jc h`gvvbeg gdh ~deuajd`g$

G$6$c Pjuxb hesekj~aedx

\`dle xbe `dle~x`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~| `d 7037+ Sjkudxeev| bgse bgh ivegx |ulle|| yjvm`di y`xb pjuxb$

Pjudi ~ej~ke `d g ljaaud`xp gve jcxed xbe Sjkudxeev|‐ c`v|x kgdiugie ljglbe| gdh lukxuvgk `dxev~vexev|$ @d

xuvd+ pjudi ~ej~ke sgkue xbe j~~jvxud`xp xj kegvd cvja êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|$ @d agdp jc xbe ljudxvè|

`d yb`lb xbe êgle Ljv~| yjvm|+ degvkp 5> ~evledx jc xbe ~j~ukgx jd `| udhev xbe gie jc 65$ Sjkudxeev| `d

xbe pjuxb |elxjv gve iu`heh fp xbvee mep ~v`dl`~ke|? ~vjajx`di ~j|`x`se pjuxb hesekj~aedx+ cgl`k`xgx`di givegxev kesek jc pjuxb ~gvx`l`~gx`jd+ gdh g~~vjglb`di ljaaud`xp hesekj~aedx cvja gd g||ex!fg|eh ~j`dx jc

sèy$ Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe`v ~gvxdev| `dxeivgxe xbe|e g~~vjglbe| `dxj |xgdh!gkjde pjuxb hesekj~aedx ~vjoelx|

gdh `dxj ~vjoelx| xbgx lvj|| gkk ~vjivga |elxjv|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ g~~vjglb xj pjuxb hesekj~aedx |u~~jvx|

eccelx`se+ |u|xg`dgfke yjvm y`xb pjudi ~ej~ke+ xbe`v cga`kè|+ gdh xbe`v ljaaud`xè|$ ^vjoelx| gk|j gà xj

fu`kh xbe lg~gl`xp jc pjuxb!|evs`di jvigd`zgx`jd| gdh jc xbe bj|x ljudxvp ~vjce||`jdgk| ybj yjvm y`xb

pjudi ~ej~ke$ Lv`x`lgk `||ue| gccelx`di pjuxb xbvjuibjux xbe yjvkh `dlkuhe |ulle||cukkp agm`di xbe

3 \ee G~~edh`r @@@! 8= Sjkudxeev| yjvm`di `d B@S*G@H\ ~vesedx`jd fp ljudxvp$

Xerx Ae||gi`di cjv Begkxb Ehulgx`jd

Begkxb Ehulgx`jd Ve|~jd|e "BEV+ |jcxygve hesekj~eh fp

xyj êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| bg| vesjkux`jd`zeh begkxb

ehulgx`jd `d Dga`f`g$ BEV ux`k`ze| |jcxygve he|ìdeh xj

~vjs`he begkxb `dcjvagx`jd xbvjuib ajf`ke ~bjde!fg|eh xerx

ae||gi`di+ ~eva`xx`di xbe ~vjivga xj j~evgxe xbvjuibjux xbe

ljudxvp$

Xbe BEV ~vjivga h`|xv`fuxe| begkxb `dcjvagx`jd xbvjuib

~ve!yv`xxed ljdxedx jd agojv xj~`l| gdh gk|j cjvygvh| u|ev

wue|x`jd| xj g ~jjk jc êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| ~ve~gveh xj

cèkh g y`he gvvgp jc begkxb!vekgxeh `dwu`vè|+ `dlkuh`di xj~`l|

vekgxeh xj B@S*G@H\ gdh f`vxb ljdxvjk$ Xbe ~vjivga hefuxeh

`d Cefvugvp jc 6>>0+ gdh fp Oude 6>>0+ xbe |p|xea yg|

erlbgdi`di jsev 6+<>> xerx ae||gie| y`xb ajve xbgd <>>

ud`wue lkèdx| ~ev ajdxb$ Xbe |p|xea bg| feed |ulle||cuk

felgu|e `x ~eva`x| ~ej~ke xj g|m wue|x`jd| xbep yjukh djx

g|m h`velxkp+ gdh ~vjs`he| erlekkedx `dcjvagx`jd `d g djd!

xbvegxed`di ygp$



65

xvgd|`x`jd cvja |lbjjk xj yjvm+ hesekj~`di vekesgdx |m`kk| xj ~ve~gve xbea cjv cga`kp k`ce+ gdh felja`di

edigieh gdh glx`se l`x`zed| d xbe`v ljaaud`xè|$

Sjkudxeev| gve ud`wuekp ~j|`x`jdeh xj ~vjs`he kegvd`di j~~jvxud`xè| xj i`vk| gdh fjp| gx xbe ivg||vjjx|

kesek$ Sjkudxeev| gk|j |evse g sgkugfke vjke `d veglb`di |~el`gk ~j~ukgx`jd|+ |ulb g| lb`khved jv~bgdeh hue

xj B@S*G@H\+ |xveex lb`khved+ gdh jxbev sukdevgfke pjudi ~ej~ke$ Sjkudxeev| yjvm y`xb xbe`v ljudxev~gvx|

xj à~vjse ea~kjpaedx |m`kk| jc h`|edcvgdlb`|eh gdh jux!jc!|lbjjk pjudi aed gdh yjaed+ gdh ~vjs`he

|u~~jvx xj pjuxb xj bek~ xbea gsj`h hvui| gdh ~vj|x xux`jd$ Agdp Sjkudxeev| |evse g| aedxjv| cjv pjudi

~ej~ke gdh g| ljudxev~gvx| `d pjuxb |evs`le jvigd`zgx`jd|$

F$ XBE ÊGLE LJV^\‐ VEKESGDLE @D XJHGP‐\ YJVKH

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| aeex`di xbe deeh| jc a`kk`jd| jc ~ej~ke ybj gve gajdi xbe ~jjve|x |eiaedx| jc xbe

yjvkh‐| ~j~ukgx`jd fp ~vjs`h`di g||`|xgdle xj bj|x ijsevdaedx| gdh ~gvxdev| `d xbe lvegx`jd jc ivg||vjjx|

`d`x`gx`se|$ @x `| ~vel`|ekp xb`| ivg||vjjx| cjlu| xbgx agme| xbe êgle Ljv~| ud`wue gdh erxveaekp vekesgdx$

Dj jxbev ~vjivga cudheh fp xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| ijsevdaedx h`velxkp `dckuedle| xbe k`se| jc |j agdp jc xbe

yjvkh‐| ~jjv xbe ygp xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| hje|+ xbvjuib xbe bgvh yjvm gdh heh`lgx`jd jc `x| Sjkudxeev|$Xbe êgle Ljv~| agme| `x ~j||`fke cjv a`kk`jd| jc xbe yjvkh‐| h`|edcvgdlb`|eh xj |ee xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| `d g

~j|`x`se kìbx‘u~ lkj|e gdh ~ev|jdgk$ Ewugkkp g| à~jvxgdx+ xbe giedlp agdgie| xj hj xb`| `d ajve xbgd

|esedxp ljudxvè| jd g ~ev|jdgk kesek `d g sevp lj|x eccelx`se agddev$

Aj|x jc xbe yjvm lgvvèh jux fp Sjkudxeev| cjlu|e| h`velxkp jd glbès`di xbe giedlp‐| c`v|x ijgk? ‛Xj bek~

xbe ~ej~ke jc `dxeve|xeh ljudxvè| d aeex`di xbe`v deeh cjv xvg`deh aed gdh yjaed$‑ Bjyesev+ `x `|

xbvjuib b`| jv bev yjvm `d Ijgk 7 glx`s`xè|+ xbgx Sjkudxeev| gllja~k`|b Ijgk 6+ ‛Xj bek~ ~vjajxe g fexxev

udhev|xgdh`di jc Gaev`lgd| jd xbe ~gvx jc xbe ~ej~ke| |evseh‑ yb`ke |x`kk `d |evs`le= gdh Ijgk <+ ‛Xj bek~

~vjajxe g fexxev udhev|xgdh`di jc jxbev ~ej~ke| jd xbe ~gvx jc Gaev`lgd|‑+ u~jd lja~kex`jd jc |evs`le$

\elvexgvp jc \xgxe B`kkgvp Lk`dxjd bg| veagvmeh jd |esevgk jllg|`jd| xbgx xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| |eem| g |gcev+

ajve ~vj|~evju|+ ajve heajlvgx`l yjvkh gdh xbgx hesekj~aedx gdh heajlvglp gve xyj jc xbe xbvee fvjgh

gveg| xbgx gve ewugk `d à~jvxgdle `d glbès`di xb`|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| ljdxv`fuxe| h`velxkp xj xbe Ud`xeh

\xgxe|‐ eccjvx| `d hesekj~aedx gdh heajlvglp+ gdh `x hje| xb`| `d g ud`wue ygp‘xbvjuib ~ej~ke!xj!~ej~ke

erlbgdie| gàeh gx |eiaedx| jc xbe yjvkh‐| ~j~ukgx`jd| xbgx gve jxbevy`|e ìdjveh$ Xb`| `| xbe s`|`jd xbgx

^ve|`hedx Meddehp c`v|x gvx`lukgxeh c`cxp pegv| gij+ gdh `x `| esed ajve vekesgdx xjhgp$

G k`xevgxuve vesèy jd xbe b`|xjvp jc xbe êgle Ljv~| yg| u|ecuk `d bek~`di xbe g||e||aedx xega udhev|xgdh

xbe |ulle||e| g| yekk g| xbe cg`kuve| huv`di xbe kg|x c`se helghe|$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega gk|j aghe g |~el`gk

~j`dx jc `hedx`cp`di+ vegh`di gdh gdgkpz`di luvvedx gvx`lke| gdh fkji| xbgx yeve lv`x`lgk jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$

Xb`| k`xevgxuve vesèy bek~eh xbe g||e||aedx xega cjlu| jd mep gveg| jc ljdlevd+ fux gk|j keh xbe xega xj

xyj a~jvxgdx ljdlku|`jd|?

… Yb`ke xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| aghe a`|xgme| jsev xbe pegv|+ xbe giedlp `| ljd|xgdxkp kegvd`di cvja

xbe ~g|x gdh kjjm`di cjv ygp| xj à~vjse `x| j~evgx`jd|$ Xbe ukxàgxe ijgk `| xj `dlveg|e fjxb xbe

à~glx gdh xbe lj|x eccelx`sede|| jc `x| ~vjivga|$

… Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ aj|x gvhedx lv`x`l| gdh ~vj~jdedx| gkk givee jd jde à~jvxgdx gveg “ xbgx xbe

êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj cjlu| jd wugk`xp ivjyxb g| `x ajse| cjvygvh$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega gk|j

elbje| xbgx |edxàedx+ g| hje| xbe H`velxjv jc xbe giedlp gdh |xgcc gx gkk kesek|$



63

Xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbgx xbe giedlp lgd ljdx`due xj `dlveg|e `x| eccelx`sede|| g| `x ljdledxvgxe| `x|

eccjvx| `d g ivegxkp vehuleh duafev jc `dxevsedx`jd gveg| yb`ke gx xbe |gae xàe ~vjs`h`di Sjkudxeev| y`xb

`dlveg|eh kesek| jc xvg`d`di xbgx y`kk gkkjy xbea xj fe ajve eccelx`se$ Fp cjlu|`di jd wugk`xp+ xbe giedlp

y`kk fe gfke xj `dlveg|e xbe à~glx jc `x| ~vjivga|$

L$ XBE @A^GLX JC CUDH@DI JD XBE GIEDLP‐\ JÊVGX@JD\

Cìuve @@@!6 fekjy+ |bjy| xbe duafev jc Sjkudxeev| gx xbe edh jc eglb c`|lgk pegv g| yekk g| gddugk cudh`di

kesek| cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| ghou|xeh cjv `dckgx`jd$ Gcxev ghou|x`di cjv `dckgx jd+ `x `| `dxeve|x`di xj djxe xbgx

cudh`di cjv xbe giedlp `dlveg|eh gx g vegk gddugk vgxe jc 6$6% cvja CP 6>>7 xbvjuib CP 6>7>$ Xbe

`dckgx`jd ghou|xeh gddugk ivjyxb vgxe `d cudh`di cjv xbe giedlp cvja CP 6>>7 xbvjuib CP 6>>0 yg| jdkp

>$<%$

Xbe giedlp yg| edljuvgieh xj ivjy `d xbe egvkp ~gvx jc xbe helghe gdh h`h vele`se ghewugxe cudh`di xj

|u~~jvx ivjyxb `d CP 6>>6 xbvjuib CP 6>>5$ Bjyesev+ `d CP 6>>5 xbe giedlp‐| fuhiex veglbeh g ~kgxegu

gdh xbed feigd xj helk`de esevp pegv xbvjuib CP 6>>09

$ Udcjvxudgxekp+ yb`ke cudh`di yg| helveg|`di+

cvja CP 6>>5 xj CP 6>>9 xbe giedlp `dlveg|eh xbe duafev jc Sjkudxeev| `d xbe cèkh+ veglb`di 2+>90Sjkudxeev| `d |evs le jd \e~xeafev <>+ 6>>9$ \u~~jvx`di xb`| `dlveg|e `d Sjkudxeev| huv di g ~ev`jh jc

helk`d`di fuhiex| ljukh jdkp fe gllja~k`|beh fp agm`di cudh`di lux| `d jxbev gveg|+ agdp jc yb`lb

h`velxkp gccelxeh xbe wugk`xp jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jd|$ Cudh`di ljd|xvg`dx| huv`di xbj|e pegv|

ve|ukxeh `d vehulx`jd| `d Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di+ `d!ljudxvp |u~~jvx |xgcc+ beghwugvxev| |u~~jvx cjv xbe cèkh+ gdh

esed ve|ukxeh `d gd gddjudleaedx fp giedlp beghwugvxev| h`|ljuvgi`di xb`vh!pegv erxed|`jd| cjv |ulle||cuk

Sjkudxeev|$ Cudh`di ljd|xvg`dx| gk|j keh xj vehuleh `dse|xaedx| `d dele||gvp ewu`~aedx gdh |p|xea| `d xbe

cèkh gdh `d beghwugvxev|+ `dlkuh`di à~jvxgdx `dse|xaedx| `d xelbdjkjip gdh `d à~vjs`di xbe giedlp‐|

Sjkudxeev velvu`x`di gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle||$

Cìuve @@@ “ 6

Xjxgk êgle Ljv~| Cudh`di gdh Sjkudxeev Kesek|

"Cudh`di kesek| |bjyd `d 6>7> hjkkgv|

9 CP g~~vj~v`gx`jd| yeve ghou|xeh xj veckelx luvvedx 6>7> hjkkgv| u|`di xbe Ljd|uaev ^v`le @dher$



69

Cìuve @@@!6 `kku|xvgxe| xbe ljdxerx jc xbe lbgkkedie| xbe giedlp bg| cgleh `d xbe kg|x xed pegv|$

… Gkxbjuib cudh`di feigd xj helveg|e `d 6>>3+ xbe giedlp+ yb`lb bgh feed ~kgdd`di cjv |xeghp

ivjyxb+ h`h djx vehule Sjkudxeev kesek| àaeh`gxekp$ @x yg| gdjxbev xyj pegv| fecjve xbe giedlp

feigd vehul`di Sjkudxeev kesek|$

… Cudh`di helveg|e| gx g xàe ybed xbe giedlp ag`dxg`deh gdh esed ivey Sjkudxeev kesek| keh xj

|ìd`c`lgdx |xvg`d| jd xbe jvigd`zgx`jd xbgx ve|ukxeh `d lj|x!luxx`di aeg|uve| xbgx h`velxkp gccelxeh

Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe`v gf`k`xp xj ~evcjva xbe`v |evs`le "vehulx`jd| `d xvg`d`di xàe|+ ~j|x |xgcc`di

kesek|+ xvgsek fuhiex|+ exl$$

… Xbe `dlveg|e `d cudh`di cjv CP 6>7> fv`di| cudh`di xj g kesek yb`lb `| ljd|`|xedx y`xb xbe luvvedx

kesek jc Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe CP 6>7> fuhiex bg| gkveghp ve|ukxeh `d |ìd c`lgdx `dse|xaedx| vewu veh

xj |xvedixbed gdh ~ve~gve xbe giedlp cjv ivjyxb `d CP 6>77 gdh fepjdh gcxev pegv| jc j~evgx`di

y`xb vehuleh fuhiex|$ Xbe|e `dse|xaedx|+ ~ku| ghh`x jdgk `dse|xaedx| `d 6>77 y`kk ~gse xbe ygp

cjv |ìd`c`lgdx+ wugk`xp ivjyxb `d cuxuve pegv| g| kjdi g| cudh`di mee~| ~gle y`xb ivjyxb xgviex|$

G| Cìuve @@@!6 |bjy|+ xbe cudh`di ig~ feigd `d CP 6>>< ybed `dlveg|e| `d Sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx|

jux~gleh `dlveg|e| `d gddugk g~~vj~v`gx`jd|+ gdh xbe ig~ felgae lv`x`lgk cvja CP 6>>3 xbvjuib CP 6>>0 g|gddugk g~~vj~v`gx`jd| d vegk xeva| helk`deh$

Jde jc xbe lbgkkedie| cgleh fp xbe giedlp ljdlevd`di xbe gkkjlgx`jd jc ve|juvle| `| xbgx yb`ke cudh`di cjv

xbe giedlp `| hexeva`deh gddugkkp+ aj|x jc xbe giedlp‐| j~evgx`jd| gve aehùa gdh kjdi xeva `d dgxuve$

Cjv erga~ke+ yb`ke Sjkudxeev| |evse cjv xyedxp!|esed ajdxb|+ xbe ~vjle|| jc velvu`x`di+ gdh ~kgl`di

Sjkudxeev| `dlveg|e| xbe jsevgkk Sjkudxeev lplke xj ajve xbgd xbvee pegv|$ Xbe xàe `x xgme| cvja xbe

hel`|`jd xj edxev g dey ljudxvp udx`k xbe xàe g dey ~vjivga lgd fe e|xgfk`|beh gdh `| cukkp cudlx`jdgk `|

gk|j g aukx`pegv ~vjle||$ Cuvxbevajve+ xbe kgvie `dse|xaedx xbgx ije| `dxj e|xgfk`|b`di g dey ~vjivga d g

ljudxvp lgd jdkp fe ou|x`cèh `c xbe giedlp ~kgd| xj |xgp `d xbgx ljudxvp cjv gx keg|x xed pegv|$ Cjv veg|jd|

jxbev xbgd xbe |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp jc Sjkudxeev|+ lkj|`di hjyd g ~vjivga `d g ljudxvp `| g aukx`pegv

~vjle||$

Udcjvxudgxekp+ cudh`di kesek| bgse djx feed ljd|`|xedx `d xbe ~g|x$ Xbe vegk`xp `| xbgx xbe giedlp bg|

er~evèdleh ivjyxb |~uvx| xbgx gve xbed cjkkjyeh fp cudh`di vehulx`jd| xbgx bgse |esevekp hgagieh

j~evgx`jd|$ @d xbe ~g|x helghe+ êgle Ljv~| |xgcc gdh Sjkudxeev| bgse vele seh iu`hgdle xj ivjy `d jde

pegv xbgx yg| xbed vesev|eh xbe derx pegv hue xj g helk`de `d g~~vj~v`gx`jd|$ G| yg| xbe lg|e `d CP 6>>3

xbvjuib CP 6>>0+ xb`| ~vja~xeh xbe h`|ljuvgieaedx jc xb`vh!pegv xjuv| fp Sjkudxeev| gdh g vehulx`jd `d

xvg`d`di gdh |xgcc |u~~jvx cjv gkk Sjkudxeev|$ Xb`| `d xuvd lux |bjvx xbe g|~`vgx`jd| jc agdp |evs le!jvèdxeh

Gaev`lgd| gdh bg| ~j||`fkp bgvaeh vekgx`jd| y`xb bj|x ljudxvè|$



62

H$ XBE GIEDLP!Y@HE G\\E\\AEDX

H$7$ @dxvjhulx`jd

Huv`di b`| xe|xàjdp fecjve xbe \edgxe Cjveìd Vekgx`jd| Ljaa`xxee+ xbe êgle Ljv~| H`velxjv |~jme jc

b`| `dxedx`jd xj lgvvp jux gd giedlp!y`he g||e||aedx jc xbe êgle Ljv~| g| g aegd| jc |xvedixbed`di+

vecjva`di+ gdh ivjy di xbe giedlp$ Xbe H`velxjv cekx xbgx y`xb `dlveg|eh ve|juvle| gdh g he|`ve xj

|xvedixbed j~evgx`jd| gdh ivjy+ xbe giedlp!y`he g||e||aedx yjukh |evse g| g sgkugfke xjjk cjv xbe giedlp

xj fexxev gvx`lukgxe g |xvgxei`l s`|`jd cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| cjv xbe derx xed pegv|$

Xbe Ljd|jk`hgxeh G~~vj~v`gx`jd| Glx jc 6>7> "ûfk`l Kgy 777!779 edglxeh jd Heleafev 73+ 6>>0

~vjs`heh xbe êgle Ljv~| y`xb xbe kgvie|x pegv!xj!pegv cudh`di `dlveg|e `d ajve xbgd g helghe$ @x gk|j

`dlkuheh g ~vjs`|`jd vewu`v`di xbe H`velxjv jc xbe êgle Ljv~| xj |ufa`x g ve~jvx xj xbe Ljaa`xxee| jd

G~~vj~v`gx`jd| jd xbe c`dh`di| jc g lja~vebed|`se g||e||aedx g| yekk g| veljaaedhgx`jd| `d |esed

|~el`c`l gveg|?

7$ @a~vjs`di xbe velvu`xaedx gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| xj gxxvglx g y`he h`sev|`xp jc bìbkp gdh

g~~vj~v`gxekp |m`kkeh sjkudxeev|=6$ Xvg`d`di gdh aeh`lgk lgve cjv sjkudxeev| gdh |xgcc=

<$ Ghou|x`di Sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx xj veckelx ~v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| `dxeve|x|+ ljudxvp deeh| gdh

ljaa`xaedx xj |bgveh ijgk|+ gdh sjkudxeev |m`kk|=

8$ Ljjvh`dgx`di y`xb dxevdgx`jdgk gdh bj|x ljudxvp hesekj~aedx g||`|xgdle jvigd`zgx`jd|=

5$ Kjyev`di egvkp xeva`dgx`jd vgxe|=

3$ \xvedixbed`di agdgieaedx gdh dhe~edhedx esgkugx`jd gdh jsev|ìbx= gdh+

9$ Gdp jxbev |xe~| deeheh xj ed|uve xbe eccelx`se u|e jc ve|juvle| gdh Sjkudxeev|+ gdh xj ~ve~gve cjv

gdh à~keaedx gd g~~vj~v`gxe er~gd|`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$

Xbe H`velxjv gk|j g|meh xbe g||e||aedx xega xj ghhve|| bjy xbe giedlp lgd fe|x |xvedixbed xb`vh ijgk

glx`s`xè| gdh giedlp ve~jvx`di aelbgd`|a|$

H$6$ Aexbjhjkjip

Xbe giedlp g||e||aedx yg| lgvvèh jux jsev xbe c`se ajdxb| cvja Ogdugvp xbvjuib Agp jc 6>7>$ Xbe

aexbjhjkjip u|eh fp xbe xega `d igxbev`di gdh gdgkpz`di hgxg+ vesèy`di c`dh`di|+ hesekj~`di

veljaaedhgx`jd|+ gdh hvgcx`di gdh vesèy`di xb`| hjluaedx `| h`|lu||eh fekjy$

H$6$g Vesèy jc yv`xxed hjluaedx|

Xega aeafev| |~edx xbe c`v|x cey yeem| vegh`di gdh gdgkpz`di fglmivjudh hjluaedx|+ `dlkuh`di ~ves`ju|

|xuhè| jd xbe g||e||aedx xj~`l|+ Sjkudxeev gdh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev |uvsep| gdh ljaaedx|+ gvx`lke| gdh

eh`xjv`gk|+ @dxevdex fkji| gdh jxbev `dcjvagx jd |juvle| `dxevdgk gdh erxevdgk xj xbe giedlp$ Xega aeafev|gk|j |juibx jux gdh gdgkpzeh hjluaedx| xbgx lv`x`l`zeh jv |uiie|xeh lbgdie| `d xbe ygp xbe giedlp

ljdhulx| `x| j~evgx jd| xj ed|uve xbgx xbep vele seh g| agdp ~j`dx| jc sèy g| ~j||`fke$ Gkk jc xbe agojv

hjluaedx| ljd|ukxeh gve |bjyd `d G~~edh`r @@@!5$

H$6$f @dxevdgk gdh erxevdgk dxevsèy+ h`|lu||`jd gdh ~ve|edxgx`jd aeex`di|

Aeafev| jc xbe g||e||aedx xega ljdhulxeh ajve xbgd 7>> aeex`di| gdh `dxevsèy| xj igxbev `dcjvagx`jd

gdh h`ccevedx ~j`dx| jc sèy jd xbe xj~`l| ljseveh `d xbe g||e||aedx$ Xbe fukm jc xbe|e aeex`di| yeve



60

ljdhulxeh y`xb luvvedx gdh cjvaev êgle Ljv~| |xgcc+ vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|+ gdh luvvedxkp

|evs`di Sjkudxeev|$ Ghh`x`jdgk aeex`di| yeve bekh y`xb aeafev| jc Ljdive|| xj fexxev udhev|xgdh |~el`c l

ljdlevd| gdh `||ue| vekgxeh xj xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Gkaj|x gkk jc xbe|e aeex`di| yeve `d ~ev|jd+ bjyesev+

|jae xeke~bjde `dxevsèy| yeve ljdhulxeh ybed cgle!xj!cgle aeex`di| yeve djx ~j||`fke$

H$6$l \uvsep| gdh jxbev juxveglb xjjk|

Xj fvjghed xbe g||e||aedx xega‐| juxveglb eccjvx|+ g duafev jc jxbev xjjk| yeve u|eh fp xbe xega xj |jk`l`x

`d~ux$ Cjv erga~ke+ xj igxbev u~!xj!hgxe `dcjvagx`jd jd xbe Sjkudxeev velvu`x`di+ |ekelx jd+ gdh ~kgleaedx

~vjle||+ xbe g||e||aedx xega he|ìdeh gdh gha`d`|xeveh g |uvsep$ Xb`| |uvsep yg| gha`d`|xeveh xj ajve

xbgd <>> dey xvg`dee| `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gx xbe`v ~ve!he~gvxuve jvèdxgx`jd$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega vekèh begs`kp jd xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep| 2

xbgx gve ljdhulxeh fp xbe Jcc`le jc

\xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di "J\@V^$ Xbe aj|x veledx jc xbe|e |uvsep| yg| ljdhulxeh `d

6>>0$ J\@V^ |xgcc gk|j ~ve~gveh gd gdgkp|`| jc |uvsep ve|ukx| cvja 6>>3+ 6>>2+ gdh 6>>0 xbgx yg| u|ecuk `d

gdgkpz`di xvedh| `d ve|~jd|e xj |~el`c l wue|x`jd|$ J\@V^ |xgcc aeafev| yeve gfke xj vud ghh`x`jdgk

gdgkp|`| jd xbe |uvsep ve|ukx| g| vewue|xeh$

Xbe xega gk|j u|eh xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd |uvsep ljdhulxeh `d Jlxjfev jc 6>>0 jd `x|

aeafev|$ G~~vjràgxekp 8+5>> luvvedx gdh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| ve|~jdheh xj xb`| |uvsep$ Xbe g||jl`gx jd

yg| gfke xj ~vjs`he ghh`x`jdgk `dcjvagx`jd jd xb`| |uvsep ybed vewue|xeh xbgx yg| sevp u|ecuk `d gdgkpz`di

|jae jc xbe gveg| ljseveh `d xbe g||e||aedx$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega ljdhulxeh gd erxed|`se juxveglb eccjvx y`xb luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev|+ xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ |xgcc aeafev| |evs`di jsev|eg|+ gdh y`xb xbe fvjghev vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev ljaaud`xp$

Egvkp jd `d xbe g||e||aedx ~vjle||+ gdh gx xbe vewue|x jc xbe g||e||aedx xega+ xbe H`velxjv jc xbe giedlp

|edx jux g ljaaud`lgx`jd xj gkk ljudxvp h`velxjv| er~kg`d`di xbe veg|jd| feb`dh xbe giedlp g||e||aedx gdh

|jk`l`x`di `d~ux cvja xbea gdh xbe`v |xgcc$ Gd e!ag k ghhve|| yg| lvegxeh cjv xb`| ~uv~j|e

"giedlpg||e||aedxN~egleljv~|$ijs+ gdh <7 jsev|eg| ~j|x| ~vjs`heh `d~ux xbvjuib xb`| aelbgd`|a$ G

|à`kgv ~vjle|| yg| u|eh xj veglb jux xj luvvedx êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|$ @d xb`| lg|e+ ljudxvp h`velxjv|

yeve g|meh xj cjvygvh g aeajvgdhua cvja xbe g||e||aedx xega xj xbe`v ve|~elx`se Sjkudxeev Ghs`|jvp

Ljaa`xxee| |jk l`x`di `d~ux jd xbe g||e||aedx xj~`l|$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega vele`seh `d~ux cvja 68

Sjkudxeev Ghs`|jvp Ljaa xxee|$ C`dgkkp+ xbe g||e||aedx xega u|eh g |à`kgv ~vjlehuve xj veglb jux xj xbe

kgviev vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev ljaaud`xp$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega vgdhjakp g|meh cjv `d~ux cvja

xb`vxp jc xbe 7<6 êgle Ljv~| gcc`d`xp ivju~| xbvjuibjux xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gdh vele`seh `d~ux cvja

cjuvxeed$

H$6$h Ljudxvp h`velxjv gdh ~vjivga xvg`d`di jcc`lev ljdcevedle|

Xbe xbvee vei`jd| bekh c`se!hgp ljudxvp h`velxjv ljdcevedle| huv`di xbe c`v|x wugvxev jc CP 6>7>$ Xb`| yg|

cjkkjyeh fp xbe c`v|x yjvkhy`he ~vjivga xvg`d`di jcc`lev ljdcevedle `d ajve xbgd g helghe `d yb`lb gkk~j|x| |edx g ~vjivga xvg`d`di jcc`lev xj Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$ huv`di xbe |eljdh wugvxev jc CP 6>7> cjv g jde

yeem ljdcevedle$ Gx eglb jc xbe|e ljdcevedle|+ xbe ~gvx`l`~gdx| gdgkpzeh xbe `||ue| xbgx aj|x gccelx xbe

giedlp‐| gf`k`xp xj glbèse wugk`xp ivjyxb gdh aghe |~el`c`l veljaaedhgx`jd| xj glbèse xb`| ijgk$

Veljaaedhgx`jd| cvja xbe xbvee ljdcevedle| yeve ~vjs heh xj xbe g||e||aedx xega$ G||e||aedx xega

2 Xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep "GS\ ljkkelx| ceehfglm cvja gkk Sjkudxeev| jd xj~`l| |ulb g| `d!ljudxvp |u~~jvx+ xvg`d`di+ gdh xbeà~glx jc xbe`v yjvm$ Wue|x`jd| gve he|ìdeh xj ek`l`x u|ecuk Sjkudxeev ceehfglm xbgx glmdjykehie| ybgx `| ij`di yekk gdh ~vjs`he|ljd|xvulx`se |uiie|x`jd| cjv à~vjseaedx$ Xbe GS\ ljdxg`d| 39 ljve wue|x`jd| cjv gkk Sjkudxeev|+ y`xb ghh`x`jdgk er~evèdle!g~~vj~v`gxe wue|x`jd| he~edh`di jd xbe Sjkudxeev‐| xàe `d!ljudxvp$

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aeafev| gk|j ~gvx`l`~gxeh `d xbe ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev ljdcevedle gdh er~kjveh |~el`c`l `||ue|

vekgxeh xj xbe g||e||aedx$

H$6$e Yjvm`di ivju~ aeex`di|

Xbe g||e||aedx xega vekèh jd yjvm`di ivju~ aeex`di| g| g ygp xj mee~ gkk aeafev| g~~v`|eh jc xbe

glx`s`xè| lgvvèh jux fp `dh`s hugk| jd xbe xega$ @d xbe|e aeex`di|+ g||e||aedx xega aeafev| gk|j

h`|lu||eh gdh vec`deh gkk jc xbe agojv xj~`l gveg|+ g| yekk g| xbe ljdlku|`jd| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd|

~ve|edxeh `d xb`| ve~jvx$ Xbe|e yjvm`di ivju~ aeex`di| yeve bekh xbvjuibjux xbe |xuhp ~ev`jh gdh gx xàe|

`dlkuheh aeafev| cvja xbe giedlp g||e||aedx ghs`|jvp ljaa`xxee0

jv jxbev `dh`s`hugk| ybj yeve vekesgdx

xj xbe xj~`l fe`di h`|lu||eh$ Xbe|e yjvm`di ivju~ aeex`di|‘|à`kgv xj g ~eev ves ey ~vjle|| `d jxbev

g~~k`lgx`jd|‘yeve ~gvx`lukgvkp u|ecuk d vesèy`di hvgcx lbg~xev| jc xbe g||e||aedx$

H$6$c Xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle

Xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle yg| lvegxeh fp xbe H`velxjv huv`di xbe c`v|x wugvxev jc CP 6>7>$ Xb`| ivju~ yg|

g|meh xj `hedx`cp `ddjsgx`se |xvgxeiè| xj cgl`k`xgxe xbe giedlp‐| ijgk cjv wugk xp ivjyxb$ Xbe ivjyxb xg|m

cjvle gk|j gdgkpzeh er`|x`di ~jk`lè| xj hexeva`de ~j||`fke ljd|xvg`dx| xj ivjyxb$ Xyekse xg|m cjvle|ufivju~| yeve cjvaeh xj ve|egvlb gdh hesekj~ veljaaedhgx`jd| `d mep gveg|+ `dlkuh`di Sjkudxeev

velvu`xaedx gdh ~kgleaedx+ xvg`d`di+ aeh`lgk lgve gdh ~gvxdev|b`~|$ Xb`| xg|m cjvle aex yeemkp cjv xbvee

ajdxb| gdh ~ve|edxeh xbe`v c`dh`di| xj xbe H`velxjv `d G~v`k 6>7>$ G||e||aedx xega aeafev| ~gvx l`~gxeh

`d xg|m cjvle |ufivju~| gdh cjudh xbe|e aeex`di| xj fe g u|ecuk cjvua cjv er~kjv`di dey `heg|$

H$6$i ^kgdd`di |e||`jd| y`xb mep giedlp agdgiev|

Gx h`ccevedx ~j`dx| xbvjuibjux xbe g||e||aedx+ xbe g||e||aedx xega ljjvh`dgxeh ~kgdd`di |e||`jd| y`xb mep

giedlp agdgiev| gdh aeafev| jc xbe giedlp g||e||aedx ghs`|jvp ljaa`xxee$ Xbe|e |e||`jd| yeve

e|~el`gkkp sgkugfke `d h`|lu||`di+ hesekj~`di+ gdh sgk`hgx`di |jae mep ~j`dx| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| aghe

fp xbe g||e||aedx xega$ Xbe|e ~kgdd`di |e||`jd| gk|j bek~eh xj iedevgxe |u~~jvx cjv mep veljaaedhgx jd|

aghe fp xbe xega+ `d|uv`di xbe`v ~vja~x à~keaedxgx`jd$

H$6$b C`dgk vesèy jc xbe giedlp g||e||aedx ve~jvx

Jdle xbe g||e||aedx xega bgh lja~kexeh gdh vesèyeh g hvgcx jc xbe ve~jvx+ xbe hvgcx yg| l`vlukgxeh xj gkk

aeafev| jc xbe giedlp g||e||aedx ghs |jvp ljaa`xxee cjv ves ey gdh ljaaedx$ Xb`| iedevgxeh ghh`x`jdgk

`d~ux gdh sgk`hgxeh xbe c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| jc xbe ve~jvx$

H$<$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega

\bjvxkp gcxev xbe ~g||gie jc xbe Ljd|jk`hgxeh G~~vj~v`gx`jd| Glx `d Heleafev 6>>0+ xbe H`velxjv jc xbe

giedlp g~~j`dxeh xbe aeafev| jc xbe g||e||aedx xega$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega ljd|`|xeh jc c`se cukk!xàeaeafev| `d ghh`x jd xj xbe xega ljjvh`dgxjv$ G| vewue|xeh fp xbe H`velxjv+ xyj jc xbe g||e||aedx xega

aeafev| yeve erxevdgk |~el`gk`|x| fvjuibx `d xj ~vjs`he ghh`x`jdgk ~j`dx| jc sèy$ G||e||aedx xega

aeafev| yeve?

0 Gd ghs`|jvp ljaa`xxee yg| lvegxeh xj ~vjs`he h`velx`jd gdh iu`hgdle `d xbe he|ìd gdh à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe g||e||aedx gdh xbevesèy jc xbe c`dgk ve~jvx "|ee |elx`jd H$8$



<7

Agvpgdd A`dux`kkj?

A|$ A`dux`kkj |evseh g| xbe ljjvh`dgxjv cjv xbe g||e||aedx xega gdh `| gk|j |ed`jv

ghs`|jv `d xbe Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ @d xb`| lg~gl`xp |be lbg`v| xbe ~jk`lp vesèy fjgvh

gdh h`velx| xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx ~vjivga gàeh gx |xvedixbed`di xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jd| yjvkhy`he$ ^v`jv xj xb`| ~j|`x jd+ A|$ A`dux`kkj yg| lbèc jc j~evgx`jd| gdh glx`di

vei`jdgk h`velxjv cjv xbe @dxev!Gaev`lg # ^gl`c`l vei`jd$ Fecjve oj`d`di xbe beghwugvxev| |xgcc+ A|$

A`dux`kkj |evseh g| ljudxvp h`velxjv cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| `d Fjk`s`g$

@d ghh`x`jd xj bev yjvm y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|+ A|$ A`dux`kkj bg| gd erxed|`se fglmivjudh `d ~ufk`l |evs`le

gdh `dxevdgx jdgk hesekj~aedx$ \be h`h sjkudxeev yjvm `d Iugxeagkg `d g ljaaud`xp!fg|eh `dcgdx

duxv`x`jd ~vjoelx+ gdh |be yg| g cglukxp aeafev `d xbe Ljkkeie jc Begkxb \lèdle| `d xbe M`dihja jc

Fgbvg`d ybeve |be lj!lbg`veh g ~vjoelx xj erxedh ~vàgvp begkxb lgve |evs`le| xj |agkk s kkgie|$ Bev

`dxevdgx`jdgk yjvm gk|j `dlkuhe| erxed|`se er~evèdle `d xeglb`di gdh xvg`d`di xeglbev| jc Edik`|b g| g

|eljdh kgdiugie `d kesek| cvja m`dhevigvxed xj ud`sev|`xp$ Huv`di bev |`r!pegv xeduve gx xbe He~gvxaedx jc

\xgxe g| H`velxjv jc xbe Cga`kp K`g`|jd Jcc`le+ |be lbga~`jdeh ehulgx`jdgk |evs`le| cjv lb`khved y`xb

kegvd`di h`|gf`k`xè| gdh |u~~jvx gdh xvg`d`di cjv cjveìd |evs`le cga`kè|$

Aeigd Fkglmfuvd?

A|$ Fkglmfuvd bg| yjvmeh cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| | dle Heleafev 6>>9$ \be `| g

~vjivga gdgkp|x `d xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| Erelux`se \ekelx`jd gdh \u~~jvx cjlu|`di jd xbe velvu`xaedx gdh|ekelx`jd jc ljudxvp h`velxjv|$ ^v`jv xj lja`di xj xbe êgle Ljv~|+ A|$ Fkglmfuvd yjvmeh g| g ~jk`lp

gdgkp|x gx xbe BEK^ Ljaa`||`jd‘g Ljdive||`jdgk ljaa`||`jd‘ve|egvlb`di U$\$ cjveìd g||`|xgdle

~vjivga| gdh bek~`di lja~`ke `x| c dgk ve~jvx$ Bev c`v|x ojf yg| yjvm`di cjv \edgxjv Lbulm Bgiek g| g

~ev|jdgk g||`|xgdx$ \be bg| `dxevdeh gx xbe Lb`kegd Gaev`lgd Lbgafev jc Ljaaevle `d \gdx`gij gdh gx xbe

Ud`xeh \xgxe| Giedlp cjv @dxevdgx`jdgk Hesekj~aedx "@$

A|$ Fkglmfuvd bjkh| gd A$G$ cvja xbe \lbjjk jc @dxevdgx`jdgk gdh ûfk`l Gccg`v| "\@^G gx Ljkuaf`g

Ud`sev|`xp gdh g F$G$ cvja Ljkfp Ljkkeie$

Med Ijjh|jd?

Med Ijjh|jd bg| ajve xbgd 7< pegv| jc er~evèdle y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Av$ Ijjh|jd

c`v|x |evseh y`xb xbe giedlp g| g Sjkudxeev `d Fjk`s`g$ Be xbed |evseh g| g Sjkudxeev ljjvh`dgxjv gdh kgxev

g| g xelbd`lgk xvg`dev `d Fjk`s`g fecjve felja`di g||jl`gxe ljudxvp h`velxjv `d Fek`ze ybeve be keh xyj

~vjoelx| gdh g||`|xeh xbe vehe|ìd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xvg`d`di `d xbgx ljudxvp$ Av$ Ijjh|jd xbed vexuvdeh

xj xbe Gdhe| xj yjvm g| ~gvx jc xbe xyj!~ev|jd |xgvxu~ xega xg|meh xj ve!e|xgfk`|b xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga

`d êvu+ ybeve be hesekj~eh gdh `d`x`gxeh gkk jc êgle Ljv~| êvu‐| `d`x`gk ~vjivga| gdh xvg`deh |xgcc xj

xgme jsev xbe ~vjoelx| be `d`x`gxeh$ Xb`| yg| cjkkjyeh fp g ajse xj Ukggdfggxgv+ Ajdijk`g+ g| ljudxvp

h`velxjv$ Cjkkjy`di xbe xjuv `d Ajdijk`g+ Av$ Ijjh|jd ajseh xj Vjagd`g xj |evse g| ljudxvp h`velxjv$

Fecjve b`| xàe y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|+ Av$ Ijjh|jd |evseh g| cèkh agdgiev cjv gd eds`vjdaedxgk ivju~ `d

Gkg|mg$ Be bjkh| g F$G$ `d ~ufk`l ~jk`lp cvja Hume Ud`sev|`xp$

Oegd Kuogd?

Oegd Kuogd | gd gxxjvdep+ veledxkp vex veh cvja xbe He~gvxaedx jc Ou|x`le$ \be |evseh g| g

êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev `d |juxbevd Lb`ke cvja 7035!7039$ G ivghugxe jc xbe Ud`sev|`xp jc A`lbìgd+ |bevexuvdeh xj Gdd Gvfjv cjv g |eae|xev fecjve ajs`di xj ljg|xgk Ag`de$ @d 709>+ |be ajseh xj Yg|b`dixjd+

H$L$+ ybeve |be xguibx Edik`|b g| g |eljdh kgdiugie xj ghukx| cvja Kgx`d Gaev`lg$ \be gxxedheh kgy

|lbjjk gx Lgxbjk`l Ud`sev|`xp gdh oj`deh xbe He~gvxaedx jc Ou|x`le `d 7095$ \be |~edx g~~vjràgxekp 72

pegv| `d h`ccevedx jcc`le| gx xbe He~gvxaedx jc Ou|x`le vekgxeh xj àaìvgx`jd+ |~el`gk`z`di `d vecuiee gdh

g|pkua `||ue|$ \be xjjm xyj kegse| jc gf|edle cvja xbe He~gvxaedx jc Ou|x`le xj yjvm cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|+

c`v|x g| lj!ljudxvp h`velxjv `d Lj|xg V`lg "702>!702<+ gdh aj|x veledxkp g| ljudxvp h`velxjv cjv ^gdgag

"6>>6!6>>5$



<6

@d ghh`x`jd xj bev ijsevdaedx |evs`le+ A|$ Kuogd bg| er~evèdle `d xbe ~v`sgxe |elxjv$ Cvja 7029 xj 7002+

|be jydeh gdh agdgieh Bekkev‐| fgmevp `d xbe Ax$ ^keg|gdx deìbfjvbjjh jc Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$+ gdh

Gsìdjd Cveve| ve|xguvgdx `d Ghga| Ajvigd$

H`gdg \lba`hx?

Hv$ H`gdg \lba`hx gdh bev bu|fgdh felgae êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| `d 6>>> gdh |evseh `d

Umvg`de$ Gcxev lja~kex`di bev |evs le+ Hv$ \lba`hx felgae xbe he~uxp h`velxjv gdh ~vjivga gdh xvg d`di

jcc`lev `d Umvg`de$ Xbed `d 6>>8+ |be felgae ljudxvp h`velxjv `d Aglehjd`g$ \be yg| ljudxvp h`velxjv `d

Umvg`de `d 6>>3 gdh |evseh xbeve udx`k 6>7> ybed |be vexuvdeh xj xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ beghwugvxev| g| g

vjs`di ljudxvp h`velxjv$

^v`jv xj xbe êgle Ljv~|+ Hv$ \lba`hx lj!cjudheh gd j~bxbgka`l ~bgvagleux`lgk lja~gdp+ @|xg

^bgvagleux`lgk|+ `d 7007$ G| s`le ~ve|`hedx jc hesekj~aedx gdh `x| lb ec j~evgx`di jcc`lev+ |be xvgsekeh xbe

yjvkh |exx di u~ lk`d`lgk xv`gk| gdh agdgi`di |uf|`h`gvè|$ Hv$ \lba`hx yjvmeh `d sgv`ju| |ed`jv

agdgieaedx ~j|`x jd| y`xb Gkkevigd ^bgvagleux`lgk| cjv xed pegv| fecjve @|xg$ Egvkèv `d bev lgveev+ Hv$

\lba`hx yg| g ~vjce||jv gdh he~gvxaedx begh gx ê~~evh`de Ud`sev|`xp `d Lgk`cjvd`g+ gdh |be xguibx gx

sgv`ju| Ud`sev|`xp jc Lgk`cjvd`g lga~u|e|$

Hv$ \lba`hx bjkh| g F$G$ `d ~|plbjkjip cvja xbe Ud`sev|`xp jc Lgk`cjvd`g+ Fevmekep= Ag|xev‐| heivee| `d~|plbjkjip cvja Lgk`cjvd`g \xgxe Ud`sev|`xp `d \gd Cvgdl`|lj gdh fu|`de|| gha`d`|xvgx jd cvja ê~~evh`de

Ud`sev|`xp= gdh g ^bH cvja xbe Ud`sev|`xp jc Lgk`cjvd`g+ Kj| Gdieke|$

Lgvkj| Xjvve|?

Av$ Xjvve| `| xbe cjudhev gdh cjvaev ~ve|`hedx jc @ Ljv~jvgx`jd+ g lja~gdp |~el`gk`z`di `d

`dxevdgx`jdgk ljd|ukx`di+ cjlu|`di ~vàgv`kp jd `||ue| vekgx`di xj eljdja`l hesekj~aedx$ Av$ Xjvve| bg|

ajve xbgd xb`vxp pegv| jc `dxevdgx`jdgk fu|`de|| er~evèdle$ Be bg| ~vàgv`kp yjvmeh `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|+

Kgx`d Gaev`lg gdh xbe Lgv ffegd+ xbe A`hhke Eg|x+ gdh xbe cjvaev \jsèx Ud`jd$ B`| gveg| jc er~evx`|e gve

`d dxevdgx`jdgk fu|`de|| hesekj~aedx+ |xvgxei`l ~kgdd`di+ xvghe gdh dse|xaedx+ gdh a`lvj!fgdm`di$

Av$ Xjvve| bjkh| g FG `d c`dgdle cvja Fgf|jd Ljkkeie gdh g A$\$A `d `dxevdgx`jdgk fu|`de|| cvja xbe

Bukx @dxevdgx`jdgk Fu|`de|| \lbjjk "cjvaevkp xbe Gvxbuv H$ K`xxke Agdgieaedx Ehulgx`jd @d|x`xuxe$

H$8$ Xbe giedlp g||e||aedx ghs`|jvp ljaa`xxee

Gd ghs`|jvp ljaa`xxee ~vjs`heh h`velx`jd gdh iu`hgdle `d xbe he|ìd gdh à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe

g||e||aedx gdh xbe ves ey jc xbe c`dgk ve~jvx$ Xbe ghs`|jvp ljaa`xxee yg| lbg`veh fp xbe H`velxjv jc xbe

giedlp gdh `dlkuheh xbe cjkkjy`di aeafev|?

E|xbev Fedoga`d+ g||jl`gxe h`velxjv cjv xbe Jcc`le Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|

\uzè Lgvvjkk+ he~uxp h`velxjv jc xbe Jcc`le jc Ljdive||`jdgk Vekgx`jd|

Ek`|g Ajdxjpg+ Yb`xe Bju|e k`g`|jd gdh |ed`jv ghs`|jv xj xbe H`velxjv

\xglp Vbjhe|+ lbèc jc |xgcc

Mgxbp Vukjd+ |ed`jv ghs`|ev xj xbe Lbèc jc \xgcc Lgvk \j|efee+ Iedevgk Ljud|ek

Lgxbvpd Xbjvu~+ h`velxjv jc xbe Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di

H$5$ Xbe `dhe~edhedx vesèy ~vjle||

@d ve|~jd|e xj xbe vewue|x fp xbe Ljd|jk`hgxeh G~~vj~v`gx`jd| Glx+ 6>7> oj`dx ve~jvx xj `dsjkse erxevdgk

|~el`gk`|x| `d xbe vesèy ~vjle||+ xbe H`velxjv gk|j lvegxeh gd `dhe~edhedx ~gdek xj vesèy xbe yjvm jc xbe



<<

g||e||aedx xega$ Xbe H`velxjv lbj|e xyj `dh`s`hugk| xj ~vjs he `dhe~edhedx ljaaedx| gdh lv`x`wue|

gàeh gx |xvedixbed`di xbe giedlp!y`he g||e||aedx?

Gafg||ghjv Ogae| Oj|e~b?

Gafg||ghjv Oj|e~b yg| xbe cjvaev Ud`xeh \xgxe| Gafg||ghjv xj \juxb Gcv`lg

gdh luvvedxkp `| xbe ^vjce||jv jc Keghev|b`~ # Exb`l| gx Hume Ud`sev| xp gdh Ud`sev|`xp jc Lg~e Xjyd$ Be

`| gk|j xbe lbg`vagd jc xbe fjgvh jc xbe Kju`|`gdg Veljsevp Cjudhgx`jd$

Y`kk`ga Kgde?

Av$ Kgde `| xbe s`le ~ve|`hedx jc ijsevdaedx gccg`v| cjv Lgxev~`kkgv Ljv~$ gdh `| g cjvaev

aeafev jc xbe BEK^ Ljaa`||`jd‘Ljaa`||`jd jd Bek~`di xj Edbgdle xbe K`sek`bjjh jc êj~ke Gvjudh

xbe Ikjfe‘g ~ve|`hedx gk ljaa`xxee erga`d di xbe eccelx`sede|| jc U$\$ cjveìd g`h$ Xbe ljaa`||`jd

ve~jvx yg| vekeg|eh `d Heleafev 6>>9$



<8




<5

@S$ GHOU\X@DI SJKUDXEEV ^KGLEAEDX XJ VECKELX ^V@JV@XP

UD@XEH \XGXE\ @DXEVE\X\+ LJUDXVP DEEH\ GDH LJAA@XAEDX

XJ \BGVEH IJGK\+ GDH SJKUDXEEV \M@KK\

G$ HE\LV@^X@JD JC XBE LUVVEDX ^VJLE\\

G$7$ @dxvjhulx`jd

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |xgxuxjvp a`||`jd ‛xj ~vjajxe yjvkh ~egle gdh cvèdh|b`~‑ `|+ fp hec`d`x`jd+ ikjfgk `d

fveghxb$ G| g ve|ukx+ xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~jk lp bg| feed xj ve|~jdh cgsjvgfkp xj gkk veg|jdgfke vewue|x| cjv

g||`|xgdle cvja `dxeve|xeh ljudxvè|+ ~vjs`heh xbgx cudh`di `| gsg`kgfke gdh xbgx fg|`l |gcexp gdh

~vjivgaagx l ljdh`x`jd| gve aex$ Jd xbe jxbev bgdh+ xbe giedlp jsev xbe pegv| bg| vele`seh vewue|x| cjv

g||`|xgdle cvja ajve ljudxvè| xbgd `x ljukh bj~e xj |gx`|cp i`sed gsg`kgfke ve|juvle|$ G| g ve|ukx+ xbe

êgle Ljv~| bg| gkygp| cgleh xbe h`keaag jc bjy fe|x xj ux`k`ze `x| |lgvle ve|juvle| xj agrà`ze xbe

glbèseaedx jc `x| xbvee ijgk|$

Glbèseaedx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ a`||`jd gdh xbvee ijgk| `| aegdx xj iu`he hel`|`jd| jd ybeve xbe giedlp

e|xgfk`|be| g ~ve|edle+ xbe duafev jc Sjkudxeev| `d eglb ljudxvp+ gdh xbe lg~gl`xp `d yb`lb Sjkudxeev|

|evse "Sjkudxeev ^kgleaedx$ Bjyesev+ ybed xbe g||e||aedx xega feigd xj ve|egvlb bjy xbe giedlp

agme| hel`|`jd| jd Sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx+ `x cjudh k`xxke `d xbe ygp jc yv`xxed ~vjlehuve|$ Hjluaedxgx`jd

veigvh`di ~g|x hel`|`jd| yg| gk|j kglm`di$

Xb`| hje| djx à~kp xbgx g vgx`jdgk hel`|`jd agm`di ~vjle|| hje| djx er |x$ @d `dxevsèy| y`xb agdgieaedx

gdh |xgcc+ g||e||aedx xega aeafev| cjudh xbgx xbeve bg| gkygp| feed g ~vjle|| cjv agm`di vgx`jdgk

hel`|`jd| veigvh`di Sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx$ Udcjvxudgxekp+ xbe ~vjle|| bg| djx feed yekk hjluaedxeh+ yb`lb

bg| aghe `x h`cc`lukx cjv xbe giedlp xj vegh`kp gd|yev wue|x`jd| gfjux ybgx ljudxvè| `x |evse| gdh y`xb

ybgx kesek jc ve|juvle|$ Xb`| bg| cvu|xvgxeh fjxb lv`x`l| gdh |u~~jvxev| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Ljd|ewuedxkp+

xbe c`v|x |xe~ `d gdgkpz`di xbe hel`|`jd agm`di ~vjle|| gfjux Sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx yg| xj udhev|xgdh `x gdhhjluaedx x$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh es`hedle xbgx xbe giedlp xgme| ivegx lgve xj ed|uve xbgx `x| ~vjivga| veckelx xbe

hesekj~aedx ~v`jv`xè| jc xbe ljudxvè| `d yb`lb Sjkudxeev| |evse+ lja~keaedx xbe ~v`jv`xè| jc xbe Ud`xeh

\xgxe| gdh kesevgie xbe xvgh`x`jdgk |xvedixb| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| bg| agdp |xvgxei`l

~v`jv`xè| xbgx ~evbg~| gve aj|x ljdivuedx y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~v`jv`xè| `d xbe hesekj~aedx gvedg$

@dxevsedx`jd| `d B@S*G@H\+ cjjh |eluv`xp+ |gce ygxev+ lkàgxe lbgdie+ fg|`l ehulgx`jd+ gdh yjaed‐|

ea~jyevaedx gve gkk jc |xvgxei`l `dxeve|x xj xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gdh gve gk|j lja~gx`fke y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|

ljve er~evx`|e$

G$6$ Jsevsèy jc xbe hel`|`jd agm`di ~vjle||

@d gdgkpz`di xbe hel`|`jd!agm`di ~vjle|| jd ljudxvp |ekelx`jd+ Sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx gdh ve|juvle

gkkjlgx`jd gajdi ljudxvè|+ xbe g||e||aedx xega kjjmeh gx xbvee vekgxeh `||ue|?

… Xbe hel`|`jd xj edxev jv ve!edxev g ljudxvp=

… Hel`|`jd| veigvh`di xbe gkkjlgx`jd jc Sjkudxeev| gdh jxbev ve|juvle| gajdi er`|x`di êgle Ljv~|

ljudxvè|= gdh+

… Xbe hel`|`jd xj he~gvx cvja g ljudxvp$



<3

@d gkk lg|e|+ xbvee e||edx`gk ljdh`x`jd| au|x gkygp| fe aex?7>

… Ljudxvp ljaa`xaedx xj xbe êgle Ljv~| “ hje| jv y`kk xbe ljudxvp |u~~jvx xbe êgle Ljv~| `d g

ygp xbgx y`kk agme xbe giedlp‐| ~ve|edle `d xbgx ljudxvp g |ulle||:

… \gcexp gdh \eluv`xp “ hje| gd glle~xgfke+ |gce+ gdh |eluve eds`vjdaedx er`|x cjv Sjkudxeev| gdh

|xgcc:

… Ve|juvle| “ hje| xbe êgle Ljv~| bgse g veg|jdgfke er~elxgx`jd xbgx `x y`kk bgse xbe c`dgdl`gk

ve|juvle| gsg`kgfke xj |ulle||cukkp |u~~jvx `x| ~vjivga `d xbgx ljudxvp:

Giedlp |xgcc aeafev| kjjm gx jxbev sgv`gfke| xj hexeva`de xbe gdx`l`~gxeh jv glxugk kesek jc |ulle|| jc g

~vjivga `d eglb ljudxvp$77

Xbe|e lv`xev`g gve erga`deh ybed xbe êgle Ljv~| `| `ds`xeh `dxj g ~gvx`lukgv

ljudxvp gdh jd gd jdij`di fg|`| jdle xbe êgle Ljv~| `| j~evgx`di `d g ljudxvp$ Xbep `dlkuhe+ fux gve djx

kà`xeh xj?

… Xbe ljudxvp‐| hesekj~aedx jfoelx`se| gdh xbe`v lja~gx`f`k`xp y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ljve gveg| jc

er~evx`|e "ehulgx`jd+ begkxb gdh B@S*G@H\+ fu|`de|| hesekj~aedx+ eds`vjdaedx+ giv`lukxuve+ gdh

pjuxb hesekj~aedx=… Xbe ~ve|edle gdh s`gf`k`xp jc Sjkudxeev ~vjoelx|=

… Xbe lj|x eccelx`sede|| jc ~vjivga| gdh ~j|x agdgieaedx= gdh+

… Xbe ljdivuedle y`xb ~v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| `dxeve|x|$

Xbe |elx`jd| xbgx cjkkjy ~vjs`he g hexg`keh he|lv`~x`jd jc xbe hel`|`jd!agm`di ~vjle|| xbgx hv`se| ljudxvp

|ekelx`jd+ Sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx gdh ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd$ @d |uf|ewuedx |elx`jd|+ xbe g||e||aedx xega bg|

gk|j hjluaedxeh bjy xbe giedlp ed|uve| xbgx `x `| ve|~jd|`se xj Ud`xeh \xgxe| `dxeve|x| gdh agme| |~el`c`l

veljaaedhgx`jd| xj à~vjse xbe jsevgkk hel`|`jd!agm`di ~vjle||$

G$<$ Edxvp jv ve!edxvp `dxj g ljudxvp

G$<$g Xbe hel`|`jd xj ljdhulx g ljudxvp g||e||aedx

Xbe ~vjle|| xj hexeva`de yb`lb ljudxvè| y`kk fe ljd|`heveh cjv dey giedlp ~vjivga| "jv xbe ve!

e|xgfk`|baedx jc g ~vjivga |xgvx| y`xb gd jcc`l`gk kexxev jc vewue|x cvja xbe ljudxvp$ Ybed xbe êgle

Ljv~| vele`se| g kexxev jc `ds`xgx`jd+ xbe Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv vewue|x| g ~vekà`dgvp vesèy xj hexeva`de `c

xbe derx |xe~‘g cjvagk ljudxvp g||e||aedx‘|bjukh fe ljdhulxeh$ Gx xb`| |xgie+ xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |xgcc

aeafev| agme g sevp egvkp hexeva`dgx`jd jc xbe ~vj~j|eh ~vjivga‐| s`gf`k`xp+ ~v`jv xj ljaa`xx`di xbe

ve|juvle| deeheh xj lgvvp jux g ljudxvp g||e||aedx$ Xbe ~vekà`dgvp vesèy `| fg|eh jd g wu`lm gdgkp|`| jc

xbe xbvee e||edx`gk ljdh`x`jd| "xbe ljudxvp‐| kesek jc `dxeve|x+ |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp gdh gsg`kgf`k`xp jc c`dgdl`gk

ve|juvle|+ gkjdi y`xb ghh`x`jdgk lv`xev`g+ |ulb g| xbe lja~gx`f`k`xp fexyeed xbe vewue|x`di ljudxvp‐|

hesekj~aedx jfoelx`se| gdh xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ljve gveg| jc er~evx`|e$

7> G~~edh`r @S!7 ~vjs`he| ghh`x`jdgk `dcjvagx`jd jd xbe|e xbvee e||edx`gk ljdh`x`jd|$77 Xbe êgle Ljv~| u|e| g sgvèxp jc ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd xjjk| xj g||e|| xbe |ulle|| jc g ~vjivga fepjdh xbj|e h`|lu||eh `d xb`||elx`jd$ Xbe|e xjjk| gve h`|lu||eh `d hexg`k `d lbg~xev S ~gvx L+ ‛\xvedixbed`di Agdgieaedx gdh @dhe~edhedx Esgkugx`jd gdhJsev|ìbx$‑



<9

G$<$f Cjvagk`z`di xbe hel`|`jd xj ljdhulx g ljudxvp g||e||aedx

Xbe vesèy ~vjle|| he|lv`feh gfjse `| gkygp| lgvvèh jux+ fux `x `| djx cjvagkkp hjluaedxeh$ Xbe hel`|`jd

ybexbev xj lgvvp jux g ljudxvp g||e||aedx deeh| xj fe hjluaedxeh `d g cjvagk aeajvgdhua g~~vjseh fp

xbe H`velxjv$ @d agm`di g veljaaedhgx`jd+ xbe aeajvgdhua |bjukh ~ve|edx g |uaagvp jc xbe ~vekà`dgvp

vesèy gdh h`|lu|| gdp |~el`gk jv erxedugx`di l`vlua|xgdle|$ @c xbe hel`|`jd `| ~j|`x`se+ xbe aeajvgdhua

|bjukh gk|j veljaaedh |xgcc aeafev| xj lgvvp jux xbe g||e||aedx+ xbe`v vjke| jd xbe ljudxvp g||e||aedx

xega+ gdh g ~vj~j|eh xàek`de$

Jdle xbe hel`|`jd bg| feed aghe xj lgvvp jux gd g||e||aedx+ cudh`di cjv xbe g||e||aedx deeh| xj fe

|eluveh$ Udhev xbe luvvedx ~vjle||+ xb`| `| gllja~k`|beh xbvjuib g Vewue|x cjv Giedlp Ve|juvle|+ yb`lb

au|x fe g~~vjseh fp xbe Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv$

G$<$l Xbe ljudxvp g||e||aedx

Xbe H`velxjv hel`he| ybexbev xj ljdhulx g ljudxvp g||e||aedx gdh g~~vjse| xbe xega jc |ed`jv agdgiev|

ybj y`kk xvgsek xj ljdhulx xbe g||e||aedx$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| u|e| g lja~vebed|`se g||e||aedx iu`he76

xbgx

hexg`k| xbe ~vjle||$ Xbe g||e||aedx iu`he he|lv`fe| xbe ~vjle|| g| cjkkjy|?

‛Fecjve hel`h`di xj edxev jv ve!edxev g ljudxvp+ `x `| xbe ~vglx`le jc xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ljdhulx gd

g||e||aedx jc xbe |jl`gk+ ~jk`x`lgk+ gdh |eluv`xp ljdh`x`jd| `d xbe ljudxvp `d jvhev xj hexeva`de xbe

ceg|`f`k`xp jc e|xgfk`|b`di g êgle Ljv~| ~vjivga$‑

G fvèc he|lv`~x`jd jc xbe dey ljudxvp g||e||aedx ~vjle|| `| ~vjs`heh `d G~~edh`r @S!6$

G$<$h Veledx ljudxvp g||e||aedx| gdh vesèy jc ~edh`di vewue|x|

@d xbe ~g|x cjuv pegv|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| lgvvèh jux xed ljudxp g||e||aedx|$ D`de jc xbe|e bgse ve|ukxeh

`d ~j|`x`se veljaaedhgx`jd|+ gdh jc xbe|e+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| e|xgfk`|beh ~vjivga| `d eìbx ljudxvè|

"Exb`j~`g+ Iu`deg+ Vygdhg+ K`fev`g+ Medpg+ Aghgig|lgv+ @dhjde|`g gdh \èvvg Kejde$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|

bg| |ìdeh g ljudxvp giveeaedx y`xb xbe d`dxb ljudxvp‘Ljkjaf`g‘gdh `| luvvedxkp `d xbe ~vjle|| jc

e|xgfk`|b`di g ~vjivga `d xbgx ljudxvp$ Xbe ljudxvp g||e||aedx xega aghe g deigx`se veljaaedhgx`jd

ljdlevd`di xbe xedxb ljudxvp hue xj lj|x ljd|`hevgx`jd|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| kexxev| jc vewue|x jv kexxev| jc `dwu`vp jd c`ke |`dle 6>>6 cvja 69 ljudxvè| ybeve `x bg|

djx e|xgfk`|beh g ~vjivga$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh ghewugxe veljvh| veigvh`di xbe |xgxu| jc veledx

ljudxvp g||e||aedx| gdh ~edh`di ljudxvp vewue|x| gdh kexxev| jc `dwu`vè|$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega gk|j yg|

xjkh xbgx xbe vei`jdgk h`velxjv| lgvvp jux ~ev`jh`l `dcjvagk vesèy| jc xbe ljudxvè| xbgx bgse ~edh`di

vewue|x| jv kexxev| jc `dwu`vp xj hexeva`de `c xbeve |bjukh fe gdp cjkkjy!u~+ bjyesev+ xbeve yg| dj

hjluaedxgx`jd jc xbe|e vesèy|$ G| h`|lu||eh `d |elx`jd G$7> jc xb`| lbg~xev+ xbe g||e||aedx xega

veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp vesèy er`|x`di ljudxvp vewue|x| y`xb`d xbe cvgaeyjvm jc g fvjghev ~vjle||xbgx ljd|`hev| dey ljudxvp edxvè|+ he~gvxuve| cvja ljudxvè|+ gdh xbe vegkkjlgx`jd jc ve|juvle| gajdi

êgle Ljv~| ljudxvè|$

76 êgle Ljv~|? Dey Ljudxvp G||e||aedx Iu`he+ Agvlb 6>>9



<2

G$<$e Hel`|`jd xj edxev jv ve!edxev g ljudxvp

Xbe ljudxvp g||e||aedx ve~jvx ~vjs`he| xbe H`velxjv y`xb g veljaaedhgx`jd jd ybexbev xj e|xgfk`|b g

~vjivga `d g ljudxvp$ Xbe c`dgk hel`|`jd `| aghe fp xbe H`velxjv gcxev ves ey`di xbe ljudxvp g||e||aedx+

h`|lu||`di xbe c`dh`di| y`xb xbe ljudxvp g||e||aedx xega gdh xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|+ gdh

sev`cp`di xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| xbe ve|juvle| xj |u~~jvx |ulb g ~vjivga$ Gx xbgx ~j`dx+ xbe H`velxjv lgd

vewue|x ghh`x`jdgk `dcjvagx`jd ~v`jv xj agm`di xbe hel`|`jd+ jv lgd ~vjleeh xj agme g hel`|`jd$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh k`xxke hjluaedxgx`jd `d xbe giedlp‐| c`ke| cjvagk`z`di veledx hel`|`jd|

veigvh`di xbe e|xgfk |baedx jc ~vjivga| u~jd lja~kex`jd jc g ljudxvp g||e||aedx$ @d xbe cuxuve+ xbe|e

hel`|`jd| deeh xj fe hjluaedxeh `d g aeajvgdhua |ìdeh fp xbe H`velxjv$

G$<$c E|xgfk`|b`di g ~vjivga `d g ljudxvp

G| y`xb xbe Dey Ljudxvp G||e||aedx Iu`he+ xbe êgle Ljv~| gk|j bg| g sevp hexg`keh agdugk xbgx

e|xgfk`|be| lkegv iu`hgdle jd e|xgfk`|b`di gd jcc`le `d g ljudxvp$7<

Udhev djvagk ljdh`x`jd|+ xbe êgle

Ljv~| lgd e|xgfk`|b gd `d`x`gk ~vjivga y`xb`d cjuv xj |`r ajdxb| gcxev xbe cjvagk hel`|`jd bg| feed aghe xj

ij cjvygvh gdh g fuhiex bg| feed |eluveh$ Xbe aj|x veledx hel`|`jd| xj j~ed g ~vjivga `d g ljudxvp bgsefeed @dhjde|`g+ \èvvg Kejde+ K`fev`g+ gdh Ljkjaf`g$

G$8$ Gkkjlgx`di Sjkudxeev gdh jxbev ve|juvle| gajdi êgle Ljv~| ljudxvè|

G$8$g @dxvjhulx`jd

Xbe gkkjlgx`jd jc Sjkudxeev gdh jxbev ve|juvle| gajdi xbe ljudxvè| ybeve xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| g ~ve|edle

`| hv`sed fp g aukx kesek hel`|`jd ~vjle|| g| yekk$ G| `d xbe lg|e jc g dey ljudxvp edxvp+ xbe hel`|`jd xj

`dlveg|e+ helveg|e+ jv ag`dxg`d xbe |`ze jc gd er`|x`di ~vjivga `| hv`sed fp xbe cjkkjy di wue|x`jd? Hje|

xbe ljudxvp+ gdh xbe |~el`c`l ~vjivga `d xbgx ljudxvp+ ljdxv`fuxe |ìd`c`lgdxkp xj xbe glbèseaedx jc xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ a`||`jd gdh xbvee ijgk|: Xbe ~vjle|| gk|j fei`d| y`xb g agdgieaedx vesèy jc xbe xbvee

~vàgvp ljdh`x`jd|? bj|x ljudxvp ljaa`xaedx+ |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp jc Sjkudxeev| gdh |xgcc+ gdh xbe

gsg`kgf`k`xp jc cudh`di y`xb d xbe giedlp$ Bjy xbe|e wue|x`jd| gve gd|yeveh+ bjyesev+ sgvè| |ìd`c`lgdxkp

cvja xbe hel`|`jd ~vjle|| he|lv`feh `d xbe dey ljudxvp edxvp |elx`jd+ ~vàgv`kp felgu|e jc xbe er~evèdlexbgx gkveghp er`|x| `d agdgi`di g ~vjivga `d xbgx ljudxvp$

7< êgle Ljv~|? Dey Ljudxvp Edxvp Iu`he+ Agvlb 6>>9

Cvja G||e||aedx xj xbe E|xgfk`|baedx jc g ^vjivga “ K`fev`g

… Xbe ljudxvp g||e||aedx yg| lja~kexeh `d xbe xb`vh wugvxev jc CP 6>>9$ Xbe g||e||aedx ljdlkuheh xbgx xbe

êgle Ljv~| |bjukh kgudlb g ~vjivga `d K`fev`g y`xb êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| `d g c`v|x ~bg|e$

… G fuhiex cjv xbe ~vjivga yg| ~ve~gveh gdh g~~vjseh `d xbe cjuvxb wugvxev jc CP 6>>9$

… Xbe êgle Ljv~| feigd xj |xgcc xbe ~vjivga `d K`fev`g `d xbe |eljdh wugvxev jc CP 6>>2$

… Xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv gvv`seh gx ~j|x `d xbe xb`vh wugvxev jc CP 6>>2$

… Xbe c`v|x êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| gvv`seh `d!ljudxvp `d xbe c`v|x wugvxev jc CP 6>>0$

… Xbe c`v|x êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| y`kk gvv`se `d!ljudxvp `d xbe cjuvxb wugvxev jc CP 6>7>$



<0

G$8$f Xbe @dxeivgxeh ^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex`di \p|xea

Xbe @dxeivgxeh ^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex`di \p|xea "@^F\ `| xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vàgvp ~vjivga gdh ve|juvle

agdgieaedx ~kgdd di aelbgd`|a$ @x `| xbe ~v`dl`~gk xjjk u|eh xj gkkjlgxe ve|juvle| glvj|| xbe edx`ve

giedlp$ G ajve hexg`keh h`|lu||`jd jc xbe @^F\ ~vjle|| `| ~vjs`heh `d lbg~xev S jc xb | ve~jvx+

‛\xvedixbed`di Agdgieaedx gdh @dhe~edhedx Esgkugx`jd gdh Jsev|ìbx$‑

Xbe @^F\ ~vjle|| ~vjs`he| g ivegx hegk jc kgx`xuhe xj ljudxvp h`velxjv| gdh xbe`v |xgcc+ gkkjy`di xbea xj

~vj~j|e bjy xbep fe|x lgd ux`k`ze ve|juvle| gdh Sjkudxeev|$ ^j|x|‐ |xgcc aeafev| gve xbe giedlp‐| ag`d

~j`dx jc ljdxglx y`xb Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe`v ~vjivga|+ g| yekk g| y`xb xbe bj|x ljudxvp ljudxev~gvx|$ G| g

ve|ukx+ xbep gve xbe aj|x eccelx`se ve|juvle gsg`kgfke xj xbe giedlp xj lgvvp jux xbe ~kgdd`di gdh fuhiex`di

~vjle|| `d eglb ljudxvp$

Xbe vesèy ~vjle|| `d Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$ ghh| g vei`jdgk ~ev|~elx`se xj xbe ~vjle||+ gdh xbe dey Jcc`le jc

Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| |xvedixbed| xbe ikjfgk ~ev|~elx`se$ Beghwugvxev| |xgcc bg| glle|| xj g fvjgh vgdie jc

xjjk| gdh `dcjvagx`jd xbgx lgd fe u|eh xj aeg|uve xbe ~evcjvagdle jc g ljudxvp ~vjivga gdh xbgx g||`|x| `d

agm`di hel`|`jd| jd ljudxvp ~kgd| gdh fuhiex vewue|x|$ Xbe|e `dlkuhe cjvagk gdh `dcjvagk xjjk| |ulb g|

xbe wugvxevkp ve~jvx| ~ve~gveh cjv beghwugvxev| fp xbe ~j|x|+ `dhe~edhedx `d|~elxjv iedevgk guh`x| jd ~j|x|+à~glx |xuhè|+ gdh xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep| lgvvèh jux fp Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb

gdh ^kgdd`di+ ^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx|+ ljudxvp kesek |uvsep|+ xbe Sjkudxeev Ve~jvx`di Xjjk+ ljudxvp

agdgieaedx‐| aeex`di| y`xb |xgcc+ xbe Sjkudxeev ghs`|jvp ljaa`xxee|+ gdh ~vjoelx ljudxev~gvx|$78

Xb`|

`dcjvagx`jd |xvedixbed| xbe ~vjle|| gdh bek~| ed|uve xbgx `dlveg|`di kesek| jc ve|juvle| gve lbgddekeh

xjygvh| xbe aj|x ~vjhulx`se ljudxvè| gdh ~vjivga|$

Gcxev vesèy`di xbe @^F\ ~vjle|| cjv ~j|x|+ xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh xbgx xbe jsevgkk ~vjle|| ljukh fe

à~vjseh `c `x yeve à~keaedxeh jd g aulb ajve `dxevglx se fg|`|$ Cjv erga~ke+ gcxev |ufa`xx`di xbe

ljudxvp |xvgxei`l ~kgd `d xbe`v @^F\ |ufa`||`jd| gx xbe edh jc xbe |eljdh wugvxev jc xbe c`|lgk pegv+ |jae

ljudxvp h`velxjv| |xgxeh xbgx xbep vele`seh k`xxke àaeh`gxe ceehfglm$ Cuvxbevajve+ ybed c`dgk iu`hgdle

yg| ~vjs`heh xj ~j|x| |esevgk ajdxb| kgxev‘yb`lb lgd xvgd|kgxe `dxj |ìd`c`lgdx lbgdie| `d xbe ljudxvp

~vjivga cjv xbe derx c`|lgk pegv‘xbe jvì`dgk ljudxvp |xvgxei`l ~kgd `| djx ajh`c eh$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega

gk|j cjudh |jae h`ccevedle| gajdi xbe xbvee vei`jd| `d xbe aexbjhjkjip u|eh xj gdgkpze xbe `dh`s`hugk

ljudxvp @^F\ |ufa`||`jd|$

G$5$ Ljudxvp lkj|uve| gdh |u|~ed|`jd| `d xbe kg|x xed pegv|

@d xbe kg|x xed pegv|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| lkj|eh jv |u|~edheh j~evgx`jd| `d 6< ljudxvè|$ G k`|x jc xbe

ljudxvè| gdh xbe hgxe| xbgx xbep yeve lkj|eh jv |u|~edheh `| ~vjs`heh `d G~~edh`r @S!<$

Jc xbe 6< ~vjivga lkj|uve| jv |u|~ed|`jd| k`|xeh `d xbe g~~edh`r+ |esedxeed yeve hue xj |ev`ju| ljdlevd|

veigvh`di xbe |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp jc Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe |eluv`xp gdh |gcexp jc Sjkudxeev| `| jc xbe uxaj|x

à~jvxgdle xj xbe giedlp+ gdh |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp gve ljd|xgdxkp ajd`xjveh gdh esgkugxeh fp xbe giedlp‐|Jcc`le jc \gcexp gdh \eluv`xp$ 75

78 G ajve hexg`keh h`|lu||`jd jc xbe|e agdgieaedx gdh ve~jvx`di xjjk| `| `dlkuheh `d lbg~xev S ‛\xvedixbed`di Agdgieaedx gdh@dhe~edhedx Esgkugx`jd gdh Jsev|ìbx$‑75 Xbe Jcc`le jc \gcexp gdh \eluv`xp yg| e|xgfk`|beh `d Agvlb 6>>< xj cj|xev à~vjseh ljaaud`lgx`jd+ ljjvh`dgx`jd+ jsev|ìbx+ gdhglljudxgf`k`xp cjv gkk êgle Ljv~| |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp eccjvx|$ Xbe jcc`le `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv Sjkudxeev |gcexp gdh jsev|eg| |eluv`xp=`dcjvagx`jd gdh ~ev|jddek |eluv`xp= gdh eaeviedlp ~ve~gvehde||+ ~kgd|+ xvg`d`di+ gdh erevl`|e|$ Xbe jcc`le gk|j ajd`xjv| lvàe|xgx`|x`l| xj `hedx`cp xvedh| gdh bìbkìbx ~jxedx`gk |gcexp v`|m| xj Sjkudxeev|$



8>

@d ghh`x`jd+ xbe êgle Ljv~| lkj|eh j~evgx`jd| `d |`r ljudxvè| gcxev c`dh`di xbgx `d`x`gk jfoelx`se| cjv

j~ed`di g ~vjivga `d xbe|e ljudxvè| bgh feed gllja~k`|beh gdh xbgx xbe ljudxvp dj kjdiev vewu`veh xbe

xp~e| jc |m`kk| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| ljukh jccev$ Aj|x jc xbe|e ljudxv e| bgh gk|j feiud vele`s`di kgvie

kesek| jc g||`|xgdle cvja xbe Euvj~egd Ud`jd+ cuvxbev vehul`di xbe heagdh cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga|$

^jkgdh+ \kjsgm`g+ gdh xbe Fgkx`l |xgxe|‘E|xjd`g+ Kgxs`g+ gdh K`xbugd`g‘yeve gajdi xbe ljudxvè| ybeve

xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga| lkj|eh hjyd gcxev g helghe jc |ìd`c`lgdx ~vjive|| huv`di g lv`x`lgk ~ev`jh$ Gkk

bgh |bjyd |ìd`c`lgdx ~vjive|| `d xbe`v kesek| jc ~vj|~ev`xp gdh+ ljd|ewuedxkp+ xbe hel`|`jd yg| aghe xj

|b`cx giedlp ve|juvle| ek|eybeve$ @d gkk jc xbe|e ljudxvè|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| kecx feb`dh g keiglp jc |evs`le+

ljaaud`xp hesekj~aedx+ gdh lvj||!lukxuvgk erlbgdie `d k`de y`xb xbe giedlp‐| a`||`jd gdh jfoelx`se|$

G$3$ Veckelx`di ~v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| dxeve|x|

Xbe êgle Ljv~| vekè| jd xbvee agojv |juvle| jc `dcjvagx`jd cjv `d~ux jd ~v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| `dxeve|x|‘

Xbe Yb`xe Bju|e+ Ljdive||+ gdh xbe He~gvxaedx jc \xgxe$ Gkk xbvee edx`xè| `dckuedle xbe ljudxvè| `d

yb`lb xbe giedlp bg| g ~ve|edle gdh bjy ve|juvle| gve gkkjlgxeh gajdi ljudxvè|$

G$3$g Vekgx`jd|b`~ gdh `dxevglx`jd y`xb xbe Yb`xe Bju|e

G| |ex cjvxb `d xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx+ xbe H`velxjv jc xbe êgle Ljv~| ve~jvx| xj xbe ^ve|`hedx jc xbe Ud`xeh

\xgxe|$ \ed`jv |xgcc y`xb d xbe giedlp gve g~~j`dxeh fp xbe erelux`se fvgdlb$ Xbe giedlp gk|j bg| gd

g~~j`dxeh Yb`xe Bju|e k`g`|jd+ ybj yg| xbe c`v|x ~jk`x`lgk g~~j`dxee y`xb`d xbe giedlp gdh ybj feigd

|bjvxkp gcxev xbe `dguiuvgx jd jc xbe ^ve|`hedx `d 6>>0$ Xbe k`g`|jd yjvm| lkj|ekp y`xb ^ve|`hedx`gk

êv|jddek gdh jxbev Yb`xe Bju|e jcc`le| xj ljjvh`dgxe gdh ghsgdle xbe êgle Ljv~| giedhg$

\ed`jv agdgieaedx g~~j`dxee| gx xbe giedlp yjvm lkj|ekp y`xb jcc`le| `d xbe Yb`xe Bju|e xj fexxev |evse

xbe Gaev`lgd ~ufk`l$ Xbe|e `dlkuhe+ fux gve djx kà`xeh+ xj Lgf`dex Gccg`v|+ ^ve|`hedx`gk êv|jddek+ xbe

Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx gdh Fuhiex+ xbe Jcc`le jc xbe C`v|x Kghp+ xbe Jcc`le jc xbe S`le ^ve|`hedx+ xbe Jcc`le

jc Ljdive||`jdgk Gccg`v|+ gdh xbe Jcc`le jc \jl`gk @ddjsgx`jd y`xb`d xbe Hjae|x l ^jk`lp Ljudl`k$ Xbe

êgle Ljv~| gk|j ~gvx`l`~gxe| `d g sgvèxp jc gha`d`|xvgx`jd xg|m cjvle|+ |ulb g| xbe Yb`xe Bju|e Xg|m

Cjvle jd Yjaed gdh I`vk|$

G$3$f Vekgx`jd|b`~ gdh dxevglx`jd y`xb Ljdive||

Xbe êgle Ljv~| ~vjs`he| cvewuedx u~hgxe| xj Ljdive|| veigvh`di jdij`di giedlp `d`x`gx`se|$ Xbe giedlp

veiukgvkp ljd|ukx| y`xb guxbjv`z`di gdh g~~vj~v`gx`di ljaa`xxee| gdh jxbev ljdive||`jdgk |xgmebjkhev| jd

`||ue| vekgxeh xj xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jd|+ `dlkuh`di xbe j~ed`di+ lkj|`di+ gdh er~gd|`jd jc xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga|$ @d xbe \edgxe+ xbe êgle Ljv~| cgkk| udhev xbe ouv`|h`lx`jd jc xbe \edgxe G~~vj~v`gx`jd|

Ljaa`xxee \ufljaa`xxee jd \xgxe+ Cjveìd J~evgx`jd|+ gdh Vekgxeh ^vjivga| g| yekk g| xbe \edgxe

Cjveìd Vekgx`jd| Ljaa`xxee \ufljaa`xxee jd Ye|xevd Bea`|~beve+ xbe êgle Ljv~|+ gdh Dgvljx`l|

Gccg`v|$ @d xbe Bju|e jc Ve~ve|edxgx`se|+ xbe Bju|e G~~vj~v`gx`jd| Ljaa`xxee \ufljaa`xxee jd \xgxe+Cjveìd J~evgx`jd|+ gdh Vekgxeh ^vjivga| gdh xbe Bju|e Cjveìd Gccg`v| Ljaa`xxee bgse ouv`|h`lx`jd jsev

xbe êgle Ljv~|$

Xbe Jcc`le jc Ljdive||`jdgk Vekgx`jd| gx xbe êgle Ljv~| ljjvh`dgxe| glx`s`xè| vekgxeh xj gkk kei`|kgx`se

`||ue| gdh `dxeve|x| gdh |evse| g| xbe jcc`l`gk k`g`|jd fexyeed xbe H`velxjv jc xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh aeafev|

jc Ljdive|| gdh ljdive||`jdgk |xgcc$ Ljd|ukxgx`jd| y`xb Ljdive|| jlluv jd gd jdij`di fg|`| xbvjuib

aeex`di| fexyeed xbe H`velxjv gdh Aeafev| jc Ljdive||+ g| yekk g| aeex`di| fexyeed xbe êgle Ljv~|‐

|xgcc gdh ljdive||`jdgk |xgcc$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe êgle Ljv~| veiukgvkp vele`se| ljdive|| jdgk `dwu`vè|



87

vekgxeh xj |~el`c l ljd|x`xuedx `||ue| gdh j~evgx`jdgk `||ue|$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Ljdive||`jdgk Vekgx`jd|

ljjvh`dgxe| xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ve|~jd|e xj xbe|e `dwu`vè| `d g x aekp agddev$ Xbvjuib xbe `dwu vp gdh

ve|~jd|e ~vjle||+ giedlp gha`d |xvgxjv| ig`d gd udhev|xgdh`di jc xbe sèy| jc Ljdive||$ Xbe `dcjvagx`jd

ikegdeh cvja veiukgv `dxevglx`jd y`xb ljdive||`jdgk |xgmebjkhev| `| cglxjveh `dxj xbe giedlp‐| hel`|`jd| gx

xbe bìbe|x kesek|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| cjvxudgxe xj bgse |xvjdi |u~~jvx cvja vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| `d gkk cglex| jc

Gaev`lgd k`ce$ Xbeve gve luvvedxkp |`r vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev Aeafev| jc Ljdive||$ Xbep

`dlkuhe \edgxjv Lbv`| Hjhh "H!LX+ Ve~$ \ga Cgvv "H!LG+ Ve~$ A`me Bjdhg "H!LG+ Ve~$ Xja êxv`

"V!Y@+ Ve~$ \xese Hvèbgu| "H!JB+ gdh Ve~$ Ojbd Igvgaedh` "H!LG$ Xbvjuib jdij`di

ljaaud`lgx`jd fexyeed Ljdive|| gdh xbe êgle Ljv~|+ ljdive||`jdgk ljud|ek ~kgp| gd à~jvxgdx vjke `d

ed|uv`di xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jd| veckelx luvvedx ikjfgk vegk`xè|+ gve ljd|`|xedx y`xb U$\$ ~v`jv`xè|+

gdh veag`d xvue xj xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ a`||`jd gdh xbvee ijgk|$

G$3$l Vekgx`jd|b`~ gdh `dxevglx`jd y`xb xbe He~gvxaedx jc \xgxe

Xbe vekgx`jd|b`~ fexyeed xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh xbe He~gvxaedx jc \xgxe yg| `d`x`gkkp hec`deh `d xbe êgle

Ljv~| Glx+73

g| yekk g| `d |uf|ewuedx lgfke| xj xbe lbèc| jc a`||`jd| cvja xbe \elvexgvp jc \xgxe `d gkaj|xesevp gha`d`|xvgx`jd |`dle 7037$

Xbe|e lgfke| lkgv`cp xbe `dhe~edhedx dgxuve jc xbe giedlp gkjdi y`xb xbe deeh cjv ljjvh`dgx`jd gdh |u~~jvx$

G~~edh`le| @S! 8 gdh 5 ljdxg`d lj~è| jc xyj erga~ke|$ Xbe c`v|x jc xbe|e lgfke| yg| |edx `d Agvlb 703<

fp xbed!\elvexgvp jc \xgxe Hegd Vu|m+ gdh xbe aj|x veledx erga~ke jc xbe|e lgfke| yg| |edx fp \elvexgvp jc

\xgxe B`kkgvp Lk`dxjd `d Cefvugvp 6>>0$

Gd erlev~x cvja xbe lgfke |edx fp \elvexgvp jc \xgxe B`kkgvp Lk`dxjd `d Cefvugvp 6>>0 "VEC? >9 \xgxe

9268> lkgv`cè| xbe vekgx`jd|b`~?

‛<$ Vekgx`jd|b`~ fexyeed xbe U$\$ A`||`jd gdh êgle Ljv~| \xgcc?‑

‛F$ Xbe ^ve|`hedx‐| Kexxev jc @d|xvulx`jd gdh jxbev vekesgdx kgy| gdh veiukgx`jd| "`dlkuh`di pjuv

hekeigxeh huxè| udhev xbe H`~kjagx`l \eluv`xp Glx juxk`de pjuv guxbjv`xp jsev gdh ve|~jd|`f`k`xp

cjv gkk Erelux`se Fvgdlb ea~kjpee|+ `dlkuh`di êgle Ljv~| |xgcc$ G| \elvexgvp jc \xgxe+ @ ga

ve|~jd|`fke cjv xbe ‒ljdx`duju| |u~evs`|`jd gdh iedevgk h`velx`jd‐ jc xbe êgle Ljv~| ~vjivga| xj

ed|uve xbep gve eccelx`sekp `dxeivgxeh fjxb gx bjae gdh gfvjgh+ gdh ‒xbe cjveìd ~jk`lp jc xbe

Ud`xeh \xgxe| `| fe|x |evseh xbevefp$‐ K`me ap ~vehele||jv|+ @ g|m xbgx pju oj`d ae `d erevl |`di

xbe|e guxbjv`xè| |j g| xj ~vjs`he xbe êgle Ljv~| y`xb g| aulb guxjdjap gdh cker`f`k`xp `d `x|

hgp!xj!hgp j~evgx`jd| g| ~j||`fke+ |j kjdi g| xb`| hje| djx ljdck`lx y`xb U$\$ jfoelx`se| gdh

~jk`lè|$ G| \elvexgvp Vu|m |xgxeh `d 7037+ ‒Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| djx gd `d|xvuaedx jc cjveìd

~jk`lp felgu|e xj agme `x |j yjukh vjf `x jc `x| ljdxv`fux`jd xj cjveìd ~jk`lp$‑

Xbe êgle Ljv~| ag`dxg`d| jd!ij`di h`gkjiue y`xb xbe He~gvxaedx jc \xgxe gdh bg| hjde |j |`dle `x|

`dle~x`jd$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ljudxvp h`velxjv| cjva ~gvx jc xbe U$\$ Eafg||p‐| ljudxvp xega gdh bgse

veghp glle|| xj xbe Lbèc jc A ||`jd gdh eafg||p |xgcc$ Eafg||p ~ev|jddek ljjvh`dgxe y`xb xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ |xgcc jd agdp cvjdx|+ `dlkuh`di |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp gdh begkxb `||ue|$ Ybed ljdhulx`di g dey

ljudxvp g||e||aedx jv ybed vesèy`di jdij`di j~evgx`jd|+ xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |xgcc aeafev| vekp begs`kp jd

xbe U$\$ eafg||p `d igxbev`di `dcjvagx`jd$

73 7$> êgle Ljv~| Glx+ ûfk`l Kgy 29!60< "\e~xeafev 66+7037 “ g| gaedheh X`xke 66 Ud`xeh \xgxe| Ljhe



86

Gafg||ghjv Agvm B$ I`xed|xe`d

Ljaaedx| jd xbe êgle Ljv~| `d Vjagd`g

‛Jde jc xbe ivegxe|x |xvedixb| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| `| `x| gf`k`xp xj lja~keaedx U$\$ `dxeve|x| jsev|eg| y`xbjux

lja~vja`|`di `x| `dhe~edhedle$ Xbvjuib |xvjdi ljkkgfjvgx`jd gdh veiukgv ljaaud`lgx`jd y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|

ljudxvp h`velxjv gdh b`|*bev |xgcc+ xbe yjvm jc xbe êgle Ljv~| ije| g kjdi ygp xj |xvedixbed`di juv f`kgxevgk vekgx`jd|gdh edbgdl`di xbe U\I ~jvxcjk`j gfvjgh$‑

‛G ajve h`velx ghsjlglp jc U$\$ ~jk`lp `dxeve|x| ljukh oej~gvh`ze xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |ìd`c`lgdx ljdxv`fux`jd fp

udheva`d`di `x| lveh`f`k xp gdh `dhe~edhedle `d!ljudxvp$ \j+ xbe êgle Ljv~|+ fp `x| sevp dgxuve+ j~evgxe| sevp

h`ccevedxkp cvja xbe U$\$ a`||`jd$ Eafg||è| yjvm y`xb ljdxglx| gdh ljkkegiue| ~vàgv`kp `d xbe lg~`xgk l`xp$

Sjkudxeev| yjvm y`xb ~ej~ke `d s`kkgie| gdh |agkk xjyd| ybja yjukh jxbevy`|e djx `dxevglx y`xb gd Gaev`lgd+ kex

gkjde xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| ijsevdaedx$ Xbe ~j|`x`se à~ve||`jd Sjkudxeev| iedevgkkp agme g| g ve|ukx jc xbe`v yjvm gdh

|evs`le eccjvx|+ hvgagx`lgkkp edbgdle| juv gf`k`xp xj fu`kh cvèdh|b`~| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~| gfvjgh$‑

‛@d Djseafev 6>>0 @ bgh xbe j~~jvxud`xp xj ~gvx`l`~gxe g| mep djxe |~egmev `d g Ajhek Ud`xeh Dgx`jd| Ljdcevedle

jvigd`zeh fp g êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev gdh b`| |lbjjk$ Jsev 6>> bìb |lbjjk |xuhedx| cvja 765 |lbjjk| glvj||

Vjagd`g ~gvx`l`~gxeh `d xbe esedx$ Dgae jde jxbev jvigd`zgx`jd lg~gfke jc ~vjs`h`di xb`| xp~e jc j~~jvxud`xp y`xb xb`|

ljudxvp‐| cuxuve l`x`zed| gdh keghev|: Xbe êgle Ljv~| gkkjy| u| xj bgse g ivegxkp edbgdleh ~ufk`l ~vjc`ke gdh xj xgmexbe ljdle~x jc ~ufk`l h`~kjaglp xj g bìbev gdh aulb deeheh kesek gfvjgh$‑

‛Bjyesev+ xj fe g |ulle||cuk lja~keaedx xj U$\$ `dxeve|x| jsev|eg|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj ed|uve xbgx Sjkudxeev|

gve c`v|x gdh cjveaj|x edigieh y`xb aegd`dicuk j~~jvxud`xè| cjv yjvm gdh xbgx xbe`v gllja~k`|baedx| `d xbe giedlp‐|

c`v|x ijgk gve gkygp| kegh`di xbe eccjvx gdh ou|x`cp di xbe`v ~ve|edle `d!ljudxvp$ Bgs`di g ^L ~vjivga ivegxkp edbgdle|

xbe cvèdh|b`~ fexyeed xbe U$\$ gdh jxbev dgx`jd| fux xbgx yjukh gdh ljukh djx fe ~j||`fke `c Sjkudxeev| yeve djx

~vj~evkp g||ìdeh y`xb`d |xvjdi ~vjoelx| gdh ~vjivga|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ljdxv`fux`jd | ljdx`diedx u~jd |ulb |xvjdi

~vjivgaa`di$‑

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ agdgieaedx `d Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$+ gk|j `| `d cvewuedx ljdxglx y`xb ~ev|jddek cvja xbe

He~gvxaedx jc \xgxe$ Xbe H`velxjv jc xbe giedlp aeex| y`xb Lbèc| jc A`|| jd| ybed xvgsek`di gfvjgh gdh

aeex| y`xb xbea ybed xbep xvgsek xj Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$+ gdh g aeex`di `| vewue|xeh$ Xbe|e aeex`di| agp

cjlu| jd er`|x`di ~vjivga|+ gkxbjuib xbe ~uv~j|e jc xbe|e aeex`di jcxed `| xj er~kjve e|xgfk`|b`di g

~vjivga `d g dey ljudxvp$

G$3$h Ve|~jdh`di xj ~v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| dxeve|x|

@d~ux cvja xbe Yb`xe Bju|e+ Ljdive||+ gdh xbe \xgxe He~gvxaedx ~vjs`he xbe fg|`| u~jd yb`lb xbe êgle

Ljv~| yjvm| xj fe ve|~jd|`se xj ~v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| `dxeve|x|$ Xbe|e `d~ux| cjva jde jc xbe mep lv`xev`g

u|eh fp xbe giedlp gdh gve veckelxeh `d xbe giedlp‐| |xvgxei`l ~kgd gdh gddugk j~evgx`di ~kgd gdh fuhiex$

Erga~ke| xbgx heajd|xvgxe xbe giedlp‐| ve|~jd|`sede|| xj ~v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| `dxeve|x| lgd fe cjudh `d

esevp helghe jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ b`|xjvp$ Cjv erga~ke+ `d xbe 702>|+ êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| yjvmeh y`xb

ljudxev~gvx| `d agdp Gcv`lgd ljudxvè| xj jsevljae xbe lbgkkedie| jc veluvv`di hvjuibx gdh cga`de+vg~`hkp `dlveg|`di ~j~ukgx`jd|+ gdh hexev`jvgx`di eljdjaè|$ Cjkkjy`di xbe cgkk jc xbe Fevk`d Ygkk `d 7020+

xbe êgle Ljv~| ajf`k`zeh wu`lmkp xj kgudlb ~vjivga| xbvjuibjux xbe cjvaev \jsèx Ud`jd$ Fexyeed 7020

gdh 6>>5+ xbe êgle Ljv~| e|xgfk`|beh ~vjivga| `d xyekse jc xbe cjuvxeed deykp dhe~edhedx |xgxe|$ @d

xjxgk+ xbe êgle Ljv~| e|xgfk`|beh ~vjivga| `d xyedxp ~j|x!\jsèx |xgxe|$

@d xbe 700>|+ xbe giedlp feigd xj er~gdh vg~`hkp `d xbe gveg jc B@S*G@H\ gygvede|| gdh ~vesedx`jd$

Xjhgp xbe êgle Ljv~| `| g mep ~gvxdev `d dgx`jdgk ve|~jd|e| xj B@S*G@H\ gvjudh xbe yjvkh$ Xbe ud`wue



8<

vjke jc xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| edgfkeh Sjkudxeev| xj ajf`k`ze `|jkgxeh ljaaud`xè| gdh h`cc`lukx xj veglb

~j~ukgx`jd| djx |evseh fp jxbev jvigd`zgx`jd|$ @d 6>>0+ Sjkudxeev|‐ B@S*G@H\ glx`s`x e| g||`|xeh ajve

xbgd 7+>>>+>>> `dh`s`hugk|+ ajve xbgd 86+>>> B@S*G@H\ |evs`le ~vjs`hev|+ gdh degvkp <+7>> jvigd`zgx`jd|$

Ajve veledxkp+ xbe giedlp bg| ve|~jdheh fp e|xgfk`|b`di jv er~gdh`di ~vjivga| `d ~vehja`dgxekp Au|kà

ljudxvè|$ Xjhgp+ degvkp 65 ~evledx jc gkk êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| |evse `d ajve xbgd g xb`vh jc gkk xbe

ljudxvè| ljd|`heveh xj fe ~vehja`dgxekp Au|kà$79 Xb`| veag`d| g xj~ ~v`jv`xp cjv xbe giedlp gdh xbe

H`velxjv ljdx`due| xj er~kjve xbe ~j||`f`k`xp jc e|xgfk`|b`di ghh`x`jdgk ~vjivga| `d ~vehja`dgxekp Au|kà

ljudxvè| `d xbe derx cey pegv|$72

Xbe aj|x veledx erga~ke jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ve|~jd|`sede|| xj ~v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| `dxeve|x| `| xbe vg~`h

ve|~jd|e xbgx xbe giedlp yg| gfke xj ajf`k`ze `d ve|~jd|e xj xbe hesg|xgx`di egvxbwugme `d Bg`x` egvkèv xb`|

pegv$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega‐| vesèy ljdlkuheh xbgx xbe giedlp‐| agdgieaedx glx`sekp vele`se| `dcjvagx`jd jd

~v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| `dxeve|x| xbvjuib yekk!e|xgfk`|beh ~vjlehuve| cvja mep |juvle| `d xbe ijsevdaedx$

Cuvxbevajve+ xbe g||e||aedx xega sev`cèh xbgx xb`| `dcjvagx`jd `| glx`sekp u|eh `d agm`di Sjkudxeev gdh

jxbev ve|juvle gkkjlgx jd hel`|`jd|$ G| h`|lu||eh `d xbe |elx`jd| gfjse+ xb | bg| ve|ukxeh `d hel`|`jd| xbgxljd|`|xedxkp bgse feed |bjyd xj fe lja~keaedxgvp xj Ud`xeh \xgxe| ~v`jv`xp `dxeve|x| jsev xbe pegv|$ Xbe

giedlp‐| veljvh `d xb`| gveg heajd|xvgxe| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| ve|~jdheh `d g xàekp agddev y`xb

vekesgdx ~vjivga|$

Ve|~jdh`di xj ^v`jv`xp Ud`xeh \xgxe| @dxeve|x|

Bg`x` Egvxbwugme Vekèc Ve|~jd|e fp xbe êgle Ljv~|

Xbe êgle Ljv~| yg| gfke xj ve|~jdh àaeh`gxekp xj xbe lgkk xj ~gvx`l`~gxe `d xbe U$\$ ijsevdaedx‐| vekèc eccjvx cjv

Bg`x` fp?

… ^vjs`h`di cjuv Lvejke!|~egm`di |xgcc aeafev| jd xb`vxp hgp g||ìdaedx| xj |evse g| xvgd|kgxjv| gdh xj g||`|x `d

jxbev vekèc eccjvx|$

… Ajf`k`z`di Sjkudxeev| `d xbe Hja`d`lgd Ve~ufk`l àaeh`gxekp gcxev xbe egvxbwugme xj g||`|x `d g bj|~`xgk cjv

vecuiee| `d Oàgd` gdh xj g||`|x `d jvigd`z`di gdh kjgh`di vekèc |u~~kè| cjv |b`~aedx glvj|| xbe fjvhev$

Y`xb`d xyj yeem| jc xbe egvxbwugme+ xbe giedlp yg| er~kjv`di dey g||ìdaedx| cjv êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e ~ev|jddek

y`xb xbe Gaev`lgd Vecuiee Ljaa`xxee g| yekk g| y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ|$ Gkk ~jxedx`gk ~gvxdev| yeve `dxeve|xeh `d

xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ gf`k`xp xj cèkh Bg`x`gd Lvejke!|~egm`di vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| xj yjvm g| xvgd|kgxjv| gdh g||`|x `d jxbev

gveg|$

G$9$ Ljudxvp deeh sev|u| Sjkudxeev gdh jxbev ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd

G$9$g @dxvjhulx`jd

Xbe êgle Ljv~ vesèy| g ljudxvp‐| kesek jc hesekj~aedx `d hexeva`d`di ybexbev `x |bjukh edxev `dxj jv

ag`dxg`d j~evgx jd| `d g ljudxvp$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ c`v|x ijgk+ ‛Bek~`di xbe ~ej~ke jc `dxeve|xeh ljudxv e|

`d aeex`di xbe`v deeh cjv xvg`deh aed gdh yjaed+‑ heagdh| xbgx xbeve fe g |xvjdi deeh cjv xbe xp~e| jc

79 G ~vehja`dgxekp Au|kà ljudxvp `| hec`deh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| g| g ljudxvp y`xb g ~j~ukgx`jd xbgx `| gx keg|x 8>% Au|kà$72 êgle Ljv~|‐ gf`k`xp xj er~gdh `dxj gdp dey ljudxvp `| he~edhedx jd g yv`xxed er~ve||`jd jc `dxeve|x cvja g |ed`jv bj|x ijsevdaedxve~ve|edxgx`se+ g| yekk g| g ~j|`x`se ljudxvp g||e||aedx gdh xbe gsg`kgf`k`xp jc cudh| g| er~kg`deh `d |elx`jd G$6 jc xb`| lbg~xev$



88

Cìuve @S!6

êgle Ljv~| ^vjivga| fp BH@ Wugvx`ke

60%

<3%

<5%

\eljdh Wugvx`ke Xb`vh Wugvx`ke

Fjxxja Wugvx`ke

|m`kk| xbgx Sjkudxeev| jccev$ Xbe deeh| xbgx agxlb

Sjkudxeev |m`kk| gve aj|x `d heagdh `d ke|| hesekj~eh

ljudxvè| xbgx lgddjx glwu`ve xbe ve|juvle| jv

gkxevdgx`se| xbgx êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| lgd ~vjs`he$

Xj xe|x xbe heivee xj yb`lb xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ve|juvle|

gve lbgddekeh xjygvh| ljudxvè| xbgx bgse xbe ivegxe|x

deeh|+ xbe g||e||aedx xega vgdmeh xbe ljudxvè| ybeve

xbe giedlp ag`dxg`d| ~vjivga| gig`d|x xbe 6>>0

Buagd Hesekj~aedx @dher "BH@ hesekj~eh fp xbe

Ud`xeh Dgx`jd| Hesekj~aedx ^vjivgaae$70

Xbe

gdgkp|`| vesegkeh xbgx g~~vjràgxekp 9> ~evledx jc xbe

giedlp‐| ~vjivga| gve `d ljudxvè| xbgx cgkk `d xbe

fjxxja bgkc jc xbe BH@ vgdm`di| "\ee Cìuve @S “ 6$

Jdkp 60 ~evledx jc xbe giedlp‐| ~j|x| cgkk `d xbe

|eljdh wugvx`ke+ gdh esed `d xbj|e ~j|x|+ xbe agojv`xp

jc Sjkudxeev| gve `d udhev|evseh gveg|$ Djde jc xbe

ljudxvè| ybeve xbe êgle Ljv~| `| ~ve|edx vgdmeh `dxbe xj~ wugvx`ke$ Xb`| h`|xv`fux jd `| ljd|`|xedx y`xb

xbe dgxuve jc xbe yjvm xbgx xbe giedlp udhevxgme|$

G$9$f Vesèy jc xbe ve|ukx| jc xbe BH@ h`|xv`fux`jd

G| h`|lu||eh `d |elx`jd G$5 jc xb`| lbg~xev+ xbe giedlp bg| lkj|eh j~evgx`jd| `d 6< ljudxvè| `d xbe kg|x xed

pegv|+ |esedxeed jc yb`lb yeve cjv |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp veg|jd|$ Xbe veag`d`di |`r ljudxvè| yeve lkj|eh

gcxev hexeva`d`di xbgx xbe `d`x`gk jfoelx`se| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ a`||`jd `d xbj|e ljudxvè| bgh feed

gllja~k`|beh$ Jc xbe|e |`r+ cjuv luvvedxkp cgkk `d xbe c`v|x wugvx`ke jc xbe BH@ h`|xv fux`jd‘E|xjd`g+

K`xbugd`g+ ^jkgdh gdh xbe \kjsgm Ve~ufk`l$ Kgxs`g gdh Vu||`g gve `d xbe |eljdh wugvx`ke$ Yb`ke xbe

hesekj~aedx |xgxu| jc xbe|e ljudxvè| yg| djx xbe jdkp veg|jd cjv lkj|`di xbe ~vjivga|‘xbe giedlp cgleh

fuhiex vehulx`jd| gx xbe xàe‘xbe`v vekgx`sekp bìb vgdm`di jd xbe BH@ s`|!î!s`| jxbev ljudxvè| ybeve xbe

giedlp ag`dxg`d| ~vjivga| yg| gd à~jvxgdx lv`xev`g `d xbe hel`|`jd xj ivghugxe xbe|e ljudxvè|$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| cjvagkkp `dljv~jvgx`di xbe BH@ g| g lv`xev`g `d hel`h`di ljudxvp

|ekelx`jd+ Sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx+ gdh ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd gajdi ljudxvè|$ Gx xbe |gae xàe+ xbe g||e||aedx

xega lgux`jd| gig`d|x u|`di xbe `dher g| g bgvh vuke xj wugk`cp jv h`|wugk`cp g ljudxvp$ Xbe erle~x`jd xj xb`|

yjukh fe ljudxvè| xbgx cgkk `d xbe bìbe|x wugvx`ke jc xbe BH@‘xbe giedlp |bjukh djx fe ~ve|edx `d xbe|e

ljudxvè|$ Cjv xbj|e êgle Ljv~| ljudxvè| xbgx gve vgdmeh `d xbe u~~ev bgkc jc xbe |eljdh wugvx`ke+ xbe

giedlp deeh| xj gvx`lukgxe g lkegv vgx`jdgke xj fe `d xbgx ljudxvp$ Cjv erga~ke+ xbe giedlp ljukh ou|x`cp g

~vjivga `d g vekgx`sekp bìb BH@ ljudxvp `c xbe ~vjivga cjlu|e| jd g |elxjv jc `dxeve|x "e$i$ eds`vjdaedx+

B@S*G@H\$ Xbe giedlp aìbx gk|j ou|x`cp g ~vjivga `d g vekgx`sekp bìb BH@ ljudxvp `c xbe ~vjivga

cjlu|e| jd |ekelxeh udhev|evseh vei`jd| deeh| y`xb d xbj|e vei`jd|$ Jxbev ~vjivga| ljukh fe er~kjveh dvekgx`sekp bìb BH@ ljudxvè| `c xbeve `| g |ìd`c`lgdx kesek jc lj|x!|bgv`di y`xb xbe bj|x ljudxvp jv `c xbe

bj|x ljudxvp `| `dxeve|xeh `d lvegx`di `x| jyd sjkudxeev ~vjivga xj |evse gkjdi|`he êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega gdgkpzeh ~vjivga| `d xbj|e êgle Ljv~| ljudxvè| xbgx |ljveh xbe bìbe|x jd xbe BH@

gdh cjudh lja~ekk`di veg|jd| cjv ag`dxg`d`di ~vjivga| `d xbj|e ljudxvè|$ Bjyesev+ xbe xega h`h djx ceek

70 Xbe Buagd Hesekj~aedx @dher hesekj~eh fp xbe Ud`xeh Dgx`jd| Hesekj~aedx ^vjivgaae yg| c`v|x `dxvjhuleh `d 700>$ @x |evse|g| g aeg|uve jc hesekj~aedx fp ljaf`d`di `dh`lgxjv| jc k`ce er~elxgdlp+ ehulgx`jdgk gxxg`daedx gdh `dljae `d jde `dher$ Cjv~uv~j|e| jc xb`| gdgkp|`|+ xbe g||e||aedx xega u|eh xbe 726 ljudxvè| `dlkuheh `d xbe @dher gdh fvjme xbea jux `dxj wugvx`ke|$



85

xbgx xbe giedlp‐| hjluaedxgx`jd `d xbe|e |`xugx`jd| ljaaud`lgxeh `x| vgx`jdgke ghewugxekp$ Xbe êgle

Ljv~| deeh| xj hj g fexxev ojf jc gvx`lukgx`di ybp `x ljdx`due| xj gkkjlgxe ve|juvle| `d ljudxvè| xbgx vgdm

vekgx`sekp bìb jd xbe BH@$

Xbe giedlp vesèy| `x| ~vjivga| `d esevp ljudxvp gdh gkkjlgxe| ve|juvle| glvj|| ~vjivga|+ ljudxvè| gdh

vei`jd| g| ~gvx jc xbe gddugk @^F\ ~vjle|| `dxvjhuleh `d |elx`jd G$< jc xb`| lbg~xev+ yb`lb `| h`|lu||eh `d

ivegxev hexg`k `d lbg~xev S$ Ux`k`z`di xbe @dxeivgxeh ^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex di \p|xea "@^F\ ~vjle||+ xbe

giedlp bg| lkj|eh ~vjivga|+ ~gvx lukgvkp ybed xbe giedlp cgleh ve|juvle ljd|xvg dx|$ Bjyesev+ xbe

g||e||aedx xega cjudh xbgx xbe giedlp hje| djx bgse g ~ev`jh`l cjvagk vesèy ~vjle|| xj sev`cp xbgx `x|

~vjivga| `d bìb BH@ ljudxvè| gve aeex`di xbe deeh| jc gd udhev|evseh ~j~ukgx`jd gdh sev`cp xbgx xbj|e

deeh| y`kk djx fe aex `c xbe êgle Ljv~| yeve xj xeva`dgxe `x| ~vjivga| `d xbgx ljudxvp$ Xbe g||e||aedx

xega ceek| xbgx Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| |bjukh ~evcjva |ulb g vesèy gddugkkp gdh hjluaedx xbe

ve|ukx|$ Veljaaedhgx`jd| jd bjy xb`| vesèy yjukh fe lgvvèh jux gve h`|lu||eh d |elx`jd L jc xb`|

lbg~xev

G$2$ Aeex`di ljudxvp deeh| “ aeg|uv`di à~glx

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| feed yjvm`di jd xjjk| xj aeg|uve ~vjivga à~glx |`dle `x feigd ~ev`jh`lgkkp xj|uvsep glx`se Sjkudxeev| `d 709<$ Xbe aj|x jc à~jvxgdx jc xbe|e `| xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep xbgx g|m|

|~el`c`l wue|x jd| gfjux yjvm xjygvh Ijgk| 7 gdh 6$ Xj lja~keaedx xbe Sjkudxeev |uvsep|+ xbe êgle

Ljv~| udhev xbe h`velx`jd jc xbe Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di kgudlbeh g |evè|

jc |xuhè| xj aeg|uve xbe à~glx jc Sjkudxeev glx`s`xè| y`xb veigvh xj xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ c`v|x xyj ijgk|$ G|

he|lv`feh `d cuvxbev hexg`k `d lbg~xev S+ xbe ljudxvp!kesek |xuhè| esgkugxe xbe à~glx jc Sjkudxeev| jd xbe

bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk| y`xb ybja xbep k`se gdh yjvm+ g| yekk g| xbe jvigd`zgx`jd| y`xb yb`lb xbep gve

g||ìdeh xj ljj~evgxe$ Xbe |xuhè| cjlu| jd Sjkudxeev|‐ eccjvx| xj xvgd|cev deeheh |m`kk| xj bj|x ljudxvp

ljudxev~gvx| "Ijgk 7 gdh xj ~vjajxe g fexxev udhev|xgdh`di jc Gaev`lgd| gajdi bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk|

"Ijgk 6$

Xbe à~glx |xuhè|+ `dxvjhuleh `d 6>>2+ ~vjs`he xbe giedlp‐| agdgieaedx y`xb gd `dhe~edhedx g||e||aedx

jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga| fp bj|x ljudxvp ljudxev~gvx| gdh fedec`l`gvè|$ @d ou|x g |bjvx xàe+ xbe

à~glx |xuhè| bgse feljae gd à~jvxgdx xjjk xbgx edbgdle| xbe hel`|`jd ~vjle|| u|eh xj gkkjlgxe Sjkudxeev

gdh jxbev ve|juvle| gajdi ljudxvè|$ Xbe|e |xuhè|+ lgvvèh jux fp `dhe~edhedx+ bj|x!ljudxvp dgx`jdgk|+ gve

gk|j vekgx`sekp der~ed|`se xj ljdhulx$

Xbe Sjkudxeev |uvsep|+ `d~ux cvja ljudxvp h`velxjv| gdh vei`jdgk agdgiev|+ gdh xbe à~glx |xuhè|

he|lv`feh gfjse ~vjs`he xbe giedlp y`xb à~jvxgdx ceehfglm xbgx lgd fe u|eh xj ajd`xjv gdh esgkugxe

~vjivga a~glx gdh ghou|x ~vjivga| glljvh`dikp$

G$0$ Ljdlku|`jd|

G| |xgxeh `d xbe fei`dd`di jc xb`| lbg~xev+ xbe giedlp‐| |xgxuxjvp a`||`jd ‛xj ~vjajxe yjvkh ~egle gdhcvèdh|b`~‑ `|+ fp hec`d`x`jd+ ikjfgk `d fveghxb$ G| g ve|ukx+ xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~jk`lp bg| feed xj ve|~jdh

cgsjvgfkp xj gkk veg|jdgfke vewue|x| cjv g||`|xgdle cvja `dxeve|xeh ljudxvè|+ ~vjs`heh xbgx cudh`di `|

gsg`kgfke gdh xbgx fg|`l |gcexp gdh ~vjivgaagx`l ljdh`x`jd| gve aex$ Bjyesev+ hue xj kà`x| jd cudh`di+

xbe duafev jc ljudxvè| vewue|x`di g||`|xgdle bg| feed ivegxev xbgd xbe duafev jc ljudxvè| xbgx xbe giedlp

bg| feed gfke xj g||`|x$

@d gdgkpz`di cudh`di j~x`jd| cjv er~gdh`di `dxj dey ljudxvè|+ xbe giedlp bg| feed vekulxgdx xj kjjm gx

vehul`di jv esed lkj| di ~vjivga| `d er`|x`di ljudxvè|$ Xb`| agp fe felgu|e xbe giedlp‐| a`||`jd



83

|u~~jvx| g fvjgh ikjfgk ~ve|edle$ Xb`| agp gk|j fe felgu|e g hel`| jd xj vehule j~evgx`jd| jv lkj|e g

ljudxvp hje| djx cvee u~ ve|juvle| àaeh`gxekp$ @x xgme| |esevgk pegv| xj vehule xbe |`ze jc g ~j|x i`sed xbgx

Sjkudxeev| gve gx ~j|x cjv 69 ajdxb|$ @x lgd xgme u~ xj c`se pegv| xj xjxgkkp y`xbhvgy cvja g ljudxvp$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega gk|j jf|evseh xbgx aj|x hel`|`jd| jd dey ljudxvp edxvè|+ ljudxvp lkj|uve|+ gdh

ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd gajdi er`|x`di ljudxvè| gve aghe `d g |evè| jc `dhe~edhedx hel`|`jd|$ Cjv erga~ke+

xbe giedlp agme| g hel`|`jd jd ybexbev xj e|xgfk`|b g ~vjivga `d eglb ljudxvp u~jd lja~kex`jd jc xbe

ljudxvp g||e||aedx$ Xb`| hel`|`jd `| aghe `dhe~edhedx jc hel`|`jd| jd jxbev ~j|| fke ljudxvp edxvè| jv

cuxuve ljudxvp g||e||aedx|+ gdh `| aghe `dhe~edhedx jc hel`|`jd| xbgx gccelx ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd gajdi

er`|x`di ljudxvè|$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbgx xbe hel`|`jd ~vjle|| jd ljudxvp |ekelx`jd+ Sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx+ gdh

ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd gajdi er`|x`di ljudxvè| yjukh fe ivegxkp edbgdleh fp gd gdgkp|`| jc gkk ~j||`fke

j~x`jd| ljdluvvedxkp$ Xb`| ~jvxcjk`j vesèy+ yb`lb |bjukh fe ljdhulxeh gddugkkp ~v`jv xj xbe |xgvx jc xbe

gddugk ~kgdd`di gdh fuhiex`di lplke+ yjukh ~vjs`he xbe giedlp‐| hel`|`jd agmev| y`xb g lja~vebed|`se

sèy jc gkk ~j||`fke j~x`jd| veigvh`di ~jxedx`gk dey ljudxvp edxvè|+ ljudxvp lkj|uve|+ gdh er`|x`di

ljudxvè| gdh yjukh kegh xj fexxev ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd hel`|`jd|$

Xbe ~vj~j|eh ~jvxcjk j vesèy gdgkp|`| yjukh ivegxkp edbgdle xbe luvvedx @^F\ ~vjle||$ G| djxeh `d

|elx`jd G$8 jc xb`| lbg~xev+ jde jc xbe ivegxe|x |xvedixb| jc xbe @^F\ ~vjle|| `| xbgx `x ~vjs`he| g ivegx hegk

jc kgx`xuhe xj ljudxvp h`velxjv| gdh xbe v |xgcc xj ~vj~j|e j~x`jd| cjv xbe`v ~j|x|$ ^j|x|‐ |xgcc aeafev| gve

xbe giedlp‐| ag`d ~j`dx jc ljdxglx y`xb Sjkudxeev| gdh bj|x ljudxvp ljudxev~gvx| gdh g| g ve|ukx gve fe|x

~j|`x`jdeh xj agme veljaaedhgx`jd| jd xbe ~vjivga| `d xbe v ve|~elx`se ljudxvè|$ Fp lgvvp`di jux xbe

gdgkp|`| ~v`jv xj xbe |xgvx jc xbe gddugk @^F\ ~vjle||+ xbe Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv ljukh ~vjs`he xbe vei`jd|

gdh `dh`s`hugk ~j|x| y`xb lkegvev iu`hgdle jd bjy xj ~ve~gve xbe`v ve|~elx se @^F\ |ufa`||`jd|$ Xb`|

ghh`x`jdgk iu`hgdle yjukh ~vjs`he ljudxvp h`velxjv| y`xb g ivegxev kesek jc iu`hgdle xbgd `| luvvedxkp

~vjs`heh+ `doelx`di g ivegxev kesek jc |xvgxei`l xb`dm`di `dxj xbe jsevgkk @^F\ ~vjle||$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp lgvvp jux xbe gddugk ~jvxcjk`j vesèy ux`k`z`di |~el`c`l

lv`xev`g$ Xbe|e lv`xev`g yjukh `dlkuhe g ljudxvp‐| vgdm di jd xbe Buagd Hesekj~aedx @dher gdh g aeg|uve

jc ~vjivgaagx l à~glx g| he|lv`feh d |elx`jd| G$9 gdh G$2 jc xb`| lbg~xev$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk

J~evgx`jd| bg| gkveghp feiud xj igxbev xbe `dcjvagx`jd vewu`veh xj udhevxgme xbe c`v|x ves ey$ G

he|lv`~x`jd jc eglb jc xbe lv`xev`g+ g| yekk g| xbe |juvle cjv xbe `dcjvagx`jd gdh ve|~jd|`fke jcc`le `|

~vjs`heh `d xbe agxv`r cjkkjy`di xbe veljaaedhgx`jd| fekjy$



89

Veljaaedhgx`jd @S!7?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp ajh`cp xbe er`|x`di ~vjle||

u|eh `d gdgkpz`di ybgx |evs`le| `x ~vjs he| xj ljudxvè| gdh gx ybgx kesek|$ Xbe giedlp deeh| xj agme

hel`|`jd| jd ~jxedx`gk dey ljudxvp edxvè|+ ~j||`fke ljudxvp he~gvxuve|+ g| yekk g| xbe kesek jc ve|juvle|

gkkjlgxeh gajdi gkk ljudxvè| `d jde `dxeivgk ~vjle||$ Xb`| gdgkp|`| |bjukh xgme ~kgle gddugkkp gdh |bjukh

fe ~ve~gveh cjv xbe Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv fp xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| y`xb xbe |u~~jvx jc xbe

vei`jd| gdh Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di$ \~el`c`lgkkp+ xbe gdgkp|`| |bjukh

vesèy?

7g Dey edxvp j~~jvxud`xè| `d ljudxvè| ybeve gd g||e||aedx bg| feed lgvvèh jux+ g| yekk g| cjv

ljudxvè| xbgx bgse er~ve||eh gd `dxeve|x `d xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh ybeve gd g||e||aedx yjukh deeh

xj fe u~hgxeh+ jv ybeve gd g||e||aedx yjukh deeh xj fe lgvvèh jux$ Xbe vesèy yjukh deeh xj

~vjs`he g ~vekà`dgvp veljaaedhgx`jd jd ~j||`fke dey ljudxvp edxvè| cjv xbe luvvedx gdh derx

c`|lgk pegv|+ g| yekk g| jd ljudxvp g||e||aedx| xj fe lgvvèh jux `d xbe derx |`r xj xyekse ajdxb|$

7f ^vjivga| `d er`|x`di ljudxvè| ybeve xbe giedlp `| djx glbès`di xbe he|`veh à~glx$ Xbe vesèy

gk|j |bjukh agme g ~vekà`dgvp veljaaedhgx`jd jd ~j||`fke glx`jd| xj velx`cp xbe ~vjfkea+

`dlkuh`di vejvigd`z`di+ vehul`di jv xeva`dgx`di xbe ~vjivga `d xbgx ljudxvp$7l ^vjivga| `d er`|x`di ljudxvè| xbgx cgkk `d xbe xj~ bgkc jc xbe |eljdh wugvx`ke jc xbe BH@ xj sev`cp

xbe vekesgdle jc xbe ~vjivga| `d xbj|e ljudxvè| gdh agme ~vekà`dgvp veljaaedhgx`jd|

veigvh`di xbe cuxuve jc xbe giedlp‐| ~vjivga| `d xbgx ljudxvp$ ^j||`fke veljaaedhgx jd| aìbx

`dlkuhe ve!cjlu|`di xbe ~vjivga jd udhev|evseh ljaaud`xè|+ jv kegs`di xbe ljudxvp xj cvee u~

ve|juvle| cjv ljudxvè| `d xbe xb`vh gdh cjuvxb wugvx`ke| jc xbe BH@$

7h ^vjivga| `d er`|x`di bìb!~evcjva`di ~j|x|+ agm`di ~vekà`dgvp veljaaedhgx`jd| jd xbe

er~gd|`jd jc ~vjivga| `d xbj|e ljudxvè|$

Xbe lv`xev`g xj fe u|eh `d lgvvp`di jux xbe gddugk gdgkp|`| yjukh `dlkuhe er`|x`di lv`xev`g+ g| yekk g| xbe

ghh`x`jd jc xyj dey lv`xev`g? g aeg|uve jc deeh jv hesekj~aedx |xgxu|+ yb`lb yjukh fe BH@= gdh g aeg|uve

jc à~glx+ yb`lb yjukh fe wugdx`cèh ~vàgv`kp xbvjuib xbe giedlp‐| à~glx |xuhè|+ xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev

\uvsep+ gdh ^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx|$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp ghh xyj dey lv`xev`g xj xbj|e

luvvedxkp u|eh `d xbe ljudxvp vesèy ~vjle|| he|lv`feh `d @S!7? BH@ gdh @a~glx$

C`dgkkp+ g| ~j`dxeh jux `d xbe egvkèv |elx`jd| jc xb`| lbg~xev+ xbe giedlp bg| djx feed ljd|`|xedx `d

hjluaedx`di xbe hel`|`jd| aghe gfjux dey ljudxvp edxvè|+ ~vjivga lkj|uve|+ jv bjy ve|juvle| gve

gkkjlgxeh gajdi ljudxvè|$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega gk|j veljaaedh| xbgx xbe jsevgkk ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd

~vjle|| deeh| xj fe gvx`lukgxeh+ hjluaedxeh+ gdh h`sukieh ajve j~edkp$

Veljaaedhgx`jd @S!<?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp lkegvkp hjluaedx gdh fexxev

ljaaud`lgxe xbe jsevgkk ljudxvp |ekelx`jd gdh ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd ~vjle|| he|lv`feh `d veljaaedhgx`jd|@S!7 gdh @S!6 gfjse$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe giedlp deeh| xj à~vjse xbe hjluaedxgx`jd jc `dh`s`hugk hel`|`jd|

aghe g| ~gvx jc xbe jsevgkk ~vjle|| "e$i$ hel`|`jd| xj lgvvp jux ljudxvp g||e||aedx|+ edxev `dxj g dey

ljudxvp+ ljudxvp lkj|uve|+ exl$$



82

LV@XEV@G “ GDDUGK ^JVXCJK@J VES@EY

LV@XEV@G @DCJVAGX@JD \JUVLE VE\^JD\@FKE JCC@LE

Ljudxvp‐| ljaa`xaedx xj xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga

Wugvxevkp bj|x ljudxvp

ljdxv`fux`jd |ufa`||`jd

EAG+ Gcv`lg+ @G^ vei`jd|

Ljudxvp h`velxjv `d~ux EAG+ Gcv`lg+ @G^ vei`jd|

Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep “

|~el`c`l wue|x`jd|


Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di

Vei`jdgk h`velxjv `d~ux Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|


Bj|x ijsevdaedx "gafg||ghjv xj

xbe U$\$ gdh cjveìd a`d`|xvp

H`velxjv‐| Jcc`le

Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|

\gcexp+ |eluv`xp+ gdh aeh`lgk lgve

jc xbe Sjkudxeev

Gddugk ve~jvx jd s`jkedx lvàe Jcc`le jc \gcexp gdh \eluv`xp


|~el`c`l wue|x`jd|



Ljudxvp Begkxb Ve|juvle| \uvsep

gdh |~el`c`l ljudxvp vgx`di

Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le|

Ljudxvp h`velxjv `d~ux EAG+ Gcv`lg+ @G^ vei`jd|Vei`jdgk H`velxjv `d~ux Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|


@a~glx "Ijgk| 7 gdh 6

… Ljudxvè| ybeve xbe êgle

Ljv~| bg| heajd|xvgxeh

eccelx`sede||

… Ljudxvè| ybeve xbeve `| g

deeh xj fu`kh |xvjdiev

vekgx`jd|b`~|

@a~glx \xuhè| Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+



|~el`c`l wue|x`jd|



^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx| Xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|

^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di

\u~~jvx


Vei`jdgk H`velxjv `d~ux Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|EAG+ Gcv`lg+ @G^ vei`jd|

^j|x Agdgieaedx

… Ljudxvè| ybeve ~j|x

agdgieaedx d|uve| lj|x

eccelx`se ~vjivga

à~keaedxgx`jd

@^F\ |ufa`||`jd EAG+ Gcv`lg+ @G^ vei`jd|

@dxevdgk Agdgieaedx

G||e||aedx|

Ljudxvp h`velxjv|=

EAG+ Gcv`lg+ @G^ vei`jd|=

Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|

^j|x Guh`x| Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk


Vei`jdgk H`velxjv `d~ux Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|



|~el`c`l wue|x`jd|





80

LV@XEV@G “ GDDUGK ^JVXCJK@J VES@EY "LJDX@DUEH

LV@XEV@G @DCJVAGX@JD \JUVLE VE\^JD\@FKE JCC@LE

\xvgxei`l @dxeve|x

… Ljudxvè| ybeve xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ agdhgxe lja~kàedx|

jxbev U$\$ hesekj~aedx

`dse|xaedx|

… Ljudxvè| lv`x`lgk xj ed|uv`di

ikjfgk ~egle gdh |eluv`xp

ybeve xbe êgle Ljv~| lgd

eccelx`sekp lgvvp jux x|

a`||`jd jc Yjvkh êgle

@d~ux cvja xbe Yb`xe Bju|e+

Ljdive|| gdh xbe He~gvxaedx jc

\xgxe

Xbe H`velxjv‐| Jcc`le

Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|

Lj|x Eccelx`sede|| Xjxgk lj|x ~ev Sjkudxeev fp ~j|x Jcc`le jc xbe Lbèc C`dgdl`gk

Jcc`lev

Ljudxvp Deeh

… Vgdm`di jd xbe BuagdHesekj~aedx @dher

Vgdm`di jc ~j|x| jd xbe Buagd

Hesekj~aedx @dher fp wugvx`ke=



… Kà`xeh duafev jc glx`se

hjdjv| ~ve|edx


F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\

@d xbe kg|x xyekse ajdxb|+ xbe giedlp bg| aghe |jae à~jvxgdx lbgdie| `d xbe jsevgkk ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd

~vjle||$ Xbe aj|x à~jvxgdx jc xbe|e vesjkse gvjudh xbe lvegx`jd jc xbe Jcc le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| gdh

à~vjseaedx| xbgx gve luvvedxkp fe`di aghe xj xbe giedlp‐| @dxeivgxeh ^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex \p|xea$

F$7$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|

@d Jlxjfev 6>>0+ xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| yg| e|xgfk`|beh xj ~vjs`he jsevgvlb`di |xvgxei`l |u~~jvx

gdh agdgieaedx xj |esevgk g|~elx| jc xbe giedlp‐| h`velx Sjkudxeev j~evgx`jd|$ Xb`| dey jcc`le gà| xj

edljuvgie ecc`lèdlè| fp |xvegak`d`di giedlp j~evgx`jd|+ h`||ea`dgx`di fe|x ~vglx`le| glvj|| xbe vei`jd|+

~vjs`h`di gd jvigd`zeh gdh ljbe|`se sj`le xj giedlp keghev|b`~+ gdh fp ljjvh`dgx`di xbe glx`s`xè| jc gkk

jsev|eg| j~evgx`jd|$

Xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| ~vjs`he| keghev|b`~+ |xgcc`di+ gdh ve|juvle| xj cj|xev gkìdaedx+ agdgie

hesekj~aedx+ ljjvh`dgxe `d`x`gx`se|+ gdh xvglm xbe ~vjive|| gdh xbe à~glx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ jsev|eg|

j~evgx`jd|$ @d ghh`x`jd xj xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xbvee iejivg~b`l vei jd| "Gcv`lg= Euvj~e+ Aeh`xevvgdegd+ gdhG|`g= gdh @dxev!Gaev`lg gdh xbe ^gl`c`l+ xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| gk|j `dlkuhe| xbe Jcc`le jc

Jsev|eg| ^vjivga gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx+ xbe Jcc`le jc G@H\ Vekèc+ gdh êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbgx xbe lvegx`jd jc xb`| jcc`le+ lbgvieh y`xb jsev|ee`di xbe he~gvxaedx| xbgx

gve h`velxkp ve|~jd|`fke cjv xbe ~kgleaedx jc Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di |u~~jvx xbgx

xbe|e Sjkudxeev| vewu`ve+ y`kk cuvxbev |xvedixbed hel`|`jd| jd Sjkudxeev gdh jxbev ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd$



5>

F$6$ @a~vjseaedx| xj xbe @dxeivgxeh ^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex`di \p|xea "@^F\

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| eafgvmeh jd g ~vjoelx xj à~keaedx dey fuhiex`di |jcxygve cjv xbe giedlp xbgx

à~vjse| xbe jsevgkk fuhiex`di ~vjle||$ Xbe giedlp bg| ~uvlbg|eh xbe |jcxygve vìbx| xj Bp~ev`jd

^kgdd`di+ g kegh`di fuhiex ~kgdd`di gdh gdgkpx l| |jcxygve g~~k`lgx`jd veledxkp glwu`veh fp Jvglke$ Xb`|

|p|xea y`kk fe `dxeivgxeh y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ luvvedx c`dgdl`gk agdgieaedx |p|xea+ yb`lb y`kk gk|j

guxjagxe ~gvx jc xbe fuhiex di ~vjle|| xbgx `d xbe ~g|x yg| bgdhkeh agdugkkp$ Xbe |p|xea `| er~elxeh xj

vjkk jux `d Oukp 6>7>$

Xbe giedlp bg| gk|j vec`deh xbe @dxeivgxeh ^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex`di \p|xea "@^F\ ~vjle|| cjv CP 6>77

~kgdd`di$ Felgu|e ~j|x| vele`seh iu`hgdle gkaj|x |`r yeem| egvkèv xbgd `d ~ves`ju| pegv|+ ~j|x| bgh

ghh`x`jdgk ~ve~gvgx jd xàe$ Xbe Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di gk|j bekh g

yjvm|bj~ y`xb aeafev| jc gkk xbe vei`jdgk ljudxvp he|m ud`x| gfjux `dcjvagx`jd xbgx lgd ~vjs`he ljdxerx

cjv xbe @^F\ |ufa`||`jd hesekj~aedx$ Xb`| yjvm|bj~ heajd|xvgxeh ygp| `d yb`lb Sjkudxeev |uvsep hgxg+

egvkp xeva`dgx`jd hgxg+ gdh jxbev `dcjvagx`jd lgd fe u|eh xj iu`he ~kgdd`di gdh hesekj~aedx jc cuxuve

@^F\ |ufa`||`jd| fp ~j|x|$


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD

L$7$ \uaagvp jc c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd|

Xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbgx xbe ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd ~vjle|| u|eh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| xj hel`he yb`lb

ljudxvè| `x |evse|+ gdh gx ybgx kesek|+ lgd fe |ìd`c`lgdxkp à~vjseh$ \~el`c`lgkkp+ xbe luvvedx ~vjle||?

… @| djx yekk hjluaedxeh+ djx xvgd|~gvedx+ gdh h`cc`lukx xj ou|x`cp=

… @| lgvvèh jux xbvjuib g |evè| jc h`|lvexe hel`|`jd| g| `||ue| |uvcgle gdh j~~jvxud`xè| gv`|e vgxbev

xbgd g| jde `dxeivgk ~vjle||= gdh+

… Lgd fe |xvedixbedeh fp gdgkpz`di ~jxedx`gk dey ljudxvp edxvè| gdh ~jxedx`gk ljudxvp lkj|uve| `d

jde ~vjle|| gdh fp `dxvjhul`di ghh`x`jdgk |ekelx`jd lv`xev`g `d xbe hel`|`jd ~vjle||$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp ajh`cp xbe er`|x`di ~vjle||

u|eh `d gdgkpz`di ybgx |evs`le| `x ~vjs he| xj ljudxvè| gdh gx ybgx kesek|$ Xbe giedlp deeh| xj agme

hel`|`jd| jd ~jxedx`gk dey ljudxvp edxvè|+ ~j||`fke ljudxvp he~gvxuve|+ g| yekk g| xbe kesek jc ve|juvle|

gkkjlgxeh gajdi gkk ljudxvè| `d jde `dxeivgk ~vjle||$ Xb`| gdgkp|`| |bjukh xgme ~kgle gddugkkp gdh |bjukh

fe ~ve~gveh cjv xbe H`velxjv‐| jcc`le fp xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| y`xb xbe |u~~jvx jc xbe vei`jd| gdh

Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di$ \~el`c`lgkkp+ xbe gdgkp|`| |bjukh vesèy?

7g Dey edxvp j~~jvxud`xè| `d ljudxvè| ybeve gd g||e||aedx bg| feed lgvvèh jux+ g| yekk g| cjv

ljudxvè| xbgx bgse er~ve||eh gd `dxeve|x `d xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh ybeve gd g||e||aedx yjukh deehxj fe u~hgxeh+ jv ybeve gd g||e||aedx yjukh deeh xj fe lgvvèh jux$ Xbe vesèy yjukh deeh xj

~vjs`he g ~vekà`dgvp veljaaedhgx`jd jd ~j||`fke dey ljudxvp edxvè| cjv xbe luvvedx gdh derx

c`|lgk pegv|+ g| yekk g| jd ljudxvp g||e||aedx| xj fe lgvvèh jux `d xbe derx |`r xj xyekse ajdxb|$

7f ^vjivga| `d er`|x`di ljudxvè| ybeve xbe giedlp `| djx glbès`di xbe he|`veh à~glx$ Xbe vesèy

gk|j |bjukh agme g ~vekà`dgvp veljaaedhgx`jd jd ~j||`fke glx`jd| xj velx`cp xbe ~vjfkea+

`dlkuh`di vejvigd`z`di+ vehul`di jv xeva`dgx`di xbe ~vjivga `d xbgx ljudxvp$



57

7l ^vjivga| `d er`|x`di ljudxvè| xbgx cgkk `d xbe xj~ bgkc jc xbe |eljdh wugvx`ke jc xbe BH@ xj sev`cp

xbe vekesgdle jc xbe ~vjivga| `d xbj|e ljudxvè| gdh agme ~vekà`dgvp veljaaedhgx`jd|

veigvh`di xbe cuxuve jc xbe giedlp‐| ~vjivga| `d xbgx ljudxvp$ ^j||`fke veljaaedhgx jd| aìbx

`dlkuhe ve!cjlu|`di xbe ~vjivga jd udhev|evseh ljaaud`xè|+ jv kegs`di xbe ljudxvp xj cvee u~

ve|juvle| cjv ljudxvè| `d xbe xb`vh gdh cjuvxb wugvx`ke| jc xbe BH@$

7h ^vjivga| `d er`|x`di bìb!~evcjva`di ~j|x|+ agm`di ~vekà`dgvp veljaaedhgx`jd| jd xbe

er~gd|`jd jc ~vjivga| `d xbj|e ljudxvè|$

Xbe ves`|eh ljudxvp vesèy ~vjle|| he|lv`feh gfjse y`kk ~vjs`he xbe H`velxjv jc xbe giedlp y`xb xbe ikjfgk

~ev|~elx`se vewu veh xj agme vgx`jdgk ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd hel`| jd| gajdi ljudxvè| gdh vei jd|$ Xbe

~vjle|| y`kk gk|j ve|ukx `d ivegxev iu`hgdle xj xbe h`ccevedx ud`x| y`xb`d xbe giedlp huv`di xbe gddugk @^F\

~vjle||+ |xvedixbed`di ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd hel`|`jd| glvj|| xbe edx`ve giedlp$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp ghh xyj dey lv`xev`g xj xbj|e

luvvedxkp u|eh `d xbe ljudxvp vesèy ~vjle|| he|lv`feh `d @S!7? BH@ gdh @a~glx$

Veljaaedhgx`jd @S!<?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp lkegvkp hjluaedx gdh fexxev

ljaaud`lgxe xbe jsevgkk ljudxvp |ekelx`jd gdh ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd ~vjle|| he|lv`feh `d veljaaedhgx`jd|@S!7 gdh @S!6 gfjse$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe giedlp deeh| xj à~vjse xbe hjluaedxgx`jd jc `dh`s`hugk hel`|`jd|

aghe g| ~gvx jc xbe jsevgkk ~vjle|| "e$i$ hel`|`jd| xj lgvvp jux ljudxvp g||e||aedx|+ edxev `dxj g dey

ljudxvp+ ljudxvp lkj|uve|+ exl$$



56

L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd|



@S!7g+ f+ l+ h Xbe giedlp deeh| xj ajh`cp xbe

er`|x`di ~vjle|| u|eh `d gdgkpz`di ybgx ljudxvè| `x

|evse| `d gdh gx ybgx kesek|+ |j xbgx hel`|`jd| jd

~jxedx`gk dey ljudxvp edxvè|+ ~j||`fke ljudxvp

he~gvxuve| g| yekk g| xbe kesek jc ve|juvle| gkkjlgxeh

gajdi gkk ljudxvè| gve aghe `d jde `dxeivgk

~vjle||$



Jcc`lev=

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|=




Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di=

Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di

gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx

Gd `d`x`gk ~jvxcjk`j gdgkp|`|

|bjukh fei`d `d Wugvxev 8 CP

6>7> gdh |bjukh fe ljdhulxeh

gddugkkp huv`di xbe c`v|x wugvxev

jc eglb c`|lgk pegv ~v`jv xj xbe

fei`dd`di jc xbe @^F\ lplke$

@S!6 Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

giedlp ghh xyj dey lv`xev`g xj xbe jde| luvvedxkp

u|eh `d xbe ljudxvp vesèy ~vjle||$ Xbe|e gve BH@

gdh @a~glx$

Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|= Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv=

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|=



Lv`xev`g yjukh fe `dljv~jvgxeh

`dxj xbe ~jvxcjk`j gdgkp|`|

àaeh`gxekp$



5<

@A^KEAEDXGX@JD AGXV@R "LJDX@DUEH

@S!< Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

giedlp lkegvkp hjluaedx gdh fexxev ljaaud`lgxe

xbe jsevgkk ljudxvp |ekelx`jd gdh ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd

~vjle||$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe giedlp deeh| xj a~vjse

xbe hjluaedxgx`jd jc `dh`s`hugk hel`|`jd| aghe g|

~gvx jc xbe jsevgkk ~vjle|| "e$i$ hel`|`jd| xj lgvvp

jux ljudxvp g||e||aedx|+ edxev `dxj g dey ljudxvp+

ljudxvp lkj|uve|+ exl$$



Jcc`lev=

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=



@aaeh`gxe gdh jdij`di



58




55

S$ \XVEDIXBED@DI AGDGIEAEDX GDH @DHEÊDHEDX

ESGKUGX@JD GDH JSEV\@IBX

^GVX G? \XVEDIXBED@DI AGDGIEAEDX


G$7$ Xbe giedlp‐| \xvgxei`l ^kgdd`di ^vjle||

G$7$g He|lv`~x`jd jc xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgdd`di ~vjle||

@d 6>>9+ xbe Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di "J\@V^ yg| lvegxeh gdh lbgvieh y`xb

edbgdl`di xbe giedlp‐| |xvgxei`l ~kgdd`di gdh ve~jvx`di+ esgkugx`jd gdh aeg|uveaedx+ gdh hgxg ijsevdgdle

eccjvx|$ Fei`dd`di `d 6>>2+ J\@V^ keh xbe giedlp!y`he eccjvx xj hesekj~ xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgd cjv c`|lgk pegv|

"CP 6>>0 xj 6>78 gdh keh xbe ygp jd xbe CP 6>>0 xj CP 6>77 ~evcjvagdle ~kgd 6>

xbgx ~j|`x`jd| xbe êgle

Ljv~| cjv xbe 67|x ledxuvp$

Xbe CP 6>>0!CP 6>78 |xvgxei`l ~kgdd`di ~vjle|| feigd y`xb xbe hesekj~aedx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ kji`l

ajhek xbgx ~ve|edx| xbe vekgx`jd|b`~| gajdi xbe `dse|xeh ve|juvle|+ xbe glx`s`xè| xbgx xgme ~kgle "jux~ux|+

gdh xbe fedec`x| jv lbgdie| xbgx ve|ukx "juxljae| gdh*jv à~glx$ G kji`l ajhek bek~| gd jvigd`zgx`jd

ed|uve `x| |xvgxeiè| gdh xglx`l| gve gkìdeh y`xb `x| ijgk| fp `kku|xvgx`di bjy gd jvigd`zgx`jd‐| glx`s`xè| gdh

~vjle||e| gve k`dmeh xj `x| jux~ux gdh juxljae|+ jv ve|ukx| gdh à~glx$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ kji`l ajhek

~vjs`he| gd giedlp!kesek sèy jc xbe giedlp‐| j~evgx`jd| gdh xbe`v `dxedheh ve|ukx|$ @x hje| djx `dlkuhe

esevp glx`s`xp+ ~vjle||+ jv cudlx`jd fux `d|xegh ve~ve|edx| ybgx xbe jvigd`zgx`jd g| g ybjke `| xvp`di xj

glbèse$ @d xb`| he~`lx`jd+ eglb cudlx`jd `| gfke xj `hedx`cp ybeve `x c`x| `d ljdxv`fux`di xj xbe jux~ux| gdh

juxljae| jc xbe jvigd`zgx`jd$

@d hesekj~`di xbe CP 6>>0!CP 6>78 |xvgxei`l ~kgd gdh xbe CP 6>>0!CP 6>77 ~evcjvagdle ~kgd+ xbe giedlp

aghe gd `dlku|`se eccjvx+ `dsjks`di jsev jde budhveh |xgcc aeafev| gx beghwugvxev| gdh gx ~j|x$ Xbe

~vjle|| gk|j `dlkuheh |jae erxevdgk ljd|ukxgx`jd$ Gkk ~j|x| gdh jcc le| yeve `d|xvulxeh xj gkìd xbe`v

j~evgx`jdgk ~kgd| gdh fuhiex| xj ed|uve lja~gx`f`k`xp y`xb xbe |xvgxei`l gdh j~evgx`jdgk ~evcjvagdle ijgk|

~ve|edxeh `d xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgd$

Xbe c`se |xvgxei`l ijgk| ~ve|edxeh `d xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgd gve sevp fvjgh?

7$ Edbgdle xbe lg~gl`xp jc bj|x ljudxvp `dh`s`hugk|+ jvigd`zgx`jd|+ gdh ljaaud`xè| xj aeex xbe`v

|m`kk deeh|=

6$ ^vjajxe g fexxev udhev|xgdh`di jc Gaev`lgd| jd xbe ~gvx jc bj|x ljudxvp `dh`s`hugk|+

jvigd`zgx`jd|+ gdh ljaaud`xè| |evseh fp Sjkudxeev|=

<$ Cj|xev juxveglb xj Gaev`lgd| xbvjuib giedlp ~vjivga| xbgx g||`|x Sjkudxeev| gdh vexuvdeh êgle

Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| xj bek~ ~vjajxe g fexxev udhev|xgdh`di jc jxbev ~ej~ke| jd xbe ~gvx jc

Gaev`lgd|=

8$ ^vjs`he Sjkudxeev|+ ybj ve~ve|edx xbe h`sev|`xp jc Gaev`lgd|+ xj aeex xbe esjks`di xelbd`lgk

deeh| jc bj|x ljudxvè|= gdh+

6> Xbe xbvee!pegv ~evcjvagdle ~kgd `| vewu`veh udhev xbe Ijsevdaedx êvcjvagdle gdh Ve|ukx| Glx+ ^$K$ 7><!36 "700<$ Xbe xbvee!pegv ~kgd hexg`k| xbe |xvgxeiè| gdh xglx`l| cjv gllja~k`|b`di |xvgxei`l ijgk| gdh |~el`cè| g aexbjh cjv sev`c`lgx`jd gdh sgk`hgx`jd$



53

5$ @a~keaedx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ a`||`jd `d gd eccelx`se gdh ecc`lèdx agddev xbvjuib xbe ~vjs`|`jd jc

bìb wugk`xp Sjkudxeev |u~~jvx y`xb j~xàgk begkxb lgve+ |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp |u~~jvx+ gdh eccelx`se

agdgieaedx jc ve|juvle|$

Eglb |xvgxei`l ijgk |bjy| xbe vekgxeh juxljae gdh ~evcjvagdle ijgk| 67

+ cjkkjyeh fp xbe |~el`c`l glx`s`xè|

xbgx y`kk fe à~keaedxeh xj gllja~k |b xbe ijgk|$ Gkk jc xbe ijgk| k`dm fglm xj xbe giedlp‐| cjlu| jd

glbès`di `x| xbvee ljve ijgk| gdh lgvvp`di jux xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ a`|| jd$ \~el`c`l gddugk `dh`lgxjv| cjv

eglb jc xbe ~evcjvagdle ijgk| gve |~el`cèh `d xbe ~evcjvagdle ~kgd+ yb`lb cjva| ~gvx jc xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgd$

"\ee cìuve S!7 cjv gd erga~ke jc g |xvgxei`l ijgk gdh vekgxeh juxljae gdh ~evcjvagdle ijgk|+ gdh |ee

cìuve S!6 cjv gd erga~ke jc |~el`c`l `dh`lgxjv| cjv g ~evcjvagdle ijgk$

Cìuve S!7

\xvgxei`l Ijgk 8 gdh Vekgxeh Juxljae gdh êvcjvagdle Ijgk|

J\@V^ ajd`xjv| xbe à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe |xvgxei`l gdh ~evcjvagdle ~kgd| gx xbe edh jc eglb wugvxev$

U~jd lja~kex`jd jc xbe c`v|x wugvxev jc xbe c`|lgk pegv+ cjv erga~ke+ J\@V^ |xgcc aeafev| |jk`l`x `d~ux|

cvja gkk jc xbe j~evgx`di ud`x| y`xb ve|~jd|`f`k`xp cjv |~el`c`l ~evcjvagdle `dh`lgxjv| jd eglb jc xbe

~evcjvagdle ijgk| xj agme |uve xbgx ~evcjvagdle ijgk| gve udhev|xjjh gdh xj `hedx`cp gdp ~vjfkea gveg|

egvkp `d xbe pegv$ J\@V^ |xgcc aeafev| lja~`ke `dcjvagx`jd jd eglb jc xbe ~evcjvagdle ijgk| gdh kegh xbe

a`hpegv vesèy jc giedlp ~vjive|| gig`d|x ~evcjvagdle ijgk|$ G |à`kgv vesèy `| ljdhulxeh gx xbe edh jc xbe xb`vh wugvxev$ U~jd lja~kex`jd jc xbe c`|lgk pegv+ J\@V^ |xgcc aeafev| gdh xbe Jcc`le jc xbe Lbèc

C`dgdl`gk Jcc`lev ~ve~gve xbe êvcjvagdle gdh Glljudxgf`k`xp Ve~jvx cjv xbe pegv g| vewu`veh fp xbe Jcc`le

jc Agdgieaedx gdh Fuhiex$ Xb`| ve~jvx vesèy| xbe c`|lgk pegv‐| j~evgx`jd|+ g| yekk g| gdgkpze| xbe glxugk

|xvgxei`l juxljae gdh ~evcjvagdle ijgk| gdh `dh`lgxjv|$

67G| hec`deh fp xbe Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx gdh Fuhiex+ g |xvgxei`l ijgk `| g| g |xgxeaedx jc gà jv ~uv~j|e gdh `| u|eh xj ivju~aukx`~ke ~vjivga juxljae ijgk|$ Juxljae ijgk| he|lv`fe xbe dxedheh ve|ukx jc lgvvp`di jux g ~vjivga jv glx`s`xp$ G ~evcjvagdleijgk `| hec`deh g| g xgviex kesek jc ~evcjvagdle jsev xàe er~ve||eh g| g xgdi`fke+ aeg|uvgfke jfoelx`se+ gig`d|x yb`lb glxugkglbèseaedx lgd fe lja~gveh$



59

Cìuve S!6

êvcjvagdle Ijgk 8$6$7? Velvu`xaedx gdh Sjkudxeev ~kgleaedx eccjvx| veckelx xbe h`sev|`xp jc Gaev`lgd|

Giedlp Kesek evcjvagdle @dh`lgxjv|

Duafev jc a`hlgveev gdh gie 5> gdh jkhev g~~k`lgdx|?

Xgviex|

CP 6>>0 CP 6>7> CP 6>77

7+5>> 7+9>> 7+0>>

Duafev jc g~~k`lgdx| jc h`sev|e exbd`l`xè|?

Xgviex|

CP 6>>0 CP 6>7> CP 6>77

6+7>> 6+6>> 6+<>>

@d Djseafev 6>>0+ xbe Jcc`le jc xbe Lbèc C`dgdl`gk Jcc`lev c`dgk`zeh xbe êvcjvagdle gdh Glljudxgf`k`xp

Ve~jvx cjv CP 6>>0 xbgx ~ve|edx| xbe ~evcjvagdle ijgk| gdh `dh`lgxjv| cjv xbe CP 6>>0 ~evcjvagdle ~kgd

gig`d|x glxugk ve~jvx|$ Xbe ve~jvx h`h `dh`lgxe ~vjfkea| `d g cey gveg|+ `dlkuh`di xbe ~evledxgie jc ~j|x|

gdh beghwugvxev| jcc`le| y`xb hjluaedxeh ~ev|jddek ~vglx`le| xbgx `dlkuhe |xgcc hesekj~aedx+ ~evcjvagdle

agdgieaedx+ gdh gygvh| gdh veljid`x`jd ~jk`lè| gdh xbe ~evledxgie jc ~j|x| xbgx ~vjs`he gd gddugk

~vjive|| ve~jvx xj bj|x ljudxvp giedlp |~jd|jv| gdh ~gvxdev|$

G$7$f G||e||aedx xega jf|evsgx`jd| jd xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgdd`di ~vjle||

@d xbe sèy jc xbe g||e||aedx xega+ xbe eccjvx| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| xj e|xgfk`|b gd giedlp!y`he |xvgxei`l

~kgd cjv CP 6>>0!CP 6>78 g| yekk g| xbe CP 6>>0!CP 6>77 ~evcjvagdle ~kgd+ ve~ve|edx |ìd`c`lgdx

~vjive||$ Yb`ke yjvm lgd gdh |bjukh fe hjde xj ed|uve xbe ~kgd `| veckelx`se jc giedlp ~v`jv`xè| gdh xbe

vegk`xè| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jd| `d xbe cèkh+ xbe hesekj~aedx jc g ‛~kgpfjjm‑ fp yb`lb gkk giedlp

eccjvx| lgd fe ivjudheh gdh xgviexeh `| e||edx`gk$ Bjyesev+ `d |~egm`di y`xb duaevju| giedlp |xgcc+ fjxb

jsev|eg| gdh `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|+ xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh xbgx agdp êgle Ljv~| ea~kjpee| yeve djx

cukkp gygve jc xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgd+ xbe ~evcjvagdle ~kgd+ jv xbe`v `dxedheh u|e$ @c xbe hjluaedx `| xj veglb `x|

`dxedheh ~uv~j|e+ `x y`kk fe à~jvxgdx xj ghhve|| xb`| h`|ljddelx$

Cuvxbevajve+ lbg~xev @@ jc xb`| ve~jvx ~ve|edx| xbe dey s`|`jd gdh |xvgxeip cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|+ xbgx `c

cjvagkkp g~~vjseh fp xbe giedlp+ y`kk vewu`ve gd u~hgxe jc xbe luvvedx |`r pegv ~kgd xj `dljv~jvgxe xbe mep

|xvgxeiè| dele||gvp xj a~keaedx xbe giedlp‐| dey |xvgxei`l s`|`jd$

J\@V^ |bjukh xgme xbe kegh `d vegkìd`di xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ \xvgxei`l ^kgd xj ~vjs`he xbe ~kgxcjva jd yb`lb

xj fu`kh xbe giedlp‐| dey |xvgxei`l s`|`jd$ Xbe ve|ukx`di ~kgd |bjukh xbed fe i`sed xj esevp ~ev|jd ybj

yjvm| cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Xbe giedlp‐| ~evcjvagdle ~kgd au|x xbed `dcjva gkk agdgieaedx hel`|`jd|+

`dlkuh`di gkkjlgx jd jc ve|juvle| gdh ~evcjvagdle g~~vg`|gk|$ Xbe ~vjive|| jd xbe ~kgd |bjukh gk|j fe

y`hekp ljaaud`lgxeh$



52

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!7?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| u~hgxe xbe luvvedx |`r pegv

|xvgxei`l ~kgd xj `dljv~jvgxe xbe s`|`jd gdh mep |xvgxeiè| dele||gvp xj à~keaedx xbe ~vj~j|eh s`|`jd+

|xvgxeip+ gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| ~ve|edxeh `d xb`| g||e||aedx ve~jvx$ Jdle lja~kexeh+ xbe giedlp |bjukh

ed|uve xbe u~hgxeh |xvgxei`l gdh ~evcjvagdle ~kgd| gve h`||ea`dgxeh y`hekp+ fjxb `d|`he gdh jux|`he jc xbe

giedlp+ gdh xbe giedlp |bjukh ed|uve xbe`v ~uv~j|e `| cukkp udhev|xjjh fp giedlp |xgcc$

G$6$ Ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd y`xb`d xbe giedlp

G$6$g He|lv`~x`jd jc xbe luvvedx ~vjle|| “ vesèy jc xbe CP 6>7>!CP 6>76 ~kgdd`di

gdh fuhiex`di ~vjle||

Xbe @dxeivgxeh ^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex \p|xea "@^F\ `| xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vàgvp ~vjivga gdh ve|juvle

agdgieaedx ~kgdd`di aelbgd`|a gdh `| ljd|`|xedx y`xb xbe ~kgdd`di ~vjle|| hec`deh fp xbe Ijsevdaedx

êvcjvagdle gdh Ve|ukx| Glx$ @x u|e| g vjkk`di xbvee!pegv ~kgdd`di lplke+ yb`lb `| u~hgxeh gddugkkp+ gdh `x

`dlkuhe| gd g||e||aedx jc xbe ~ves`ju| pegv‐| ~kgd| gdh ~vjoelx|$ Xbe @^F\ `| g aukx kesek |xvgxei`l

~kgdd`di ~vjle|| xbgx vewu`ve| eglb êgle Ljv~| jcc`le gdh |uf!jcc`le xj |ex ijgk| gdh e|xgfk`|b aeg|uvgfke

jfoelx`se| gdh |~el`c l xg|m| y`xb vekgxeh xàek`de|$ Xbe|e ~kgd| gve fg|eh jd ~vjoelxeh kesek| jc cudh`di$Bjyesev+ xbep gve ghou|xeh `c ~vjoelx`jd| gve djx vegk`zeh xbvjuib glxugk g~~vj~v`gx`jd|$ Xbe jsevgkk

~vjle|| lvegxe| g veluvv`di lplke jc ~kgdd`di+ fuhiex`di+ erelux`jd+ gdh ve~jvx`di$

Xbe @^F\ `| xbe ~v`dl ~gk aelbgd`|a u|eh xj gkkjlgxe ve|juvle| glvj|| xbe edx`ve giedlp$ Xj udhev|xgdh

bjy xbe @^F\ `| u|eh fp xbe giedlp+ xbe g||e||aedx xega gdgkpzeh xbe @^F\ ~vjle|| gx xbe jsev|eg| ~j|x!

kesek cjv xbe CP 6>7>!CP 6>76 ~kgdd`di gdh fuhiex`di ~vjle||$ 66

@x `| gd `xevgx`se ~vjle|| xbgx `| h`velxeh

cvja beghwugvxev| gdh xbgx vele`se| |uf|xgdx`gk `d~ux cvja gkk jc xbe jcc`le| gdh |uf!jcc`le| gx beghwugvxev|+

g| yekk g| cvja xbe ~j|x|$ Xbe @^F\ `| g aukx`|xe~ ~vjle|| xbgx vewu`ve| eglb êgle Ljv~| jcc le gdh |uf!

jcc`le xj |ex ijgk| gdh e|xgfk`|b aeg|uvgfke jfoelx se| gdh |~el`c`l xg|m| y`xb vekgxeh xàek de|$ Xbe|e

ijgk| gdh jfoelx`se| veckelx xbe |xvgxeiè|+ g| yekk g| xbe juxljae gdh ~evcjvagdle ijgk|+ gvx`lukgxeh `d xbe

|`r pegv |xvgxeip$

G$6$f Vesèy jc xbe CP 6>77!CP 6>7< ~kgdd`di gdh fuhiex`di ~vjle||

Huv`di CP 6>>0+ `x felgae g~~gvedx xj xbe giedlp‐| agdgieaedx xbgx fuhiex gkkjlgx`jd| cjv CP 6>7> gdh

fepjdh yjukh aj|x ~vjfgfkp fe aghe gx g bìbev kesek xbgd bgh feed gdx`l`~gxeh gx xbe fei`dd`di jc xbe

pegv$ Beghwugvxev| |xgcc feigd ~ve~gv`di cjv xb`| ~j|| f`k`xp `d kgxe 6>>0 y`xb gkk ~j|x|$ G| g ve|ukx+ xbe

giedlp yg| gfke xj iex gd egvkp |xgvx jd ~kgdd`di gdh fuhiex`di CP 6>77!CP 6>7<$ Fei`dd`di `d kgxe CP

6>>0+ beghwugvxev| |xgcc feigd yjvm`di y`xb ljudxvp h`velxjv| xj hesekj~ h`ccevedx ivjyxb |ledgv`j|+ e`xbev

xbvjuib xbe er~gd|`jd jc er`|x di ~vjivga| jv xbe kgudlb`di jc dey ~vjivga|$ Xb`| ~vjle|| ve|ukxeh `d

eglb ~j|x ~vjs`h`di e|xàgxe| jc xbe duafev jc dey Sjkudxeev| xbep ljukh eccelx`sekp u|e udhev h`ccevedx

cudh`di |ledgv j|$ Xbe|e e|xàgxe| jd Sjkudxeev `d~ux| yeve u|eh xj lkg||`cp xbe ljudxvè| g| Bìb!+

Aehùa!+ Kjy!+ jv Dj!ivjyxb ~j|x|$

66 G ajve lja~vebed|`se gdgkp|`| jc xbe @dxeivgxeh ^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex \p|xea `| ~vjs`heh `d G~~edh`r S!7$



50

Cìuve S!<

\uaagvp jc xbe ^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex`di Lplke cjv ^j|x|

G lbgdie cvja xbe ~ves`ju| pegv‐| @^F\ ~vjle|| yg| xbgx ljudxvp h`velxjv| yeve `d|xvulxeh `d xbe |eljdh

wugvxev jc CP 6>7> xj ~ve|edx Vewue|x| cjv Giedlp Ve|juvle| xj ljsev xbe `dse|xaedx| xbgx yeve vewu`veh

`d CP 6>7> xj ~ve~gve cjv ivjyxb `d CP 6>77$ Xbe|e vewue|x| hec`deh ghh`x`jdgk ve|juvle deeh| djx

`dlkuheh `d xbe`v luvvedx c`|lgk pegv fuhiex|$ Xbe vewue|x| yeve vesèyeh `d G~v`k 6>7> fp xbe H`velxjv‐|

jcc`le+ gdh agdp yeve g~~vjseh jdle xbe c`dgk CP 6>7> g~~vj~v`gx`jd yg| aghe `d xbgx |gae ajdxb$ G|

ljudxvp h`velxjv| feigd xj ~ve~gve xbe`v ^j|x \xvgxei`l ^kgd| CP 6>77!CP 6>7<+ xbep yeve gig`d `d|xvulxeh

xj `dlkuhe gdp ghh`x`jdgk vewue|x| cjv CP 6>7> ve|juvle| xj |u~~jvx ~j|x er~gd|`jd ~vjoelx| `d xbe`v ~kgd|$

Xbe giedlp vec`deh xbe @^F\ ~vjle|| cjv xbe CP 6>77 ~kgdd`di ~vjle||+ xp`di cudh`di hel`|`jd| ajve

lkj|ekp xj xbe @^F\$ @d ~ves`ju| pegv|+ ~j|x| yeve vekulxgdx xj ~kgd cjv c`v|x wugvxev glx`s`xè| felgu|e jc xbe

k`mek`bjjh xbgx xbe giedlp yjukh fe j~evgx`di udhev g ljdx`du`di ve|jkux jd$ Xb`| pegv+ xbe iu`hgdle

`dlkuheh fuhiex duafev| cjv xbe veag`dhev jc xb`| c |lgk pegv gdh cjv xbe derx c`|lgk pegv$ ^j|x| yeve i`sedxbe j~~jvxud`xp xj agme cudh`di vewue|x| cjv xb`| c`|lgk pegv gdh cjv xbe c`v|x wugvxev jc CP 6>77$ ^j|x|

vele`seh iu`hgdle gkaj|x |`r yeem| egvkèv xbgd `d ~ves`ju| pegv|+ gkkjy`di cjv ghh`x`jdgk ~ve~gvgx`jd xàe$

J\@V^ gk|j bekh g yjvm|bj~ y`xb aeafev| jc gkk xbe vei`jdgk ljudxvp he|m ud`x| jd xbe xj~`l jc gsg`kgfke

hgxg gdh `dcjvagx`jd xbgx lgd ~vjs`he ljdxerx cjv xbe @^F\ |ufa`|| jd hesekj~aedx$ Xb`| yjvm|bj~

heajd|xvgxeh ygp| `d yb`lb Sjkudxeev |uvsep hgxg+ egvkp xeva`dgx`jd hgxg+ gdh jxbev `dcjvagx`jd lgd fe

u|eh xj iu`he xbe ~kgdd`di gdh hesekj~aedx jc cuxuve @^F\ |ufa`||`jd| fp ~j|x|$ J\@V^ ~ve~gveh ljudxvp

|~el`c`l lbgvx| xbgx lja~gveh ~evcjvagdle jsev xàe gdh lja~gveh ljudxvè| y`xb`d g vei`jd$ J\@V^ gk|j

lvegxeh ljudxvp gdh vei`jd |~el`c`l lbgvx| jd xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgd `dh`lgxjv| cjv ~j|x u|e$

Xbe xbvee vei`jd| gk|j er~evàedxeh y`xb ygp| xj à~vjse xbe gdgkp|`| jc |xvgxei`l ~kgd| gdh cudh`di

vewue|x| cvja ~j|x| gdh xbe ceehfglm xbgx | ~vjs`heh xj ~j|x| fp beghwugvxev|$ Jde jc xbe vei`jd|hesekj~eh g |p|xea xbgx `dxeivgxe| gkk jc xbe gdgkp|e| jc eglb ljudxvp‐| @^F\+ |j xbgx xbep lgd fe sèyeh

gdh lja~gveh ajve eg|`kp xbgd d ~ves`ju| pegv|$ @x gk|j gkkjy| cjv `dlku|`jd jc ~j|x `dh`lgxjv| jc

~evcjvagdle gdh |~el`c`l iu`hgdle xj xbe he|m jcc`lev gdgkpz`di xbe `dh`s`hugk |ufa`||`jd|+ ve|ukx`di `d gd

à~vjseh gdh ajve ljd|`|xedx gdgkp|`| jc xbe @^F\ |ufa`||`jd|$

A ` h P e g v V e s ` e y j c

C P 6 > 7 > ^ k g d

^ j | x | \ u f a

` x V e s ` | e h

6 > 7 7 J ~ e v g x ` d i ^ k g d *

F u h

i e x

^ v e ~ g v g x ` j

d j c C ` d g k

G i e d l p ! y ` h

e j ~ e v g x ` d i

f u h i e x | g d h

| u f a ` | | ` j d

x j J A F c j

v C P 6 > 7 6

^ j | x | \

u f a ` x

X b v e e

P e g v

\ x v g x e i ` l ^ k g d

V e s ` e y j c L j u d x v p ^ k g d |

g d h ^ v e ~ g

v g x ` j d j c

\ u a a g v p \ x v g x e i ` l ^ k g d |

c j v C P 6 >

7 7 ! 6 > 7 <

Cefvugvp G~v k Oude Guiu|x Jlxjfev Heleafev

C e e h f g l m x j ^ j | x | j d

X v g ` d e e @ d ~ u x g d h F u h i e x

I u ` h g d l e c j v C P 6 > 7 6



3>

G$6$l Jsevgkk Vesèy jc xbe ^vjle||

Jsev xbe ~g|x cey pegv|+ xbe giedlp bg| aghe agdp vecjva| xj `x| c`dgdl`gk j~evgx`jd|$ \j~b`|x`lgxeh dey

xjjk| cjv c`dgdl`gk agdgieaedx gve gsg`kgfke+ `dxevdgk ljdxvjk| bgse feed |xvedixbedeh+ gdh xbeve `| k`xxke

j~~jvxud`xp cjv ~j|x| xj |xvgp cvja xbe ~vjle||$ Gcxev vesèy`di xbe @^F\ lplke+ xbe g||e||aedx xega

giveeh xbgx xbe @^F\ `| gd erlekkedx xjjk cjv ve|juvle gdh agdgieaedx ~kgdd`di$ Xbe cjkkjy`di g|~elx| jc

xbe @^F\ gve ~gvx`lukgvkp sgkugfke?

… Xbe @^F\ ~vjle|| ~vjs`he| g ivegx hegk jc kgx`xuhe xj ljudxvp h`velxjv| gdh xbe`v |xgcc aeafev| xj

~vj~j|e bjy xbep fe|x lgd ux`k`ze ve|juvle| gdh Sjkudxeev|$ ^j|x|‐ |xgcc aeafev| gve xbe giedlp‐|

ag`d ~j`dx jc ljdxglx y`xb Sjkudxeev|+ xbe`v ~vjivga|+ gdh bj|x ljudxvp ljudxev~gvx|$ G| g ve|ukx+

xbep gve xbe aj|x eccelx`se ve|juvle gsg`kgfke xj xbe giedlp xj lgvvp jux xbe ~kgdd`di gdh

fuhiex`di ~vjle|| `d eglb ljudxvp$

… @^F\ ~vjs`he| ~j|x| y`xb gd j~~jvxud`xp xj |xe~ fglm gdh vesèy xbe vjke| xbep ~kgp `d bj|x

ljudxvp hesekj~aedx ~kgd|+ xj hesekj~ gdh vec`de xbe`v |xvgxeiè|+ gdh xj `hedx`cp ~vjivga

|xvedixb| gdh yegmde||e|$ Xbe @^F\ ~vjs he| g |à`kgv j~~jvxud xp cjv beghwugvxev| |xgcc

aeafev| xj vesèy xbe`v vjke `d |u~~jvx`di xbe jsevgkk êgle Ljv~| ~vjivga$

… Beghwugvxev| |xgcc aeafev| bgse glle|| xj g fvjgh vgdie jc xjjk| gdh `dcjvagx`jd xbgx lgd fe u|ehxj aeg|uve xbe ~evcjvagdle jc ljudxvp ~vjivga| xj g||`|x `d agm`di hel`|`jd| jd ljudxvp ~kgd|

gdh fuhiex vewue|x|$ Xbe|e `dlkuhe cjvagk gdh `dcjvagk xjjk|+ |ulb g| xbe wugvxevkp ve~jvx|

~ve~gveh fp xbe ~j|x|+ à~glx |xuhè|+ xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep|+ gdh ^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx|6<

$

Xb`| `dcjvagx`jd ljukh |xvedixbed xbe ~vjle|| gdh ed|uve xbgx ve|juvle| gve lbgddekeh xjygvh xbe

aj|x ~vjhulx`se ljudxvè| gdh ~vjivga|$

Bjyesev+ he|~`xe xbe jcx!wujxeh agdxvg xbgx ~vjivga hv`se| xbe fuhiex+ xbe vegk`xp `| xbgx `x `| xbe vesev|e$

Xbe giedlp uviedxkp deeh| xj vecjva xbe gdgkp|`| gdh g~~vjsgk ~vjle|| |j xbgx xbe ~vjivga hv`se| xbe

fuhiex$ Xbe aj|x ~ve||`di deeh `| cjv gd giveeh u~jd cvgaeyjvm cjv esgkugx`di gdh ~v`jv x`z`di vewue|x|

cjv ve|juvle|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ \xvgxei`l ^kgd | veckelxeh `d xbe `dh`s hugk ~j|x gdh jcc`le |ufa`||`jd|+

fux xbeve hje| djx g~~egv xj fe gd giedlp!y`he cvgaeyjvm jv g ljd|`|xedx |xgdhgvh cjv esgkugx`di gdh

~v`jv`x`z`di vewue|x| cjv ve|juvle|$ Felgu|e jc xbe xà`di ljd|xvg`dx|+ hel`| jd agmev| xedh xj

jsevea~bg|`ze cudh`di vewue|x| gdh ~gp `d|ucc`lèdx gxxedx`jd xj xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgd| udhevkp`di xbea$

Glljvh`dikp+ xbe ve|juvle hel`|`jd| gve djx g| cukkp `dcjvaeh g| xbep |bjukh fe$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| g cvgiaedxeh ve|juvle g~~vjsgk ~vjle||$ Cjv erga~ke+ xbeve `| g |ed`jv |xgcc ve|juvle

vesèy gdh g~~vjsgk ~gxb cjv `dcjvagx`jd xelbdjkjip |jkux`jd|+ fux xbeve `| djx jde cjv Vewue|x| cjv

Giedlp Ve|juvle|$ Gkxbjuib xbe g~~vjseh @X |jkux`jd| gve ljdsevxeh xj `dh`s`hugk ve|juvle vewue|x| gdh

~ve|edxeh xj xbe H`velxjv g| jde lja~kexe k`|x+ gx dj ~j`dx hje| xbe |ed`jv |xgcc bgse gd j~~jvxud`xp xj

vesèy gkk ve|juvle vewue|x| ljkkelx`sekp+ ~v`jv`x`ze xbea+ gdh agme g cukkp |xgcceh veljaaedhgx`jd xj xbe

H`velxjv$ G ajve xvgd|~gvedx+ ljbevedx ~vjle|| |bjukh fe e|xgfk`|beh$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbgx xbe à~keaedxgx`jd jc veljaaedhgx`jd| @S!7 gdh @S!6 h`|lu||eh `d xbe~ves`ju| lbg~xev yjukh fe gd à~jvxgdx c`v|x |xe~ `d lvegx`di xbgx cvgaeyjvm cjv esgkugx`di gdh ~v`jv`x`z`di

vewue|x| cjv ve|juvle|$

Xbe fuhiex ~vjle|| ljukh gk|j fe à~vjseh `c `x yeve à~keaedxeh jd g aulb ajve `dxevglx`se fg|`|$ Cjv

erga~ke+ gcxev |ufa`xx`di xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgd gx xbe edh jc xbe |eljdh wugvxev jc xbe c`|lgk pegv+ |jae ljudxvp

h`velxjv| vele`seh k`xxke ceehfglm jd xbe`v |ufa`||`jd| udx`k xbep vele`seh xbe`v xvg`dee "dey Sjkudxeev

6< G lja~kexe h`|lu||`jd jd agdgieaedx xjjk| ux`k`zeh fp xbe giedlp `| ~vjs`heh `d ^gvx L jc xb`| lbg~xev$



37

`d~ux cìuve|+ gdh xbep h`h djx vele`se fuhiex iu`hgdle cjv xbe cjkkjy`di pegv udx`k xbvee ajdxb| gcxev

|ufa`xx`di xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgd$ Cuvxbevajve+ `c xvg`dee `d~ux| gdh fuhiex iu hgdle ~vjs`heh xj xbe ~j|x|

xvgd|kgxe `dxj |ìd`c`lgdx lbgdie| `d xbe ~vjivga cjv xbe derx c`|lgk pegv+ xbe jvì`dgk @^F\ |ufa`||`jd `| djx

ajh`cèh xj veckelx xbe dey vegk`xp$ Xb`| |bjukh fe lbgdieh$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!6?

Xbe xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe @^F\ ~vjle|| |bjukh ~vjs`he g ivegxev kesek jc

ceehfglm gdh `dxevglx jd y`xb ~j|x |xgcc huv`di xbe vesèy gdh g~~vjsgk ~vjle|| gx beghwugvxev|$ Jdle xbe

c`dgk ~kgd| gdh fuhiex| gve g~~vjseh+ ~j|x| |bjukh xbed ajh`cp xbe`v jvì`dgk |ufa`||`jd| xj veckelx xbe dey

vegk`xp$

Iu`hgdle ~vjs`heh xj ~j|x| xj ~ve~gve xbe`v |ufa`||`jd| `| djx |xgdhgvh gajdi xbe vei`jd| djv `| xbe |gae

aexbjhjkjip ux`k zeh xj gdgkpze gdh ~v`jv`x ze xbe `dh`s`hugk ljudxvp @^F\ |ufa`||`jd|$ Xbe kglm jc g

lkegvkp gvx`lukgxeh yjvkhy`he |xgdhgvh jc Sjkudxeev |u~~jvx+ u~jd yb`lb vewue|x| cjv |xgcc gdh jxbev

ve|juvle| gve fg|eh+ hà`d |be| xbe giedlp‐| gf`k`xp xj agme `dcjvaeh fuhiex hel`|`jd|$ Y`xb xbe veledx

lvegx`jd jc xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|+ `x `| gdx`l`~gxeh xbgx ljd|`|xedx aexbjhjkjip gdh iu`hgdle cjv

gkk jsev|eg| ~j|x| y`kk fe ~vjs`heh `d xbe cuxuve$ G ajve xvgd|~gvedx hel`|`jd!agm`di ~vjle|| |bjukh

ve|ukx$ Xj cuvxbev xbgx jfoelx`se+ xbe giedlp |bjukh agme xbe c`dgk ~kgd| gsg`kgfke cjv |xgcc xbvjuibjux xbe

jvigd`zgx`jd xj sèy+ gdh xbe H`velxjv |bjukh ljaaud`lgxe bjy xbe ~vjivga hv`se| xbe fuhiex$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!<?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| ~vjs`he ljd|`|xedx

iu`hgdle gdh u|e ljd|`|xedx aexbjhjkjip cjv xbe gdgkp| | gdh ~v`jv`x`zgx`jd jc fuhiex |ufa`||`jd|$ Xbe

êgle Ljv~| |bjukh ~j|x c`dgk @^F\ ~kgd| jd xbe @dxvgdex |j xbep gve vegh`kp glle||`fke xj giedlp |xgcc

xbvjuibjux xbe jvigd`zgx`jd$

G$<$ Buagd ve|juvle| agdgieaedx

G$<$g Jsevsèy

G| jc Agvlb <7+ 6>7>+ xbe êgle Ljv~| ea~kjpeh 6+9<6 `dh`s`hugk| g| |bjyd `d Cìuve S!8$

Cìuve S!8

Luvvedx êgle Ljv~| \xgcc`di

Hjae|x`l \xgcc

Beghwugvxev|? 5<3 U$\$ H`velx B`ve|? 6>7

Jsev|eg| \xgcc

Vei`jdgk Velvu`xaedx Jcc`le|? 76< Cjveìd \evs`le Dgx`jdgk|? 66>

ZZZZ êv|jdgk \evs`le| Ljdxvglxjv|?

\ufxjxgk| 350 6+><3

7+375

XJXGK? 6+305

J~evgx`jd| `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gve |xgcceh fp U$\$ h`velx b`ve|+ kjlgxeh `d Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$+ gdh `d d`de

vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le| `d Gxkgdxg+ Fj|xjd+ Lb`lgij+ Hgkkg|+ Kj| Gdieke|+ \gd Cvgdl`|lj+ \egxxke+ gdh

Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$ Xbe |xgcc |xvulxuve gx beghwugvxev|+ `dlkuh`di xbe |xgcc`di kesek| cjv eglb beghwugvxev|

jcc`le+ `| juxk`deh `d Cìuve S!5$

Hjae|x`l ev|jddek



36

C`iuve S!5



Xj vud j~evgx`jd| `d 99 ljudxvè|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| ea~kjp| g~~vjràgxekp 875 cukk!xàe ea~kjpee| gdh 7+375

~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|$ Jc xbe 875 cukk!xàe ea~kjpee|+ 705 gve U$\$ h`velx b`ve|+ gdh 66> gve cjveìd

|evs`le dgx`jdgk| "C\D$ Gkk ljudxvp h`velxjv| gdh xbe agojv`xp jc ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev| gdh

gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev| gve U$\$ h`velx b`ve|$

Jsev|eg| ev|jddek

68

Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbeve gve xyedxp U$\$ h`velx b`ve g||jl`gxe êgle

Ljv~| h`velxjv|+ |jaexàe| lgkkeh ~vjivga agdgiev|$

Xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv j~evgx`jd| jc gd jsev|eg| ~j|x$ Xbe ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev

"^XJ `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv agdgi`di+ ghs`|`di+ gdh hesekj~`di |xgcc aeafev| ve|~jd|`fke cjv ~vjivgaa`di gdh

xvg`d`di glx`s`xè| gx ~j|x$ Xbeve `| g ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev `d gkk ~j|x| jc xbe Euvj~e+ Aeh`xevvgdegd

gdh G|`g "EAG vei`jd+ gdh gkk fux jde ~j|x jc xbe @dxev!Gaev`lg*^gl`c`l "@G^ vei`jd bg| g ~vjivgaa`di gdh

xvg`d`di jcc`lev$65

Fp ljdxvg|x+ xbe Gcv`lg vei`jd ea~kjp| gd gkxevdgx`se ajhek+ |xgcc`di cjuv |uf!vei`jdgk jcc`le|

y`xb g ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di ljd|ukxgdx ybj |u~~jvx| g ivju~ jc ~j|x| y`xb`d g |uf!vei`jd$ @d ghh`x`jd xj

ljd|ukxgdx |u~~jvx+ xyekse ~j|x| `d xbe Gcv`lg Vei`jd bgse xbe`v jyd ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev$ Xbe

gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev "GJ ed|uve| xbe eccelx`se agdgieaedx jc ljudxvp j~evgx`jd| ljdlevd`di c`dgdle|+

~vj~evxp+ gdh gha`d`|xvgx`se |u~~jvx$ Xbeve `| gd gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev gx esevp êgle Ljv~| ~j|x$ Xbe

g||jl`gxe êgle Ljv~| h`velxjv "G^LH `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv xbe he|ìd+ à~keaedxgx`jd+ ajd`xjv`di+ gdh

esgkugx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjoelx| `d!ljudxvp$ G||jl`gxe h`velxjv| gk|j |evse g| xbe h`velx |u~evs`|jv| jc

Sjkudxeev|$

G~~vjràgxekp 2> ~evledx "7+375 jc |xgcc aeafev| jsev|eg| gve kjdi!xeva ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|$ Xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| c`kk gkk jsev|eg| ~j|`x`jd| y`xb xbe erle~x`jd jc ljudxvp h`velxjv=

~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev= gdh gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev+ ybj `| e`xbev g U$\$ h`velx b`ve jv cjveìd |evs`le

dgx`jdgk$ Yb`ke xbe sg|x agojv`xp jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| gve bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk|+

xbeve gve ~j|x| xbgx bgse ljdxvglxeh y`xb U$\$ l`x`zed| gdh xb`vh!ljudxvp dgx`jdgk| g| ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|

cjv g||jl`gxe h`velxjv gdh aeh`lgk jcc`lev ~j|`x`jd|$ @d ghh`x`jd xj xbe 7+35> kjdi!xeva ~ev|jdgk |evs`le

ljdxvglxjv|+ gdjxbev 7+5>> ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| yjvm cjv xbe giedlp jd |bjvx xeva ljdxvglx|+ xp~`lgkkp g|

aeafev| jc xbe xvg`d`di |xgcc ybj gve ve|~jd|`fke cjv he|ìd`di gdh à~keaedx`di ~ve!|evs`le xvg`d`di$

Cukk!xàe ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| gve xp~`lgkkp ~vjs`heh g jde!pegv fg|e ljdxvglx y`xb cjuv jde!pegv j~x`jd

~ev`jh|$ Cjkkjy`di xb`| c`se pegv ~ev`jh+ g dey ljdxvglx `| jcceveh+ g ljaajd ~vglx`le xbgx aegd| xbe agojv`xp

jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| `d vegk`xp |evse g| ~evagdedx |xgcc$

G$<$f He|lv`~x`jd jc |xgcc`di ~gxxevd| gdh buagd ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd|

Xbe gkkjlgx`jd jc buagd ve|juvle| cjkkjy| b`|xjv`lgk ~gxxevd| jc |xgcc`di+ g| yekk g| ~evle`seh deeh| jc hjae|x`l

jcc`le| gdh jsev|eg| ~j|x|$ G vekgx`sekp |xgdhgvh |xgcc`di ~gxxevd jc gd jsev|eg| ~j|x bg| feed d ~kgle cjv agdp

pegv|$ Jsev xbe kg|x |esevgk pegv|+ dey xp~e| jc vewu`veh ~j|`x`jd| bgse eaevieh+ |ulb g| |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp

ljjvh`dgxjv+ `dcjvagx`jd xelbdjkjip |~el`gk`|x+ gdh xvg`d`di agdgiev$ Xbeve gve iu hek`de| veigvh`di xbe

duafev jc U\HB ~ev|jddek gx ~j|x gdh `d!ljudxvp gx gdp i`sed xàe g| yekk g| vewu`veaedx| veigvh`di xbeduafev jc C\D |xgcc ~ev ~j|x g| g~~vjseh fp xbe eafg||p$

Veledx xvedh| `d |xgcc`di jsev|eg| bgse gk|j `dlkuheh g ajse xjygvh| xbe gkkjlgx`jd jc ^vjivga gdh Xvg`d`di

Jcc`lev| "^XJ|$ Xbe giedlp `| luvvedxkp ljd|`hev`di xbe ~j|`x`jd jc He~uxp Ljudxvp H`velxjv cjv ~j|x| bj|x`di

g kgvie duafev jc Sjkudxeev|$

@d veigvh| xj hjae|x`l j~evgx`jd|+ xbe agojv`xp jc jcc`le| gve luvvedxkp vewue|x`di ghh`x`jdgk |xgcc ~j|`x`jd| xj

glljaajhgxe xbe ivjyxb jc Sjkudxeev duafev|$

68 Xbe Gcv`lg Vei`jd bg| veledxkp b`veh g cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk ~vjivga xvg`d`di jcc`lev+ gdh xbe @G^ Vei`jd bg| ekesed cjveìd |evs`ledgx`jdgk gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev|$65 Y`xb xbe erle~x`jd jc \gajg$



G$<$l Jf|evsgx`jd| jd |xgcc`di ~gxxevd| gdh buagd ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd|

Fecjve agm`di gdp hel`|`jd| veigvh`di |xgcc kesek|+ xbeve `| g deeh cjv g fexxev glljudx`di jc xbe fu|`de||

cudlx`jd| jc xbe jcc`le jv ~j|x gdh xbe j~evgx`jdgk glx`s`xè| vewu`veh xj |u~~jvx eglb cudlx`jd$ Xb`| deeh `|

`dxed|`cèh `d gd giedlp xbgx bg| g bìb vgxe jc xuvdjsev jc U\HB |xgcc+ hue `d ~gvx xj xbe c`se pegv vuke h`|lu||eh

fekjy$

Luvvedxkp xbeve `| k`xxke ljd|ed|u| g| xj xbe `hegk |xgcc`di ~gxxevd jc gd jsev|eg| ~j|x$ Ljd|`|xedx ojf x`xke| `d

jsev|eg| j~evgx`jd| gve gk|j kglm`di$ Cjv erga~ke+ G^LH+ ^vjivga Agdgiev+ \elxjv Agdgiev gdh Vei`jdgk

Agdgiev gve gkk x`xke| xj he|lv`fe xbe |xgcc ~ev|jd ve|~jd|`fke cjv `hedx`cp`di |`xe ~kgleaedx| cjv Sjkudxeev| gdh

agdgi`di Sjkudxeev| d xbj|e ~kgleaedx|$ Veledxkp+ gd eccjvx bg| feed udhevxgmed xj ~vjs`he |ulb gdgkp|`| cjv

xbe gha`d`|xvgx`se cudlx`jd| jc gd jsev|eg| ~j|x+ gd eccjvx vele`s`di y`he|~vegh |u~~jvx$

Y`xb ve|~elx xj xbe ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di cudlx`jd| gx ~j|x+ xbeve `| ke|| |u~~jvx cjv g |à`kgv udhevxgm`di$

Xbe ojf jc ~vjs`h`di sjkudxeev |u~~jvx `| sèyeh g| ajve jc gd gvx xbgd g |lèdle gdh xbe hel`|`jd| veigvh`di

|xgcc`di gve |eed g| xbj|e fe|x kecx xj eglb ~j|x$ Bjyesev+ `d jvhev xj ~vjs`he ljd|`|xedlp `d xbe êgle Ljv~|

er~evèdle glvj|| 99 ljudxvè|+ lv`xev`g gve deeheh xj ed|uve xbe jsev|eg| ~j|x |xgcc `| g~~vj~v`gxe `d ~vjc`ke gdh

|ucc`lèdx `d duafev xj ~vjs`he xbe j~xàua kesek jc Sjkudxeev |u~~jvx$ Xj e|xgfk`|b |ulb lv`xev`g+ xbeve `| g

deeh cjv giveeaedx jd ybgx ljd|x`xuxe| xbe fg|`l kesek jc |u~~jvx xbgx Sjkudxeev| lgd er~elx ybed |evs`di `d xbe

êgle Ljv~|‘`d xvg`d`di+ `d ~vjoelx |u~evs`|`jd+ `d gha`d`|xvgx`se agxxev|+ `d begkxb lgve+ |gcexp gdh eaeviedlp

ve|~jd|e$ Jd xbe fg|`| jc xbgx udhev|xgdh`di+ giedlp keghev|b`~ lgd hel`he ybexbev xbe luvvedx jvigd`zgx`jdgk

|xvulxuve gx ~j|x `| xbe aj|x eccelx`se gdh ybexbev xbe duafev jc |xgcc `| ghewugxe$ Hel`|`jd| yjukh fe `dcjvaeh

fp gdgkp|`| gdh g ljd|`|xedx+ giedlp!y`he |ex jc Sjkudxeev |u~~jvx er~elxgx`jd|$ \u~evs`|jv| ljukh fexxev |ekelx

|xgcc gdh i`se xbe |xgcc xbe xjjk| gdh xvg`d`di xbep deeh xj ~evcjva xbe`v yjvm$

Jc ~gvx`lukgv djxe xj xbj|e ybj ljdxv`fuxeh xj xb`| g||e||aedx+ e|~el`gkkp Sjkudxeev| gdh jsev|eg| |xgcc+ xbe vgx`j

jc Sjkudxeev| xj G^LH*^vjivga Agdgiev `| cudhgaedxgk xj ed|uv`di erlekkedle `d sjkudxeev |u~~jvx$ Gd

j~xàua G^LH*Sjkudxeev vgx`j |bjukh fe `hedx`cèh xbgx iugvgdxee| g kesek jc Sjkudxeev |u~~jvx yjvkh!y`he+

y`xb cker`f`k`xp ~vjs`heh cjv ~j|x |~el`c`l ljdh`x`jd|$

Xbe|e ljdle~x| gve djx dey$ @d 6>>9+ gd @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx "@AG yg| lja~kexeh jc Vei`jdgk

Agdgieaedx63

$ Xbe @AG veljaaedheh xbe êgle Ljv~| udhevxgme gd gdgkp|`| jc |xgcc`di kesek| gdh |xvulxuve|

gx jsev|eg| ~j|x| gdh y`xb`d xbe vei`jd|+ y`xb gd epe cjv hesekj~`di giedlp!y`he |xgdhgvh|$ Xbe ve~jvx

veljid`zeh xbgx ‛xbe ve|`|xgdle gig`d|x |xgdhgvh| agp fe vjjxeh `d ljdlevd jsev ybj yjukh |ex xbe |xgdhgvh|

vgxbev xbgd xbe |xgdhgvh| xbea|ekse|$‑ @d xbe sèy jc xbe g||e||aedx xega+ xbe 6>>9 gdgkp|`| fp xbe @AG xega

gdh xbe`v |uf|ewuedx veljaaedhgx`jd| cjv ghhve||`di xbea yeve xbjvjuib+ lja~vebed|`se+ gdh ~vglx lgk$ G

vesèy jc xb`| hjluaedx yjukh ~vjs`he g |xvjdi c`v|x |xe~ cjv giedlp keghev|b`~$

Y`xb`d xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ beghwugvxev| gdh vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le|+ xbeve `| g |à`kgv deeh cjv gdgkp|`| jc xbe

fu|`de|| ~vglx`le|+ cjkkjyeh fp gd gdgkp|`| jc |xgcc`di deeh|$ G| dey jcc`le| bgse feed lvegxeh+ `$e$+ Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|+ Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx+ gdh Jcc`le jc @ddjsgx`jd+ xbeve `| ljdcu|`jd gdh kglm jc lkgv`xp

veigvh`di eglb jcc`le‐| fu|`de|| ~vglx`le| gdh |xgcc`di deeh|$ @x gk|j `| e||edx`gk xj g||e|| ybgx gve xbe |xgcc`di

deeh| xj ~evcjva xbe xg|m| vewu`veh xj à~keaedx xbe dey |xvgxeip |ex jux `d xb`| ve~jvx$ Dey glx`s`xè| y`kk fe

udhevxgmed+ dey ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| g||ìdeh$ Ou|x g| c`dgdl`gk ve|juvle| y`kk bgse xj fe veh`velxeh+ buagd

ve|juvle| y`kk gk|j deeh xj fe he~kjpeh h`ccevedxkp xj glbèse xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ s`|`jd$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!8?

63 ‛Vei`jdgk Agdgieaedx? Iexx`di xj @hegk‑+ êgle Ljv~| @AG+ \e~xeafev 6>>9$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| ljdhulx gd giedlp!y`hegdgkp|`| jc xbe fu|`de|| cudlx`jd| jc jsev|eg| ~j|x|‐ |xgcc`di ~gxxevd| fg|eh jd xbe j~evgx`jdgk glx`s`xè| vewu`vehxj |u~~jvx eglb cudlx`jd$



Veljaaedhgx`jd S!5?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp hesekj~ yjvkhy`he |xgdhgvh| jc

erlekkedle cjv sjkudxeev |u~~jvx xj `dcjva |xgcc`di hel`|`jd|$

G$<$h

Agdgieaedx jc êv|jddek

Hjae|x`l êgle Ljv~| |xgcc aeafev| gdh U$\$ h`velx b`ve |xgcc aeafev| yjvm`di jsev|eg| gve |ufoelx xj xbe

~ev|jddek ~jk`lè| gdh iu`hek`de| hec`deh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| Agdugk$ Xbe giedlp‐| buagd lg~`xgk

agdgieaedx ~kgd+ |xvgxeip+ gdh ijgk| gve h`velxeh |jkekp xj xbe|e |xgcc aeafev|$ Yb`ke xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ Jcc`le

jc Buagd Ve|juvle Agdgieaedx ~vjs`he| |u~~jvx xj xbe hjae|x`l h`velx b`ve yjvmcjvle+ ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| cjv

~ev|jddek agdgieaedx |u~~jvx cjv U$\$ h`velx b`ve| jsev|eg| gve |bgveh y`xb g |xgcc`di gdgkp|x `d eglb jc xbe

giedlp‐| xbvee vei`jd|$ Glljvh`di xj luvvedx gdh cjvaev jsev|eg| U$\$ h`velx b`ve| ybj ljdxv`fuxeh xj xbe

giedlp g||e||aedx+ xbeve `| |jaexàe| ljdcu|`jd gfjux xbe ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| jc xbe Jcc`le jc Buagd Ve|juvle

Agdgieaedx gx beghwugvxev| gdh xbe ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| jc |xgcc`di gdgkp|x| `d eglb vei`jd$

Cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk| gve lgveev bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk ea~kjpee| jc xbe U$\$ ijsevdaedx$ Cjveìd |evs`le

dgx`jdgk ea~kjpee| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| gve ljseveh fp xbe ~jk`lè| gdh veiukgx`jd| |ex jux `d xbe Cjveìd \evs`le

Agdugk gdh gve |ufoelx xj xbe kjlgk lja~ed|gx`jd ~kgd jc eglb eafg||p$ Xbe kjlgk lja~ed|gx`jd ~kgd |ex| g

|gkgvp |lgke cjv cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk| gdh hexeva`de| xbe g~~vj~v`gxe fedec`x| cjv ea~kjpee|$

Fedec`x| cjv ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| gve `dxedheh xj a`vvjv xbe fedec`x| ~vjs`heh xj cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk|

`d eglb U$\$ eafg||p‐| kjlgk lja~ed|gx`jd ~kgd$ Y`xb ve|~elx xj lja~ed|gx`jd cjv ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|+

xbe êgle Ljv~| Agdugk edljuvgie| xbe u|e jc kjlgk agvmex |uvsep| g| yekk g| |gkgvp b`|xjvp xj agme fg|`l

lja~ed|gx`jd hel`|`jd| cjv ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~jk`lp gk|j |xgxe| xbgx xbe kjlgk

lja~ed|gx`jd ~kgd agp fe gk|j u|eh xj hexeva`de ybgx `| ‛cg`v gdh veg|jdgfke‑ lja~ed|gx`jd+ gdh `x `| vekèh jd

fp aj|x ~j|x|$69 Lkgv`c`lgx`jd gdh edcjvleaedx jc xb`| |xgdhgvh giedlp!y`he lja~ed|gx`jd ~kgd yjukh ij g

kjdi ygp xjygvh| vehul`di ybgx `| ~jxedx`gkkp g xyj!xèveh lja~ed|gx`jd |p|xea cjv bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk|$

Ajvejsev+ felgu|e cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk| gve ea~kjpee| gdh |ufoelx xj xbe eafg||p ~ev|jddek vuke| 62

gdhagp fe ekì`fke cjv ~evagdedx ve|`hedx |xgxu| `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gcxev kedixbp |evs`le+ xbep gve gk|j |eed g|

bgs`di ivegxev ojf |eluv`xp gdh ivegxev |xgxu| xbgd ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|$

Cuvxbevajve+ fg|eh jd xbe ~vjs`|`jd `d xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx xbgx dj ljdxvglxjv |bgkk fe heeaeh gd ea~kjpee cjv

gdp ~uv~j|e+ xbe êgle Ljv~| Agdugk ve|xv`lx| xbe guxbjv`xp jc ^\L| xj xg|m| xbgx gve ‛djx `dbevedxkp

ijsevdaedxgk$‑ Xb`| ve|xv`lx`jd aj|x h`velxkp gccelx| jsev|eg| j~evgx`jd| ljdlevd`di |u~evs`|`jd+ ~vjluveaedx

gdh lg|b!bgdhk`di$ Cjv erga~ke+ g ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv ybj yjvm| g| g ~vjivga agdgiev `| djx

~eva`xxeh xj |u~evs |e gdh h`velx xbe glx`s`xè| jc b`|*bev ~vjivga g||`|xgdx|$ I`sed xbe ve|xv`lx`jd| jd xbe

guxbjv`xp jc ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|+ xbe|e huxè| luvvedxkp au|x ve|`he y`xb ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di

jcc`lev|+ gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev|+ jv ljudxvp h`velxjv|+ ybj gve e`xbev U$\$ h`velx b`ve| jv cjveìd |evs`le

dgx`jdgk|$ ^ve|edxkp+ xbe He~gvxaedx jc \xgxe gdh xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| Giedlp cjv @dxevdgx`jdgk Hesekj~aedx bgseivegxev keeygp xbgd xbe êgle Ljv~| y`xb veigvh| xj guxbjv`xè| erevl`|eh fp ~ev|jdgk |evs`le| ljdxvglxjv|$

G$<$e G||e||aedx xega jf|evsgx`jd| jd xbe agdgieaedx jc ~ev|jddek

Xbe agdgieaedx jc hjae|x`l |xgcc j~evgxe| udhev g |`dike |p|xea+ g cglxjv ljdxv`fux`di xj ivegxev lkgv`xp gdh

ljd|`|xedlp `d à~keaedxgx`jd$ Bjyesev+ y`xb U$\$ h`velx b`ve| j~evgx`di jsev|eg|+ g lkegv h`|x`dlx`jd fexyeed

xbe vjke| jc xbe jcc`le jc Buagd Ve|juvle Agdgieaedx gdh xbe vei`jdgk |xgcc`di gdgkp|x| g~~egv| xj ~j|e g

lbgkkedie$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega edljuvgie| xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ghhve|| xb`| lbgkkedie fp ~vjs`h`di ljd|`|xedlp

`d xbe |xgcc`di gdgkp|x ~j|`x`jd he|lv`~x`jd gdh `d ljaaud`lgx`jd y`xb jsev|eg| U$\$ h`velx b`ve| veigvh`di xbe`v

vjke|$

69 êgle Ljv~| Agdugk \elx`jd 98<$7>$<$62 2 U$\$L$\77>7"g"69



U$\$ h`velx b`ve| jsev|eg| agme u~ g~~vjràgxekp 7> ~evledx jc xbe giedlp‐| jsev|eg| ~ev|jddek gdh cgkk y`xb`d

xbe giedlp‐| buagd ve|juvle agdgieaedx |p|xea$ Cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk| glljudx cjv g~~vjràgxekp 7>

~evledx jc jsev|eg| |xgcc g| yekk+ bjyesev+ xbep cgkk udhev xbe buagd ve|juvle agdgieaedx |p|xea jc xbe U$\$

He~gvxaedx jc \xgxe$ êv|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|+ ybj agme u~ xbe agojv`xp jc xbe giedlp‐| jsev|eg|

~ev|jddek fg|e "2> ~evledx+ gve agdgieh y`xb kà`xeh ljd|`|xedlp fp xbe `dh`s`hugk ~j|x| u|`di xbe ~jk`lè|~vjs`heh fp |elx`jd| 98< gdh 988 jc xbe êgle Ljv~| Agdugk$ G| g ve|ukx+ jsev|eg| |u~evs`|jv| gha`d`|xev xyj

|e~gvgxe ~ev|jddek |p|xea| cjv bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk |xgcc "cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk| gdh ~ev|jdgk |evs`le

ljdxvglxjv|$ Xbe |p|xea g~~k`lgfke xj cjveìd |evs le dgx`jdgk| `| iedevgkkp sèyeh g| ajve xvgd|~gvedx+ cg`vev

gdh ljd|`|xedx$ Hjluaedxgx`jd jc jsev|eg| |xgcc hesekj~aedx+ ~evcjvagdle agdgieaedx+ gdh gygvh| gdh

veljid`x`jd ~jk`lè| `| gk|j `dljd|`|xedx$ \ulb hjluaedxgx`jd `| g ~evcjvagdle `dh`lgxjv cvja xbe giedlp‐|

\xvgxei`l ^kgd CP 6>>0!CP 6>78+60

y`xb gd CP 6>>0 xgviex xbgx 9> ~evledx jc jsev|eg| ~j|x| yjukh ~evcjva

|ulb hjluaedxgx`jd+ fux `d CP 6>>0 jdkp 53 ~evledx ~evcjvaeh xb`| hjluaedxgx`jd$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ajse xj lvegxe g |`dike lgxeijvp jc bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk

|xgcc$ Xbe lgxeijvp |bjukh `dlkuhe ojf x`xke| gdh |bjukh |ex |xgdhgvh| cjv ~j|`x`jd he|lv`~x`jd|+ ~gp ivghe|+ gdh

gygvh j~~jvxud`xè| udhev g |p|xea |à`kgv xj xbgx yb`lb g~~kè| xj xbe U$\$ h`velx b`ve yjvmcjvle$ Xbe êgle

Ljv~| |bjukh erga`de luvvedx guxbjv`xè|+ gdh `c heeaeh dele||gvp+ gdgkpze ~vj~j|gk| xj ~vjs`he `x| ~ev|jdgk

|evs`le ljdxvglxjv| y`xb xbe gf`k`xp xj ~evcjva |ulb cudlx`jd| jc |u~evs`|`jd+ ~vjluveaedx+ gdh lg|b bgdhk`di

ybed heeaeh dele||gvp cjv jsev|eg| j~evgx`jd|$ Jdle |ulb guxbjv`xp bg| feed hexeva`deh+ xbe giedlp |bjukh

ljd|`hev ajs`di xbvjuib gxxv`x`jd xj agme gkk bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk |xgcc ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| gdh |bjukh

|jk`h`cp giedlp!y`he iu`hek`de| gdh ~jk`lè| xj agdgie xbe ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| `d g ajve ljbevedx gdh

ljd|`|xedx agddev$ \ulb ~jk`lè| gdh iu`hgdle |bjukh fe `dcjvaeh fp cèkh er~evèdle+ |bjukh fe cker`fke xj

ghou|x xj kjlgk kgy|+ gdh |bjukh fe lg~gfke jc ~vjs`h`di xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| y`xb

veljid`x`jd xbgx xbep gve `dxeivgk xj xbe giedlp‐| |ulle||$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| agp gk|j ljd|`hev jxbev g~~vjglbe|

xj |xgdhgvh`z`di bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk |xgcc`di$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!3?

3g êvcjva gd gdgkp|`| jc er`|x`di guxbjv`xè| i`sed xj ~ev|jdgk |evs`le| ljdxvglxjv| udhev er`|x`di+ gdh `c

dele||gvp+ ~vj~j|eh kei`|kgx`jd= gdh+

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| er~kjve j~x`jd| xj lvegxe g |`dike

lgxeijvp jc bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk |xgcc$ G| g c`v|x |xe~+ xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh?

3f \jk`h`cp giedlp!y`he iu`hek`de| gdh ~jk`lè| xj agdgie ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| `d g ajve ljbevedx

gdh ljd|`|xedx agddev y`xb |xgdhgvh ojf x`xke|+ ~j|`x`jd he|lv`~x`jd|+ ~gp ivghe|+ gdh gygvh

j~~jvxud`xè|$

Luvvedx gdh cjvaev jsev|eg| |xgcc ybj ljdxv`fuxeh xj xbe g||e||aedx+ g| yekk g| luvvedx gdh cjvaev vei`jdgk |xgcc

gx beghwugvxev|+ vg`|eh ljdlevd| veigvh`di lbgkkedie| `d xbe agdgieaedx jc jsev|eg| j~evgx`jd| g| g ve|ukx jc

udvegk`|x`l |~gd| jc ljdxvjk$ Luvvedxkp+ g |`dike vei`jdgk h`velxjv gdh lbèc jc j~evgx`jd| |u~~jvx 6> xj 62 ~j|x|$

Xbe agdgieaedx xega hje| gd gha`vgfke ojf gdh fedec`x| cvja xbe |u~~jvx jc ljudxvp he|m jcc`lev| gdh ljudxvp

he|m g||`|xgdx| ybj gve ve|~jd|`fke cjv `dxevglx`di y`xb gdh |u~~jvx`di jsev|eg| ~j|x| `d g |agkkev duafev$Bjyesev+ `x `| djx luvvedxkp ~j||`fke cjv vei`jdgk agdgieaedx xj ~vjs`he edjuib |u~~jvx gdh jsev|ìbx xj

ed|uve xbe j~xàua kesek| jc ghsjlglp gdh glljudxgf`k`xp he|`veh fp xbe cèkh gdh vei`jdgk agdgieaedx$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!9?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ljdhulx gd gdgkp|`| jc |xgcc`di

~gxxevd| `d xbe beghwugvxev| jcc`le| jc xbe xbvee vei`jd| fg|eh jd j~evgx`jdgk glx`s`xè| gdh xg|m| xj ed|uve

j~xàgk kesek| jc ghsjlglp gdh glljudxgf`k`xp cjv jsev|eg| ~j|x|$

C`dgkkp+ xbe êgle Ljv~| hje| djx ~vjs`he ~j|x!|evs`le ea~kjpaedx g||`|xgdle xj gdp U$\$ h`velx b`ve jsev|eg|

|xgcc aeafev|+ yb`lb agp ljdxv`fuxe xj |xgcc xuvdjsev gdh vexedx`jd lbgkkedie|$ Eccjvx| |bjukh fe aghe xj

cgl`k`xgxe edh jc |evs`le xvgd|`x`jd cjv jsev|eg| |xgcc$

60 êgle Ljv~| \xvgxei`l ^kgd cjv C`|lgk Pegv| 6>>0!6>78 gdh êvcjvagdle ^kgd cjv c`|lgk pegv| 6>>0!6>77? @dh`lgxjv 5$6$6$f$



Veljaaedhgx`jd S!2?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| cgl`k`xgxe xbe edh jc |evs`le

xvgd|`x`jd| jc jsev|eg| |xgcc+ er~gdh`di xbe glx`s`xè| jc xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| Velvu`xaedx+ \ekelx`jd gdh

\u~~jvx xj `dlkuhe ~j|x!êgle Ljv~| xvgd|`x`jd |u~~jvx$

G$<$c B`v`di jc jsev|eg| U$\$ h`velx b`ve |xgcc

Xbe ~j|`x`jd jc ljudxvp h`velxjv | mep xj glbès`di erlekkedle jsev|eg|$ Gf|edx g hpdga`l ljudxvp h`velxjv

ybj udhev|xgdh| xbe ojf gdh `| y`kk`di xj hesjxe xj `x xbe edevip `x heagdh|+ g bìb cudlx`jd`di ~j|x `| h`cc`lukx

xj gxxg`d$

Ljudxvp h`velxjv|

Xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| Velvu`xaedx+ \ekelx`jd gdh \u~~jvx jsev|ee| xbe ~vjle|| jc ljudxvp h`velxjv velvu`xaedx

gdh |ekelx`jd$ Xbvjuib g vjkk`di g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||+ xbe |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| fei`d| y`xb g kedixbp jdk`de

g~~k`lgx`jd+ cjkkjyeh fp g xeke~bjde `dxevsèy+ gdh c`dgkkp g hgp jc c`se |ewuedx`gk `dxevsèy|? jde y`xb g

ve~ve|edxgx`se jc xbe xbvee vei`jd|+ jde y`xb g cjvaev ljudxvp h`velxjv+ gdh xbe kg|x y`xb g ~gdek jc vexuvdeh

êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| yjvm`di gx xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Lgdh`hgxe| ybj gve |ulle||cuk `d xbe|e xbvee |xe~| bgse g

c`dgk `dxevsèy y`xb xbe H`velxjv gdh aeafev| jc xbe giedlp‐| |ed`jv |xgcc$ G~~k`lgdx| gve ekà`dgxeh gx eglb

|xgie jc xbe ~vjle|| g| xbe giedlp dgvvjy| xbe k`|x jc lgdh`hgxe|$ Xvgsek xj xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ beghwugvxev| cjv

`dxevsèy| `| gx xbe er~ed|e jc xbe g~~k`lgdx$

\ekelxeh g~~k`lgdx| gve xbed agxlbeh fp |ed`jv agdgieaedx y`xb gdx`l`~gxeh jv glxugk ljudxvp h`velxjv

sglgdlè|$ B`|xjv`lgkkp lgdh`hgxe| yeve h`|ljuvgieh cvja er~ve||`di g ljudxvp ~vecevedle+ g ~jk`lp xbgx bg|

veledxkp feed lbgdieh$ C`dgk |ekelx`jd| gve aghe xj lj`dl`he y`xb |lbehukeh xvg`d`di ~vjivga| cjv ljudxvp

h`velxjv|$

U$\$ h`velx b`ve ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev|+ gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev|+ gdh g||jl`gxe êgle Ljv~| h`velxjv|gve |ekelxeh fp xbe vei`jdgk h`velxjv| gx beghwugvxev|+ u|ugkkp y`xb `d~ux cvja xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv$ G~~k`lgdx|

g~~kp cjv ~j|`x`jd| gdpybeve `d xbe yjvkh+ y`xb xbe erle~x`jd jc g||jl`gxe h`velxjv ~j|`x`jd|+ yb`lb gve ljudxvp

|~el`c`l$ Jxbev xbgd xbe ijsevdaedx!y`he b`v`di ~vjle|| |~ekkeh jux fp xbe U$\$ Jcc le jc êv|jddek

Agdgieaedx+ xbeve `| dj |xgdhgvh`zeh ~vjle||$ Xbe kesek jc ~gvx`l`~gx`jd `d xbe |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| fp xbe ljudxvp

h`velxjv sgvè| cvja vei`jd xj vei`jd$ Xbe velvu`x`di gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| cjv cjveìd |evs`le dgx jdgk| c`kk`di

xbe|e ~j|`x`jd| `| agdgieh fp `dh`s`hugk ~j|x|$ Veledxkp+ xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| Velvu`xaedx+ \ekelx`jd gdh

\u~~jvx bg| `d`x`gxeh |jae velvu`xaedx cjv xbe|e ~j|`x`jd|$

Jxbev U$\$ h`velx b`ve |xgcc b`v`di

G$<$i Jf|evsgx`jd| jd xbe jsev|eg| |xgcc velvu`x`di gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle||

@d 7025+ xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx yg| gaedheh xj ed|uve gig`d|x gdp ~jk`x`lgk xe|x jv wugk`c`lgx`jd cjv gdpg~~j`dxaedx xj gd jsev|eg| ~j|`x`jd `dlkuh`di ljudxvp h`velxjv ~j|`x`jd|$ Buagd Ve|juvle| Agdgieaedx+

xbvjuib xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| Velvu`xaedx+ \ekelx`jd gdh \u~~jvx+ `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv agdgi`di xbe |ekelx`jd jc

ljudxvp h`velxjv| gdh bg| à~keaedxeh g duafev jc à~vjseaedx|+ `dlkuh`di |esevgk veljaaedhgx`jd| aghe fp

g 6>>3 xg|mcjvle jd ve!edi`deev`di xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv velvu`xaedx+ |ekelx`jd+ gdh |u~~jvx ~vjle||$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega |u~~jvx| xbe giedlp‐| veledx eccjvx| xj `hedx`cp gdh gxxvglx g h`sev|e ivju~ jc |xvjdi

ljudxvp h`velxjv lgdh`hgxe|$ \à`kgv eccjvx| |bjukh fe aghe xj velvu`x jxbev U$\$ h`velx b`ve lgdh`hgxe| cjv

jsev|eg| ~j|`x`jd| gdh xj ~ve~gve luvvedx bìb!~evcjva`di |xgcc xj wugk`cp xj |evse g| ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di

jcc`lev|+ gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev|+ g||jl`gxe êgle Ljv~| h`velxjv|+ gdh ljudxvp h`velxjv|$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega

edljuvgie| xbe êgle Ljv~| xj i`se guxbjv`xp cjv c`dgk |ekelx`jd jc U$\$ h`velx b`ve ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di

jcc`lev|+ gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev|+ gdh g||jl`gxe h`velxjv| xj xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv$



Veljaaedhgx`jd S!0?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp |xgdhgvh`ze xbe |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| cjv

xbe jsev|eg| U$\$ h`velx b`ve ~j|`x`jd| jc ^XJ+ GJ+ gdh G^LH gdh g||ìd agdgieaedx jc xbe velvu`xaedx gdh

|ekelx`jd ~vjle|| xj xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| Velvu`xaedx+ \ekelx`jd gdh \u~~jvx$

G$<$b He|lv`~x`jd jc xbe luvvedx ~evcjvagdle g~~vg`|gk gdh gygvh |p|xea

Xbe giedlp u|e| xbvee h`ccevedx ~evcjvagdle g~~vg`|gk gdh gygvh |p|xea|? jde cjv U$\$ h`velx b`ve |xgcc

aeafev|+ jde cjv cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk |xgcc aeafev| jsev|eg|+ gdh jde cjv ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|$ Cjv

gkk U$\$ h`velx b`ve |xgcc aeafev|+ xbe giedlp luvvedxkp ea~kjp| xyj lgxeijvè| xj he|lv`fe ~evcjvagdle? ‛aeex

jv erleeh‑ gdh ‛hje| djx aeex$‑ G| |ulb+ U$\$ h`velx b`ve ea~kjpee| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| j~evgxe jd g ~g||*cg`k

|p|xea jc ~evcjvagdle esgkugx`jd$ @d ghh`x`jd xj gd gddugk yv`xxed g~~vg`|gk cjv U$\$ h`velx b`ve |xgcc+ g sevfgk

a`hpegv g~~vg`|gk `| er~elxeh$ Xbe ~evcjvagdle esgkugx`jd ~ev`jh fei`d| Cefvugvp 7 gdh edh| Ogdugvp <7$

Cjv cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk |xgcc aeafev| jsev|eg|+ xbe U$\$ h`velx b`ve |u~evs`|jv lja~kexe| gd gddugk

~evcjvagdle g~~vg`|gk gdh a`hpegv `dxevsèy u|`di \xgxe He~gvxaedx cjva| gdh iu`hgdle hek`seveh cvja xbe

agdgieaedx |elx`jd jc eglb jsev|eg| eafg||p$ êv|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| gve er~elxeh xj vele`se gddugk

~evcjvagdle g~~vg`|gk| gdh a`hpegv `dxevsèy| fp xbe`v U$\$ h`velx b`ve |u~evs`|jv| gx ~j|x$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| gd gygvh |p|xea ljaajd xj U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlè| xbgx `| `dljv~jvgxeh `d xbe êgle

Ljv~| Agdugk "A\ 336$ @x g~~kè| jdkp xj U$\$ h`velx b`ve gdh cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk ea~kjpee|$ @d xbe lg|e

jc cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk ea~kjpee|+ g~~vjsgk cvja xbe eafg||p `| vewu`veh fecjve xbe êgle Ljv~| ~j|x agp

veljid`ze gd ea~kjpee y`xb g lg|b gygvh$ Jcc`le| gve edljuvgieh xj fuhiex cjv gygvh| jux jc cudh| ve|ukx`di

cvja kg~|e| `d xbe fuhiex gdh gve h`|ljuvgieh cvja |~el`c`lgkkp fuhiex`di cjv gygvh|$

Gd eccjvx `| luvvedxkp udhevygp keh fp xbe Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx xj ves`|e xbe gygvh |p|xea+ gaedh`di Agdugk

\elx`jd 336 xj agme xbe ~vjle|| ajve j~ed+ xvgd|~gvedx+ gdh ~ufk`l$ @d ghh`x`jd xj lg|b gygvh|+ |u~evs`|jv|

bgse jxbev aexbjh| cjv veljid`z`di jux|xgdh`di ~evcjvagdle |ulb g| ~vjs`h`di levx`c`lgxe| jc g~~vel`gx`jd gdh

xàe jcc$

Y`xb ve|~elx xj 2>% jc jsev|eg| |xgcc ybj gve ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| ljudxvp h`velxjv bg|

xbe guxbjv`xp xj agme g lg|b gygvh gx gdp ~j`dx huv`di xbe pegv$ Xbeve `| dj vewu`veaedx xbgx jux|xgdh`di

~evcjvagdle fp g ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv fe veygvheh$ Lg|b gygvh| xj ~ev|jdgk |evs le ljdxvglxjv|

jsev|eg| au|x e`xbev fe `dlkuheh `d xbe ~j|x‐| gddugk fuhiex| jv xbe ~j|x au|x ve!~vjivga cudh| y`xb`d xbe

er`|x`di fuhiex$ G ljdxvglx gaedhaedx `| vewu veh xj agme g lg|b gygvh xj g ~ev|jdgk |evs le ljdxvglxjv$

G$<$` Jf|evsgx`jd| jd xbe êvcjvagdle G~~vg`|gk gdh Gygvh \p|xea

Xbe 6>>0 êgle Ljv~| Gddugk Ea~kjpee Sèy~j`dx \uvsep ~vjs`he| |jae `d|ìbx `dxj xbe lbgkkedie| xbe

giedlp cgle| `d lvegx`di g ve|ukx| jvèdxeh ~evcjvagdle lukxuve$ Cjv erga~ke+ jdkp?

… 83$0 ~evledx jc xbe ea~kjpee| |uvsepeh ve|~jdheh ~j|`x`sekp xj xbe |xgxeaedx? ^vjajx`jd| `d ap yjvm

ud`x gve fg|eh jd aev`x=

… 8>$8 ~evledx ve|~jdheh ~j|`x`sekp xj xbe |xgxeaedx? @d ap yjvm ud`x+ |xe~| gve xgmed xj hegk y`xb g ~jjv

~evcjvaev ybj lgddjx jv y`kk djx à~vjse=

… 6<$< ~evledx ve|~jdheh ~j|`x`sekp xj xbe |xgxeaedx? ^gp vg`|e| he~edh jd bjy yekk ea~kjpee| ~evcjva

xbe`v huxè|=

… 88$0 ~evledx ve|~jdheh ~j|`x`sekp xj xbe |xgxeaedx? Gygvh| `d ap yjvm ud`x he~edh jd bjy yekk

ea~kjpee| ~evcjva xbe`v ojf|= gdh+

… 5>$7 ~evledx ve|~jdheh ~j|`x`sekp xj xbe |xgxeaedx? Lvegx`s`xp gdh `ddjsgx`jd gve veygvheh$

G| bg| feed djxeh egvkèv+ xbe ouv`|h`lx`jd jc Buagd Ve|juvle Agdgieaedx erxedh| jdkp xj U$\$ h`velx b`veea~kjpee|‘g~~vjràgxekp jde!xb`vh jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |xgcc aeafev| yjvkhy`he$ @c xbe giedlp `| xj glbèse



xbe erlekkedle `x eds`|`jd|+ xbe `||ue| `hedx`cèh `d xb`| |uvsep deeh xj fe ghhve||eh y`xb g |ed|e jc uviedlp+ gdh

|jkux`jd| |bjukh g~~kp xj gkk giedlp |xgcc‘U$\$ h`velx b`ve|+ cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk|+ gdh ~ev|jdgk |evs`le

ljdxvglxjv|$

Y`xb ve|~elx xj xbe ~evcjvagdle g~~vg`|gk |p|xea+ xbe esgkugx`jd ~ev`jh |bjukh fe lbgdieh xj ljvve|~jdh xj xbe

c`|lgk pegv `d jvhev xj ve~jvx ~vjive|| jd xbe giedlp‐| ijgk| ljdxg`deh `d xbe |xvgxei`l ~kgd$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe~g||*cg`k g~~vg`|gk |p|xea agp djx fe ghewugxe xj ljaaud`lgxe xbe kesek gx yb`lb xbe ea~kjpee `| er~elxeh xj

cudlx`jd jv xj `dcjva hel |`jd| xj erxedh gd ea~kjpee‐| |evs`le$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega |uiie|x| g ajve

he|lv`~x`se vgx`di |p|xea fe ghj~xeh$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!7>?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| esgkugxe ybexbev xbe luvvedx

g~~vg`|gk |p|xea `| j~xàgk$

Ajve lgd fe hjde `d veigvh| xj hec`d`di ~evcjvagdle er~elxgx`jd|+ e|~el`gkkp `d veigvh| xj j~evgx`jd| jsev|eg|$

Xbe 6>>9 @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx jc Vei`jdgk Agdgieaedx `dh`lgxeh xbgx ljaaud`lgx`jd| jc

er~elxgx`jd| fp vei`jdgk agdgieaedx cjv ljudxvp h`velxjv ~evcjvagdle yeve hec`lèdx `d |~el`c`l`xp gdh lkgv`xp

g| yekk g| ljd|`|xedlp<>

$ \~el`c`l ~evcjvagdle ijgk| gdh aeg|uveaedx xjjk| |bjukh fe giveeh u~jd$ ^ves`ju|kp

aedx`jdeh agdgieaedx xjjk| gve gsg`kgfke xj g||`|x `d g~~vg`|`di ~evcjvagdle+ |ulb g| xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev

\uvsep+ s`|`x| jc beghwugvxev| |xgcc xj g ~j|x+ gdh guh`x| cvja xbe Jcc`le jc @d|~elxjv Iedevgk$ @d xbe sèy jc xbe

g||e||aedx xega+ xbe|e gve sgkugfke xjjk| cjv giedlp keghev|b`~$ Bjyesev xbe g||e||aedx xega |uiie|x| xbe

êgle Ljv~| xgme ghh`x`jdgk |xe~|+ |ulb g| aeg|uv`di ~vjive|| xjygvh| xbe ijgk| `hedx`cèh `d @dxeivgxeh

^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex \p|xea |ufa`||`jd| xj `dcjva ~evcjvagdle esgkugx`jd$

Xj cj|xev g ve|ukx|!jvèdxeh ~evcjvagdle lukxuve+ xbe êgle Ljv~| yjukh fedec`x ivegxkp cvja veygvh`di

jux|xgdh`di ~evcjvagdle fp `x| ea~kjpee|$ Y`xb ve|~elx xj xbe luvvedx gygvh |p|xea cjv U$\$ h`velx b`ve

ea~kjpee|+ à~vjseaedx| bgse feed veljaaedheh fp xbe Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx yjvm`di ivju~ gdh |bjukh fe

ghj~xeh$ Cjv bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk |xgcc+ g |xgdhgvh gygvh |p|xea |bjukh gk|j fe lvegxeh cjv ~ev|jdgk |evs`le

ljdxvglxjv| `d gkk ~j|x|$ Yb`ke cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk| veag`d y`xb`d xbe U$\$ \xgxe He~gvxaedx gygvh |p|xea+

xbe hesekj~aedx jc gygvh| cjv bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| yjukh ij g kjdi ygp `dbek~`di xj lvegxe g ajve ewu`xgfke yjvm`di eds`vjdaedx gx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~j|x|$ Xbe lv`xev`g gdh ~vjle|| cjv

hexeva`d`di xbe gygvh| |bjukh fe xvgd|~gvedx+ gdh xbe veljid`x`jd cjv erlekkedle |bjukh fe aghe ~ufk`lkp$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!77?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ghj~x g dey ~evcjvagdle gygvh

ajhek gdh lvegxe g ud`cjva gygvh |p|xea xbgx `dlkuhe| ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|$

G$8$ Ljd|`|xedlp `d agdgieaedx ~vglx`le|

Xbe g||e||aedx xega `hedx`cèh xbe kglm jc ljd|`|xedlp `d agdgieaedx ~vglx`le| g| gd jsevgvlb`di jf|evsgx`jd

jc xbe ve~jvx$ Xbeve gve duaevju| erga~ke| jc sgv`gdle| `d xbe agdgieaedx ~vglx`le| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|jsev|eg| ~j|x| gdh xbe vei jdgk jcc`le| xbgx agdgie jsev|eg| ~j|x|$ Cjv erga~ke+ gajdi xbe jsev|eg| ~j|x|+

xbeve gve h`ccevedle| `d ojf x`xke|+ ojf g||ìdaedx|+ er~elxgx`jd| cjv kesek| jc sjkudxeev |u~~jvx+ ~gp ivghe| cjv

xbe |gae ojf|+ gdh |xgcc gygvh ~vglx`le|$ Gajdi xbe xbvee vei`jd|+ xbeve gve h`ccevedle| `d xbe jvigd`zgx`jd jc

xbe he|m ud`x|+ `d xbe vesèy ~vjle|| cjv fuhiex|+ gdh `d xbe huxè| g||ìdeh xj |xgcc aeafev| y`xb xbe |gae ojf

x`xke|$ Beghwugvxev| jcc`le| ~vjs`h`di |u~~jvx xj vei`jd| gve vewu`veh xj deijx`gxe `dh`s`hugkkp y`xb eglb vei`jd

jd vewue|x| xbgx lvj|| vei`jd|+ e$i$+ jsev|eg| |xgcc xvg`d`di+ ~vjoelx vesèy gdgkp|`|$

@dljd|`|xedlè| `d agdgieaedx ~vglx`le| lgd xvgd|kgxe `dxj `dljd|`|xedx wugk`xp jc xbe Sjkudxeev er~evèdle gdh

ve|ukx `d g deigx`se à~glx jd xbe Sjkudxeev‐| yjvm$ Xbe|e h`ccevedle| `d wugk`xp lgd fe jf|evseh `d xbe ve|ukx|

jc xbe 6>>0 Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep$ Cjv erga~ke+ 5> ~evledx jc Sjkudxeev| `d Ojvhgd vgxeh xbe`v ~ve!|evs`le

<> ‛Vei`jdgk Agdgieaedx Iexx`di xj @hegk‑+ êgle Ljv~| @AG+ \e~xeafev 6>>9$



xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di g| `deccelx`se$ Bjyesev+ 0< ~evledx jc Sjkudxeev| `d Lgafjh`g vgxeh xbe`v ~ve!|evs`le

xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di g| ghewugxe xj eccelx`se$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega gk|j jf|evseh xbgx xbeve gve cey |xgdhgvh| jv vewu`veaedx| cjv?

… @d|uv`di xbgx er~elxgx`jd| gve hjluaedxeh+ jxbev xbgd `d ~evcjvagdle g~~vg`|gk|+ ~v`sgxe ljdsev|gx`jd|+jv @dxeivgxeh ^kgdd`di gdh Fuhiex \p|xea hjluaedx|=

… Ag`dxg`d`di glle||`fke veljvh| jc ~v`jv ~evcjvagdle xj `kkua`dgxe hel`|`jd| gfjux dey xjuv|= gdh+

… Mee~`di g ledxvgk c`ke jc mep `dcjvagx`jd gfjux g |~el`c`l ~j|x b`|xjvp$

Xbe h`ccevedle| `d jsev|eg| agdgieaedx ~vglx`le| gve gxxv`fuxeh xj lukxuve+ ~jk`x`l|+ gdh iejivg~bp$ Y`xb

ve|~elx xj vei`jdgk agdgieaedx+ xbe er~kgdgx`jd `| |à`kgv‘esed xbjuib jde vei`jd agp agdgie ljudxvè| g|

h`||à`kgv g| Sgdugxu gdh ^gvgiugp jv Ajvjllj gdh Vjagd`g$ I`sed xbe iejivg~b`l+ ~jk`x`lgk+ gdh lukxuvgk

h`ccevedle| gajdi xbe jsev|eg| ~j|x|+ g ljjmè luxxev g~~vjglb xj agdgieaedx yjukh djx fe eccelx`se$

Desevxbeke||+ levxg`d agdgieaedx ~jk`lè| gdh ~vglx`le| gve ljaajd xj g cudhgaedxgkkp |judh gdh ecc`lèdxkp

vud j~evgx`jd$

Xbe giedlp bg| `hedx`cèh duaevju| fe|x ~vglx`le| xj à~vjse agdgieaedx xbgx `x xbed h`||ea`dgxe| xj xbe cèkh$

Y`xb xbe lvegx`jd jc xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|+ xbe giedlp xjjm g |ìd`c`lgdx |xe~ xjygvh ed|uv`di ajve

ljd|`|xedx agdgieaedx gx jsev|eg| ~j|x| gdh `d xbe vei`jd|$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp

hexeva`de yb`lb ~vglx`le| gve dele||gvp cjv xbe agdgieaedx jc g cudhgaedxgkkp |judh+ ecc`lèdxkp vud ~j|x gdh

vei`jd gdh xbed à~keaedx xbea$ \esevgk lbgvglxev`|x`l| jc gd `hegk ~j|x gdh gd `hegk vei jd yeve `hedx`cèh `d

xbe 6>>9 @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx jc Vei`jdgk Agdgieaedx "G~~edh`r S!6$

Xbe ljudxvp ~vjivga| gdh xbe vei`jdgk j~evgx`jd| |bjukh à~vjse jsev xàe‘djx fe |ufoelx xj vesev|gk| gdh

|exfglm| felgu|e jc kglm jc `dcjvagx`jd gfjux xbe kegvd`di xbgx bg| gkveghp xgmed ~kgle$ Xbe giedlp deeh| xjà~keaedx ~vjlehuve| cjv mdjykehie |bgv`di xj ed|uve g |ajjxb xvgd| x`jd fexyeed keghev|$ @x deeh| xj

ljdx`due `x| eccjvx| xj ljkkelx gdh agdgie xbe hgxg jd xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ glx`s`xè|+ `dlkuh`di ~j|x |~el`c`l b`|xjvp$

B`|xjv`lgkkp `d xbe êgle Ljv~|+ xbe ~g||`di gkjdi jc `dcjvagx`jd gdh er~evèdle bg| he~edheh begs`kp jd jvgk

xvgh`x`jd gdh g dexyjvm jc ~ev|jdgk ljdxglx|$ Y`xb xbe lvegx`jd jc Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh

^kgdd`di xbe êgle Ljv~| djy bg| gd jcc`le ve|~jd|`fke cjv ag`dxg`d`di b`|xjv`lgk veljvh|+ gdh xbe jcc`le bg|

aghe |ìd`c`lgdx ~vjive|| `d ljkkelx`di gdh agdgi`di giedlp hgxg$ Xbe giedlp |bjukh ljdx`due `x| eccjvx| xj

ljkkelx gdh |bgve hgxg jd xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ glx`s`xè|+ `dlkuh`di ~j|x |~el`c`l b`|xjvp$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| yjvm y`xb xbe vei`jd| gdh jsev|eg|

|xgcc xj hexeva`de xbe fe|x ~vglx`le| cjv ~j|x gdh vei`jdgk j~evgx`jd| gdh ajse xj à~keaedx xbea glvj|| ~j|x|

gdh vei`jd|$

Fe|x ^vglx`le

^gdgag‐| Vei`jdgk Keghev ^vjivga

@d 6>><+ xbe êgle Ljv~| `d ^gdgag xvgd|cjvaeh g kglmku|xev Sjkudxeev ljjvh`dgxjv ~vjivga `dxj g s`fvgdx êgle Ljv~|

vei`jdgk keghev ~vjivga xbgx bg| à~vjseh |`xe hesekj~aedx+ y`hedeh xbe dex jc Sjkudxeev |u~~jvx+ gdh |xvedixbedeh kjlgk

bj|x!ljudxvp giedlp ~gvxdev|b`~|$ Xbe vei`jdgk keghev ~vjivga yg| e|xgfk`|beh `d ve|~jd|e xj xbe vegk`zgx`jd xbgx vei`jdgk

keghev| ljukh ~kgp gd à~jvxgdx vjke `d |u~~jvx`di Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di |xgcc$ Cèkh xe|xeh

vei`jdgk keghev|+ |m`kkeh `d xbe kjlgk kgdiugie gdh gygve jc xbe hpdga`l| jc k`ce `d xbe ~vjs`dle|+ yeve ~kgleh `d jv degv

~vjs`dl`gk lg~`xgk|+ vgxbev xbgd y`xb ~vjivga agdgiev| `d xbe lg~`xgk l`xp$ Gcxev jdkp xbvee pegv|+ ^gdgag yg| veljid`zeh

fp xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk g| g bìb!~evcjva`di ~j|x+ `d ~gvx hue xj xbe vjke jc xbe vei`jdgk keghev|$ Xjhgp+ eìbx vei`jdgk

keghev| |x`kk |u~~jvx xbe yjvm jc Sjkudxeev| gdh |xgcc gk`me$ Xbep hj |j fp |evs`di g| vjke ajhek|+ aedxjv|+ gdh ljglbe|

cjv xbe dey Sjkudxeev|$



F$ \UAAGVP JC C@DH@DI\+ VELJAAEDHGX@JD\+ GDH \XVGXEIP CJV

@A^KEAEDXGX@JD

F$7$ \uaagvp jc c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd|

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| g ud`wue ijsevdaedx giedlp y`xb g ud`wue agdgieaedx |p|xea$ Xb`| |p|xea ~vjs`he| xbegiedlp y`xb agdp fedec`x|+ g| yekk g| y`xb |jae |ìd`c`lgdx lbgkkedie|$ Fg|eh jd `d~ux cvja xbj|e ybj

ljdxv`fuxeh xj xb`| |xuhp+ xbe g||e||aedx xega bg| `hedx`cèh |esevgk j~~jvxud`xè| cjv |xvedixbed`di xbe

agdgieaedx jc xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh cjv a`xìgx`di xbe deigx`se à~glx| jc xbe agdgieaedx lbgkkedie| xbe

giedlp cgle|$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega agme| xyekse veljaaedhgx`jd|?

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!7?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| u~hgxe xbe luvvedx |`r pegv

|xvgxei`l ~kgd xj `dljv~jvgxe xbe s`|`jd gdh mep |xvgxeiè| dele||gvp xj à~keaedx xbe ~vj~j|eh s`|`jd+ |xvgxeip+

gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| ~ve|edxeh `d xb`| g||e||aedx ve~jvx$ Jdle lja~kexeh+ xbe giedlp |bjukh ed|uve xbe

u~hgxeh |xvgxei`l gdh ~evcjvagdle ~kgd| gve h`||ea`dgxeh y`hekp+ fjxb `d|`he gdh jux|`he jc xbe giedlp+ gdh xbe

giedlp |bjukh ed|uve xbe`v ~uv~j|e `| cukkp udhev|xjjh fp giedlp |xgcc$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!6?

Xbe xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe @^F\ ~vjle|| |bjukh ~vjs`he g ivegxev kesek jc ceehfglm

gdh `dxevglx`jd y`xb ~j|x |xgcc huv`di xbe vesèy gdh g~~vjsgk ~vjle|| gx beghwugvxev|$ Jdle xbe c`dgk ~kgd| gdh

fuhiex| gve g~~vjseh+ ~j|x| |bjukh xbed ajh`cp xbe`v jvì`dgk |ufa`||`jd| xj veckelx xbe dey vegk`xp$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!<?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| ~vjs`he ljd|`|xedx iu`hgdle

gdh u|e ljd|`|xedx aexbjhjkjip cjv xbe gdgkp|`| gdh ~v`jv`x`zgx`jd jc fuhiex |ufa`||`jd|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|

|bjukh ~j|x c`dgk @^F\ ~kgd| jd xbe `dxvgdex |j xbep gve vegh`kp glle||`fke xj giedlp |xgcc xbvjuibjux xbe

jvigd`zgx`jd$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!8?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| ljdhulx gd giedlp!y`hegdgkp|`| jc xbe fu|`de|| cudlx`jd| jc jsev|eg| ~j|x|‐ |xgcc`di ~gxxevd| fg|eh jd xbe j~evgx`jdgk glx`s`xè| vewu`veh

xj |u~~jvx eglb cudlx`jd$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!5?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp hesekj~ yjvkhy`he |xgdhgvh| jc

erlekkedle cjv sjkudxeev |u~~jvx xj `dcjva |xgcc`di hel`|`jd|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!3?

3g êvcjva gd gdgkp|`| jc er`|x`di guxbjv`xè| i`sed xj ~ev|jdgk |evs`le| ljdxvglxjv| udhev er`|x`di+ gdh `c

dele||gvp+ ~vj~j|eh kei`|kgx`jd= gdh+

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| er~kjve j~x`jd| xj lvegxe g |`dike

lgxeijvp jc bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk |xgcc$ G| g c`v|x |xe~+ xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh?

3f \jk`h`cp giedlp!y`he iu`hek`de| gdh ~jk`lè| xj agdgie ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| `d g ajve ljbevedxgdh ljd|`|xedx agddev y`xb |xgdhgvh ojf x`xke|+ ~j|`x`jd he|lv`~x`jd|+ ~gp ivghe|+ gdh gygvh

j~~jvxud`xè|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!9?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ljdhulx gd gdgkp|`| jc |xgcc`di

~gxxevd| `d xbe beghwugvxev| jcc`le| jc xbe xbvee vei`jd| fg|eh jd j~evgx`jdgk glx`s`xè| gdh xg|m| xj ed|uve

j~xàgk kesek| jc ghsjlglp gdh glljudxgf`k`xp cjv jsev|eg| ~j|x|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!2?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| cgl`k`xgxe xbe edh jc |evs`le

xvgd|`x`jd| jc jsev|eg| |xgcc+ er~gdh`di xbe glx`s`xè| jc xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| Velvu`xaedx+ \ekelx`jd gdh

\u~~jvx xj `dlkuhe ~j|x!êgle Ljv~| xvgd|`x`jd |u~~jvx$



Veljaaedhgx`jd S!0?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp |xgdhgvh`ze xbe |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| cjv

xbe jsev|eg| U$\$ h`velx b`ve ~j|`x`jd| jc ^XJ+ GJ+ gdh G^LH gdh g||ìd agdgieaedx jc xbe velvu`xaedx gdh

|ekelx`jd ~vjle|| xj xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| Velvu`xaedx+ \ekelx`jd gdh \u~~jvx$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| esgkugxe ybexbev xbe luvvedx

g~~vg`|gk |p|xea `| j~xàgk$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ghj~x g dey ~evcjvagdle gygvh

ajhek gdh lvegxe g ud`cjva gygvh |p|xea xbgx `dlkuhe| ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| yjvm y`xb xbe vei`jd| gdh jsev|eg|

|xgcc xj hexeva`de xbe fe|x ~vglx`le| cjv ~j|x gdh vei`jdgk j~evgx`jd| gdh ajse xj à~keaedx xbea glvj|| ~j|x|

gdh vei`jd|$



9<

F$6$ \xvgxeip cjv a~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd|



S!7? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

êgle Ljv~| u~hgxe xbe luvvedx |`r pegv |xvgxei`l

~kgd xj `dljv~jvgxe xbe s`|`jd gdh mep |xvgxeiè|

dele||gvp xj à~keaedx xbe ~vj~j|eh s`|`jd+

|xvgxeip+ gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| ~ve|edxeh `d xb`|

g||e||aedx ve~jvx$ Jdle lja~kexeh+ xbe giedlp|bjukh ed|uve xbe u~hgxeh |xvgxei`l gdh ~evcjvagdle

~kgd| gve h`||ea`dgxeh y`hekp+ fjxb `d|`he gdh

jux|`he jc xbe giedlp+ gdh xbe giedlp |bjukh ed|uve

xbe`v ~uv~j|e `| cukkp udhev|xjjh fp giedlp |xgcc$



Giedlp!y`he @d CP 6>77

S!6? Xbe xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe @^F\ ~vjle||

|bjukh ~vjs`he g ivegxev kesek jc ceehfglm gdh

`dxevglx`jd y`xb ~j|x |xgcc huv`di xbe vesèy gdh

g~~vjsgk ~vjle|| gx beghwugvxev|$ Jdle xbe c`dgk

~kgd| gdh fuhiex| gve g~~vjseh+ ~j|x| |bjukh xbed

ajh`cp xbe`v jvì`dgk |ufa`||`jd| xj veckelx xbe dey

vegk`xp$

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

@dxev!Gaev`lg gdh xbe gl`c`l

Vei`jd

Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|=

^j|x|

Huv`di xbe @^F\ ~vjle||$ @d Wugvxev

6 gdh Wugvxev < jc CP 6>77 gdh

gddugkkp xbevegcxev$

S!<? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

êgle Ljv~| ~vjs`he ljd|`|xedx iu`hgdle gdh u|e

ljd|`|xedx aexbjhjkjip cjv xbe gdgkp|`| gdh

~v`jv`x`zgx`jd jc fuhiex |ufa`||`jd|$ Xbe êgle

Ljv~| |bjukh ~j|x c`dgk @^F\ ~kgd| jd xbe `dxvgdex |j

xbep gve vegh`kp glle||`fke xj giedlp |xgcc xbvjuibjux

xbe jvigd`zgx`jd$

Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv Jcc`le jc xbe Lbèc @dcjvagx`jd

Jcc`lev=

Giedlp!y`he

@d Wugvxev < CP 6>77



98



êgle Ljv~| ljdhulx gd giedlp!y`he gdgkp|`| jc xbe

fu|`de|| cudlx`jd| jc jsev|eg| ~j|x|‐ |xgcc`di

~gxxevd| fg|eh jd xbe j~evgx`jdgk glx`s`xè| vewu`veh

xj |u~~jvx eglb cudlx`jd$



Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx=

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

Fei`d gdgkp|`| `d Wugvxev 7 CP

6>77$ Xj fe lja~kexeh fp xbe edh

jc Wugvxev < CP 6>77


giedlp hesekj~ yjvkhy`he |xgdhgvh| jc erlekkedle

cjv sjkudxeev |u~~jvx xj `dcjva |xgcc`di hel`|`jd|$


Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=@dxev!Gaev`lg gdh xbe gl`c`l

Vei`jd=

^j|x|=

Jsev|eg| vjivgaa`di gdh

Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx=


Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx

@d Wugvxev 6 CP 6>77

S!3? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle

Ljv~| er~kjve j~x`jd| xj lvegxe g |`dike lgxeijvp jc

bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk |xgcc$ G| g c`v|x |xe~+ xbe egle

Ljv~| |bjukh? g êvcjva gd gdgkp|`| jc er`|x`di

guxbjv`xè| i`sed xj ~ev|jdgk |evs`le| ljdxvglxjv|

udhev er`|x`di+ gdh `c dele||gvp+ ~vj~j|eh

kei`|kgx`jd= gdh+ f \jk`h`cp giedlp!y`he iu`hek`de|

gdh ~jk`lè| xj agdgie ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|

`d g ajve ljbevedx gdh ljd|`|xedx agddev y`xb

|xgdhgvh ojf x`xke|+ ~j|`x`jd he|lv`~x`jd|+ ~gp ivghe|+

gdh gygvh j~~jvxud`xè|$



Jcc`le jc Iedevgk Ljud|ek=

Jcc`le jc Glwu`|`x`jd| gdh Ljdxvglx

Agdgieaedx=

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

g @d Wugvxev 8 6>7>

f Xj fe lja~kexeh `d CP 6>76



95



Ljv~| ljdhulx gd gdgkp|`| jc |xgcc`di ~gxxevd| `d xbe

beghwugvxev| jcc`le| jc xbvee vei`jd| fg|eh jd

j~evgx`jdgk glx`s`xè| gdh xg|m| xj ed|uve j~xàgk

kesek| jc ghsjlglp gdh glljudxgf`k`xp cjv jsev|eg|

~j|x|$

Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx=

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

Fei`d gdgkp|`| `d Wugvxev 8 CP

6>7>$ Xj fe lja~kexeh fp xbe edh

jc Wugvxev 7 CP 6>77

S!2? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgleLjv~| cgl`k`xgxe xbe edh jc |evs`le xvgd|`x`jd| jc

jsev|eg| |xgcc+ er~gdh`di xbe glx`s`xè| jc xbe Jcc`le

jc Jsev|eg| Velvu`xaedx+ \ekelx`jd gdh \u~~jvx xj

`dlkuhe ~j|x!êgle Ljv~| xvgd|`x`jd |u~~jvx$

Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx “ "Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| Velvu`xaedx+ \ekelx`jd

gdh \u~~jvx

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=Euvj~e+ Aeh`xevvgdegd+ gdh G|`g

Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

@d CP 6>77


giedlp |xgdhgvh`ze xbe |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| cjv xbe

jsev|eg| U$\$ h`velx b`ve ~j|`x`jd| jc ^XJ+ GJ+ gdh

G^LH gdh g||ìd agdgieaedx jc xbe velvu`xaedx

gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| xj xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|

Velvu`xaedx+ \ekelx`jd gdh \u~~jvx$

Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx “ "Jcc`le jc

Jsev|eg| Velvu`xaedx+ \ekelx`jd

gdh \u~~jvx

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

Fei`d à~keaedxgx`jd `d Wugvxev 7

CP 6>77

S!7>? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

êgle Ljv~| esgkugxe ybexbev xbe luvvedx g~~vg`|gk

|p|xea | j~xàgk$

Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx “ "Buagd

Ve|juvle| Agdgieaedx

@d CP 6>77


Ljv~| ghj~x g dey ~evcjvagdle gygvh ajhek gdhlvegxe g ud`cjva gygvh |p|xea xbgx `dlkuhe| ~ev|jdgk

|evs`le ljdxvglxjv|$

Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx Jcc`le jc Glwu`|`x`jd| gdh Ljdxvglx

Agdgieaedx

@d CP 6>77



93



Ljv~| yjvm y`xb xbe vei`jd| gdh jsev|eg| |xgcc xj

hexeva`de xbe fe|x ~vglx`le| cjv ~j|x gdh vei`jdgk

j~evgx`jd| gdh ajse xj `a~keaedx xbea glvj|| ~j|x|

gdh vei`jd|$

Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

Jdij`di



99

^GVX F? XBE C@SE!PEGV VUKE

G$ FGLMIVJUDH

G$7$ @dxvjhulx`jd

Xbe êgle Ljv~| yg| cjvaeh xj fe g h`ccevedx m`dh jc ijsevdaedx giedlp+ jde xbgx veckelxeh xbe |b`cx| gdh

lbgdie| xbgx yeve jlluvv`di xbvjuibjux xbe yjvkh+ jde xbgx yg| djx fjudh fp xvgh`x`jdgk ijsevdaedx

~jk`lè|+ ~vjlehuve|+ gdh fuvegulvgl e|$ Xbe agdgieaedx |xvulxuve yg| lvegxeh xj ~vesedx |xgidgx`jd gdh

edxvedlbeh fuvegulvglp gdh yg| jvì`dgkkp lvgcxeh fp ^ve|`hedx Meddehp‐| xg|m cjvle xbgx cjvaeh xbe êgle

Ljv~|+ keh fp \gviedx \bv`sev y`xb ‛xbe fe|x ~ej~ke ye ljukh c`dh cvja xbe ~vjce||`jdgk yjvkh|+

ud`sev|`xè| gdh ivegx cjudhgx`jd|+ cvja ljv~jvgx`jd gdh ud`jd|+ cvja ~v`sgxe giedlè| gdh xbe L`s`k

\evs`le$‑<7

\edgxjv Bgvv`| Yjccjvh lg~xuveh xbe |~`v`x jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ud`wuede|| y`xb`d xbe U$\$ ijsevdaedx+

|xgx`di?

‛‣xbe êgle Ljv~| yg| ~eva`xxeh xj ij `x| jyd ygp+ xj er~evàedx gdh xj c`dh `x|ekc+ xj ivjy u~

y`xb g cveehja ~vjfgfkp ud`wue `d xbe b`|xjvp jc fuvegulvglè|$ @x bg| esed feed he|lv`feh g| xbe

gdx`!fuvegulvgx`l fuvegulvglp+ gd jvigd`zgx`jd cjv xbj|e ybj hj djx ygdx xj fe jvigd`zgx`jd aed+

gd giedlp jc ~vjivgaaeh h`sev|`xp+ ~vjivgaaeh udlevxg`dxp+ |ucc`lèdx ud~veh`lxgf`k`xp ou|x

ij`di xj xbe xbve|bjkh jc lbgj| fux djx wu`xe veglb`di `x$‑<6

G| Sjkudxeev| yeve kà`xeh xj g xyj!pegv g||ìdaedx+ xbe cjudhev| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| `dxedheh xj he|ìd g

dey m`dh jc agdgieaedx |p|xea xbgx yg| hpdga`l gdh veglx`se xj xbe deeh| jc xbe ljudxvè| |evseh$ Xbe

bgkkagvm| jc xbe jvigd`zgx`jd yeve xj fe `ddjsgx`jd gdh lvegx`s`xp+ djx ou|x `d xbe Sjkudxeev ~j~ukgx`jd+ fux

gk|j `d bjy xbe êgle Ljv~| yg| xj fe keh gdh agdgieh$ Jde jc xbe mep| `d kgp`di xbe cjudhgx`jd cjv xb`|

agdgieaedx |p|xea yg| xbe hel`|`jd xj edglx `dxj kgy xeva kà`x| cjv gkk U$\$ êgle Ljv~| ea~kjpee|+ gk|j

mdjyd g| h`velx b`ve|$ Xbe xeva| jc g~~j`dxaedx cjv ea~kjpee| yeve xj fe xb`vxp!ajdxb fkjlm| gdh kà`xeh

xj g agràua jc c`se pegv|+ agm`di xbe êgle Ljv~| gd ‛Erle~xeh \evs`le Giedlp$‑ Xbeve yeve xj fe dj

erea~x`jd| gdh dj erle~x`jd|+ ve|ukx`di `d g êgle Ljv~| xbgx yjukh gkygp| fe esjks`di gdh `ddjsgx`di+

gsj`h`di xbe `dbevedx ~vjfkea| jc |xgidgx`jd |j jcxed g||jl`gxeh y`xb ijsevdaedx giedlè|$ <<

G Agvlb 5+ 7035 aeaj xj xbe \~el`gk G||`|xgdx xj xbe ^ve|`hedx+ F`kk H$ Ajpev|+ cvja xbe êgle Ljv~|‐

H`velxjv \bv`sev+ edx`xkeh+ ‛Bjy xj Mee~ xbe ûdlb `d xbe êgle Ljv~|‑+ bìbkìbx| xbe xyj ag`d

ou|x`c`lgx jd| cjv xbe kà`xeh g~~j`dxaedx|?

‛C`v|x+ `c xbe êgle Ljv~| `| xj ljdx`due xj |ulleeh+ `x| |xgcc au|x ag`dxg`d vg~~jvx y`xb g

ljd|x`xuedlp `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| yb`lb `| ybjkkp udk`me xbgx jc gdp jxbev Ijsevdaedx giedlp$Xbgx ljd|x`xuedlp | `x| Sjkudxeev| gdh ~jxedx`gk Sjkudxeev|$ Xbgx ljd|x`xuedlp `| pjudi$ @x| `heg|

gdh `hegk| gve vg~`hkp lbgdi`di$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| |xgcc au|x udhev|xgdh gdh fe gfke xj ve|~jdh xj

xbe lbgdi`di `heg| gdh `hegk| jc |ulle||`se iedevgx`jd|$‑

<7 Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| Fjvd+ 703>!7036+ B`|xjvp jc Dgx`jdgk \evs`le+ bxx~?**yyy$~egleljv~|jdk`de$jvi<6 Yjccjvh+ Bgvv`|$ Xbe Cuxuve jc xbe egle Ljv~|$ Gddgk| jc xbe Gaev`lgd Glgheap jc ^jk`x`lgk gdh \jl`gk \lèdle+ Sjk$ <35+ Xbeêgle Ljv~|$ "Agp 7033+ ~~$ 760!783$<< Fukk+ F`kk$ Agdgi`di Lbgdie `d g Lbgdie Giedlp? Gd Gdgkp|`| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Oukp 73+ 6>>9$



92

‛\eljdh+ jsev|eg| xbe êgle Ljv~| ije| gfjux `x| fu|`de|| `d g ygp xbgx dj jxbev Ud`xeh \xgxe|

Ijsevdaedx giedlp hje|$ êgle Ljv~|*Yg|b dixjd bg| g lv x`lgk deeh cjv ~ej~ke ybj lgd

xvgd|kgxe xbe sgkue| gdh xbe aexbjh| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ jsev|eg| guhèdle `dxj Yg|b`dixjd

hel`|`jd agm`di$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ag`d |juvle jc |ulb ~ev|jd `| `x| cjvaev jsev|eg| |xgcc gdh

Sjkudxeev|$ Xj agme |uve xbgx gx gkk xàe| xbeve gve ~kgle| cjv |ìd`c`lgdx duafev| jc cjvaev

jsev|eg| |xgcc gdh Sjkudxeev| `d êgle Ljv~|*Yg|b`dixjd+ g êgle Ljv~| y`xb g |xgfke xjxgk kesek

jc Yg|b`dixjd ea~kjpaedx lgddjx iex lkjiieh u~ y`xb lgveev ea~kjpee|$‑ <8

Xbe `dxedx jc xbe vuke yg| xj bek~ xbe giedlp veag`d ve|~jd|`se xj pjudi Gaev`lgd| gdh ed|uve xbeve yeve

gkygp| ~j|`x`jd| gx beghwugvxev| cjv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gdh jsev|eg| |xgcc aeafev| y`xb xbe cve|b

mdjykehie gdh udhev|xgdh`di jc cèkh ljdh`x`jd|$ @x gk|j yg| eds`|`jdeh xbgx xbe vuke yjukh ed|uve xbe

êgle Ljv~| yg| ljd|xgdxkp `dcu|eh y`xb dey k`ce gdh edevip‘‛xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk gkygp| bgse vjja cjv

dey xgkedx‑‘gdh xbgx g| agdp Gaev`lgd| g| ~j||`fke yjukh fe ~vjs`heh xbe j~~jvxud`xp xj ljdxv`fuxe

xjygvh xbe êgle Ljv~| eccjvx$ <5 Xbe vuke yjukh vehule xbe h`|x`dlx`jd fexyeed Sjkudxeev| gdh |xgcc+

agm`di xbe êgle Ljv~| g ajve lkj|ekp!md`x gdh eccelx`se jvigd`zgx`jd ybeve ~ej~ke yjvmeh cjv xbe giedlp

ybj yeve ‛`d |egvlb jc g lbgkkedie gdh djx ou|x g ojf$‑<3

Jsev xbe pegv| |`dle `x| `dle~x`jd+ ou|x`c`lgx`jd jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke bg| gk|j erxedheh xj `dlkuhe xbegiedlp‐| he|`ve xj ~vjs`he j~~jvxud`xè| cjv U$\$ h`velx b`ve| gx beghwugvxev| xj g~~kp xbe |m`kk| gdh

mdjykehie ig`deh jc xbe êgle Ljv~| xj jsev|eg| j~evgx`jd|$

G$6$ Kei`|kgx`se b`|xjvp

@d xbe fei`dd`di jc xbe êgle Ljv~|+ xbeve yg| dj c se!pegv vuke$ Y`xb ve|~elx xj U$\$ êgle Ljv~|

~ev|jddek+ xbe jvì`dgk \elx`jd 9 jc xbe 7037 xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx ~vjs`heh cjv ~evagdedx L`s`k \evs`le

ea~kjpaedx `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|+ djx xj erleeh 695 ~ev|jd|+ y`xb g kà`xeh duafev erea~xeh cvja levxg`d

kà`x| jc xbe Glx$ Xbe Glx guxbjv`zeh xbe u|e jc Cjveìd \evs le ~ev|jddek vuke| ljdlevd`di xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ ea~kjpee| |evs`di gfvjgh$<9

@d 7035+ felgu|e jc xbe s`|`jd e|xgfk`|beh fp xbe giedlp‐| cjudhev|+ xbe g~~vjglb hec`deh `d \elx`jd 9 jc

xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx yg| xvgd|cjvaeh `dxj g ud`cèh |p|xea xbgx vekèh u~jd xbe guxbjv`xp jc xbe Cjveìd

\evs`le Glx jc 7083 cjv xbe g~~j`dxaedx jc gkk jc xbe giedlp‐| ~ev|jddek$ Xbe aj|x |ìd`c`lgdx cegxuve jc

xbe ~ev|jddek |p|xea hesekj~eh `d 7035+ yg| `x| e|xgfk`|baedx jc g c`se pegv kà`x jd xbe huvgx`jd jc

g~~j`dxaedx| "xbe ‛c`se!pegv vuke‑+ |ufoelx xj g ~j||`fke jde!pegv erxed|`jd `d udkà`xeh duafev+ fux jdkp

udhev |~el`gk l`vlua|xgdle| "xbe ‛|`rxb pegv‑$ Xb`| kà`x yg| ve`dcjvleh fp g vekgxeh |xgxuxjvp ~vjb`f`x`jd

gig`d|x veg~~j`dxaedx udx`k xbe er~`vgx`jd jc g ~ev`jh jc djx ke|| xbgd xbe huvgx`jd jc g cjvaev êgle Ljv~|

ea~kjpee‐| ~ves`ju| |evs`le "xbe ‛`d gdh jux vuke‑$<2

G 7027 |xgxuxe aghe `x gd `dhe~edhedx giedlp jc xbe Erelux`se Fvgdlb+ g| yekk g| ~vjs`heh cjv gd `dcu|`jd

jc ghh`x`jdgk lgveev g~~j`dxee|+ xbe agojv`xp jc yb`lb veag`deh |ufoelx xj xbe c`se!pegv vuke+ y`xb

<8 ‛Bjy xj Mee~ xbe ûdlb `d xbe êgle Ljv~|‑+ Aeajvgdhua xj Av$ F`kk H$ Ajpev|+ \~el`gk G||`|xgdx xj xbe ^ve|`hedx+ cvja \gviedx\bv`sev+ H`velxjv jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Agvlb 5+ 7035$<5 ‛Bjy xj Mee~ xbe ûdlb `d xbe êgle Ljv~|‑+ Aeajvgdhua xj Av$ F`kk H$ Ajpev|+ \~el`gk G||`|xgdx xj xbe ^ve|`hedx+ cvja \gviedx\bv`sev+ H`velxjv jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Agvlb 5+ 7035$<3 ‛Bjy xj Mee~ xbe ûdlb `d xbe êgle Ljv~|‑+ Aeajvgdhua xj Av$ F`kk H$ Ajpev|+ \~el`gk G||`|xgdx xj xbe ^ve|`hedx+ cvja \gviedx\bv`sev+ H`velxjv jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Agvlb 5+ 7035$<9 ûfk`l Kgy 29!60<+ |elx`jd 9+ 95 \xgx$ 373 "\e~xeafev 66+ 7037$ Xbe cjvaev Lkg||`c`lgx`jd Glx `| djy ljh`cèh g| lbg~xev 57 jc x`xke 5+ Ud`xeh \xgxe| ljhe+ 5 U$\$L$ 57>7!5775$<2 ûfk`l Kgy 20!7<8+ 90 \xgx$ 580 "Guiu|x 68+ 7035$



90

~j||`f`k`xè| cjv g |`rxb pegv$ <0 G kà`xeh duafev jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ea~kjpee| yeve djx |ufoelx xj xbe

c`se!pegv vuke gdh veag`deh y`xb xbe giedlp jd udkà`xeh g~~j`dxaedx|$8>

@d 7025+ kei`|kgx`jd cuvxbev vekgreh xbe c`se!pegv vuke fp ~eva`xx`di jde ghh`x`jdgk g~~j`dxaedx jc u~ xj

xb`vxp ajdxb| "xbe ‛xb`vh xjuv‑+ |ufoelx xj levxg`d kà`xgx`jd| g| xj xbe ~uv~j|e jc g~~j`dxaedx| fepjdh c`se

pegv|?

… Xj ~eva`x `dh`s`hugk| ybj bgse |evseh gx keg|x 6 ± pegv| gfvjgh xj |evse `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|=

… Xj ~eva`x `dh`s`hugk| ybj bgse |evseh gx keg|x 6 ± pegv| `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| xj |evse gfvjgh=

… Xj ~eva`x `dh`s`hugk| ybj bgse |evseh gx keg|x 6 ± pegv| `d g velvu`xaedx+ |ekelx`jd+ jv xvg`d`di

glx`s`xp xj |evse `d gd glx`s`xp jxbev xbgd xbe jde xj yb`lb xbep bgse aj|x veledxkp feed g||ìdeh=

gdh+

… Xj ~vjajxe xbe ljdx`du`xp jc cudlx`jd| `d gha`d`|xev`di xbe êgle Ljv~|$ 87

Xbe 7025 kei`|kgx`jd lvegxeh g le`k`di xbgx kà`xeh xbe agràua duafev jc xb`vh!xjuv g~~j`dxaedx| xj 75

~evledx jc xbe giedlp‐| U$\$ h`velx b`ve ~ev|jddek$ Xbe kei`|kgx`jd gk|j ljdc vaeh xbe er`|x`di guxbjv xp jc

xbe êgle Ljv~| H`velxjv ‛udhev |~el`gk l`vlua|xgdle|‑ xj erxedh gdp Cjveìd \evs`le g~~j`dxaedx u~ xj

gd ghh`x`jdgk pegv+ xbu| agm`di ~j||`fke xbe ea~kjpaedx jc U$\$ l`x`zed| `d xbe êgle Ljv~| cjv u~ xj 2$5pegv|$86

Gcxev 7025+ xbe kei`|kgx`se fg|`| cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| ~ev|jddek |p|xea veag`deh e||edx`gkkp udlbgdieh$

Xbed `d 6>><+ Ljdive|| ivgdxeh guxbjv`xp xj xbe êgle Ljv~| H`velxjv xj erea~x cvja xbe xàe kà`xgx`jd|

jc \elx`jd 9 jc xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx+ gdp U$\$ l`x`zed ea~kjpee|+ ‛ybj|e g~~j`dxaedx jv g||ìdaedx+ |ulb

g| xbe vei`jdgk |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp jcc`lev| gdh ea~kjpee| y`xb xbe Jcc`le jc @d|~elxjv Iedevgk+ `dsjkse|

xbe |gcexp jc êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| ‣$‑8< Xbgx guxbjv`xp yg| ve~egxeh gdh aghe er~ve||kp ~evagdedx fp

kei`|kgx`jd edglxeh `d 6>>8$88

Fjxb xbe kgdiugie jc xbe dey |xgxuxjvp erea~x`jd cjv |gcexp vekgxeh ~j|`x`jd| gdh `x| kei`|kgx`se b`|xjvp

|uiie|x xbgx Ljdive|| `dxedheh xj ivgdx xbe H`velxjv fvjgh h`|lvex`jd g| xj xbe `hedx`c`lgx`jd jc g~~vj~v`gxe

~j|`x`jd| gdh xbe erxedx jc erea~x`jd xbgx |bjukh fe ivgdxeh$ Gx xbe |gae x ae+ Ljdive|| igse dj

`dh`lgx`jd xbgx xb`| kei`|kgx`jd+ cjlu|eh |~el`c`lgkkp jd ~j|`x`jd| vekgxeh xj xbe |gcexp jc Sjkudxeev|+ yg|

`dxedheh xj guxbjv`ze g iedevgk gfgdhjdaedx jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke+ yb`lb `| g fg|`l xedex jc xbe êgle Ljv~|

~ev|jddek |p|xea gdh g~~kè| xj s`vxugkkp gkk jxbev U$\$ h`velx b`ve ea~kjpee|$ 85

G$<$ Fedec`x| gdh lbgkkedie| jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke

Cey xj~`l| hvgy g| agdp |xvjdi gdh h`sev|e j~`d`jd| y`xb`d xbe giedlp gdh xbe ivegxev êgle Ljv~|

ljaaud`xp g| xbe c`se!pegv vuke$ \u~~jvxev| |`xe `x| b`|xjv`lgk vjke `d xbe cjudh`di jc xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh

|~egm xj duaevju| fedec x| ig`deh xbvjuib cve|b edevip gdh ~ev|~elx`se|$ Lv`x`l| wue|x`jd ybexbev xbe

b`|xjv`lgk `dxedx`jd jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke `d 7035 `| g~~k`lgfke cjv agdgi`di g kgviev+ ajve lja~k`lgxeh

<0 ûfk`l Kgy 09!77<+ \elx`jd 3>7+ X`xke S@+ "Heleafev 60+ 7027$8> Xbe|e yeve ea~kjpee| ybj yjvmeh gx êgle Ljv~| huv`di xbe pegv| xbe êgle Ljv~| yg| udhev xbe uafvekkg jc xbe cehevgk giedlp+GLX@JD$87 @dxevdgx`jdgk \eluv`xp gdh Hesekj~aedx Ljj~evgx`jd Glx jc 7025+ ûfk`l Kgy 00!2<+ |elx`jd 77><+ >> \xgx$ 696 "Guiu|x 2+ 7025$86 @dxevdgx`jdgk \eluv`xp gdh Hesekj~aedx Ljj~evgx`jd Glx jc 7025+ ûfk`l Kgy 00!2<+ |elx`jd 77><+ >> \xgx$ 696 "Guiu|x 2+ 7025$8< Ljd|jk`hgxeh G~~vj~v`gx`jd| Ve|jkux`jd 6>><+ djxe 5+ |u~vg$ 88 Ljd|jk`hgxeh G~~vj~v`gx`jd| Glx+ 6>>8+ djxe 5+ |u~vg 85 Aeajvgdhua cjv xbe H`velxjv+ ‛C`se!pegv vuke Erea~x`jd| cjv ^j|`x`jd| @dsjks`di \gcexp‑+ hgxeh G~v`k 6+ 6>>< fp Iedevgk Ljud|ekXpkev ^j|ep$



2>

jvigd`zgx`jd 80 pegv| kgxev gdh ybexbev `x| deigx`se ljd|ewuedle| juxyeìb `x| ~evle`seh fedec`x|$ Xbe

g||e||aedx xega cjudh xbeve yg| dj ljd|ed|u| gajdi xbj|e ybj ljdxv`fuxeh xj xbe g||e||aedx `d veigvh|

xj xbe c`se!pegv vuke$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh duaevju| |xuhè| gdh g||e||aedx| jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke bgse feed ljdhulxeh

gdh yjukh edljuvgie xbe giedlp xj vesèy xbe|e g||e||aedx| ~v`jv xj kgudlb`di dey |xuhè|$ \xuhè| fp

luvvedx gdh cjvaev êgle Ljv~| ea~kjpee| F`kk Fukk gdh Lbgvdg Kecxjd yeve ~gvx`lukgvkp `d|ìbxcuk gdh

aev`x vesèy$ G \e~xeafev 66+ 6>>8+ ve~jvx fp Hv$ Y`kk`ga Fgllbu| gdh Hv$ Ogae| A`lbek edx`xkeh+

‛Gdgkp|`| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| Yjvmcjvle gdh Ea~kjpaedx Vekgxeh Guxbjv`xè| gdh Veiukgx`jd|+‑ ygvvgdx|

~gvx`lukgv ljd| hevgx`jd$ Xb`| gdgkp|`|+ ljdxvglxeh fp xbe êgle Ljv~|+ yg| ljdhulxeh fp xyj `dh`s`hugk|

y`xb erxed|`se er~evèdle y`xb U$\$ ijsevdaedx cjveìd g||`|xgdle j~evgx`jd|+ fux de`xbev jc ybja bgh

yjvmeh cjv xbe giedlp djv yeve à~glxeh ~ev|jdgkkp fp xbe à~k`lgx`jd| jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke+ yb`lb ghh|

sgkueh jfoelx`s`xp `d lja~gv`|jd y`xb jxbev |xuhè|+ g||e||aedx|+ gdh gdgkp|e| xbgx bgse feed udhevxgmed$83

G$<$g êvle`seh Fedec`x|

Glljvh`di xj ~v`jv g||e||aedx| gdh |xuhè| jc xbe vuke+ g| yekk g| `d~ux cvja luvvedx gdh cjvaev êgle

Ljv~| |xgcc gdh Sjkudxeev| ybj ljdxv`fuxeh xj xb`| g||e||aedx+ ~evle`seh fedec`x| jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke`dlkuhe?

… Ajve `dh`s`hugk| lgd g~~kp cjv gdh yjvm `d xbe êgle Ljv~|+ `dlkuh`di Sjkudxeev| cvja xbe cèkh

ybj bgse g luvvedx ~ev|~elx`se jd `||ue| gdh lbgkkedie| xbgx edbgdle giedlp eccelx`sede||$ Jc xbe

23> ~j|`x`jd| y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~| xjhgp cjv U$\$ ea~kjpee|+ 350 ~j|`x`jd| |u~~jvx j~evgx`jd| `d

xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| "5<3 gx Beghwugvxev| gdh 76< `d vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le| gdh 6>7 gve

jsev|eg|$ Jc xbe 23> ~j|`x jd|+ 53$3 ~evledx gve luvvedxkp c kkeh fp vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|$ Fekjy `|

g ajve hexg`keh fvegmhjyd jc xbe giedlp‐| luvvedx u|e jc vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+ `dh`lgx`di giedlp

~vglx`le hje| `dheeh gkkjy cjv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| xj ljdxv`fuxe xj giedlp j~evgx`jd|$

Cìuve S!3

Hjae|x`l ^j|`x`jd| cjv U$\$

H`velx B`ve| "gx

Beghwugvxev| gdh Vei`jdgk

Velvu`x`di Jcc`le|

Vexuvdeh

Sjkudxeev| \evs`di

`d xbj|e j|`x`jd|

Cèkh j|`x`jd| cjv

U$\$ H`velx B`ve|

Vexuvdeh

Sjkudxeev| \evs`di

`d xbj|e ^j|`x`jd|

350 <6> jv 82$3% 6>7 739 jv 2<$7%

… Xbeve `| gd ud!fuvegulvgx`l+ edevi`zeh+ ‛lgd hj‑ jvigd`zgx`jdgk lukxuve `d yb`lb ea~kjpee| gve

ljaa`xxeh xj agm`di xbe aj|x jc xbe`v ea~kjpaedx xeduve y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Yjvm`di cjv xbe

êgle Ljv~| `| g ud`wue j~~jvxud`xp xbgx `| aghe gkk xbe ajve |~el`gk fp xbe kà`xeh xàe cvgae$

Esevp hgp ljudx|$ Ea~kjpee| gve ljaa`xxeh xj hj`di xbe fe|x xbep lgd cjv xbe giedlp huv`di xbe`vc`se pegv|+ mdjy`di xbep bgse g kà`xeh xàe xj agme xbe v ljdxv`fux`jd$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| xjhgp `|

lbgvglxev`zeh fp g lg~gfke gdh heh`lgxeh yjvm cjvle+ yb`lb `| |jk`h es`hedle jc xb`| jvigd`zgx`jdgk

lukxuve$ @d xbe aj|x veledx Ea~kjpee Sèy~j`dx \uvsep+ 00$9 ~evledx jc ea~kjpee| |xgxe xbep gve

‛y`kk`di xj ~ux `d xbe erxvg eccjvx xj iex g ojf hjde$‑89

83 Gdgkp|`| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| Yjvmcjvle gdh Ea~kjpaedx Vekgxeh Guxbjv`xè| gdh Veiukgx`jd|$ Ljdxvglx Dj$ ^L!>8!2!>37$ Hv$Y`kk`ga @$ Fgllbu| gdh Hv$ Ogae| A`lbek+ \e~xeafev 66+ 6>>8 "|ee G~~edh`r S!<$

@d xbe sèy jc g cjvaev ljudxvp h`velxjv+

89 6>>0 êgle Ljv~| Gddugk Ea~kjpee Sèy~j`dx \uvsep



27

Lbèc jc \xgcc+ gdh He~uxp H`velxjv jc xbe giedlp+ ‛xbe c`se!pegv vuke `| xbe |`dike fìie|x g||ex

xbgx êgle Ljv~| bg|‑ gdh xbe veg|jd cjv ‛êgle Ljv~|‐ ud`wue jvigd`zgx`jdgk |~`v`x$‑82

… Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ea~kjpee| gve ke|| xèh xj jydev|b`~ jc `heg| gdh `d`x`gx`se|+ gkkjy`di xbea xj

fe xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ `heg|+ `d|xegh jc fekjdi`di xj gdp jde `dh`s`hugk jv ivju~ jc `dh`s`hugk|$

… Ke|| eccelx`se Gaev`lgd ea~kjpee| lgddjx yjvm gx xbe êgle Ljv~| `dhec`d`xekp$

… Ve!edi`deev`di gdh ve|xvulxuv`di eccjvx| xedh xj fe eg|èv xj gllja~k`|b xbgd gx jxbev ijsevdaedx

giedlè|$ @x `| vekgx`sekp |à~ke xj kgudlb dey `d`x`gx`se| gdh ~vjoelx|+ |`dle dey ea~kjpee| gve

ke|| edxvedlbeh `d ~gvx`lukgv ~vjlehuve| jv se|xeh `d ~vjoelx| xbgx gve dj kjdiev s`gfke$

… Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| udk`me gdp jxbev U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlp `d `x| |~`v`x jc `ddjsgx`jd gdh

j~edde|| xj dey `heg|$ I`sed xbgx g~~vjràgxekp 25 ~evledx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ea~kjpee| bgse

desev feed y`xb gdjxbev U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlp+ xbe v`|m gsev|`jd ljaajdkp gxxv`fuxeh xj

ijsevdaedx j~evgx`jd|+ `| cgv ke|| gx xbe êgle Ljv~|$

… @c dey yjvmcjvle |m`kk| gve deeheh+ xbe êgle Ljv~| lgd velvu`x gdh c`kk ~j|`x`jd| glljvh`dikp$

Bìb xuvdjsev ve|ukx`di cvja xbe c`se!pegv vuke lvegxe| j~~jvxud`xè| xj fv`di ea~kjpee| y`xb

h`ccevedx |m`kk |ex| `dxj xbe giedlp+ gdh xbeve `| glx`se `dxeve|x `d yjvm`di cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Xbe

jsevgkk duafev jc g~~k`lgx`jd| ljd|`|xedxkp gdh hvgagx`lgkkp juxduafev| gsg`kgfke ~j|`x`jd|$

Cìuve S!9

C@\LGK PEGVG~~k`lgdx Ljudx

"Ud`wue/

G~~k`lgdx Ljudx

"Gkk Ivghe|// Duafev jc \ekelx`jd|

CP 6>>2 2+607 76+662 659

CP 6>>0 79+735 6<+805 6<2

CP 6>7>

"7>*7*>0 xj 8*6>*7> 7>+233 78+308 755 g| jc G~v`k 2+6>7>

/ Ud`wue “ G~~k lgdx ljudxeh jdle veigvhke|| jc duafev jc sglgdl e| gdh ivghe| g~~kèh cjv$

// Gkk Ivghe| “ G~~k`lgdx ljudxeh jdle cjv eglb sglgdlp gdh ivghe g~~kèh cjv$

… Xbeve gve ceyev kjdi!xeva ea~kjpee vekgx`jd| ~vjfkea|$ Fjxb |u~evs`|jv| gdh ea~kjpee| gve

y`kk`di xj cjvie |gx`|cglxjvp yjvm`di vekgx`jd|b`~|+ vegk`z`di xbe |bjvx!xeva dgxuve jc xbe`v

vekgx`jd|b`~$

… Yb`ke xbe giedlp bg| fjxb edxvp!kesek gdh agdgieaedx!kesek ~j|`x`jd|+ xbeve gve ceyev a`h!kesek

~j|`x`jd| y`xb`d xbe êgle Ljv~|$ G| g ve|ukx+ hesekj~`di g lgveev ~gxb y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|

dgxuvgkkp vewu`ve| ea~kjpee| xj kegse xbe giedlp fecjve vexuvd`di xj ~uv|ue g bìbev kesek jc

ve|~jd|`f`k`xp$ Agdp ea~kjpee| hj vexuvd gdh fv`di sgkugfke dey |m`kk| gdh cve|b jux| he

~ev|~elx`se y`xb xbea$

… Jsev|eg|+ xbe cvewuedx xvgd|`x`jd jc U$\$ ea~kjpee| ~vjajxe| j~~jvxud`xè| cjv keghev|b`~ gajdi

bj|x ljudxvp |xgcc aeafev| `d |ulle||`jd agdgieaedx+ g vegk`xp ljd|`|xedx y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|‐

a`||`jd g| gd giedlp$

82 Ojhp Jk|ed+ G~v`k 66+ 6>7>



26

… Xbe c`se!pegv vuke cgl`k`xgxe| xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |xgxu| g| gd `dhe~edhedx giedlp jc xbe U$\$

ijsevdaedx$

G$<$f êvle`seh Lbgkkedie|

Glljvh`di xj ~v`jv g||e||aedx| gdh |xuhè| jc xbe vuke+ g| yekk g| `d~ux cvja luvvedx gdh cjvaev êgle

Ljv~| |xgcc gdh Sjkudxeev| ybj ljdxv`fuxeh xj xb`| g||e||aedx+ ~evle`seh lbgkkedie| jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke

`dlkuhe?

… Xbeve `| g kglm jc `d|x`xux`jdgk aeajvp xj |u~~jvx hel`|`jd!agm`di+ |xvgxei`l ~kgdd`di+ gdh

j~evgx`jd|$ Xb`| kglm jc `d|x`xux`jdgk aeajvp er`|x| jd gkk jvigd`zgx`jdgk kesek|+ cvja |elvexgvè|

xj g||jl`gxe h`velxjv|+ agm`di yjvm gx xbe êgle Ljv~| ybgx jde ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev

veledxkp lgkkeh+ ‛Xbe Xjuibe|x Ojf Pju‐kk Esev Ve!@dsedx$‑80

Ljaf`deh y`xb xbe xuvdjsev

g||jl`gxeh y`xb bgs`di ~jk`x`lgk g~~j`dxaedx| `d xbe giedlp+ xbe sg|x agojv`xp jc yb`lb gve `d

hel`|`jd agm`di ~j|`x`jd|+ xb`| kglm jc ljdx`du`xp gdh |xvgxei`l xb`dm`di `d j~evgx`jd| `| cuvxbev

beìbxedeh$

Xb`| kglm jc `d|x`xux`jdgk aeajvp `| bìbkìbxeh ybed gdgkpz`di xbe pegv| jc êgle Ljv~| er~evèdle jc luvvedx giedlp |xgcc+ ybeve jdkp ljudxvp h`velxjv| jd gsevgie bgse feed y`xb xbe giedlp cjv ajve xbgd

xbvee pegv|$

Cìuve S!2

Gsevgie Pegv| jc \evs`le cjv Luvvedx Giedlp \xgcc

"G| jc G~v`k 78+ 6>7> 5>

Gsevgie pegv| jc |evs`le cjv gkk luvvedx giedlp |xgcc? 6$39

Gsevgie pegv| jc |evs`le cjv luvvedx jsev|eg| |xgcc? 6$35

Ljudxvp h`velxjv|? <$72

Gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev|? 6$89

^vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev| * g||jl`gxe h`velxjv|? 6$68

Gsevgie pegv| jc |evs`le cjv luvvedx hjae|x`l |xgcc? 6$39

… Yb`ke xbe giedlp fedec`x| ivegxkp cvja bgs`di xbe ~ev|~elx`se jc cjvaev Sjkudxeev| gdh jsev|eg|

|xgcc gx Beghwugvxev|+ g| yekk g| cve|b edevip gdh `heg|+ djx gkk ~j|`x`jd| dele||`xgxe |ulb

~ev|~elx`se ybed lja~gveh xj xbe sgkue jc lg~gl`xp+ ljdx`du`xp+ fu|`de|| cudlx`jd+ gdh

`d|x`xux`jdgk aeajvp$ Cjv erga~ke+ xbe ljudxvp he|m jcc lev ~j|`x`jd| `d eglb jc xbe vei jd| gdh

xbe velvu`xev ~j|`x`jd| `d vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le| fedec`x cvja xbe ~ev|~elx`se gdh edxbu|`g|a

jc vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|$ Bjyesev+ mep fu|`de|| cudlx jd| ~evcjvaeh fp aeh`lgk ~vjce||`jdgk|+ljdxvglx |~el`gk`|x|+ gdh buagd ve|juvle| |xgcc cjv erga~ke+ agp djx ewugkkp dele||`xgxe |ulb cèkh

~ev|~elx`se gdh luvvedxkp |uccev cvja cvewuedx |xgcc xuvdjsev gdh kglm jc ljdx`du`xp `d g ljve

fu|`de|| cudlx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~| "\ee Cìuve S!0 fekjy$

80 Agvlb 6>7> ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di Jcc`lev Ljdcevedle+ Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$5> Cvja xbe Jcc`le jc Buagd Ve|juvle Agdgieaedx+ êgle Ljv~| Yg|b`dixjd



2<

Cìuve S!0

êgle Ljv~| Xuvdjsev Vgxe| fp Jcc`le ~ev Lgkedhgv Pegv "LP

JCC@LE6>7> "g|

jc >8*72*7>

6>>0 6>>2 6>>9 6>>3 6>>5 Gsevgie

H@VELXJV 7$85% <7$65% 65$>>% 6<$33% <7$83% <7$8>% 62$55%

@I 5$53% 75$>>% <8$92% <6$>>% <6$63% 7<$38% 65$58%

L@J 7$<0% 6<$27% 68$<3% 66$09% 65$22% 66$09% 68$>>%

\#\ >$>>% 7<$>8% 7<$>8% 8$93% 8$<5% 6>$30% 77$72%

JGLA 79$35% 73$39% 63$<6% 65$>>% 9$78% 65$>>% 6>$><%

^LV >$>>% 58$55% 65$>>% 88$88% 5>$>>% 65$>>% <0$2>%

AGDGIEAEDX 2$>3% 70$72% <3$89% <7$8>% <7$26% 69$><% 60$72%

LCJ 8$63% 7>$>>% 62$8<% 78$97% 65$>>% 65$>>% 6>$3<%

SV\ <$07% 66$55% 69$50% 62$32% 67$2<% 65$67% 65$79%

S\ 2$59% 7>$5<% 67$06% 73$65% 67$05% 67$90% 72$80%

J^GX\ 6$<2% 68$5<% <<$<<% 6<$>2% 66$39% 6>$>>% 68$96%

GCV Vei`jd 3$9<% 6>$>>% 75$6>% 67$38% 73$63% 73$<0% 79$0>%

EAG Vei`jd <$2>% 6<$33% 7<$65% 79$35% <7$32% 68$68% 66$7>%

@G^ Vei`jd 5$95% 7<$70% 6>$2<% 72$62% 72$95% 70$59% 72$76%

XJXGK GIEDLP 8$38% 70$03% 68$50% 66$29% 68$>5% 6<$63% 66$05%

Xbe lbgkkedie g||jl`gxeh y`xb xuvdjsev `| beìbxedeh `d lg|e| ybeve xbe ~j|`x`jd `| jde `d kà`xeh |u~~kp

y`xb`d xbe ojf agvmex+ vewu ve| |~el`gk`zeh ~vjce|| jdgk|+ jv fjxb$ Yb`ke `x `| glluvgxe xj |gp xbe êgle

Ljv~| vele`se| g kgvie duafev jc g~~k`lgdx| cjv sglgdlè|+ xbj|e g~~k`lgx`jd| gve djx esedkp h`|xv`fuxeh

glvj|| xbe giedlp$ Buagd ve|juvle agdgieaedx+ bìbkìbxeh g| gd gveg `d deeh jc |xvedixbed`di fp agdp

luvvedx gdh cjvaev ea~kjpee|+ vele`se| jdkp g |agkk duafev jc wugk`cèh g~~k`lgdx| xj vud g mep j~evgx`jdgk

fu|`de|| cudlx jd$ Xbe |gae bjkh| xvue cjv xbe Jcc`le jc Glwu`| x`jd gdh Ljdxvglx Agdgieaedx$ Fp

ljdxvg|x+ xbe êgle Ljv~| ve~jvx| vele`s`di g bìb duafev jc g~~k`lgx`jd| cjv gkk jsev|eg| ~j|`x`jd|+ g| yekkg| cjv `dcjvagx`jd xelbdjkjip ojf|+ ljudxvp he|m jcc`lev ~j|`x`jd|+ gdh gha`d`|xvgx`se g||`|xgdx g||ìdaedx|

|xgxe|`he$57

… Yjvxbyb`ke ~vjoelx| jv ~vjivga| agp |uccev ybed mep ~ev|jddek |u~~jvx`di jv agdgi`di xbea

kegse$ Xbe luvvedx kglm jc bgdhjsev djxe|+ jsevkg~|+ jv jxbev xvgd|`x`jd agdgieaedx g~~vjglbe|+

cuvxbev erglevfgxe| xb`| lbgkkedie$

… Agdgiev| gdh |u~evs`|jv| bgse kà`xeh xj dj j~x`jd| xj vexg`d xbe bìbe|x ~evcjvaev| gdh xj ~uv|ue

ybgx xbep ~evle`se xj fe xbe fe|x `dxeve|x jc j~evgx`jd| jc xbe`v ud`x| jv jsev|eg| ~j|x|$

… Gx xàe|+ ~ev|jddek xuvfukedle lgu|eh fp xbe c`se!pegv vuke lvegxe| g cvedex`l+ veglx`se+ yjvm

eds`vjdaedx `d|xegh jc g ajve |xgfke jde$ Xb`| `| ~gvx`lukgvkp es`hedx `d |agkkev ud`x| jc

beghwugvxev| jv `d jsev|eg| j~evgx`jd| ybeve gkk U$\$ |xgcc gx g ~j|x agp xuvdjsev y`xb`d g agxxev

jc yeem| jv ajdxb|$ Cjv erga~ke+ xuvdjsev `d xbe êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e jcc`le+ yb`lb jdkp

veledxkp bgh ajve xbgd xed |xgcc aeafev|+ gsevgieh <0$2 ~evledx g pegv cvja 6>>5 xj 6>>0$ 56

57 Cvja xbe Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx+ êgle Ljv~| Yg|b`dixjd

Cuvxbevajve+ ~jjv agdgieaedx fp xbe êgle Ljv~| jc |xgcc xvgd|`x`jd|+ g| g ve|ukx jc xbe c`se!pegv

vuke+ lgu|e| cvewuedx gdh jcxed kedixbp ig~| fexyeed ea~kjpee|+ |kjy`di j~evgx`jd| |ìd`c`lgdxkp$

56 Cvja xbe Jcc`le jc Buagd Ve|juvle Agdgieaedx+ êgle Ljv~| Yg|b`dixjd



28

… Yb`ke ea~kjpee| agp yjvm gx xbe êgle Ljv~| cjv c`se pegv|+ xbe sg|x agojv`xp hjd‐x xp~`lgkkp

|xgp cjv c`se$ E`xbev gx xbe edh jc xbe`v c`v|x g~~j`dxaedx+ agdp |xgvx kjjm`di cjv ojf|+ g~~kp`di cjv

|lbjjk|+ gdh ~ve~gv`di xbe v derx |xe~|$ Kjdi fecjve xbe`v gdd`sev|gvp hgxe|+ agdp xj~ ~evcjvaev|

kegse xbe jvigd`zgx`jd$ Xb`| lkgà `| |xgx`|x`lgkkp ~vjsed+ e|~el`gkkp gajdi hjae|x`l |xgcc

aeafev|+ ybj bgse ljd|`|xedxkp |evseh ke|| xàe g| lja~gveh xj xbj|e he~kjpeh jsev|eg| "g|

|bjyd `d cìuve S!R fekjy$

Cìuve S!7>

Gsevgie Kedixb jc \evs`le gx Xàe jc \e~gvgx`jd cvja xbe êgle Ljv~|

… \jae yekk!wugk`cèh g~~k`lgdx| gve hexevveh cvja g~~kp`di cjv jv glle~x`di ~j|`x`jd| jd xbe

giedlp hue xj xbe kà`xeh dgxuve jc xbe g~~j`dxaedx$ @dh`s`hugk| egvkp `d xbe`v lgveev agp djx c`dh

gd j~~jvxud`xp cjv ~vjce||`jdgk ivjyxb y`xb`d c se pegv|$ Mep jsev|eg| ~j|`x jd| agp fe

udgxxvglx`se cjv xgkedxeh+ a`hlgveev g~~k`lgdx| ybj agp bgse lb`khved jv jxbev cga`kp

ljaa`xaedx|$ 5< @d |~egm`di y`xb ajve xbgd 65 ~vj|~elx`se ea~kjpee| gfjux ea~kjpaedx y`xb

xbe êgle Ljv~| huv`di xbe 6>7> Heser @dxevdgx`jdgk Hesekj~aedx Lgveev Cg`v `d Yg|b`dixjd+

H$L$+ agdp ~jxedx`gk lgdh`hgxe| er~ve||eh ljdlevd| gfjux xeva kà`xgx`jd| ybed ljd|`hev`di

ea~kjpaedx y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|$58

… Agdgiev|+ ea~kjpee|+ gdh xbe giedlp‐| Buagd Ve|juvle| Jcc`le |~edh gd `djvh`dgxe gajudx jc

xàe jd xbe |ekelx`jd+ jvèdxgx`jd+ gdh ~vjle||`di jc dey ea~kjpee|+ xàe xbgx ljukh fe fexxev

|~edx jd jxbev ve|~jd|`f`k`xè|$ I`sed xbe c`se!pegv ~ev`jh `| |ufh`s`heh `dxj xyj+ xb`vxp!ajdxb

fkjlm|+ xbe yjvm kjgh `d gha`d`|xev`di xbe c`se!pegv vuke `| cuvxbev `dlveg|eh$ Xb`| yjvmkjgh agpfe uddele||gvp i`sed xbgx xbe duafev jc ea~kjpee| |eem`di g |eljdh xjuv ybj hj djx vele`se jde

`| a`d`|luke$

55

5< Glljvh`di xj Agvlb <7+ 6>7>+ |xgx`|x`l| cvja êgle Ljv~|‐ Buagd Ve|juvle| Jcc`le+ xbe gsevgie gie cjv êgle Ljv~| |xgcc jsev|eg|`| 83$8+ lja~gveh xj 86 gx Beghwugvxev| gdh <3 `d vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le|$58 Heser @dxevdgx`jdgk Hesekj~aedx Lgveev Cg`v+ Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$+ Agvlb 76+ 6>7>$55 êgle Ljv~| Buagd Ve|juvle| Jcc`le

>$>>

7$>>

6$>>

<$>>

8$>>

5$>>

3$>>

BW Ea~kjpee| \e~gvgxeh "gsipegv|

Jsev|eg| Ea~kjpee| \e~gvgxeh"gsi pegv|

6>>5 6>>3 6>>9 6>>2 6>>0



25

… \u~evs`|jv| gve lbgkkedieh xj agdgie yjvm ud`x| y`xb ljd|xgdxkp lbgdi`di |xgcc aeafev|+ gdh

ea~kjpee| au|x ghg~x xj cvewuedxkp lbgdi`di keghev|b`~ gdh xbe`v ~v`jv`xè|$

… Xbe ‛`d gdh jux vuke‑ ve|ukx| `d |jae jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ajve ~vjsed gdh xgkedxeh |xgcc aeafev|

bgs`di xj |xgp gygp cvja xbe giedlp cjv gd erle||`sekp kjdi ~ev`jh jc xàe$

… ^j|`x`se ljdxv`fux`jd| jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke xjygvh xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jd| jsev|eg| gve jcxed

jcc|ex fp xbe bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk |xgcc jc xbe giedlp+ ybj lgd |evse y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|

`dhec`d`xekp gdh ybj vgvekp udhevij g xbjvjuib ~evcjvagdle esgkugx`jd ~vjle|| g| g ~gvx jc xbe

Cjveìd \evs`le agdgieaedx |p|xea$

… ^jjv agdgieaedx jc |xgcc xvgd|`x`jd| g| g ve|ukx jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke lgu|e| cvewuedx+ gdh jcxed

kedixbp ig~| fexyeed ea~kjpee|+ ve|ukx`di `d g kglm jc ljdx`du`xp gdh ljd|`|xedlp `d j~evgx`jd|$

\ulb ig~| gve gk|j g xjjk u|eh fp xbe giedlp xj |gse ve|juvle| huv`di xàe| ybed fuhiex| gve

xìbx$

… Jsev|eg|+ xbe cvewuedx xvgd|`x`jd jc U$\$ ea~kjpee| ve|ukx| `d |jae bj|x ljudxvp |xgcc fe`di

vekulxgdx xj udhevxgme dey eccjvx| jv `d`x`gx`se|+ `d|xegh ~vecevv`di xj yg`x jux xbe Gaev`lgd

ea~kjpee$

… Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ljaa`xaedx xj ~vjs`h`di xvg`d`di xj g ljd|xgdx ckjy jc dey ea~kjpee| oj`d`di

xbe giedlp+ ~jxedx`gkkp vewu`ve| g c`dgdl`gk `dse|xaedx bìbev xbgd ybgx xbe giedlp yjukh `dse|x `c

`x yeve djx ve|xv`lxeh fp xbe c`se!pegv vuke$ 53

G$8$ Xjjk| gsg`kgfke xj agdgie lbgkkedie| jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke

Yb`ke xbe giedlp bg| g |evè| jc xjjk| xj bek~ agdgie lbgkkedie| jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke+ xbe g||e||aedx xega

cjudh xbgx |ulb xjjk| yeve ux`k`zeh dljd|`|xedxkp$

G$8$g \`rxb pegv| gdh xb`vh xjuv|

@d xbe lg|e jc |`rxb pegv| gdh xb`vh xjuv|+ xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh xbeve `| vjja cjv ivegxev ux`k`zgx`jd fp

xbe giedlp$ G| |bjyd `d cìuve S!77 fekjy+ yb`ke gkk |xgcc gve ek i`fke xj |evse g |`rxb pegv+ `d xbe kg|x c`se

pegv|+ xbe ~evledxgie jc |xgcc |evs`di g |`rxb pegv bg| desev erleeheh 3 ~evledx$ Xbe ~evledxgie jc |xgcc

|evs`di g xb`vh xjuv veglbeh g bìb jc 76 ~evledx `d 6>>2+ gkxbjuib xbe le`k`di `| 75 ~evledx$

Cìuve S!77

êvledxgie jc \xgcc \evs`di g \`rxb Pegv jv g Xb`vh Xjuv

6>>5 6>>3 6>>9 6>>2 6>>0 6>7>

"G| jc

Agvlb

êvledxgie jc \xgcc \evs`di g

\`rxb Pegv

"udkà`xeh ~j||`f`k`xp

<% <% 6% 3% 8% 8%

êvledxgie jc \xgcc \evs`di g

Xb`vh Xjuv "jux jc g ~j||`fke

75%

9% 2% 7>% 76% 77% 7>%

53 Xbe Jcc`le jc @d|~elxjv Iedevgk ~kgd| xj |xuhp xb`| ~j`dx `d ivegxev hexg`k huv`di CP 6>7>



29

Udk`me er~evx| gdh ljd|ukxgdx|+ ea~kjpee| jd hexg`k xj xbe êgle Ljv~| lgd ~evcjva gdp jc xbe huxè| jc g

cehevgk ea~kjpee+ `dlkuh`di |u~evs`|`jd+ gdh lgd fe g||ìdeh xj g veiukgv êgle Ljv~| ~j|`x`jd+ `dlkuh`di

jsev|eg|$ G| @^G g||ìdaedx| gve aghe udhev xbe guxbjv`xp jc xbe @^G+ djx xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx+ xbep gve

djx |ufoelx xj xbe c`se!pegv gdh ‛`d gdh jux‑ vuke|$ Xbu|+ gd ea~kjpee ybj bg| kecx xbe êgle Ljv~| lgd

ljae fglm xj xbe êgle Ljv~| g| gd @^G ea~kjpee y`xbjux veigvh xj xbe ‛`d gdh jux vuke$‑ "\ee G~~edh`r

S!8$ 36

Xbe giedlp hje| djx xp~`lgkkp u|e `x| guxbjv`xp xj |edh gdh vele`se ea~kjpee| xbvjuib hexg`k| cvja jxbev

ijsevdaedx giedlè| jv xbvjuib xbe cgv ajve er~gd|`se dexyjvm hec`deh fp xbe ves`|eh @dxevijsevdaedxgk

êv|jdgk Glx ajf`k`xp ~vjivga$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Buagd Ve|juvle Agdgieaedx yg| jdkp gygve jc xbvee |ulb

ea~kjpee| g| jc G~v k 78+ 6>7>$ Djde lgae xbvjuib @^G g||ìdaedx|$ Xbe veg|jd| gve djx lkegv cjv xbe

giedlp‐| hel`|`jd djx xj ux`k`ze xbe|e guxbjv`xè|$

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\

F$7$ Kei`|kgx`jd

Xbeve bgse feed dj kei`|kgx`se lbgdie| `d veigvh| xj \elx`jd 9 jc xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx |`dle 6>>8$

F$6$ Giedlp eccjvx| xj a`dà`ze deigx`se a~glx|

@d Heleafev jc 6>>3+ Agvè Ybegx+ cjvaev Lbèc jc \xgcc gdh xbed Er~evx Ljd|ukxgdx `d xbe H`velxjv‐|

Jcc`le+ ~vjs`heh vei`jdgk h`velxjv| y`xb g |ex jc hjluaedx| xbgx bgh feed hesekj~eh xj cgl`k`xgxe xbe

hefvèc`di jc ljudxvp h`velxjv| g| xbep lja~kexeh xbe`v xjuv| xj ed|uve g |ajjxb xvgd|`x`jd `d jsev|eg|

keghev|b`~$ Xbe|e hjluaedx| `dlkuheh?

… G ljudxvp h`velxjv er`x ve~jvx+ he|ìdeh xj ‛~vjs`he he~gvx`di ljudxvp h`velxjv| xbe j~~jvxud`xp xj

i`se ceehfglm yb`lb agp g||`|x xbe êgle Ljv~| `d xbe cuxuve agdgieaedx jc xbe giedlp+ xbe

vei`jd gdh |~el`c`lgkkp xbe`v ljudxvp ~vjivga|‑ xbgx yeve xj fe ‛vesèyeh fp xbe H`velxjv+ Lbèc jc

\xgcc+ He~uxp Lbèc jc \xgcc gdh Vei`jdgk H`velxjv=‑

… G xea~kgxe cjv bgdhjsev djxe| cjv ljudxvp h`velxjv| c`d`|b`di xjuv|=

… Iu`hgdle veigvh`di xbe ‛Ljudxvp H`velxjv Edh jc Xjuv BW Ljd|ukxgx`jd+‑ g ~`kjx ~vjivga cvja

6>>3 `d yb`lb xbe êgle Ljv~| ‛feigd xbe ~vglx`le jc ckp`di ljudxvp h`velxjv| xj Yg|b`dixjd+

H$L$ g| xbep gve edh`di xbe`v êgle Ljv~| |evs`le cjv xbe ~uv~j|e jc gd er`x `dxevsèy‑ gdh xj

‛~vjs`he ljudxvp h`velxjv| g |ed|e jc lja~kex`jd jc xbe`v sgkueh |evs`le xj xbe giedlp=‑ gdh+

… G k`|x jc mep wue|x`jd| xj fe ux`k`zeh cjv ljdhulx`di er`x `dxevsèy| y`xb he~gvx`di ljudxvp

h`velxjv|$

Xbe|e hjluaedx| gdh ~vglx`le| bgse djx feed ghj~xeh glvj|| xbe giedlp$

F$<$ \xuhè| gdh g||e||aedx|

@d xbe c`v|x wugvxev jc CP 6>7>+ xbe H`velxjv jc xbe giedlp e|xgfk`|beh gd giedlp!y`he ivjyxb xg|m cjvle xj

`hedx`cp |xvgxeiè| xj cgl`k xgxe xbe giedlp‐| ijgk jc wugk`xp ivjyxb$ G |ufivju~ jc xbgx xg|m cjvle

ljdledxvgxeh jd gha`d`|xvgx jd+ `dlkuh`di xbe c`se!pegv vuke$ Jsev xyj ajdxb|+ xbe gha`d`|xvgx`jd

|ufivju~‘`dlkuh`di |xgcc cvja beghwugvxev| gdh jsev|eg|‘ljd|ukxeh y`xb ~j|x|+ vesèyeh hjluaedx|+

36 Jcc`le jc Iedevgk Ljud|ek+ êgle Ljv~| Yg|b`dixjd



22

gdh gxxedheh xbe yjvkhy`he ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev ljdcevedle$ Xbe xg|m cjvle iedevgxeh xbvee

veljaaedhgx`jd| vekgxeh xj xbe c`se!pegv vuke+ gkk jc yb`lb yeve ljd|`|xedx y`xb sèy| er~ve||eh gx xbe

veledx ljudxvp h`velxjv gdh ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev ljdcevedle|+ g| yekk g| xbvjuib `d~ux

~vjs`heh xj xbe giedlp g||e||aedx xega xbvjuib juv juxveglb eccjvx|$ Jde jc xbe veljaaedhgx jd| yg|

y`xb`d xbe luvvedx guxbjv`xp jc xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh xyj vewu`ve lbgdie| `d |xgxuxjvp guxbjv xp$ Xbj|e

veljaaedhgx`jd| yeve?

… Jccev dey b`ve| g |`rxp!ajdxb g~~j`dxaedx `d|xegh jc g xb`vxp!ajdxb g~~j`dxaedx=

… Kjjm gx `hedx`cp`di ~j|`x`jd| ybeve xbe giedlp bg| g bgvh xàe c`dh`di gdh vexg`d`di wugk`cèh

g~~k`lgdx| gdh |eem xbe |gae erea~x`jd cjv xbj|e ~j|`x`jd| g| bg| feed i`sed xj \gcexp gdh

\eluv`xp ~j|`x`jd|$ Xbe|e ~j|`x`jd| `dlkuhe buagd ve|juvle |~el`gk`|x|+ ljdxvglx`di |~el`gk`|x|+

gdh |lveed`di duv|e|=

… \eem kei`|kgx`se lbgdie| xj gkkjy g ~evledxgie jc U$\$ h`velx b`ve ea~kjpee| xj feljae ekì`fke cjv

g cjuvxb xjuv$3<

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk `| ~kgdd`di gd g||e||aedx jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke huv`di

6>7> xj hexeva`de xbe c`dgdl`gk à~k`lgx`jd| jc giedlp xeva kà`xgx`jd|$ 38

@x |bjukh fe djxeh xbgx |xgcc `d

xbe Jcc`le jc @d|~elxjv Iedevgk bgse ~j|`x`jd| xbgx gve luvvedxkp `dxev~vexeh g| cgkk`di udhev xbe c`se!pegvvuke$ Bjyesev+ xbj|e |xgcc aeafev| bgse g |`dike |`rxp!ajdxb xeva `d|xegh jc xyj |e~gvgxe xb`vxp!ajdxb

xeva|$

@d xbe |eljdh wugvxev jc CP 6>7>+ g ~jkk jc <02 ea~kjpee| `d xbe êgle Ljv~| kgfjv ud`jd g|meh aeafev|

xj ~v`jv`x`ze xed agdgieaedx `||ue| cgl`di giedlp ea~kjpee|$ Fg|eh jd `d~ux cvja 7>7 ve|~jdhedx|+

ekà`dgx`di jv ajh`cp`di xbe c`se!pegv vuke `| xbe xj~ ~v`jv`xp$

F$8$ Lbgdie| xj à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke

Jd Ogdugvp 6>+ 6>7>+ xbe Lbèc jc \xgcc `||ueh g aeajvgdhua cjv gkk giedlp |xgcc xj ~vjs`he iu`hgdle

gfjux ‛Vewue|x`di Xb`vh Xjuv| jv Jde Pegv Erxed|`jd|$‑ G| g ve|ukx jc xb`| iu`hgdle+ erxed|`jd| fepjdh

c`se pegv| lgd djy fe vewue|xeh gx xbe cjuv!pegv ~j`dx$ ^v`jv xj xb`| lbgdie+ |ulb erxed|`jd| ljukh jdkp fe

|ufa`xxeh |`r ajdxb| fecjve xbe c`se!pegv ~ev`jh edh|+ lvegx`di lbgkkedie| cjv bìb!~evcjva`di ea~kjpee|

ybj y`|beh xj ljdx`due y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~| fux jcxed cjudh jxbev j~~jvxud`xè| ~v`jv xj vele`s`di

ljdc`vagx jd cvja xbe giedlp$ Xbe lbgdie gk|j |evseh ea~kjpee| ybj bj~eh xj veag`d y`xb xbe giedlp fux

kegvdeh xbgx xbe`v erxed|`jd yjukh djx fe |u~~jvxeh udx`k g a`dàua jc |`r ajdxb| ~v`jv xj xbe`v edh jc

xjuv$

@d ghh`x`jd xj fe`di ajve ea~kjpee cvèdhkp+ xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbe Lbèc jc \xgcc‐| iu`hgdle

bek~| ~vjs`he lkgv`xp gfjux xbe hel`|`jd agm`di ~vjle||+ g ljdlevd er~ve||eh fp |jae luvvedx gdh cjvaev

|xgcc aeafev| ljdxv`fux`di xj xbe g||e||aedx$

3< Ivjyxb Xg|m Cjvle+ Agdgieaedx Yjvm`di Ivju~+ êgle Ljv~|+ 6>7>38 CP 6>7> êgle Ljv~| Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk Gddugk ^kgd



20


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD


Xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh fjxb |u~~jvx gdh lv`x`l`|a jc xbe c`se pegv vuke xj bgse agdp sgk`h

ljd|`hevgx`jd|$ Gcxev 80 pegv|+ `dlkuh`di 85 pegv| y`xb xbe c se!pegv vuke+ xbe giedlp‐| ud`wue ~ev|jddek

|p|xea+ y`xb g ~v`dl`~gk vek`gdle jd g ljve U$\$ h`velx b`ve |xgcc |evs`di udhev kà`xeh g~~j`dxaedx|+ bg|

feed `d|xvuaedxgk `d bek~`di xbe giedlp lja~kexe xbe xyj ou|x`c`lgx`jd| cjv yb`lb `x yg| jvì`dgkkp

he|ìdeh? veag`d`di ve|~jd|`se xj pjudi Gaev`lgd| |evs`di g| Sjkudxeev| jv ~jxedx`gk Sjkudxeev| gdh

ed|uv`di xbeve yeve gkygp| ~j|`x`jd| gx beghwugvxev| cjv vexuvd`di Sjkudxeev| gdh jsev|eg| |xgcc$

Bjyesev+ `d vesèy`di xbe c`se!pegv vuke+ xbe g||e||aedx xega g|meh+ ‛Yjukh @ vud ap fu|`de|| xb`| ygp:‑

Xbe gd|yev yg| g udgdàju|+ ‛Dj$‑ @d xbe sèy jc xbe g||e||aedx xega+ xbe luvvedx à~keaedxgx jd jc xbe

c`se!pegv vuke ve|xv`lx| xbe êgle Ljv~| cvja veglb`di j~xàgk j~evgx`jdgk ~jxedx gk$ \~el`c`lgkkp+ xbe

g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbe c`se!pegv vuke ve|xv`lx| xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ deeh cjv?

… Fexxev agdgieaedx jc mep fu|`de|| cudlx`jd|+ |~el`c`lgkkp `d gveg| ybeve `x bg| h`cc`lukxp c`dh`diwugk`cèh g~~k`lgdx| gdh vexg`d`di wugk`cèh g~~k`lgdx| `d gveg| |ulb g| buagd ve|juvle|+ ljdxvglx

agdgieaedx+ gdh |lveed`di duv|e|=

… @d|x`xux`jdgk aeajvp ljdlevd`di x| |xvgxei`l s`|`jd gdh xbe a~keaedxgx`jd xbevejc= gdh+

… \eg|jdeh bgdh| xj g||`|x `d agdgi`di lbgkkedie|+ e|xgfk`|b`di dey ljudxvp ~vjivga|+ gdh

|ulle||cukkp à~keaedx di xbe ~vj~j|eh |xvedixbed`di gdh ivjyxb jc xbe giedlp$

@d xbe j~`d`jd jc xbe g||e||aedx xega+ xbe |xeghp `dlveg|eh u|e jc er~evx| lkegvkp heajd|xvgxe| xbe he|`ve

gdh deeh jc xbj|e `d keghev|b`~ gdh agdgieaedx ~j|`x`jd| jc xbe giedlp xj vexg`d xbe |evs`le| jc ~ve~gveh

|xgcc xj bek~ ed|uve wugk`xp j~evgx`jd|$

Kei`|kgx`se lbgdie| g|`he+ xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| à~vjseh gha`d`|xvgx`jd jc xbe c`se pegv vuke lgd

gkkjy xbe êgle Ljv~| xj fexxev kesevgie xbe |xvedixb| jc xeva kà`xgx`jd| gdh xj a`dà`ze xbe deigx`se

à~glx| g||jl`gxeh y`xb xbe vuke$ Xbeve gve lbgdie| xbgx lgd gdh |bjukh fe aghe xj `dlveg|e xbe

eccelx`sede|| jc xbe giedlp+ xj ~vjs`he ea~kjpee| g kjdiev ea~kjpaedx bjv`zjd+ xj fexxev agdgie

ea~kjpee xvgd|`x`jd|+ gdh xj cvee u~ |u~evs`|jv| gdh xbe buagd ve|juvle| he~gvxaedx gx xbe êgle Ljv~| xj

cjlu| jd ajve à~jvxgdx `||ue| xbgd agdgi`di xbe ~g~ev kjgh g||jl`gxeh y`xb gha`d`|xev`di xbe c`se!pegv

vuke$ Yb`ke xbe|e lbgdie| y`kk vewu`ve |xvjdiev ~evcjvagdle agdgieaedx xbvjuibjux xbe giedlp+ xbe

g||e||aedx xega cekx xb`| ljukh fe glbèseh y`xb |xvjdi keghev|b`~+ |xgvx`di gx xbe xj~ jc xbe giedlp$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega agme| d`de veljaaedhgx`jd|? c`se y`xb`d xbe luvvedx kei`|kgx`se cvgaeyjvm gdh cjuv

vewu`v`di lbgdie| xj |xgxuxjvp guxbjv`xp$ @d xbe sèy jc xbe g||e||aedx xega+ xbe|e lbgdie| fjxb ag`dxg`d

xbe |~`v`x jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke+ yb`ke a`xìgx`di xbe deigx`se à~glx| g||jl`gxeh y`xb `x| à~keaedxgx jd$

L$7$g Veljaaedhgx`jd| cjv lbgdie y`xb`d xbe ljdc`de| jc xbe luvvedx kei`|kgx`jd

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!7<?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| gkxev`di xbe giedlp ~vglx`le jc gkkjlgx`di xjuv|

`d xb`vxp!ajdxb fkjlm|$ @d|xegh xbe giedlp |bjukh fei`d agm`di |`rxp!ajdxb g~~j`dxaedx|+ `dlkuh`di gd

`dlveg|e `d xbe ~vjfgx`jdgvp ~ev`jh cvja |`r ajdxb| xj jde pegv$



0>


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| i`se ljd|`hevgx`jd xj |xgcc

aeafev| |evs`di ljve fu|`de|| cudlx`jd| ybeve xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| g h`cc`lukx xàe gxxvglx`di gdh vexg`d`di

wugk`cèh g~~k`lgdx|$ Xbe xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| u|e xbe |~el`gk guxbjv`xp ivgdxeh `d 7025 cjv

|`rxb!pegv xjuv| gdh fei`d jccev`di xbe |`rxb pegv u~jd |ulle||cuk lja~kex`jd jc xbe jde!pegv ~vjfgx`jdgvp

~ev`jh$ ^j|`x`jd| `d xbe Jcc`le jc Buagd Ve|juvle Agdgieaedx+ xbe Jcc`le jc Glwu`|`x`jd gdh Ljdxvglx

Agdgieaedx+ gdh xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| gve veljaaedheh cjv |ulb |xgxu|$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe giedlp ljd|`hev ivegxev ux`k`zgx`jd jc `x|

guxbjv`xp cjv |`rxb pegv| gdh xb`vh xjuv erxed|`jd|+ xgviex`di ~j|`x`jd| c`kkeh fp |~el`gk`zeh ~vjce||`jdgk|+

~j|`x`jd| y`xb g kà`xeh duafev jc g~~k`lgdx|+ gdh xbj|e y`xb ~gvx`lukgvkp bìb xuvdjsev$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ljd|`hev ivegxev ux`k`zgx`jd jc

`x| guxbjv`xp cjv er~evx|+ ljd|ukxgdx|+ `dxevgiedlp hexg`k|+ gdh @dxevijsevdaedxgk êv|jddek Glx g||ìdaedx|

xj ~vjs`he ljdx`du`xp y`xb mep j~evgx`jdgk cudlx`jd| gx beghwugvxev| xbgx deeh |~el`gk`zeh ~vjce||`jdgk| gdh

xj |u~~jvx j~evgx`jd| jsev|eg| vewu`v`di |eg|jdeh êgle Ljv~| ~vjce||`jdgk|$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| à~vjs`di xvgd|`x`jd agdgieaedx fp

à~keaedx`di xbe u|e jc ~ves`ju|kp he|ìdeh bgdhjsev djxe| gdh er`x ve~jvx| cjv ljudxvp h`velxjvxvgd|`x`jd|+ hesekj~`di xea~kgxe| cjv bgdhjsev djxe| cjv jxbev jsev|eg| gdh hjae|x`l ~j|`x`jd|+ gdh

~vjs`h`di jsevkg~ cjv |xgcc |evs`di `d ~j|`x`jd| jc lv`x`lgk cudlx`jd$

L$7$f Veljaaedhgx`jd| cjv lbgdie| xj xbe luvvedx kei`|kgx`jd

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe H`velxjv gk|j ljd|`hev xbe cjkkjy`di lbgdie| xj xbe luvvedx

kei`|kgx`jd?


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ~uv|ue kei`|kgx`jd xj e|xgfk`|b

g ‛8xb Xjuv$‑ Xbe xega veljaaedh| g ‛8xb Xjuv‑ xj ~eva`x 5% jc U$\$ ea~kjpee| xj g||`|x y`xb mep

j~evgx`jdgk cudlx`jd| gx beghwugvxev| dele||`xgx`di |~el`gk`zeh ~vjce||`jdgk| gdh*jv xj |u~~jvx j~evgx`jd|

jsev|eg| vewu v`di |eg|jdeh êgle Ljv~| ~vjce||`jdgk| y`xb agdgieaedx guxbjv`xp$ 8xb xjuv| |bjukh fe

ve|evseh cjv `dh`s`hugk| y`xb erxed|`se êgle Ljv~| agdgieaedx er~evèdle `d fjxb beghwugvxev| gdh xbe

cèkh+ jv fp bìb ~evcjva`di |~el`gk`zeh ~vjce||`jdgk| `d ~j|`x`jd| y`xb g kà`xeh duafev jc g~~k`lgdx|

gdh*jv y`xb ~gvx lukgvkp bìb xuvdjsev$ Ea~kjpee| `d g 8xb xjuv |bjukh fe ~vjs`heh <> ajdxb g~~j`dxaedx|$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ~uv|ue kei`|kgx`jd xj ~kgle g

kà`x jd xbe ‛xàe `d+ xàe jux‑ lkgu|e jc xbe c`se!pegv vuke xj e|xgfk`|b g ‛c`se pegv| jux‑ agràua$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ~uv|ue kei`|kgx`jd xj gkkjy

ea~kjpee| ajs`di cvja ~j|`x`jd| |xgxe|`he xj ~j|`x`jd| jsev|eg|+ gdh s`le sev|g+ g jde!xàe j~~jvxud`xp xj

bgse xbe`v c`se!pegv lkjlm ve|ex$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ~uv|ue kei`|kgx`jd xj `dlveg|e

xbe ~evledxgie jc ea~kjpee| ekì`fke cjv g xb`vh xjuv cvja 75 xj <> ~evledx+ ux`k`z`di xbe luvvedx lv`xev`g jc

xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx gdh xgviex`di ~j|`x`jd| c`kkeh fp |~el`gk`zeh ~vjce||`jdgk|+ ~j|`x`jd| y`xb g kà`xeh

duafev jc g~~k`lgdx|+ gdh xbj|e y`xb ~gvx`lukgvkp bìb xuvdjsev$



07



VELJAAEDHGX@JD KEGH JCC@LE \U^^JVX JCC@LE\ X@A@DI

S!7<? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| gkxev`di

xbe giedlp ~vglx`le jc gkkjlgx`di xjuv| `d xb`vxp!

ajdxb fkjlm|$ @d|xegh xbe giedlp |bjukh fei`d

agm`di |`rxp!ajdxb g~~j`dxaedx|+ `dlkuh`di gd

`dlveg|e `d xbe ~vjfgx`jdgvp ~ev`jh cvja |`r

ajdxb| xj jde pegv$

Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx “

"Jcc`le jc Buagd Ve|juvle|

Jcc`le jc Buagd Ve|juvle|

Agdgieaedx

@d Wugvxev 8 CP 6>7>

S!78? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe

êgle Ljv~| i`se ljd|`hevgx`jd xj |xgcc aeafev|

|evs`di ljve fu|`de|| cudlx`jd| ybeve xbe êgle

Ljv~| bg| g h`cc`lukx xàe gxxvglx`di gdh vexg`d`di

wugk`cèh g~~k`lgdx|$ Xbe xega veljaaedh| xbe

êgle Ljv~| u|e xbe |~el`gk guxbjv`xp ivgdxeh `d

7025 cjv |`rxb!pegv xjuv| gdh fei`d jccev`di xbe

|`rxb pegv u~jd |ulle||cuk lja~kex`jd jc xbe jde!

pegv ~vjfgx`jdgvp ~ev`jh$ ^j|`x`jd| `d xbe Jcc`le

jc Buagd Ve|juvle Agdgieaedx+ xbe Jcc`le jc

Glwu`|`x`jd gdh Ljdxvglx Agdgieaedx+ gdh xbe

Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| gve veljaaedheh cjv

|ulb |xgxu|$



Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx “

"Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le|=

Jcc`le jc Glwu`|`x`jd| gdh

Ljdxvglx Agdgieaedx=

@d CP 6>77


giedlp ljd|`hev ivegxev ux`k`zgx`jd jc `x| guxbjv`xp

cjv |`rxb pegv| gdh xb`vh xjuv erxed|`jd|+ xgviex`di

~j|`x`jd| c`kkeh fp |~el`gk`zeh ~vjce||`jdgk|+

~j|`x`jd| y`xb g kà`xeh duafev jc g~~k`lgdx|+ gdh

xbj|e y`xb ~gvx`lukgvkp bìb xuvdjsev$




Giedlp!y`he @d CP 6>77



06




êgle Ljv~| ljd|`hev ivegxev ux`k`zgx`jd jc `x|

guxbjv`xp cjv er~evx|+ ljd|ukxgdx|+ `dxevgiedlp

hexg`k|+ gdh @dxevijsevdaedxgk êv|jddek Glx

g||ìdaedx| xj ~vjs`he ljdx`du`xp y`xb mep

j~evgx`jdgk cudlx`jd| gx beghwugvxev| xbgx deeh

|~el`gk`zeh ~vjce||`jdgk| gdh xj |u~~jvx

j~evgx`jd| jsev|eg| vewu`v`di |eg|jdeh êgle

Ljv~| ~vjce||`jdgk|$


"Jcc`le jc Buagd Ve|juvle|=

Jcc`le jc @dxevijsevdaedxgk

Gccg`v|

Jcc`le jc xbe Iedevgk Ljud|ek=

Giedlp!y`he

@d CP 6>77

S!79? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh|

à~vjs`di xvgd|`x`jd agdgieaedx fp

à~keaedx`di xbe u|e jc ~ves`ju|kp he|ìdeh

bgdhjsev djxe| gdh er`x ve~jvx| cjv ljudxvp

h`velxjv xvgd|`x`jd|+ hesekj~`di xea~kgxe| cjv

bgdhjsev djxe| cjv jxbev jsev|eg| gdh hjae|x`l

~j|`x`jd|+ gdh ~vjs`h`di jsevkg~ cjv |xgcc |evs`di

`d ~j|`x`jd| jc lv`x`lgk cudlx`jd$


"Jcc`le jc Buagd Ve|juvle|=

Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv


Giedlp!y`he




0<




êgle Ljv~| ljd|`hev ~uv|u`di kei`|kgx`jd xj

e|xgfk`|b g ‛8xb

Xjuv$‑ Xbe xega veljaaedh| g

‛8xbXjuv‑ ~eva`x 5% jc Gaev`lgd ea~kjpee| xj

g||`|x y`xb mep j~evgx`jdgk cudlx`jd| gx

beghwugvxev| dele||`xgx`di |~el`gk`zeh

~vjce||`jdgk| gdh*jv xj |u~~jvx j~evgx`jd|

jsev|eg| vewu`v`di |eg|jdeh êgle Ljv~|

~vjce||`jdgk| y`xb agdgieaedx guxbjv`xp$ 8xb

xjuv| |bjukh fe ve|evseh cjv `dh`s`hugk| y`xb

erxed|`se êgle Ljv~| agdgieaedx er~evèdle `d

fjxb beghwugvxev| gdh xbe cèkh+ jv fp bìb

~evcjva`di |~el`gk`zeh ~vjce||`jdgk| `d ~j|`x`jd|

y`xb g kà`xeh duafev jc g~~k`lgdx| gdh*jv y`xb

~gvx`lukgvkp bìb xuvdjsev$ Ea~kjpee| `d g 8xb

xjuv |bjukh fe ~vjs`heh <> ajdxb vedeygfke

g~~j`dxaedx|+ djx xj erleeh 3> ajdxb|$


Jcc`le jc Ljdive||`jdgk

Vekgx`jd|


Jcc`le jc xbe Iedevgk Ljud|ek

@d CP 6>77



~kgle g kà`x jd xbe ‛xàe `d+ xàe jux‑ lkgu|e jc

xbe c`se!pegv vuke xj e|xgfk`|b g ‛c`se pegv| jux‑

agràua$



Vekgx`jd|



@d CP 6>77

S!6>? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe


gkkjy ea~kjpee| ajs`di cvja ~j|`x`jd| |xgxe|`he

xj ~j|`x`jd| jsev|eg|+ gdh s`le sev|g+ g jde!xàe

j~~jvxud`xp xj bgse xbe`v c`se!pegv lkjlm ve|ex$



Vekgx`jd|



@d CP 6>77



08





`dlveg|e xbe ~evledxgie jc ea~kjpee| ekì`fke cjv

g xb`vh xjuv cvja 75 xj <> ~evledx+ ux`k`z`di xbe

luvvedx lv`xev`g jc xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx gdh

xgviex`di ~j|`x`jd| c`kkeh fp |~el`gk`zeh

~vjce||`jdgk|+ ~j|`x`jd| y`xb g kà`xeh duafev jc

g~~k`lgdx|+ gdh xbj|e y`xb ~gvx`lukgvkp bìb

xuvdjsev$



Vekgx`jd|



@d CP 6>77



05

^GVX L? \XVEDIXBED@DI ESGKUGX@JD GDH JSEV\@IBX

G$ HE\LV@^X@JD JC XBE LUVVEDX \P\XEA

G$7$ Ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd xjjk|

Xbe êgle Ljv~| u|e| cjuv ~vàgvp xjjk| xj ajd`xjv gdh esgkugxe ~vjive|| xjygvh xbe giedlp‐| ijgk|

xbvjuibjux xbe yjvkh$ Xbe c`v|x `| xbe Sjkudxeev Ve~jvx di Xjjk+ gd ekelxvjd`l hgxg agdgieaedx |p|xea

u|eh fp degvkp gkk êgle Ljv~| ~j|x| |xgvx`di `d CP 6>>0$ Xbe xjjk gkkjy| ~j|x| xj ~ev`jh`lgkkp ljkkelx

hexg`keh wugk`xgx`se gdh wugdx`xgx`se hgxg cvja gkk Sjkudxeev| jd glx`s`xè| xbgx vekgxe xj xbe xbvee ijgk| jc

xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Eglb Sjkudxeev ljddelx| xbe`v glx`s`x e|+ gdh xbe juxljae| jc xbe|e glx`s`xè|+ xj xbe

jfoelx`se| `d xbe |elxjv!|~el c`l ~vjoelx| gx xbe`v ~j|x$ Fp ljkkelx`di hgxg gx xbe ivg||vjjx| Sjkudxeev!

glx`s`xp kesek+ xbe xjjk gkkjy| ~j|x| xj esgkugxe bjy xbe`v ijgk| gve fe`di aex jsev xàe$ Xbe cker`f`k`xp jc

xbe xjjk gkkjy| eglb ~j|x xj ghou|x xbe hgxg xbep ljkkelx xj xbe ljudxvp |xvgxeip gdh ~vjoelx ijgk| gx xbe`v ~j|x

gdh xj lbgdie| `d ~vjoelx|$

Xbe |eljdh ajd`xjv`di xjjk u|eh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| `| xbe ^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx hesekj~eh cjv eglb jc xbeêgle Ljv~|‐ g~~vjràgxekp 66> ~vjoelx|$ Xbe hgxg cvja xbe Sjkudxeev Ve~jvx`di Xjjk |evse g| `d~ux xj

xbe ve~jvx$ Xbe ve~jvx35

aeg|uve| xbe ~vjive|| jc ~vjoelx| xjygvh aeex`di xbe`v ijgk|$ Gddugkkp+ eglb ~j|x

|ufa`x| g ve~jvx cjv eglb jc `x| ~vjoelx| xj xbe xbvee vei`jdgk jcc`le| gdh xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|

^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx "J^GX\ gx beghwugvxev|$ Xbe ve~jvx ljdxg`d| hgxg jd xbgx pegv‐|

~vjive|| xjygvh eglb jfoelx`se `d xbe ~vjoelx ~kgd+ g| yekk g| hgxg jd jxbev ~vjivgaagx`l ekeaedx| jc xbe

~kgd+ |ulb g| xbe xjxgk ~gvx`l`~gdx| veglbeh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| glx`s`xè| xbgx pegv$ Xbe ^vjoelx \xgxu|

Ve~jvx `| u|eh gx xbe ~j|x!kesek xj ajd`xjv gdh esgkugxe xbe ~vjive|| jc ~vjoelx| gdh xj agme lbgdie| xj

~vjoelx ~kgd| ybed deeheh$ ^vjoelx ~kgd| gve he|ìdeh gdh à~keaedxeh `d ljkkgfjvgx jd y`xb bj|x ljudxvp

~gvxdev|+ gdh xbe ^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx ~vjs`he| xbe hgxg gdh gdgkp|`| deeheh cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh kjlgk

~gvxdev| xj h`|lu|| gdh esgkugxe ~vjive|| xjygvh auxugk hesekj~aedx ijgk|$

Xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep+ ljjvh`dgxeh fp xbe Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb+ gdh ^kgdd`di

"J\@V^ `| g xb`vh ajd`xjv`di xjjk u|eh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| xj g||e|| Sjkudxeev|‐ à~ve||`jd| jc xbe`v

|evs`le$ Xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep g||e||e| giedlp ~vjive|| xjygvh `x| ijgk| gdh `hedx`c e| lbgkkedie|

fp hvgy`di u~jd xbe er~evèdle| jc luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe \uvsep `| gha`d`|xeveh xj gkk

Sjkudxeev|+ gdh g|m| wue|x`jd| jd xvg`d`di+ yjvm g||ìdaedx|+ k`s`di ljdh`x`jd|+ |u~~jvx cvja kjlgk êgle

Ljv~| |xgcc+ aeh`lgk lgve+ gdh |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp$ Sjkudxeev| gve gk|j g|meh xj he|lv`fe xbe heivee xj

yb`lb xbe`v xelbd`lgk gdh kgdiugie xvg`d`di ~ve~gveh xbea xj hj xbe`v yjvm+ xbe erxedx xj yb`lb xbe`v

g||ìdaedx fu`kx kjlgk lg~gl xp gdh glbèseh xbe xbvee ijgk| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Ve|ukx| jc xbe |uvsep gve

u|eh fp beghwugvxev| gdh ~j|x| xj esgkugxe gdh à~vjse xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga|$

Xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep+ yb`lb yg| fèdd`gk ~v`jv xj 6>>0+ gk|j ~vjs`he| bek~cuk `dcjvagx`jd xj

agdgieaedx jd g y`he vgdie jc |ufoelx|+ `dlkuh`di Sjkudxeev |gx`|cglx`jd y`xb g||ìdaedx|+ Sjkudxeever~elxgx`jd| sev|u| vegk`xp+ gdh Sjkudxeev `d~ux jd xbe cuxuve jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jd| `d xbe`v

ljudxvp jc |evs`le$ @d ghh`x`jd xj xbe yjvkhy`he ve|ukx|+ ljudxvp!|~el`c`l ve|ukx| gve gk|j gsg`kgfke cjv u|e

fp |xgcc gx ~j|x| gdh gx beghwugvxev| gdh vei`jdgk velvu`x`di jcc`le|$ Xbe |uvsep agp fe u|eh cjv aukx`~ke

~uv~j|e|+ `dlkuh`di `hedx`cp`di xvedh| gdh fe|x ~vglx`le|+ ~kgdd`di jcc`le gdh ~j|x ~v`jv`xè|+ gdh g~~vg`|`di

~evcjvagdle$

35 Luvvedx êgle Ljv~| ~vjoelx| cgkk `dxj xbe cjkkjy`di gveg|? giv`lukxuve gdh eds`vjdaedx+ fu|`de|| hesekj~aedx+ ljaaud`xphesekj~aedx+ ehulgx`jd+ begkxb gdh B@S*G@H\+ `dcjvagx`jd xelbdjkjip+ gdh pjuxb juxveglb$



03

Xbe cjuvxb xjjk `| Ve|ukx| Fg|eh Cèkh Esgkugx`jd "@a~glx \xuhè|$ Udhev xbe h`velx`jd jc xbe Jcc le jc

\xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di J\@V^+ xbe giedlp bg| udhevxgmed g |evè| jc ljudxvp kesek

|xuhè| xj esgkugxe xbe à~glx jc Sjkudxeev| jd xbe bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk| y`xb ybja xbep k`se gdh yjvm+ g|

yekk g| xbe jvigd`zgx jd| y`xb yb`lb xbep gve g||ìdeh xj ljj~evgxe$ Xbe |xuhè| feigd gx xbvee ~j|x|

huv`di CP 6>>2 gdh ljdx`dueh `d CP 6>>0 gdh CP 6>7> gx d`de ~j|x|$ Xbe|e |xuhè| ljkkelx `dcjvagx`jd

cvja bj|x ljudxvp ljudxev~gvx|+ fedec`l`gvè|+ bj|x cga`kè| gdh |xgmebjkhev| xj bek~ `dcjva êgle Ljv~| jd

xbe à~glx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ yjvm ~vàgv`kp cjlu|`di jd ijgk jde gdh ijgk xyj glx`s`xè|$

Xbe ~vjle|| jc lgvvp`di jux gd à~glx |xuhp fei`d| y`xb g oj`dx hel`|`jd fexyeed J\@V^ gdh xbe vei`jd‐|

agdgieaedx `d Beghwugvxev| jd xbe ljudxvp gdh xbe ~vjivga `d xbgx ljudxvp xj fe esgkugxeh$ J\@V^

|eluve| xbe cudh`di cjv xbe |xuhp+ ~vjs`he| jsevgkk aexbjhjkji`lgk ljd|`|xedlp+ gdh iu`he| |xgcc xbvjuib xbe

~vjle|| jc à~keaedx`di xbe ~j|x |~el`c l ve|egvlb$ \~el`c`lgkkp+ J\@V^ |xgcc aeafev| xgme xbe kegh `d?

… Hesekj~`di xbe |lj~e jc yjvm xj ljdxvglx xbe kjlgk c`va xbgx y`kk lgvvp jux xbe yjvm `d!ljudxvp "`d

ljdoudlx`jd y`xb ~j|x |xgcc=

… \u~evs`|`jd `d xbe hesekj~aedx jc xbe wue|x`jddg`ve+ xbe vgdhja |ekelx`jd jc |`xe| xj s`|`xeh+ gdh

xbe |ekelx`jd jc xbe ve|~jdhedx| xj fe `dxevsèyeh gx eglb |`xe "`d ljdoudlx`jd y`xb ~j|x |xgcc=… \u~evs`|`jd jc xbe hgxg edxvp gdh gdgkp|`| jc xbe ve~jvx= gdh+

… Vesèy| gdh guiaedx| xbe ljudxvp ve~jvx ~ve~gveh fp xbe kjlgk c`va+ ~vjs`h`di g |xgdhgvh`zeh

ve~jvx`di |xvulxuve gdh xbe gf`k`xp xj lja~gve ve~jvx| glvj|| ~j|x|$

Xbe|e esgkugx`jd| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ c`v|x xyj ijgk| gve xgm`di ~kgle glvj|| agdp lukxuve| gdh `d xbvee

ag`d ~vjivga |elxjv|? fu|`de|| hesekj~aedx+ ehulgx`jd+ gdh begkxb gdh B@S*G@H\$ Xbep gve ljdhulxeh

fp xb`vh!~gvxp ve|egvlb xega|+ udhev J\@V^‐| h`velx`jd$ Xbep u|e g aukx`!aexbjh g~~vjglb xj igxbev

`dcjvagx`jd gdh `dlkuhe juxveglb xj ljudxev~gvx|+ bj|x cga`kè|+ ljaaud`xp aeafev|+ bj|x a`d`|xvè|+ gdh

jxbev ~gvxdev jvigd`zgx jd|$ Xbep g||uve ivegxev jfoelx`s xp xbgd xbe hgxg lja~`keh fp xbe êgle Ljv~|‐

|xgcc g| xbep gve ljdhulxeh fp bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk| djx g||jl gxeh y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Ljudxvp

h`velxjv| gdh ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev| bgse yekljaeh xbe|e |xuhè| cjv xbe bek~cuk xb`vh!~gvxp

hgxg xbep ~vjs`he$

Xbe agdgieaedx gdh gdgkp|`| jc xbe c`v|x xyj xjjk|+ xbe Sjkudxeev Ve~jvx`di Xjjk gdh xbe ^vjoelx \xgxu|

Ve~jvx `| agdgieh fp J^GX\$ G| er~kg`deh `d ^gvx G jc lbg~xev S@@@+ J^GX\‐ ~vàgvp a`||`jd `| xj

edigie `d cèkh |xgcc lg~gl`xp fu`kh`di gdh xj |u~~jvx jsev|eg| ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jc Sjkudxeev| gdh

|xgcc$ U|`di xbe|e xyj xjjk|+ J^GX\ ljkkelx| gdh gdgkpze| hgxg xbgx `| |~el`c`l xj Sjkudxeev gdh ~vjoelx

glx`s`xè| xj aeg|uve ~vjoelx ~evcjvagdle gdh ljkkelx `dcjvagx jd jd ‛fe|x ~vglx`le|‑$ @x `| à~jvxgdx xj

djxe xbgx xbe|e xyj xjjk| |evse g| ajd`xjv`di xjjk| gdh gve djx he|ìdeh xj aeg|uve à~glx$ J^GX\ u|e|

xb`| `dcjvagx`jd xj hesekj~ Sjkudxeev gdh |xgcc xvg`d`di gdh fexxev |u~~jvx Sjkudxeev| gdh |xgcc `d xbe cèkh$

Xbe agdgieaedx gdh gdgkp|`| jc xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep| gdh xbe @a~glx \xuhè| gve agdgieh fp

J\@V^$ J\@V^ ve~jvx| h`velxkp xj xbe Jcc le jc xbe H`velxjv+ gdh ~evcjva| xbvee mep giedlp!kesekcudlx`jd|?

… êvcjvagdle ~kgdd`di gdh ve~jvx`di=

… Esgkugx`jd gdh aeg|uveaedx= gdh+

… Hgxg agdgieaedx



09

Fjxb xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep| gdh xbe @a~glx \xuhè| cgkk udhev J\@V^‐| esgkugx`jd gdh

aeg|uveaedx cudlx`jd|+ gdh bek~| xbe giedlp xj aeex ve~jvx`di vewu`veaedx| gdh fexxev gvx`lukgxe xbe

à~glx jc xbe yjvm jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Yb`ke xbe|e xyj xjjk| lg~xuve |jae `dcjvagx`jd jd Sjkudxeev

glx`s`xè| gdh ~vjoelx|+ xbe`v ~uv~j|e `| aulb fvjghev xbgd xbgx+ gdh xbe `dcjvagx`jd ljkkelxeh cvja xbe|e

xyj xjjk| `| u|eh glvj|| xbe giedlp xj jfoelx`sekp aeg|uve xbe giedlp‐| ~evcjvagdle gdh à~vjse jsevgkk

giedlp j~evgx`jd|$

@d ghh`x`jd xj xbe|e cjuv ~vàgvp ~vjoelx ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd xjjk|+ xbe giedlp bg| hesekj~eh

agdgieaedx xjjk| xj ajd`xjv ~evcjvagdle$ Xbe Gha`d`|xvgx se Agdgieaedx Ljdxvjk \uvsep `| g xjjk

~vjs`heh xj ljudxvp h`velxjv| gdh he|ìdgxeh |xgcc xj ljdhulx ~ev`jh`l |ekc!g~~vg`|gk| jc gha`d`|xvgx`se+

c`dgdl`gk+ xvg`d`di+ gdh ~vjivga agdgieaedx ~vglx`le| gx ~j|x$ @x ~vjs`he| g |dg~|bjx jc v`|m kesek| gx ~j|x

xj bek~ `hedx`cp agdgieaedx gveg| `d deeh jc à~vjseaedx gdh i`se| beghwugvxev jcc`le| xbe `dcjvagx`jd

xbep deeh xj à~vjse xbe`v |u~~jvx xj ~j|x|$ @x deeh| xj fe ljdx`dugkkp u~hgxeh y`xb hgxg cvja jxbev

|juvle|+ |ulb g| sjkudxeev |uvsep| gdh @d|~elxjv Iedevgk guh`x ve~jvx|+ gdh ~j|x agdgiev| |bjukh fe xvg`deh

gdh vewu`veh xj u|e `x$ @x `| g xjjk xbgx jccev| ivegx ~jxedx gk cjv ajd`xjv`di agdgieaedx fux `|

udhevux`k`zeh$

@d 6>>5+ xbe giedlp yjvmeh xj ~vjs`he h`velx agdgieaedx |u~~jvx xj `dh`s`hugk ~j|x| xbvjuib xbe lvegx`jdjc xbe Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv‐| @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx ~vjivga+ yb`lb yg| xg|meh y`xb

ljdhulx`di @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx|$ Xbe ~vjivga `| fg|eh jd xbe ljdle~x| jc ljkkgfjvgx`se

`dxevglx`jd gdh g ~eev g~~vjglb$ @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx| fv`di g xega jc er~evèdleh+ êgle

Ljv~|!|gssp ~ej~ke xj vesèy j~evgx`jd| gdh hesekj~ |uiie|x`jd| cjv |xvedixbedeh ~evcjvagdle$ Xbep lgd

fe ljdhulxeh fjxb jsev|eg| gdh hjae|x`lgkkp$ G agdgieaedx g||e||aedx ljukh bek~ ljudxvp h`velxjv|+

~j|x |xgcc aeafev|+ gdh Sjkudxeev| ghhve|| |~el`c`l lbgkkedie|= |xvedixbed xbe ~j|x j~evgx`jd|= |xvegak`de

jv à~vjse gha`d`|xvgx`se cudlx`jd|= vesèy xbe vekesgdle jv wugk`xp jc ~vjivga| gdh xvg`d`di= à~vjse

Sjkudxeev ~evcjvagdle+ |xgdhgvh|+ gdh |gx`|cglx`jd= jv ghhve|| jxbev `||ue|$ Gx beghwugvxev|+ xbe @dxevdgk

Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx xega ljukh vesèy xbe j~evgx`jd| jc gd `dh`s`hugk agdgieaedx ud`x+ jv g |~el`c`l

j~evgx`jdgk cudlx`jd jc xbgx ud`x+ xj hexeva`de vekesgdlp+ à~vjse |p|xea|+ jv ve!he|ìd xbe ud`x cjv

agràua ~evcjvagdle$

@d mee~`di y`xb xbe ljkkgfjvgx`se dgxuve jc xbe s`|`x+ xbe xega h`|lu||e| xbe`v jf|evsgx`jd| y`xb g ljudxvp

h`velxjv jv beghwugvxev| |xgcc xbvjuibjux xbe s`|`x$ Fecjve kegs`di gd jsev|eg| ~j|x+ xbe xega ~ve|edx| g

hvgcx jc xbe`v c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx`jd| xj xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv gdh |ed`jv |xgcc$ U~jd vexuvd xj

beghwugvxev| cvja gd jsev|eg| ~j|x+ xbe xega ve~jvx| `dcjvagkkp xj xbe vei`jdgk h`velxjv gdh xj xbe @dxevdgk

Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx ~vjoelx ljjvh`dgxjv jd xbe c dh`di| gdh ~vj~j|eh veljaaedhgx`jd|$ Xbep xbed

|edh g hvgcx ve~jvx xj xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv+ vei`jdgk h`velxjv+ gdh ~vjoelx ljjvh`dgxjv cjv ljaaedx| gdh

`d~ux$ Xbe c`dgk ekelxvjd`l sev| jd jc xbe ve~jvx `| ~v`dxeh gdh h`|xv`fuxeh xj xbe ~j|x gdh xj xbe giedlp gdh

vei`jdgk h`velxjv|$ Xbe |gae ~vjle|| `| u|eh y`xb hjae|x`l @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx|$

@dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx| bgse feed yekk!vele`seh gdh ~ve|edx g ajhek cjv g||`|x`di xbe giedlp xj

agme xbe lbgdie| deeheh xj à~keaedx xbe dey |xvgxei`l ~kgd cjv êgle Ljv~|$

C`dgkkp+ xbe êgle Ljv~| gk|j hvgy| jd xbe ve|egvlb c`dh`di| jc g y`he vgdie jc erxevdgk |juvle|? DIJ|+

jxbev U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlè|+ hjdjv giedlè|+ gdh+ xj g ke||ev erxedx+ glghea`g$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| `|

veiukgvkp `dsjkseh y`xb ve|egvlbev| jd hesekj~aedx+ `dxevdgx`jdgk sjkudxeev |a gdh |evs`le kegvd`di$ @d

ghh`x`jd+ g duafev jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |xgcc gve aeafev| jc g sgvèxp jc ~vjce||`jdgk esgkugx`jd

g||jl`gx`jd| gdh ~gvx`l`~gxe `d @dxevGlx`jd‐| Esgkugx`jd gdh ^vjivga Eccelx`sede|| Ivju~$ Xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ xelbd`lgk |~el`gk`|x| |pdxbe|`ze xbe|e ve|egvlb c`dh`di| cjv g~~k`lgx`jd gx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ljudxvp



02

~j|x|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| gk|j fedec`x| cvja xbe ljudxke|| duafev jc ^b$H$ h`||evxgx`jd|+ A$G$ xbe|e|+ gdh

glghea`l |xuhè| jd sgv`ju| g|~elx| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ yjvm$

G$6$ Jcc`le| edigieh `d ~vjoelx esgkugx`jd gdh jsev|ìbx

Xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx "J^GX\ ljdhulx| g~~kèh ve|egvlb xbvjuib

jd!|`xe Sjkudxeev ~vjoelx ves ey| gdh xbe gdgkp|`| jc ^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx|$ Xbe ve|egvlb cjlu|e| jd

ljdx`duju| kegvd`di xbvjuib g~~k`lgx`jd+ g||e||aedx+ gdh veh`velx`jd‘kegvd`di fp hj`di$ @x `| `dbevedx `d

gkk jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivgaa`di+ xvg`d`di+ gdh esgkugx`jd gdh `| hjde gx xbe cèkh!kesek fp `dh`s`hugk

Sjkudxeev| gdh gx xbe ~vjoelx kesek fp xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ cèkh |xgcc aeafev|$ Xbe kglm jc `dhe~edhedx

esgkugxjv| `d xbe ~vjle|| bg| hà`d`|beh `x| lveh`f`k`xp+ g| bg| xbe ~vesgkedle jc |jcx `dh`lgxjv| g| j~~j|eh

xj wugdx`c`gfke ve|ukx|$ @dlveg|`dikp+ xb | yjvm `| hjde `d ljdoudlx`jd y`xb bj|x ljudxvp ~gvxdev|+

ljdxv`fux`di xj xbe sgkue gdh lveh`f`k`xp jc xbe ve|ukx|$

Aj|x jc xbe giedlp‐| `d|x`xux`jdgk kegvd`di `| hev`seh cvja xb`| xp~e jc ve|egvlb$ Xb`| agxev`gk bg| feed

ljd|jk`hgxeh `dxj agdugk| gdh iu`he| jsev xbe pegv|$ Agdp jc xbe|e hjluaedx| gve yekk!veljid`zeh gajdi

~vglx`x`jdev| gdh ljdxg`d mep c`dh`di jd sgv`ju| g|~elx| jc ivg||vjjx| hesekj~aedx$ Agdp jc xbe

hjluaedx|+ bjyesev+ aev`x ghh`x`jdgk xe|x`di xj sev`cp gdh u~hgxe xbe`v c`dh`di|$

Xbeve `| ivjy`di ea~bg|`| jd juxljae `dh`lgxjv| gdh xbe hesekj~aedx jc ajve |j~b`|x`lgxeh juxljae

g||e||aedx xjjk| xbgd xbj|e xvgh`x`jdgkkp u|eh fp xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Y`xb xbe lvegx`jd jc xbe Jcc`le jc

\xvgxei`l @dcjvagx jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di "J\@V^ `d 6>>9+ xbe giedlp djy bg| xbe lg~gl`xp xj ljdhulx

à~glx esgkugx`jd| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |elxjv ~vjoelx|$ Er~evèdleh |xgcc `| djy `d ~kgle gdh yjvm`di

lkj|ekp y`xb gkk jcc`le| xj edbgdle er`|x`di hgxg ljkkelx`jd eccjvx| gdh hesekj~ dey aegd| xj ljkkelx xbe hgxg

dele||gvp xj dcjva esgkugx`jd eccjvx| gdh heajd|xvgxe xbe à~glx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ J\@V^ `|

ve|~jd|`fke cjv hgxg ljdxedx gdh cjv ed|uv`di xbe ljd|`|xedlp+ vek`gf`k`xp+ gdh sgk`h`xp jc xbe hgxg ~vjs`heh

fp xbe giedlp xj xbe ~ufk l$ Ghh`x`jdgk giedlp |uvsep| gve cèkheh fp J\@V^+ `dlkuh`di xbe |uvsep jc xbe

er~evèdle| jc 5>- Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe Vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev \uvsep gdh cjlu| ivju~|$

G$<$ Xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk‐| jsev|ìbx

Xbvjuib ~g||gie jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk Glx jc 7092 "@I Glx+ Ljdive|| e|xgfk`|beh gd Jcc`le jc xbe

@d|~elxjv Iedevgk `d kgvie cehevgk giedlè| y`xb xbe a`||`jd xj ~vesedx gdh hexelx cvguh+ yg|xe+ gfu|e+ gdh

a`|agdgieaedx gdh xj ~vjajxe eljdjap+ eccelx`sede||+ gdh ecc`lèdlp `d ijsevdaedx$ @d 7022+ Ljdive||

erxedheh xbe kgy xj aj|x jxbev cehevgk giedlè|+ `dlkuh`di xbe êgle Ljv~|$ @d Cefvugvp 7020+ xbe êgle

Ljv~| e|xgfk`|beh `x| Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk "J@I$

Xbe @I Glx+ g| gaedheh+ e|xgfk`|be| xbe Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk g| gd `dhe~edhedx edx`xp y`xb`d xbe

êgle Ljv~|$ Xbe `d|~elxjv iedevgk ve~jvx| h`velxkp xj gdh `| udhev xbe iedevgk |u~evs`|`jd jc xbe êgle

Ljv~| H`velxjv$ @d ghh`x`jd+ xbe `d|~elxjv iedevgk ve~jvx| h`velxkp xj Ljdive||+ mee~`di `x cukkp gdh luvvedxkp

`dcjvaeh ljdlevd`di xbe ~vjivga| gdh j~evgx`jd| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Xbe J@I `| jvigd`zeh `dxj xbveecudlx`jdgk ud`x|? Guh`x+ Esgkugx`jd+ gdh @dse|xìgx`jd gdh `| guxbjv`zeh fp kgy xj vesèy gkk ~vjivga| gdh

j~evgx`jd| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$

@dhe~edhedx guh`x| fp xbe J@I ~vjs`he `dhe~edhedx jsev|ìbx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ cudlx`jdgk glx`s`xè|+

|ulb g| ljdxvglx lja~k`gdle gdh c`dgdl`gk gdh ~vjivga j~evgx`jd|+ xj ed|uve glljudxgf`k`xp gdh xj

veljaaedh à~vjseh kesek| jc eljdjap gdh ecc`lèdlp$ @d xbe`v jd!|`xe s`|`x|+ J@I |xgcc aeafev|

edljuvgie ~j|x |ekc!esgkugx`jd|+ `hedx`cp ~vjfkea gveg|+ gdh veljaaedh ljvvelx`se glx`jd|$ Xbep ljdhulx

`d|~elx`jd| cjlu|eh jd gha`d`|xvgx`se lja~k`gdle y`xb vuke| gdh veiukgx`jd|$ @d ghh`x`jd+ xbep vesèy xbe



00

|gcexp gdh |eluv`xp jc Sjkudxeev| gdh |xgcc$ Ajve fvjghkp+ J@I |xgcc aeafev| `hedx`cp ljaajd ~vjfkea|

gdh xvedh| cvja ~j|x xj ~j|x gdh jccev iu`hgdle cjv wugk`xp à~vjseaedx| giedlp!y`he$

Xbe Guh`x Ud`x cjlu|e| ~vàgv`kp jd xbe giedlp‐| ~vjivga|+ c`dgdl`gk gdh gha`d`|xvgx`se j~evgx`jd|+ gdh

~ev|jddek ybj |u~~jvx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ a`||`jd gdh `x| Sjkudxeev| |evs`di gvjudh xbe yjvkh$ Y`xb g xega

jc cjuv guh`xjv|+ xbe ud`x ljdhulx| guh`x| jc xbe giedlp‐| cèkh glx`s`xè| gx jsev|eg| ~j|x| gdh xbe giedlp‐|

gha`d`|xvgx`se |u~~jvx cudlx`jd| gx beghwugvxev| gdh hjae|x`l velvu`x`di jcc`le|$ Cjv |jae bìbkp xelbd`lgk

guh`x|+ J@I ljdxvglx| y`xb `dhe~edhedx guh`x`di c`va| gdh edigie| `dh`s`hugk er~evx|$ Guh`x |xgcc aeafev|

gk|j ~evcjva ghh`x`jdgk vekgxeh glx`s`xè| `d |u~~jvx jc xbe jsevgkk giedlp+ `dlkuh`di ~vjs`h`di xelbd`lgk

g||`|xgdle xj xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ agdgiev| jd `||ue| vekgxeh xj c`dgdl`gk gdh gha`d`|xvgx`se ~jk`lè|+

~vjlehuve|+ gdh eccelx`se `dxevdgk ljdxvjk|$ Xbe Guh`x Ud`x gk|j ljdhulx| xvg`d`di |e||`jd| xj |xvedixbed xbe

kesek jc lja~exedle jc jsev|eg| gha`d`|xvgx`se |xgcc$

Xbe Esgkugx`jd Ud`x gdgkpze| xbe agdgieaedx gdh ~vjivga j~evgx`jd| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| gx fjxb jsev|eg|

~j|x| gdh hjae|x`l jcc`le|$ Xbe cjuv J@I esgkugxjv| `hedx`cp fe|x ~vglx`le| gdh veljaaedh ~vjivga

à~vjseaedx| gdh xbe aegd| xj lja~kp y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~jk`lè|$ Esgkugx`jd| gve ljdhulxeh udhev

xbe h`velx`jd gdh iu`hgdle jc xbe g||`|xgdx `d|~elxjv iedevgk cjv esgkugx`jd| gdh `d glljvhgdle y`xb xbe

Wugk`xp \xgdhgvh| cjv @d|~elx`jd| ~ufk`|beh fp xbe Ljudl`k jc xbe @d|~elxjv| Iedevgk jd @dxeiv`xp gdhEcc`lèdlp$

Xbe Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk er~kg`d| xbgx `x g~~vjglbe| ~vjivga esgkugx`jd| cvja xbe ~ev|~elx`se

xbgx xbe a`||`jd jc xbe jsev|eg| ~j|x `| xj hesekj~ ~vjoelx| xbgx ghhve|| ijgk jde jc xbe êgle Ljv~|? xj

aeex xbe ljudxvp‐| deeh cjv xvg deh agd~jyev$ Xb`| aegd| xbgx Sjkudxeev| gvv`se gx xbe`v |`xe|

udhev|xgdh`di ybgx xbep gve er~elxeh xj hj+ gve aex fp ~ej~ke‘ljudxev~gvx|+ ljkkegiue|+ kjlgk jcc`l`gk|‘

ybj gve er~elx`di xbea gdh bgse xbe |gae udhev|xgdh`di jc ybgx xbep gve er~elxeh xj hj+ gvv`se y`xb xbe

|m`kk| xbep deeh xj hj ybgx `| er~elxeh jc xbea+ gdh c`dh g kjlgk ljdxerx ljdhul`se xj hj`di xbe`v yjvm$

Xbe`v er~evèdle| g| Sjkudxeev| |bjukh i`se xbea g veg|jdgfke j~~jvxud`xp xj ceek ~vjhulx`se gdh xj

lja~kexe xbe`v |evs`le y`xb g |ed|e jc |gx`|cglx`jd gfjux ybgx xbep bgse gllja~k`|beh$ Xbe er~evèdle|

xbep bgse `d gllja~k`|b`di xbe`v yjvm |bjukh |bjy ve|ukx| `d xbe cjva jc ijgk xyj gdh ajx`sgxe xbea xj

lgvvp jux ijgk xbvee$ Xbe Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk bg| ljdhulxeh duaevju| ~vjivga esgkugx`jd| gdh

`d Ogdugvp 6>>9 `||ueh g ve~jvx edx`xkeh+ ‛êgle Ljv~|+ G Lg|e \xuhp jc Eccelx`se êgle Ljv~| ^vjivga|‘

G Fkue~v`dx cjv \ulle||+‑ xbgx `| ux`k`zeh `d agdgieaedx xvg`d`di$

\jae jsev|eg| |xgcc ljdxv`fux`di xj xbe g||e||aedx er~ve||eh ljdlevd| gfjux xbe J@I‐| ~vjivga

esgkugx`jd| jsev|eg|+ l`x`di xbe kglm jc jsev|eg|+ ivg||vjjx| hesekj~aedx er~evx`|e+ jv xbe êgle Ljv~|‐

er~evèdle jc xbe esgkugxjv|+ g| yekk g| g ~evle`seh xedhedlp jc esgkugxjv| xj cjvaukgxe ljdlku|`jd| jc

~j|x| ~vjivgaagx`l j~evgx`jd| fg|eh erlku|`sekp jd `dxevsèy| y`xb gd jcxed kà`xeh duafev jc

Sjkudxeev|$ Xb`| ljdlevd g~~egv| xj bgse helveg|eh g| xbe J@I `| `dlveg|`dikp cjlu|eh jd lja~kex`di

~vjivga esgkugx`jd| fp aeg|uv`di ~j|x| gig`d|x giedlp jv ~j|x!|~el`c`l iu`hek`de| gdh ~jk`lè| gdh

xbvjuib gd jfoelx`se ~vjle|| y`xb ~j|x agdgieaedx$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh xbgx J@I‐|

Esgkugx`jd Ud`x `| `dlveg|`dikp |eed fp jsev|eg| |xgcc g| g ~j||`fke xjjk `d |xvedixbed`di jsev|eg|j~evgx`jd|$

Xbe @dse|xìgx`jd Ud`x g||`|x| xbe êgle Ljv~| `d ag`dxg`d`di `dxeiv`xp `d `x| ~vjivga| gdh j~evgx`jd| fp

`dse|xìgx`di gkkeigx`jd| jc cvguh+ yg|xe+ gfu|e+ gdh ea~kjpee a`|ljdhulx$ Agxxev| `dse|xìgxeh `dlkuhe

ivgdx+ ljdxvglx+ gdh ~vjluveaedx cvguh= s`jkgx`jd| jc kgy gdh giedlp ~jk`lè| ljaa`xxeh fp xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ ~ev|jddek+ ljdxvglxjv|+ gdh sedhjv|= gdh Cehevgk Ea~kjpee|‐ Lja~ed|gx`jd Glx lkgàgdx|$ Xbe

ud`x‐| `dse|xìgx`jd| bgse ve|ukxeh `d lvà`dgk ~vj|elux`jd|+ l`s`k ajdexgvp ~edgkxè|+ |gdlx`jd|+ gdh



7>>

~ev|jddek glx`jd|+ `dlkuh`di sevfgk ljud|ek`di+ |u|~ed|`jd|+ gdh xeva`dgx`jd cvja |evs`le `d xbe êgle

Ljv~|$

Xbe Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk veledxkp `||ueh g ve~jvx jd xbe guh`x jc xbe Jcc`le jc Glwu`|`x`jd| gdh

Ljdxvglx Agdgieaedx‐| ^vjle|| cjv \jk`l`x`di+ Gygvh`di+ gdh Gha`d`|xev`di Ljdxvglx|$ Xbe ve~jvx jd xbe

guh`x jc xbe Jcc`le jc xbe Lbèc @dcjvagx`jd Jcc`lev Fuhiex Cjvaukgx`jd gdh Agdgieaedx+ yb`lb yg|

`||ueh `d g ~vekà`dgvp cjva `d kgxe CP 6>>0+ y`kk fe c`dgk`zeh gdh `||ueh `d CP 6>7>$ Xbe ^vjivga Guh`x

jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ Sjkudxeev \gcexp gdh \eluv`xp J~evgx`jd|+ feiud `d CP 6>>0+ y`kk fe lja~kexeh `d CP

6>7>$ Xbe Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk gk|j bg| ~kgd| cjv gd guh`x jc xbe Jcc`le jc xbe Lbèc C`dgdl`gk

Jcc`lev Fuhiex Cjvaukgx`jd gdh Agdgieaedx `d xbe xb`vh gdh cjuvxb wugvxev jc CP 6>7>+ g| yekk g| gd guh`x

jc g vei`jdgk velvu`x`di jcc`le "kjlgx`jd xj fe hexeva`deh$

@x |bjukh fe djxeh xbgx xbe J@I `| `dlveg|`dikp u|`di g ajve |p|xeagx`l g~~vjglb xj ghhve||`di lbgkkedie|

`d xbe agdgieaedx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Cjv erga~ke+ `d|xegh jc ljdhulx`di vesèy| jc ljdxvglx

agdgieaedx gx g |evè| jc jsev|eg| ~j|x|+ xbe J@I `d|xegh feigd y`xb gd guh`x jc xbe beghwugvxev| jcc`le

ve|~jd|`fke$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega |xvjdikp |u~~jvx| xb`| g~~vjglb$

@x |bjukh fe djxeh xbe J@I lgd jdkp veljaaedh ljvvelx`se glx`jd|+ fux hje| djx bgse xbe guxbjv`xp xjedcjvle |ulb veljaaedhgx`jd|$ Xb`| guxbjv`xp kè| y`xb xbe Lbèc Lja~k`gdle Jcc`lev$

G$8$ Jcc`le jc Lbèc Lja~k`gdle Jcc`lev

Xbe Lbèc Lja~k`gdle Jcc`lev `| g aeafev jc xbe H`velxjv‐| |ed`jv |xgcc$ Gajdi xbe ve|~jd|`f`k`x e| jc xbe

jcc`le `| xj ljkkelx+ xvglm+ gdh ajd`xjv ve~jvx| xbgx vewu`ve lja~k`gdle gdh cjkkjy!u~+ `dlkuh`di @d|~elxjv

Iedevgk guh x| gdh ~vjivga esgkugx`jd|$ Xbe ~j|`x jd bg| feed sglgdx |`dle Ogdugvp 6>>0$ Xbe ojf

sglgdlp bg| feed ~j|xeh$ Xbe jdij`di kglm jc g Lja~k`gdle Jcc`lev `| g |ìd`c`lgdx jf|xglke xj

~evcjvagdle edbgdleaedx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\

Y`xb xbe lvegx`jd jc xbe Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di "J\@V^ `d 6>>9+ xbe

giedlp djy bg| gd edx`xp |~el`c`lgkkp lbgvieh y`xb edbgdl`di xbe giedlp‐| |xvgxei`l ~kgdd`di gdh

ve~jvx`di+ esgkugx`jd gdh aeg|uveaedx+ gdh hgxg ijsevdgdle eccjvx|$ @a~glx |xuhè| jccev jfoelx`se à~glx

hgxg$ J\@V^ bg| er~evèdleh+ wugk`c eh |xgcc y`xb xbe lg~gl`xp xj ~vjs`he xbe hgxg agdgiev| deeheh xj

agdgie eccelx`sekp$ Xbe lvegx`jd jc xbe jcc`le ve~ve|edx| g agojv |xe~ cjvygvh `d igxbev`di+ gdgkpz`di+ gdh

h`||ea`dgx`di xbe hgxg xbe giedlp deeh| xj agme hel`|`jd|$ J\@V^ bg| |ulle||cukkp lja~`keh hgxg `d

cjvagx| xbgx gve u|ecuk xj ~j|x| gdh beghwugvxev jcc`le|+ gdh `x bg| ljdhulxeh xvg`d`di |e||`jd| cjv |xgcc

aeafev|+ `dlkuh`di xbj|e `d!ljudxvp he|m ud`x|+ jd bjy xj udhev|xgdh gdh u|e xbe hgxg `x bg| ljkkelxeh$

J\@V^ gk|j ~kgp| g lv`x`lgk vjke `d ~vjs`h`di hjluaedxeh glljudxgf`k`xp xj JAF+ Ljdive||+ gdh xbe ~ufk`l

gx kgvie$



7>7


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD

L$7$ \uaagvp jc c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx jd|

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ aexbjh| cjv aeg|uv`di velvu`x`di+ xvg`d`di+ gdh |u~~jvx`di sjkudxeev| bg| |ìd`c`lgdxkp

à~vjseh jsev xbe ~g|x |esevgk pegv|+ fux hexeva`d`di xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ heajd|xvgxeh à~glx bg| veag`deh

eku|`se$ Xbe giedlp bg| |eed agojv à~vjseaedx| `d `x| ~vjoelx ajd`xjv di gdh esgkugx`jd ~vjle||e| |`dle

xbe lvegx`jd jc xbe Jcc`le jc \xvgxei l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di "J\@V^$ Xbe lbgkkedie cjv xbe

giedlp `| xj ljjvh`dgxe gdh `dxeivgxe xbe yjvm jc J\@V^‘gdh xbe hgxg `x ljkkelx|‘y`xb xbe hel`|`jd!

agm`di ~vjle||e| `d ~j|x| gdh beghwugvxev| jcc`le|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj |xgdhgvh`ze xbe u|e jc xbe

hgxg xj `dcjva agdgieaedx hel`|`jd|$ Y`xb xbe lvegx`jd jc xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx jd| `x `| gdx`l`~gxeh

xbgx xbeve y`kk fe ajve ljd|`|xedx u|e jc xbe hgxg ~vjs`heh fp J\@V^ gdh xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|

^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx "J^GX\$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| u|`di xbe ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd xjjk|

luvvedxkp `d ~kgle gdh bìbkìbxeh `d xbe ve~jvx xj ajve eccelx`sekp agme agdgieaedx gdh |xvgxei`l

hel`|`jd|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!6<?

Xbe g||e||aedx veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| vewu`ve ~j|x| xj lja~kexe xbe

gha`d`|xvgx se agdgieaedx ljdxvjk |uvsep "GAL\ ~v`jv xj lja~kex`di xbe @^F\ ~vjle||$

@d xbe sèy jc xbe g||e||aedx xega gdh jsev|eg| giedlp |xgcc ljdxv`fux`di xj xbe g||e||aedx+ xbe à~glx

|xuhp ~vjivga hesekj~eh fp J\@V^ ~vjs`he| g ~vja`|`di xjjk xj esgkugxe giedlp à~glx$ Xbe g||e||aedx

xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe à~glx |xuhp ~vjivga |bjukh fe hvgagx`lgkkp er~gdheh |j xbgx xbe giedlp lgd

er~gdh `x| glle|| xj jfoelx`se xb`vh ~gvxp `dcjvagx`jd veigvh`di ~evcjvagdle jc ~vjivga|$ Fp cjlu|`di xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjoelx gveg| xj g kà`xeh duafev jc |~el`c`l xelbd`lgk `dxevsedx`jd|+ xbe giedlp lgd ajve

eg|`kp ve~k`lgxe xbe |xuhè| gdh aeg|uve à~glx yjvkhy`he$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega cuvxbev |uiie|x| xbe

giedlp |bgve xb`| hgxg y`xb Ljdive|| xj fexxev gvx`lukgxe xbe à~glx jc xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh bìbkìbx xbe

vexuvd xbe Gaev`lgd xgr~gpev `| vele`s`di jd xbe`v `dse|xaedx `d xbe giedlp$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!68

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| hvgagx`lgkkp er~gdh xbe

à~glx |xuhp ~vjivga y`xb xbe xgviex jc lgvvp`di jux g ivegxev duafev jc à~glx |xuhè| glvj|| ~j|x|$

Xbe Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv‐| @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx ~vjivga g||`|x| ~j|x| gdh beghwugvxev|

jcc`le| xj agme lbgdie| deeheh xj |xvedixbed j~evgx`jd|+ gdh ~ve|edx| gd j~~jvxud`xp cjv ivegxev

ajd`xjv`di gdh jsev| ibx$ Xbe ~eev dgxuve jc xbe ~vjivga agme| `x g sgkugfke xjjk xbgx `| g~~vj~v`gxe cjv

er~gd|`jd$ Xbe @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx ~vjivga ljukh fe u|eh g| xbe giedlp yjvm| xj

à~keaedx xbe dey |xvgxei`l ~kgd bìbkìbxeh `d xb`| g||e||aedx$ Bjyesev+ g ~vjle|| cjv xvglm`di xbe

à~keaedxgx jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd| aghe fp xbe @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx| `| deeheh$

Xj agrà`ze xbe eccelx jc xbe @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx|+ xbe |ed`jv keghev|b`~ jc xbe êgle Ljv~|

|bjukh g||ìd ve|~jd|`f`k`xp cjv xbe à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe`v veljaaedhgx`jd| gdh agme xbe à~keaedxgx jd

jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd| g ~v`jv`xp$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S!65? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| er~gdh xbe `dxevdgk

agdgieaedx g||e||aedx ~vjivga gdh `dlveg|e `x| u|e$ Cuvxbevajve+ xbe xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~|

ed|uve `dxevdgk agdgieaedx g||e||aedx veljaaedhgx`jd| gve ghj~xeh jv xbgx hjluaedxgx`jd `| ~vjs`heh g|

xj ybp veljaaedhgx`jd| yeve djx à~keaedxeh$



7>6

C`dgkkp+ xbe ^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx ~vjle|| `| iedevgkkp ljd|`heveh fp ~j|x xj fe g sgkugfke udhevxgm`di gx

xbe kjlgk kesek$ @x |evse| g| gd j~~jvxud`xp xj vesèy xbe pegv‐| glx`s`x e|+ xgme |xjlm jc ybgx bg~~edeh gdh

ybp+ gdh lekefvgxe ~vjoelx |ulle||e|$ @x |evse| g| g |dg~|bjx beghwugvxev| lgd u|e ybed vecevv`di xj

|~el`c`l ~j|x j~evgx jd|$ Bjyesev+ fg|eh jd `d~ux cvja luvvedx gdh cjvaev jsev|eg| |xgcc ljdxv`fux`di xj

xbe g||e||aedx+ J^GX\ vesèy gdh ceehfglm jd ^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx |ufa`||`jd| `| sèyeh g| djx

~vjs`h`di j~evgx`jdgk sgkue xj xbe cèkh$ \~el`c`lgkkp+ ceehfglm `| jcxed sevp kà`xeh+ iedevgkkp sgiue+ gdh

|kjy `d lja`di$ Xbe ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di vesèy ~vjle|| `| cgv ajve edevip `dxed|`se cjv g ~j|x xbgd `x|

sgkue lgd ou|x`cp$ Xbe 6>>2 @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx jd xbe Ledxev cjv Cèkh G||`|xgdle gdh

G~~kèh Ve|egvlb "xbe cjvaev dgae jc xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx

veljaaedheh xbgx xbe luvvedx J^GX\ vesèy ~vjle|| jc ~j|x ^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx| fe h`|ljdx`dueh$ @x `|

gdx`l`~gxeh+ bjyesev+ xbgx+ jdle xbe giedlp `| yjvm`di `d xbe ivegxkp vehuleh duafev jc ~vjoelx| xgviexeh xj

|~el`c`l `dxevsedx`jd|+ `x y`kk fe dele||gvp xj vesèy xbe ^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx ~vjle|| gdh agme

ajh`c`lgx`jd| xj |xgdhgvh`ze xbe hgxg$ ^vjive|| jd xbe ~vjoelx ijgk| y`kk deeh xj fe esgkugxeh fp ~j|x| gdh

beghwugvxev| jd g veiukgv |lbehuke+ u|`di xbe hgxg jfxg`deh cvja à~glx |xuhè| gdh ^vjoelx \xgxu| Ve~jvx|$



7><

L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv a~keaedxgx`jd jc veljaaedhgx`jd|




u|`di xbe ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd xjjk|

luvvedxkp `d ~kgle gdh bìbkìbxeh `d xbe

ve~jvx xj ajve eccelx`sekp agme

agdgieaedx gdh |xvgxei`l hel`|`jd|$


Ve|egvlb gdh kgdd`di=

Giedlp!y`he @aaeh`gxe gdh jdij`di

S!6<? Xbe g||e||aedx veljaaedh| xbe

êgle Ljv~| vewu`ve ~j|x| xj lja~kexe xbe

gha`d`|xvgx`se agdgieaedx ljdxvjk |uvsep

"GAL\ ~v`jv xj lja~kex`di xbe @^F\

~vjle||$




Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

@d Wugvxev 6 CP 6>77 gdh

gddugkkp xbevegcxev


xbe êgle Ljv~| hvgagx`lgkkp er~gdh xbe

à~glx |xuhp ~vjivga y`xb xbe xgviex jc

lgvvp`di jux g ivegxev duafev jc à~glx

|xuhè| glvj|| ~j|x|$




Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

Fei`d `dlveg|`di xbe duafev jc

à~glx |xuhè| ljdhulxeh `d CP

6>77$


xbe êgle Ljv~| er~gdh xbe `dxevdgk

agdgieaedx g||e||aedx ~vjivga gdh

`dlveg|e `x| u|e$ Cuvxbevajve+ xbe xega

veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ed|uve

`dxevdgk agdgieaedx g||e||aedx

veljaaedhgx`jd| gve ghj~xeh jv xbgx

hjluaedxgx`jd `| ~vjs`heh g| xj ybp

veljaaedhgx`jd| yeve djx à~keaedxeh$


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|




7>8




7>5

S@$ @A^VJS@DI XBE VELVU@XAEDX GDH \EKELX@JD ^VJLE\\ XJ

GXXVGLX G Y@HE H@SEV\@XP JC B@IBKP GDH G^^VJ^V@GXEKP \M@KKEH

SJKUDXEEV\


G$7$ Jsevsèy jc xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| ud`wue `d xbgx `d|xegh jc ~vjs`h`di jsev|eg| ljaaud`xè| y`xb ajdep+ xbe êgle Ljv~| ~vjs`he|

ljaaud`xè| y`xb bgdh|!jd |u~~jvx$ Xbe c`v|x |xe~ `d ed|uv`di Sjkudxeev|‐ |ulle|| `| xj velvu`x+ |ekelx+ gdh ~kgle xbe

vìbx `dh`s`hugk| `d ojf g||ìdaedx|+ ljaaud`xè|+ gdh ljudxvè| ybeve xbe`v |m`kk| gdh er~evèdle gve xbe aj|x

deeheh$ Y`xb`d xbe êgle Ljv~|+ xbe ~vjle|| jc velvu`x`di+ |ekelx di+ gdh ~kgl`di Sjkudxeev| `| mdjyd g| xbe

Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea “ gd jdij`di lplke xbgx fei`d| ybed g ~j|x vewue|x| g Sjkudxeev gdh edh| ybed gd

g~~vj~v`gxekp |m`kkeh gdh |u`xgfke xvg`dee gvv`se| d!ljudxvp$

Xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea fei`d| gx ~j|x ybed jsev|eg| |xgcc aeafev| hesekj~ ~vjoelx| gdh hexeva`de xbe

deeheh duafev gdh he|`veh |m`kk |ex jc Sjkudxeev| s`g xbe Wugvxevkp Xvg`dee Vesèy \uaagvp |ufa`xxeh c`cxeed

ajdxb| ~v`jv xbe gvv`sgk jc Sjkudxeev| `d!ljudxvp$ 33

Luvvedxkp xvg`dee| gve vewue|xeh u|`di gd g||ìdaedx gveg

lkg||`c`lgx`jd |p|xea xbgx lgxeijv`ze| g~~k`lgdx| `dxj 63 xelbd`lgk gveg| jc er~evx`|e fg|eh jd heajd|xvgxeh

er~evèdle gdh glghea`l lvehedx`gk| "|ee Cìuve S@!7 fekjy$

G$7$g Velvu`xaedx

Velvu`xev| ljdhulx lga~gìd| jd ljkkeie lga~u|e| gdh `d ljaaud`xè| glvj|| xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| xj vg`|e gygvede||

gfjux xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh xj iedevgxe g~~k`lgx`jd|$ Vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc le| |xvulxuve velvu`xaedx lga~gìd|

fg|eh jd hgxg cvja xbe ~ves`ju| pegv‐| vewue|x cjv Sjkudxeev|$ Jdle gd g~~k`lgx`jd `| |ufa`xxeh+ `x `| g||ìdeh xj g

velvu`xev fg|eh jd xbe iejivg~b`l kjlgx`jd jc xbe g~~k`lgdx$ Xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea `| djx guxjagxeh gdh

vekè| ~vàgv`kp jd ~g~ev c`ke|$ Ekelxvjd`l g~~k`lgx jd| gve ~v`dxeh+ gdh g ~g~ev c`ke `| iedevgxeh xbgx `| u|eh

xbvjuibjux xbe |ekelx jd ~vjle||$ Gcxev gd `d`x`gk g~~k lgx`jd vesèy+ lgdh`hgxe| ybj aeex xbe fg|`l wugk`c`lgx`jd|

gve `dxevsèyeh fp g velvu`xev jsev xbe ~bjde+ u|`di yef!ljdcevedl`di xelbdjkjip+ jv `d!~ev|jd$

33 êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| |evse cjv 69 ajdxb|$ Xbe c`v|x xbvee ajdxb| jc |evs`le gve |~edx `d xvg`d`di+ huv`di yb`lb xàe gd `dh`s`hugk `| mdjydg| g xvg`dee$ Xvg`dee| feljae Sjkudxeev| ybed xbep |yegv!`d xj lja~kexe xbe veag`dhev jc xbe`v |evs`le$ Xbevecjve+ ~j|x| vewue|x xvg`dee| gdhdjx Sjkudxeev|$

\ga~ke G||ìdaedx Gveg He|lv`~x`jd

768 Ygxev gdh \gd`xgx`jd Erxed|`jd

Heajd|xvgxeh gf`k`xp `d ~kgdd`di+ jvigd`z`di+ jv keghev|b`~ y`xb`d xbe ~g|x 8 pegv| gdhG$ 7 pegv yjvm er~evèdle `d ljd|xvulx`jd+ ag|jdvp+ lgv~edxvp jv ~kuaf`di+ jv

F$ FG*F\ gdp h`|l`~k`de y`xb er~ve||eh `dxeve|x `d bpiède ehulgx`jd*|gd`xgx`jd gdh gd `dxeve|x `d bgdh|!jd|m`kkeh yjvm g| heajd|xvgxeh fp < ajdxb| jv ajve vekesgdx yjvm jv sjkudxeev er~evèdle `d jde jc xbe

cjkkjy`di? aelbgd`lgk ve~g`v|+ ljd|xvulx`jd+ lgv~edxvp+ |ex he|ìd+ Bgf`xgx cjv Buagd`xp+ bjae ve~g`v gdh

veajhek`di+ exl$



7>3

Huv`di xbe `dxevsèy+ g velvu`xev er~kjve| gd g~~k`lgdx‐| |u`xgf`k`xp cjv êgle Ljv~| |evs`le u|`di g |xgdhgvh |ex jc

wue|x`jd xj g||e||?

… ~vjhulx`se lja~exedle=

… |jl`gk |ed|`x`s`xp=

… eajx`jdgk agxuv`xp= gdh+

… ajx`sgx`jd gdh ljaa`xaedx xj êgle Ljv~| |evs`le$

Gcxev xbe `dxevsèy+ |jae lgdh`hgxe| gve ljud|ekeh xj ig`d ajve er~evèdle jv gve veoelxeh$ Wugk`cèh gdh |u xgfke

g~~k`lgdx| gve dja`dgxeh "veljaaedheh cjv g iedevgk yjvm g||ìdaedx gveg+ g iejivg~b`l vei`jd jc xbe yjvkh+ gdh

gd g~~vjràgxe he~gvxuve hgxe$ Cjv erga~ke+ gd g~~k`lgdx yjukh fe dja`dgxeh cjv g pjuxb hesekj~aedx g||ìdaedx

`d g cvgdlj~bjde+ |uf!\gbgvgd Gcv`lgd ljudxvp xbgx yjukh |xgvx `d Oude 6>77$ Gcxev dja`dgx`jd+ xbe ~g~ev c`ke gdh

gkk jc xbe djxe| gdh |u~~jvx`di hjluaedxgx`jd gve ag`keh xj xbe ^kgleaedx Ud`x `d Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$

G$7$f Aeh`lgk lkegvgdle

G dja`dgx`jd xvìiev| xbe aeh`lgk b`|xjvp vesèy ~vjle||$ Xbe aeh`lgk vesèy `| ljdhulxeh fp duv|e| `d xbe ^ve!

\evs`le Ud`x xj ed|uve xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| lgd |u~~jvx xbe Sjkudxeev cjv 69 ajdxb| y`xbjux udveg|jdgfkeh`|vu~x`jd| felgu|e jc begkxb ~vjfkea|$ Fg|eh jd gd g~~k`lgdx‐| ve|~jd|e| xj aeh`lgk wue|x`jd|‘g |ex jc wue|x`jd|

|ufa`xxeh y`xb xbe `d`x gk g~~k`lgx`jd‘g lu|xja zeh aeh`lgk m`x `| iedevgxeh gdh ag`keh xj xbe g~~k`lgdx$ Xbe

aeh`lgk m`x juxk`de| xbe vewu`veaedx| cjv ~bp|`lgk+ hedxgk+ gdh epe erga|$ Gx xbe a`dàua+ xbe aeh`lgk esgkugx`jd

`dlkuhe| g s`|`x xj g ~bp|`l`gd gdh kgf yjvm+ g s`|`x xj g hedx`|x gdh R!vgp|+ gdh xbe lja~kex`jd jc g lja~vebed|`se

aeh`lgk b`|xjvp$ Aj|x jc xbe lj|x| `dluvveh huv`di xb`| ~vjle|| gve gx xbe er~ed|e jc xbe g~~k`lgdx$ \ee \elx`jd G$3$e

jc xb`| lbg~xev cjv ghh`x`jdgk `dcjvagx`jd jd xbe lj|x| g||jl`gxeh y`xb xbe aeh`lgk lkegvgdle ~vjle||$

Gcxev xbe esgkugx`jd+ g~~k`lgdx| gve e`xbev aeh`lgkkp wugk`cèh cjv |evs`le+ aeh`lgkkp wugk`cèh y`xb ve|xv`lx`jd| jd

ybeve xbep lgd |evse+ hecevveh udx`k g begkxb ljdh`x`jd bg| feed ve|jkseh gdh heeaeh |xgfke cjv g ~ev`jh jc xàe+ jv

h`|wugk`cèh$ Jdle gd g~~k`lgdx `| aeh`lgkkp wugk`cèh cjv êgle Ljv~| |evs`le+ y`xb jv y`xbjux ve|xv`lx`jd|+ xbe

^kgleaedx Ud`x fei`d| vesèy`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd$

G$7$l \ekelx`jd gdh ~kgleaedx

G~~k`lgx`jd| gve vesèyeh xj ed|uve xbgx gkk keigk vewu`veaedx| gve aex+ gdh g c`dgk |m`kk| gdh |u`xgf`k`xp g||e||aedx

`| hjde fp g ~kgleaedx jcc`lev$ Xbe g||e||aedx `dsjkse| g c`dgk ~g~ev vesèy$ Jllg|`jdgkkp+ g ~kgleaedx jcc`lev

y`kk ljud|ek lgdh`hgxe| xj |eem ghh`x`jdgk er~evèdle xj feljae ajve lja~ex`x`se jv y`kk veoelx xbea `c xbep gve djx

lja~ex`x`se$ Lgdh`hgxe| ybj gve heeaeh wugk`c eh gve ag`keh gd `ds`xgx jd xj |evse$ Xbe g~~k`lgdx bg| xed hgp|

cvja xbe hgxe xbep vele`se xbe ag`keh `ds xgx`jd m`x xj glle~x jv helk de$ @ds`xgx`jd| gve xp~`lgkkp `||ueh xyj xj xbvee

ajdxb| ~v`jv xj he~gvxuve+ gkxbjuib xbep lgd fe `||ueh g| egvkp g| |`r ajdxb| jv g| kgxe g| |`r yeem| ~v`jv xj

he~gvxuve$

G$6$ Jcc`le| `dsjkseh `d xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea

Xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea `| g lja~ker ~vjle|| xbgx |~gd| duaevju| jcc`le| gdh hek`sev| wugk`cèh gdh

ajx`sgxeh Sjkudxeev| `d |u~~jvx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga| jsev|eg|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |xgcc aeafev| `dsjkseh

`d xbe |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| hj g veagvmgfke ojf ~vjle||`di kgvie duafev| jc g~~k`lgx`jd| gdh ~kgl`di Sjkudxeev|

jsev|eg|+ e|~el`gkkp i`sed xbgx xbe ~vjle|| `| kgviekp ~g~ev hv`sed gdh `| djx cukkp guxjagxeh$



7>9

@d ghh`x`jd xj xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd+ g duafev jc jcc`le| |bgve ve|~jd|`f`k`xp cjv e`xbev

~vjle||`di g~~k`lgx`jd| jv |u~~jvx`di g|~elx| jc xbe |ekelx`jd ~vjle||$

G$6$g Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd

Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd `| xbe ~vàgvp jcc`le ve|~jd|`fke cjv ~vjle||`di g~~k`lgx`jd|

xbvjuib xbe |p|xea$ Xbe jcc`le velvu`x|+ |ekelx|+ gdh ~kgle| wugk`cèh U$\$ l`x`zed| xj aeex xbe deeh cjv êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev| jsev|eg|$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd `| jvigd`zeh `dxj xyj |uf!jcc`le|‘xbe

Jcc`le jc Velvu`xaedx gdh xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev ^kgleaedx gdh \xgi`di‘eglb y`xb h`ccevedx cudlx`jdgk

ve|~jd|`f`k`xè|$

G$6$f Xbe Jcc`le jc Velvu`xaedx

Xbeve gve d`de vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le| `d Gxkgdxg+ Fj|xjd+ Lb`lgij+ Hgkkg|+ Kj| Gdieke|+ Dey Pjvm+ \gd

Cvgdl`|lj+ \egxxke+ gdh Vj||kpd+ S`vi`d`g$ Xbep gve jcxed xbe c`v|x ~j`dx jc ljdxglx cjv `dh`s hugk| `dxeve|xeh `d êgle

Ljv~| |evs`le gdh bgse ~vàgvp ve|~jd|`f`k`xp cjv ~kgdd`di vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx lga~gìd| xbgx gxxvglx wugk`cèh

`dh`s`hugk|$ Xbe `d`x`gk g~~k`lgdx |lveed`di g||e||aedx gk|j xgme| ~kgle `d xbe|e vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le|$

Vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le|

Xbe ud`x‐| a`||`jd `| xj |u~~jvx xbe vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le| gdh xj à~vjse xbe jsevgkk eccelx`sede|| gdh

ecc`lèdlp jc Sjkudxeev velvu`xaedx gdh dja`dgx`jd fp ~vjs`h`di ~vjivga gdgkp|`|+ ajd`xjv`di+ gdh velvu`xev

xvg`d`di$

Velvu`xaedx \u~~jvx Ud`x

Xbe ud`x |u~~jvx| xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd `d `x| eccjvx| xj gxxvglx+ velvu`x+ gdh vexg`d g

h`sev|e lghve jc Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe ud`x |u~~jvx| xbe vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le|‐ eccjvx| xj ehulgxe gdh `dcjva xbe

~ufk`l gfjux xbe fedec`x| jc |evs`le `d xbe êgle Ljv~|$

H`sev|`xp Velvu`xaedx gdh Dgx`jdgk Juxveglb

Xb`| ud`x ~gvxdev| y`xb ivghugxe |lbjjk| xj aeex xbe `dlveg|`di heagdh jsev|eg| cjv êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| y`xb

bìb kesek| jc ehulgx`jd gdh xelbd`lgk er~evx`|e$

Ag|xev‐| @dxevdgx`jdgk vjivga

G$6$l Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev ^kgleaedx gdh \xgi`di

Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev ^kgleaedx gdh \xgi`di `| aghe u~ jc xyj ud`x| he|lv`feh fekjy$

Xbe ud`x ljkkelx| xvg`dee vewue|x| cvja xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~j|x| jsev|eg| gdh ljdsep| xbj|e vewue|x| xj xbe vei`jdgk

velvu`xaedx jcc`le|$ Xbe ud`x yjvm| xj |u~~kp Sjkudxeev| xj aeex xbe heagdh| jc ~j|x|$ @d ghh`x`jd+ xbe ud`x

ljdhulx| xbe c`dgk g~~k`lgx`jd vesèy xj hexeva`de g~~k`lgdx ekì`f`k`xp fg|eh jd keigk iu`hek`de| gdh xbed agme| xbec`dgk agxlb`di gdh |ekelx`jd hel`|`jd$

^kgleaedx Ud`x

Xb`| ud`x |lbehuke| gdh agdgie| xbe ~ve!he~gvxuve jvèdxgx`jd mdjyd g| |xgi`di cjv xvg`dee| `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$

\xgi`di Ud`x



7>2

G$6$h Jxbev jcc`le| xbgx |u~~jvx xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea

Xbe ^ve!\evs`le Ud`x `d xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| bg| g h`velx vjke `d ~vjle||`di g~~k`lgx`jd| `d xbe Sjkudxeev

hek`sevp |p|xea$ Xbe ud`x `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv vesèy`di esevp g~~k lgdx‐| aeh`lgk b`|xjvp gdh cjv `||u di aeh`lgk

lkegvgdle|$

Xbe ^ve!\evs`le Ud`x `d xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le|

^j|x| xbvjuibjux xbe xbvee iejivg~b`l vei`jd| gdh xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| hv`se xbe edx`ve Sjkudxeev

hek`sevp |p|xea fp vewue|x`di Sjkudxeev|$

Jsev|eg| êgle Ljv~| ~j|x|

Xbe Jcc`le jc Ljaaud`lgx`jd| |u~~jvx| xbe |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| fp hesekj~`di velvu`xaedx agvmex`di lga~gìd|+

agxev`gk|+ u~hgx`di xbe yef|`xe+ gdh u|`di |jl`gk aeh`g‘`dlkuh`di Xy`xxev+ Cglefjjm+ gdh PjuXufe‘xj ehulgxe

xbe ~ufk`l gfjux xbe êgle Ljv~|$

Xbe Jcc`le jc Ljaaud`lgx`jd|

G$<$ @a~keaedx`di g dey velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip cjv |m`kkeh gdh bìbkp |m`kkeh Sjkudxeev|

Xbe |xvgxei`l s`|`jd ~ve|edxeh `d lbg~xev @@ y`kk bgse gd àaed|e à~glx jd velvu`xaedx$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk

xgviex eccjvx| gdh ve|juvle| xj xbe agojv`xp jc g~~k`lgdx|‘pjudi ~vjce||`jdgk| y`xb kà`xeh yjvm er~evèdle‘fp

kesevgi`di xbe`v |xvedixb| xj agrà`ze xbe`v à~glx+ yb`ke u|`di bìbkp |m`kkeh Sjkudxeev| xj lja~keaedx ~j|x

~vjivgaa`di$ Xbeve y`kk fe xyj h`ccevedx Sjkudxeev ajhek|+ jde cjv Sjkudxeev| y`xb iedevgk |m`kk| gdh gdjxbev cjv

bìbkp |m`kkeh Sjkudxeev|$ Ljd|ewuedxkp+ xbe giedlp y kk deeh xyj h`ccevedx agvmex`di+ velvu`xaedx+ gdh ~kgleaedx

|xvgxeiè| xj gxxvglx gdh vexg`d wugk`cèh g~~k`lgdx|$

G$<$g Iedevgk`|x sjkudxeev|

Xbvjuibjux xbe b`|xjvp jc xbe êgle Ljv~|+ xbe giedlp bg| feed bìbkp |ulle||cuk gx xgm`di pjudi ~vjce||`jdgk|+

~vjs`h`di xbea y`xb kgdiugie+ lvj||!lukxuvgk+ gdh xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di+ gdh ~kgl`di xbea `d udhev|evseh ljaaud`xè|$

Xbe|e cker`fke+ edeviex`l+ yekk!vjudheh iedevgk`|x| gve jcxed `hedx`cèh fp jsev|eg| |xgcc g| fe`di yekk |u`xeh xj

cukc`kk`di xbe ud`wue a`|| jd gdh xbe xbvee ijgk| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Xbe dey |xvgxei`l s`|`jd ~vj~j|e| `dse|x`di

ajve ve|juvle| `d Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di xj ed|uve xbgx Sjkudxeev| bgse xbe |m`kk| deeheh xj fe eccelx`se `d g||ìdaedx|

gdh ljudxvè| ybeve xbe`v kesek jc er~evx`|e `| g~~vj~v`gxe gdh ybeve xbep lgd bgse g wugk`xp er~evèdle gdh g

heajd|xvgxeh a~glx$

Xj velvu`x xbe fe|x Sjkudxeev|+ jsev|eg| ~vjivgaa`di |xgcc |bjukh hec`de xbe ~ev|jdgk gxxv`fuxe| gdh he|`veh djd!

xelbd`lgk |m`kk| xbgx Sjkudxeev| deeh xj ~evcjva eglb xgviexeh `dxevsedx`jd$ Xbe|e y`kk fe |xgdhgvh`zeh+ gkxbjuib

~j|x| y`kk |x`kk fe gfke xj vewue|x Sjkudxeev| y`xb ghh`x`jdgk |m`kk| xbgx gve dele||gvp xj ~evcjva g||ìdaedx| `d g

~gvx`lukgv ljudxvp$ Xb`| y`kk `dcjva xbe dey velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip+ felgu|e jdle xbe êgle Ljv~| `hedx cè| xbe

~ev|jdgk gxxv`fuxe| gdh djd!xelbd`lgk |m`kk| dele||gvp cjv g Sjkudxeev+ vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le| lgd xgviex

velvu`xaedx eccjvx| xj c`dh`di xbe|e dh`s`hugk|$

Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd y`kk cjlu| jd velvu`x`di gdh |ekelx`di iedevgk`|x Sjkudxeev| ybj

gve pjudi ~vjce||`jdgk| gdh veledx ljkkeie ivghugxe| y`xb kà`xeh yjvm er~evèdle$ Xbe giedlp y`kk deeh g dey

velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip xj xgviex iedevgk`|x Sjkudxeev|$ Gd à~jvxgdx lja~jdedx jc xb`| velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip y`kk fe gd

`dxeivgxeh h`sev|`xp velvu xaedx |xvgxeip$ H`sev|`xp velvu`xaedx `| h`|lu||eh `d \elx`jd G$8$



7>0

G$<$f \m`kkeh sjkudxeev|

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gdh xelbd`lgk er~evx`|e$ Xbe|e |m`kkeh Sjkudxeev| gve jcxed ajve agxuve gdh fv`di g ud`wue gdh he| veh xelbd`lgk

|m`kk |ex xbgx edbgdle| gdh lja~keaedx| xbe yjvm jc iedevgk`|x Sjkudxeev| gx ~j|x|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| lgd fe ajve

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he|ìd`di xbe`v ~vjoelx|+ fp fe`di ajve cker`fke gfjux xbe kedixb jc |evs`le+ gdh fp velvu`x`di gd ~kgl`di xbea

xbvjuib êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e$ \ee lbg~xev @@$

\m`kkeh Sjkudxeev| bgse h`ccevedx er~elxgx`jd| gdh deeh| xbgx deeh xj fe ghhve||eh huv`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd gdh

|ekelx`jd ~vjle||$ G| ~gvx jc xbe ves ey jc xbe Sjkudxeev Hek sevp \p|xea ljdhulxeh d 7000+ xbe vesèy xega

djxeh?

‛S`vxugkkp gkk xbe jvigd`zgx`jd| xbgx xbe vesèy xega s`|`xeh glx`sekp velvu`x gdh |egvlb cjv bgvh!xj!c`kk

~j|`x`jd|$ Xbep `d xuvd |~edh g kjx jc xàe+ eccjvx+ gdh ajdep |egvlb`di gdh velvu`x`di xbe|e| dh`s`hugk| “

gdh xbep xvegx xbea h`ccevedxkp `d xbe g~~k`lgx`jd gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle||$‑ 39

Jcxed xbe|e g~~k`lgdx| bgse ivegxev ~ev|jdgk gdh ~vjce||`jdgk ljaa`xaedx| xbgx gccelx xbe`v gf`k`xp xj veag`d cker`fke

huv`di xbe g~~k`lgx jd ~vjle||$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj fe gfke xj ~vjs`he xbea y`xb `dcjvagx`jd veigvh`di ybgx

xp~e jc ojf xbep y`kk fe ~evcjva`di gdh xbe he~gvxuve hgxe cgvxbev `d ghsgdle xbgd yjukh fe xbe lg|e y`xb iedevgk`|x

Sjkudxeev|$

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veigvh`di xbe dgxuve jc xbe yjvm+ dele||gvp |m`kk|+ gd g~~k`lgx`jd heghk`de+ gdh gd erglx he~gvxuve hgxe xbgx yjukh fe

~j|xeh jd xbe yef|`xe$ êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e y`kk yjvm y`xb ~j|x| xj |ekelx xbe aj|x wugk`cèh gdh |u`xgfke

`dh`s`hugk| xj fe êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev|$

G$8$ H`sev|`xp velvu`xaedx

Xbe êgle Ljv~| velvu`x| Sjkudxeev| ybj veckelx xbe iedhev+ gie+ |erugk jvèdxgx`jd+ exbd`l`xp+ vgl`gk+ gdh |jl`j!

eljdja`l agme!u~ jc xbe ~ej~ke jc xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$ Xbe |eljdh ijgk jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‘‛xj bek~ ~vjajxe g

fexxev udhev|xgdh`di jc Gaev`lgd| jd xbe ~gvx jc ~ej~ke| |evseh‑‘`| fe|x glbèseh fp g h`sev|e lghve jc Sjkudxeev|

ybj bgse g y`he sgvèxp jc fglmivjudh| gdh er~evèdle|$ @d CP 6>>0+ 98 ~evledx jc gkk Sjkudxeev| `hedx`c eh

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jv Dgx`se Gaev`lgd+ gdh ghh`x`jdgk 7> ~evledx jc ~ej~ke lbj|e djx xj `hedx`cp xbe`v exbd`l`xp$

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~vjs`h`di `dledx`se| cjv velvu`xev| xj s`|`x ajve B`|xjv`lgkkp Fkglm Ljkkeie| gdh Ud`sev|`xè|+ B`|~gd`l \evs`di

@d|x`xux`jd|+ gdh Xv`fgk Ljkkeie|= ~gvx`l`~gx`di gx ~vjce||`jdgk ljdcevedle| y`xb g h`sev|`xp cjlu|= gdh `dlveg|`diagvmex`di juxveglb xj h`sev|e ivju~|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| gk|j b`v`di gd ghh`x`jdgk h`sev|`xp velvu`xaedx |~el`gk`|x

ybj y`kk fe fg|eh gx xbe beghwugvxev| jcc`le gdh ybj y`kk yjvm y`xb xbe h`sev|`xp k`g`|jd velvu`xev| gx eglb jc xbe

vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le| xj hesekj~ xjjk|+ ve|juvle|+ gdh xvg`d`di cjv velvu xev|$ \xgcc aeafev| gx xbe vei`jdgk

velvu`xaedx jcc`le| djxeh xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| hje| djx bgse fvgdh veljid`x`jd `d agdp vgl`gkkp h`sev|e

ljaaud`xè| gdh |g`h xbgx xj iedevgxe g~~k`lgx`jd| cvja h`sev|e ~j~ukgx`jd| `d xbe kjdi vud+ xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh|

xj vg`|e `x| s`|`f`k`xp `d xbe|e ljaaud`xè| xbvjuib g agvmex`di lga~gìd$

39 Vesèy jc xbe Sjkudxeev Hek`sevp \p|xea C dgk Ve~jvx+ Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv$ \e~xeafev 7000$ ~$ 77



77>

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yekk g| g~~k`lgdx| y`xb iedevgk |m`kk|$ Velvu`x`di xbe|e `dh`s`hugk| vewu`ve| h`ccevedx agvmex`di gdh ghsevx`|`di

g~~vjglbe|$ @d eccelx+ xbe êgle Ljv~| velvu`x| esevp `dxeve|xeh Gaev`lgd+ yb`lb aegd| xbgx ve|juvle|+ xàe+ gdh

edevip gve h`|~ev|eh$ Fp cjlu|`di jd velvu`x`di pjudi Gaev`lgd| y`xb kà`xeh yjvm er~evèdle+ |~el`c`l ~ev|jdgk

gxxv`fuxe|+ gdh djd!xelbd`lgk |m`kk|+ velvu`xev| lgd |~edh ajve xàe gdh ve|juvle| jd h`sev|`xp velvu`x`di y`xb`d xb`|

hec`deh ivju~$ @d jxbev yjvh|+ `c xbe êgle Ljv~| lkegvkp gvx`lukgxe| gdh hec`de| xbe gxxv`fuxe| gdh |m`kk| vewu`veh xj

fe g Sjkudxeev+ xbe giedlp lgd `hedx`cp ybeve xj velvu`x xbj|e Sjkudxeev| gdh lgd cjlu| ajve ve|juvle| jd velvu`x`di

g h`sev|e lghve jc g~~k`lgdx|$

Felgu|e vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le| gdh velvu`xev|‐ ~evcjvagdle| gve ~vàgv`kp fg|eh jd bjy agdp g~~k`lgdx| gve

dja`dgxeh jv veljaaedheh xj ajse cjvygvh `d xbe ~vjle||+ velvu`xaedx eccjvx| gve ~vàgv`kp h`velxeh gx ljkkeie|

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`dse|x xàe+ edevip+ gdh ve|juvle| gx ljkkeie| gdh ud`sev|`xè| gdh y`xb`d he~gvxaedx|+ lkuf|+ exl$ ybeve xbe êgle

Ljv~| bg| gkveghp e|xgfk`|beh g vekgx`jd|b`~$ \~edh`di xàe gx |lbjjk| xbgx ~vjhule ceyev Sjkudxeev| `| sèyeh

udcgsjvgfkp fp velvu xev|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj ajve eccelx`sekp fgkgdle xàe |~edx gx bìb! gdh kjy!

~vjhul`di |lbjjk|$

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Ljkkeie| gdh Ud`sev|`xè|+ B`|~gd`l \evs`di @d|x`xux`jd|+ gdh Xv`fgk Ljkkeie|‘velvu`xev| y`kk deeh xj hj ajve xbgd

s`|`x xbe |lbjjk jdle jv xy`le g pegv$ Velvu`xev| bgse xj |~edh g |ìd`c`lgdx gajudx jc xàe lukx`sgx`di vekgx jd|b`~|

y`xb gha`d`|xvgx`jd gdh cglukxp+ er~kg`d ybgx xbe êgle Ljv~| `| gdh ybgx `x hje|+ gdh heajd|xvgxe xbgx xbe giedlp

`| gd `dsjkseh ~gvxdev$

U|`di \xvgxei`l Velvu`xev| "\XVGX\ ljukh fe gd eccelx`se velvu`x`di ve|juvle gx kjy!~vjhul`di ljkkeie| gdh

ud`sev|`xè|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| u|e| \XVGX\ ~vàgv`kp gx ljkkeie| gdh ud`sev|`xè| xbgx bgse b`|xjv`lgkkp ~vjhuleh g

bìb duafev jc Sjkudxeev g~~k lgx`jd| gdh Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| ljdxvglx| y`xb ljkkeie| gdh ud`sev|`xè| xj

b`ve g ~gvx!xàe Vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev |xuhedx jd lga~u|$ Xbe \XVGX\ ~kgd velvu`xaedx esedx| gdh

veljaaedh g~~k`lgdx| xj ajse cjvygvh xj xbe derx |xe~$ \XVGX\ gve |u~~j|eh xj dja`dgxe gx keg|x xb`vxp

g~~k`lgdx|+ xyedxp jc ybja gve |u~~j|eh xj fe |m`kkeh g~~k`lgdx|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh ekà`dgxe xbe dja`dgx`jd

wujxg| cjv |m`kkeh g~~k`lgdx|+ gdh \XVGX\ |bjukh cjlu| jd vg`|`di gygvede|| gdh jd iedevgx`di g~~k`lgx`jd| cvja

h`sev|e lgdh`hgxe|$ Luvvedxkp xbeve `| jde ljdxvglx `d ~kgle gx g B`|~gd`l \evs`di @d|x`xux`jd+ y`xb ~kgd| xj ~kgle

xbvee xj cjuv \XVGX\ gx B`|xjv`lgkkp Fkglm Ljkkeie| gdh Ud`sev|`xè|+ B`|~gd`l \evs`di @d|x`xux`jd|+ gdh Xv`fgk

Ljkkeie|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh `dlveg|e xbe duafev jc \XVGX\ gx |ekelx ljkkeie| gdh ud`sev| xè| xbgx bgse djx

xvgh`x`jdgkkp pèkheh bìb duafev| jc g~~k`lgx`jd|$

@d ghh`x`jd xj h`velx`di vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le| xj cjlu| xàe gdh edevip jd fu`kh`di vekgx`jd|b`~| y`xb |lbjjk|

gdh jvigd`zgx`jdgk ivju~| xbgx bgse djx xvgh`x`jdgkkp pèkheh bìb duafev| jc g~~k`lgx`jd|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj

vecjva xbe g~~k`lgx`jd gdh |ekelx jd ~vjle||$ Egvkèv ve~jvx| jd xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea bgse |uiie|xeh xbgx

xbe lj|x jc xbe aeh`lgk lkegvgdle ~vjle|| gdh xbe kedixb jc xàe `x xgme| xj ~vjle|| g~~k`lgx`jd| à~glx| |jl`j!

eljdja`l h`sev|`xp$ Xbe|e `heg| gve h`|lu||eh ajve `d |elx`jd G$3$e$

G$5$ Agvmex`di

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Ljaaud`lgx`jd| u|e xbe dey velvu`xaedx |xvgxeiè| xj hesekj~

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xj xbe ~ufk`l$



777

Xj hj xb`|+ xbe Jcc`le jc Ljaaud`lgx`jd| y`kk deeh ve|juvle| xj vg`|e xbe s`|`f`k`xp jc xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh xj ljdsep

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kjlgk esedx| xbgx gve gxxedheh fp ~jxedx`gk g~~k`lgdx| y`xb xbe ~ev|jdgk gxxv`fuxe| gdh |m`kk| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| bg|

`hedx`cèh$ Xbe|e esedx| |bjukh fe gàeh gx `dlveg|`di xbe s`| f`k`xp jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ @d 6>>0+ xbe êgle Ljv~|

feigd u|`di |jl`gk aeh`g+ `dlkuh`di Pju Xufe+ Ck`lmv+ Xy`xxev+ gdh Cglefjjm$ G| jc Oude 6>7>+ degvkp <8+>>>

~ej~ke bgh feljae cgd| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| jd Cglefjjm$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| gk|j |bjukh fe |edh`di eag`k ae||gie|

jd g sgvèxp jc êgle Ljv~| vekgxeh xj~`l| xj ~vj|~elx`se gdh luvvedx g~~k`lgdx| jd g veiukgv fg|`|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@!7?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd

hesekj~ g dey velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip xbgx bg| gd `dxeivgxeh h`sev|`xp velvu`xaedx lja~jdedx$ Xbe dey velvu`xaedx

|xvgxeip |bjukh cjlu| jd velvu`x`di `dh`s`hugk| y`xb kà`xeh yjvm er~evèdle fux ybj bgse xbe ~ev|jdgk gxxv`fuxe|

gdh djd!xelbd`lgk |m`kk| dele||gvp xj fe |ulle||cuk êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e hesekj~ g dey velvu`xaedx

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lja~keaedx xbe eccjvx| jc êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e velvu xaedx |xvgxeip gk|j deeh| xjbgse gd dxeivgxeh h`sev|`xp velvu`xaedx lja~jdedx$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@!<?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Ljaaud`lgx`jd| hesekj~ g dey

agvmex`di ~kgd fg|eh jd xbe xyj velvu`xaedx |xvgxeiè|$

G$3$ @a~vjs`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle||

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xbe kà`xgx`jd| jc xbe j~evgx`di |p|xea|+ gdh esevp pegv xbju|gdh| jc wugk`cèh Sjkudxeev| gve ~kgleh `d xbe cèkh

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lj|x jc xbe aeh`lgk er~ed|e| vekgxeh xj g~~kp`di xj xbe êgle Ljv~|$ @a~vjs`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle||

`| lv`x`lgk xj ed|uv`di xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| ljdx`due| xj ~vjs`he ljudxvè| y`xb erle~x`jdgk Sjkudxeev| ybj gve

edeviex`l+ erl`xeh+ gdh ljaa`xxeh xj cukc`kk`di xbe xbvee ijgk| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| `d ljaaud`xè| gvjudh xbe yjvkh$

Xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea ajhevd`zgx`jd gdh ve!he|ìd+ yb`lb `| h`|lu||eh `d |elx`jd F$<$ `| `dxedheh xj

ghhve|| xbe|e ||ue|$

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32 G lj~p jc xbe |uvsep `| ~vjs`heh `d G~~edh`r S@!7+ gdh |uvsep ve|ukx| gve ~vjs`heh `d G~~edh`r S@!6$



776

cvja xbe ~ej~ke xbgx ~vjle|| xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ g~~k`lgx`jd|+ `dlkuh`di |xgcc aeafev| jc xbe vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx

jcc`le|+ xbe ^ve!\evs`le Aeh`lgk \lveed`di Ud`x+ gdh xbe ^kgleaedx Ud`x$

G$3$g Ed|uv`di g lja~ex`x`se |ekelx`jd ~vjle||

Xbe êgle Ljv~| he~edh| jd edeviex`l+ xgkedxeh `dh`s`hugk| ybj gve ljaa`xxeh xj |evs`le jsev|eg|$ Xj ed|uve xbgx

wugk`xp Sjkudxeev| gve fe`di |ekelxeh+ xbe êgle Ljv~| au|x ljdx`due xj ed|uve xbgx xbe |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| `|

lja~ex`x`se gdh xbgx jdkp xbe aj|x wugk`cèh g~~k`lgdx| gve `ds xeh xj |evse `d xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Luvvedxkp+ g~~k`lgdx|

gve djx esgkugxeh gdh vgxeh glljvh`di xj hec`deh+ jfoelx`se g||e||aedx lv`xev`g$ G~~k`lgdx| xbgx aeex xbe a`dàua

wugk`c`lgx`jd| ajse cjvygvh gx eglb |xgie felgu|e xbe |p|xea `| e||edx`gkkp ~g||*cg`k$

Yb`ke velvu`xev| gdh ~kgleaedx jcc`lev| djxeh xbgx xbep bgse veoelxeh g~~k`lgdx| ybj h`h djx aeex a`dàua

wugk`c`lgx`jd|+ xbep cekx ke|| ljacjvxgfke veoelx`di g~~k`lgdx| ybj ou|x fgvekp aex a`d aua vewu`veaedx|$ @d|xegh jc

veoelx`di g~~k`lgdx|+ velvu`xev| gdh ~kgleaedx jcc`lev| jcxed ljud|ek |ulb g~~k`lgdx| xj y`xbhvgy gdh ig`d ajve

er~evèdle$ G~~k`lgdx| gve |ekelxeh fg|eh jd xbe h`|lvex`jd jc g |`dike velvu`xev gdh ~kgleaedx jcc lev$ Xbe 7000

Vesèy jc xbe Sjkudxeev Hek`sevp \p|xea elbjeh xb`| |edxàedx gdh yedx jd xj aedx`jd xbgx ~gvx jc xbe veg|jd cjv

|ufoelx`se |ekelx`jd| `| xbe ‛kglm jc ljd|`|xedx+ jfoelx`se g||e||aedx lv`xev`g‑ gdh xbe ‛kglm jc vegk iu`hek`de| cjv ‒he!

|ekelx`di‐ g~~k`lgdx|$‑30

Xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp ajhevd`zgx`jd gdh ve!he|ìd `| cjlu|eh jd ghhve||`di xb`| `||ue$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj hesekj~ ajve vìjvju| lv`xev`g cjv |ekelx`di gdh he!|ekelx`di g~~k`lgdx|+ gdh g~~k`lgdx|

|bjukh fe vgxeh huv`di xbe `d`x`gk g||e||aedx gdh `dxevsèy ljdhulxeh fp velvu`xev|$ Velvu`xev| |bjukh vele`se

|xgdhgvh`zeh xvg`d di jd bjy xj esgkugxe g~~k`lgdx| glljvh`di xj e|xgfk`|beh lv`xev`g$ ^kgleaedx jcc`lev| |bjukh

gkygp| vele`se xbjvjuib esgkugx jd| xbgx vewu`ve s`vxugkkp dj ghh`x`jdgk g||e||aedx$ ^kgleaedx jcc`lev| ljukh u|e

xbe vgx`di| xj `ds`xe erle~x`jdgk g~~k`lgdx| xj |evse `d xbe êgle Ljv~|+ djx xbj|e xbgx ou|x aeex xbe a`dàua

wugk`c`lgx`jd|$

Xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle|| gccelx| lja~ex x`jd `d gdjxbev ygp$ Eglb vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le `| gkkjlgxeh g duafev

jc |kjx| ybed dja`dgx`di g xvg`d`di ivju~ cjv g ~gvx`lukgv ~vjivga$ Aj|x vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc le| h`|lu|| yb`lb

g~~k`lgdx| xj dja`dgxe+ e|~el`gkkp cjv gveg| ybeve xbeve `| gd gfudhgdle jc g~~k`lgdx| ybj aeex xbe wugk`c`lgx`jd|

cjv xbgx g||ìdaedx gveg$ Bjyesev+ vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le| gdh velvu`xev| bgse g kà`xeh sèy jc xbe edx`ve

g~~k`lgdx ~jjk gdh bgse dj ygp jc lja~gv`di xbe g~~k`lgdx| xbep dja`dgxe xj g~~k`lgdx| fe`di dja`dgxeh fp jxbev

vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le|$ Gcxev dja`dgx`jd+ g~~k`lgdx| ajse xj xbe aeh`lgk lkegvgdle ~bg|e+ gdh fgvv`di gdp

aeh`lgk ve|xv`lx`jd| jv ~vjle||`di hekgp|+ ~kgleaedx jcc`lev| esgkugxe g~~k`lgdx| fecjve `ds`x`di xbea xj feljae

êgle Ljv~| xvg`dee| `d xbe ~vjivga| xj yb`lb xbep yeve jvì`dgkkp dja`dgxeh$

Xj ed|uve g lja~ex`x`se ~vjle||+ g~~k`lgdx| |bjukh fe esgkugxeh gdh vgxeh glljvh`di xj g |ex jc hec`deh lv xev`g$ Xb`|

yjukh agme `x eg|èv xj lja~gve g~~k`lgdx|+ yb`lb `| xbe `hegk ygp xj |ekelx xbe aj|x wugk`cèh g~~k`lgdx$

G$3$f Kedixb jc xàe

Xbe xàe xbgx `x xgme| xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ~vjle|| gd g~~k`lgx`jd "cvja xàe jc |ufa`||`jd xj edxev`di jd huxp `|kedixbp$ @d 6>>0+ xbe aeh`gd kedixb jc xàe `x xjjm xj ~vjle|| gd g~~k`lgx jd yg| xyekse ajdxb|+ g jde ajdxb

`dlveg|e cvja xbe aeh`gd ~vjle||`di xàe| `d 6>>2+ 6>>9+ gdh 6>>3$ Cjv xbe g~~k`lgdx| gx xbe d`de ~ve!he~gvxuve

jvèdxgx`jd| `d Agvlb+ xbe gsevgie g~~k`lgx jd ~vjle||`di xàe yg| 75$5 ajdxb|$ Xbeve gve duaevju|+ sgk`h veg|jd|

ybp xbe ~vjle||`di xàe `dlveg|eh veledxkp+ `dlkuh`di g |uvie `d g~~k`lgx`jd| `d 6>>0+ ceyev gsg`kgfke Sjkudxeev

|kjx| gsg`kgfke `d CP 6>>0+ gkkjy`di |xgcc ~j|`x`jd| xj ij udc`kkeh felgu|e jc fuhiex lux|+ gdh gd `dlveg|e duafev jc

g~~k`lgx`jd| cvja xbj|e 5> gdh jkhev+ ybj jcxed bgse ajve lja~k`lgxeh aeh`lgk b`|xjvè| xbgx xgme kjdiev xj ~vjle||$

30 Vesèy jc xbe Sjkudxeev Hek`sevp \p|xea C dgk Ve~jvx+ Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv$ \e~xeafev 7000$ ~$ 75



77<

Jde jc xbe giedlp‐| ~evcjvagdle `dh`lgxjv| | g~~k`lgdx ~vjle||`di xàe "cvja g~~k lgx`jd xj `ds xgx`jd$ Xbe

`dh`lgxjv jdkp aeg|uve| xbe ~vjle||`di xàe xbgx xbe giedlp bg| hexeva`deh `| y`xb`d xbe ljdxvjk jc xbe êgle Ljv~|“

cvja xbe xàe xbe giedlp `| glx`sekp ~vjle||`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd gdh djx `dlkuh`di xàe |~edx yg`x`di jd `dcjvagx`jd

cvja xbe g~~k`lgdx$ Xbe `dh`lgxjv hje| djx `dlkuhe xbe xàe huv`di yb`lb g~~k`lgdx| bgse vele`seh xbe`v aeh`lgk m x|

fux bgse pex xj vexuvd xbea xj xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh xbe xàe cvja ybed gd `dh`s`hugk `| `ds`xeh xj |evse `d xbe êgle

Ljv~| gdh ybed xbep edxev jd huxp$ @d CP 6>>0+ xbe êgle Ljv~| h`h djx aeex `x| ~evcjvagdle `dh`lgxjv+ gdh

`d|xegh jc ~vjle||`di g~~k`lgx jd| `d 7>> hgp|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| ~vjle||eh g~~k`lgx`jd| `d 76< hgp|$ Fp xbe edh jc

CP 6>77+ xbe giedlp ygdx| xj vehule xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||`di xàe xj 2> hgp|$

Xbe d`de ivju~| jc g~~k`lgdx| ybj lja~kexeh xbe Agvlb 6>7> |uvsep `dh`lgxeh xbgx xbep xbjuibx xbgx xbe g~~k`lgx`jd

~vjle|| yg| kedixbp$ \esedxp!d`de ~evledx jc gkk ve|~jdhedx| `dh`lgxeh xbgx xbe ~vjle|| yg| kjdi jv xjj kjdi+

gkxbjuib 99 ~evledx ve|~jdheh xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| ~vjs`heh xbea y`xb gd glluvgxe he|lv`~x`jd jc xbe kedixb jc xbe

~vjle||$

Cìuve S@!6

Xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj vehule xbe gajudx jc xàe `x xgme| xj ~vjle|| gd g~~k`lgx`jd xj vexg`d g~~k`lgdx| huv`di xbe

g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||$ @d CP 6>>0+ xbe êgle Ljv~| ~vjle||eh 75+<23 g~~k`lgdx| jc yb`lb <+308 ~ej~ke edxeveh xbe

êgle Ljv~|$ Xbe agojv`xp jc xbj|e g~~k`lgdx| y`xbhvey "e`xbev glx sekp jv ~g||`sekp fp cg`k`di xj ve|~jdh xj

vewue|x| cjv ghh`x`jdgk `dcjvagx`jd$ @d 7005+ g xeke~bjde |uvsep jc g~~k`lgdx| ybj y`xbhvey huv`di xbe g~~k lgx`jd

~vjle|| cjudh xbgx+ ‛Vehul`di xbe kedixb jc xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle|| `| xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ `dxevsedx`jd aj|x k`mekp xj

bgse xbe fìie|x à~glx jd xbe hvj~jux vgxe$‑9> Gd egvkèv ve~jvx |~elukgxeh xbgx xbe kedixb jc xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||

`| ~vjfkeagx`l cjv |jae g~~k`lgdx| felgu|e xbep deeh xj bgse xbe c`dgdl`gk ve|juvle| xj yg`x huv`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd

~vjle||$

97

Velvu`xev| gk|j ve~jvxeh xbgx xbe kedixb jc xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle|| yg| g veg|jd ybp ~ej~ke h`h djx g~~kpxj xbe êgle Ljv~|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh ljaa`x xj ~vjle||`di gkk g~~k`lgx`jd| y`xb`d g levxg`d duafev jc ajdxb| gdh xbed |bjukh fe

bekh glljudxgfke cjv aeex`di xbgx ljaa`xaedx$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev

9> Cjkkjy u~ \xuhp jc Dja`dee| Ybj Hvj~ Jux jc xbe Sjkudxeev Hek`sevp \p|xea+ Jcc`le jc jk`lp+ ^kgdd`di+ gdh Gdgkp|`|$ Agvlb 7005$ ~$72$97 Lvj||!Jvigd`zgx`jdgk Vesèy jc xbe Sjkudxeev Hek`sevp \p|xea$ Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk$ Oukp 7005$ ~$ 63

7 6

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Xjj |bjvx \bjvx Vìbx Kedixb Kjdi Xjj Kjdi

@d pjuv j~`d`jd+ yg| xbe gajudx jc xàe fexyeed ybed pju|ufa`xxeh pjuv êgle Ljv~| g~~k`lgx`jd gdh pjuv gvv`sgk gx

|xgi`di?



778

Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd+ `d ljkkgfjvgx`jd y`xb xbe ^ve!\evs`le \lveed`di Aeh`lgk Ud`x+ hexeva`de xbe fe|x ygp xj

vehule g~~k`lgdx ~vjle||`di xàe yb`ke ag`dxg`d`di xbe `dxeiv`xp jc xbe ~vjle||$

G$3$l Ljaaud`lgx`jd

Xbe kedixb jc xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle|| `| erglevfgxeh fp xbe kglm jc `dcjvagx`jd |bgveh y`xb g~~k`lgdx| huv`di xbe

~vjle||$ Vehul`di xbe gajudx jc xàe xbgx `x xgme| xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ~vjle|| gd g~~k`lgx`jd `d ljdoudlx`jd y`xb

ajve aegd`dicuk gdh ajve cvewuedx ljdxglx y`kk gk|j bek~ vexg`d g~~k`lgdx|$ Xbe agojv`xp jc xvg`dee| ybj ve|~jdheh

xj xbe Agvlb 6>7> |uvsep agvmeh xbgx xbep ‛lja~kexekp‑ udhev|xjjh xbe |xe~| "velvu`xaedx+ ~kgleaedx+ gdh aeh`lgk

`d xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||+ fux g |uf|xgdx`gk duafev "86 ~evledx `dh`lgxeh xbgx xbep jdkp ‛|jaeybgx‑ udhev|xjjh xbe

|xe~|$

Cìuve S@!<

Xbe kglm jc udhev|xgdh`di gfjux xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle|| `| k`mekp felgu|e g~~k`lgdx| hj djx udhev|xgdh bjy xbe`v

g~~k`lgx`jd| ~vjive|| xbvjuib xbe |p|xea$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| yef|`xe hje| g ivegx ojf er~kg`d`di xbe |xe~| gdh

velvu`xev| ve`xevgxe xbe |xe~| huv`di xbe `dxevsèy+ fux g~~k`lgdx| lgd feljae cvu|xvgxeh `c xbep ceek xbgx xbe êgle

Ljv~| `| djx ~vjs`h`di `dcjvagx`jd xbgx gccelx| xbe`v `dh`s`hugk |xgxu|$

Xbe 6>>< esgkugx`jd jc xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea ljdhulxeh fp xbe Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk gdh xbe

7000 `dxevdgk vesèy jd xbe |gae xj~`l elbjeh xbe à~jvxgdle jc aegd`dicuk ljaaud`lgx`jd xbvjuibjux xbe

~vjle||$ Xbe 7000 `dxevdgk vesèy jc xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea jf|evseh xbgx+ ‛Kglm jc ljaaud`lgx`jd+ kà`xeh

|bgv`di jc `dcjvagx`jd+ gdh djx mdjy`di ybgx xj er~elx cvja xbe êgle Ljv~| gfjux xà`di `||ue| kegh| g~~k`lgdx| xj

wue|x`jd xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ `dxeve|x `d xbe`v g~~k`lgx`jd‑ gdh ‛Sjkudxeev| gdh Xvg`dee| ]|`lQ cekx xbep yeve me~x `d xbe

hgvm gfjux xbe ~vjle|| gdh xbe`v ~vjive||`jd xbvjuib xbe |p|xea$‑96

Xbe aj|x cvewuedxkp l`xeh |uiie|x`jd jd bjy xj à~vjse xbe velvu`xaedx ~vjle|| aedx`jdeh `d xbe Agvlb 6>7>|uvsep ledxeveh jd fexxev gdh ajve cvewuedx ljaaud`lgx`jd$ Jde |uvsep ve|~jdhedx |g`h+ ‛Ou|x g cey u~hgxe| jd

vegkkp ybgx `| ij`di jd yjukh bgse feed aulb g~~vel`gxeh cjv ae$ Xbeve yeve xàe| ybeve @ yedx 5!3 ajdxb|

y`xbjux ljdxglx gdh @ ou|x cekx g k`xxke kecx `d xbe yjjh|$‑ Gdjxbev ve|~jdhedx |uiie|xeh xbgx xbe giedlp agme ‛ajve

ljdxglx y`xb g~~k`lgdx huv`di ~vjle||+ me~x yjdhev`di `c |x`kk `d xbe ~vjle||$‑ Xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj

ljaaud`lgxe y`xb g~~k`lgdx| gx keg|x jdle g ajdxb huv`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle||$

96 Vesèy jc xbe Sjkudxeev Hek`sevp \p|xea C dgk Ve~jvx+ Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv$ \e~xeafev 7000$ ~$6<$

Lja~kexekp59%

Djx gx Gkk7%

\jaeybgx86%

Bjy yekk h`h pju udhev|xgdh xbe |xe~| "velvu`xaedx+~kgleaedx+ gdh aeh`lgk lkegvgdle `d xbe g~~k`lgx`jd

~vjle||:



775

G$3$h Xvgd|~gvedlp

Ybed lgdh`hgxe| |ufa`x xbe`v g~~k`lgx`jd+ xbep gve e||edx`gkkp g~~kp`di xj |evse gdpybeve xbe êgle Ljv~| j~evgxe|+

`d gdp g||ìdaedx+ he~gvx`di gx gd udhexeva`deh cuxuve hgxe$ @x `| djx udx`k gd g~~k`lgdx ljae| `d cjv gd `dxevs ey

xbgx g velvu`xev fei`d| g h`gkji gfjux xbe g||ìdaedx gd g~~k`lgdx wugk`cè| cjv gdh `x `| djx udx`k dja`dgx`jd xbgx g

lgdh`hgxe kegvd| |~el c`l| gfjux xbe`v g||ìdaedx gveg+ vei`jd+ gdh g~~vjràgxe he~gvxuve hgxe$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|

deeh| xj fe gfke xj ~vjs`he ajve `dcjvagx`jd ~v`jv xj g~~k`lgx`jd |j xbgx g~~k`lgdx| lgd agme `dcjvaeh hel`|`jd|

gfjux ybexbev |evs`le `d xbe êgle Ljv~| `| vìbx cjv xbea$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh ljd|`hev k`|x`di gkk jc xbe

ljudxvè|+ ~vjivga|+ gdh g~~vjràgxe he~gvxuve hgxe| `d x| velvu`xaedx agxev`gk|$

Jd xbe g~~k`lgx`jd+ g~~k`lgdx| lgd `dh`lgxe g vei`jdgk ~vecevedle+ vgdm xbe`v xj~ xbvee g||ìdaedx gveg|+ gdh `dh`lgxe

ybed xbep gve gsg`kgfke xj he~gvx$ Huv`di xbe `dxevsèy g velvu`xev y`kk |xve|| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| gd jfkìgx`jd

xj c`kk gkk jc xbe vewue|x| cjv Sjkudxeev| gdh xbgx `x `| djx gkygp| ~j||`fke xj bjdjv gd g~~k`lgdx‐| ~vecevedle|$

Gkxbjuib g~~k`lgdx| gve ve~egxehkp xjkh xbgx djx gkk jc xbe`v ~vecevedle| lgd fe glljaajhgxeh+ |jae g~~k`lgdx|

`dh`lgxeh jd xbe |uvsep xbgx xbep h`h djx udhev|xgdh ybp xbep yeve ~kgleh `d g ~gvx`lukgv ljudxvp+ e|~el`gkkp `c xbep

er~ve||eh g ~vecevedle$ G~~k`lgdx| |bjukh gkygp| fe xjkh ybp xbe`v ~vecevedle| yeve jv yeve djx xgmed `dxj glljudx

gdh ybp xbe`v |m`kk| gve xbe fe|x agxlb cjv g ~gvx`lukgv ljudxvp gdh g||ìdaedx$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj fe ajve

xvgd|~gvedx gfjux bjy gd `dh`s`hugk `| dja`dgxeh gdh ~kgleh `d g ljudxvp gdh g||ìdaedx gveg gx fjxb xbevelvu`xaedx gdh ~kgleaedx kesek|$

Hel`|`jd| gfjux ybeve xj dja`dgxe gdh ~kgle Sjkudxeev| |bjukh fe gvv`seh gx auxugkkp fp g~~k`lgdx| gdh xbe êgle

Ljv~|$ Jsev|eg| |xgcc ve~jvxeh xbgx ybed xvg`dee| ybj gve djx bg~~p gfjux xbe`v ~kgleaedx gvv`se `d!ljudxvp+ g

|ìd`c`lgdx gajudx jc edevip `| |~edx jd velgk`fvgx di xbe`v er~elxgx`jd|$ Gkxbjuib edigi`di g~~k`lgdx| `d xbe

~kgleaedx ~vjle|| y`kk djx ve|ukx `d gkk jc xbea fe`di bg~~p y`xb xbe`v ~kgleaedx+ `x y`kk bek~ xbea udhev|xgdh xbe

vgx`jdgke cjv xbe ~kgleaedx$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj ljdx`due xj ljdsep xbgx x y`kk ljd|`hev gd g~~k lgdx‐|

~vecevedle| fux xbgx xbe giedlp‐| ~vàgvp ljaa`xaedx `| xj aeex bj|x ljudxvp deeh|$

G$3$e Lj|x jc aeh`lgk

Xbe êgle Ljv~| hje| djx ~gp xbe cukk lj|x `dluvveh fp gd g~~k`lgdx cjv xbe ~bp|`lgk+ hedxgk+ gdh s`|`jd erga`dgx`jd|

xbgx gve vewu`veh g| ~gvx jc xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk |bgve g ~jvx`jd jc xbe lj|x| g||jl`gxeh y`xb

xbe erga|+ kgf yjvm+ gdh r!vgp| xbgx gve dele||gvp+ bjyesev xbe giedlp y`kk djx ljsev lj|x| g||jl`gxeh y`xb s`|`x| xj

|~el`gk`|x ~bp|`l gd|$ Cìuve S@!8 fekjy |bjy| xbe agràua lj|x |bgv`di gajudx| fp |er gdh gie cjv ~bp|`lgk

erga|$ Xbe lj|x| |bgv`di gajudx| cjv hedxgk gdh s`|`jd erga| gve xbe |gae cjv gkk$

Cìuve S@!8

Aeh`lgk gdh Hedxgk Lj|x \bgv`di Gajudx|

Ceagke| pjudiev xbgd 8> (735

Ceagke| 8> gdh jkhev (60>

Agke| pjudiev xbgd 5> (765Agke| 5> gdh jkhev (795

Hedxgk cjv gkk (3>

S`|`jd cjv gkk (76

Glljvh`di xj g 6>>2 esgkugx`jd jc xbe aeh`lgk lkegvgdle ~vjle|| ljdhulxeh fp xbe Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk+

xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| h`h djx mdjy ybed xbe kg|x xàe xbe veàfuv|eaedx vgxe| bgh feed ghou|xeh gdh xbeve



773

yg| dj ~vjlehuve cjv esgkugx`di xbe lj|x |bgv`di agràua| jd g ~ev`jh`l fg|`|$ 9<

G xb`vh ~gvxp ljdxvglxjv xvglm|

g~~k`lgdx lkgà|+ gdh `d CP 6>>0+ xbe c`va ve~jvxeh xbgx 7>+029 lkgà| yeve |ufa`xxeh cjv g xjxgk jc (6$9 a`kk`jd `d

lbgvie|$ Xbe gsevgie lkgà |ufa`xxeh yg| (683$55= xbe gsevgie veàfuv|eaedx yg| (55$66+ gkxbjuib g~~k`lgdx| lgd

vele`se ajve xbgd jde veàfuv|eaedx$ Fp lja~gv`|jd+ `d CP 6>>3+ g~~k`lgdx| |ufa`xxeh 77+5>7 lkgà| cjv vjuibkp

(6$5 a`kk`jd `d lbgvie|$ Xbe gsevgie veàfuv|eaedx yg| (3<$78$

Xj iex g ajve vegk`|x`l `heg jc aeh`lgk lj|x| g||jl`gxeh y`xb xbe aeh`lgk lkegvgdle ~vjle|| cjv `dh`s`hugk| ybj edxev

xbe êgle Ljv~|+ xbe Agvlb 6>7> |uvsep g|meh he~gvx`di Sjkudxeev| ybexbev xbep bgh begkxb `d|uvgdle+ ybexbev

xbe`v er~ed|e| yeve ljseveh fp xbe v `d|uvgdle+ gdh xj e|xàgxe xbe`v jux!jc!~jlmex er~ed|e|$ Jc <78 ~ej~ke ybj

gd|yeveh+ 63> ve~jvxeh xbgx xbep bgh begkxb `d|uvgdle$ Bjyesev+ xbe agojv`xp |g`h xbgx xbe`v er~ed|e| yeve jdkp

~gvx`gkkp ljseveh fp xbe`v `d|uvgdle$ Xbe ve|~jdhedx| yeve g|meh xj e|xàgxe xbe er~ed|e| xbgx yeve djx ljseveh fp

`d|uvgdle+ gdh xbe e|xàgxe| vgdieh u~ xj (7<+>>>$ Xbe aeh`gd jux!jc!~jlmex er~ed|e yg| (<>>+ gdh xbe gsevgie

yg| (966$ @x `| à~jvxgdx xj djxe xbgx 75 ~evledx jc xbj|e |uvsepeh yeve 5> pegv| jkh gdh jkhev+ gdh xb`| agp bgse

|meyeh xbe |uvsep ve|ukx| felgu|e 5>- g~~k`lgdx| xedh xj bgse bìbev er~ed|e| vekgxeh xj xbe aeh`lgk lkegvgdle

~vjle||$ "@d CP 6>>0+ jdkp 3$0 ~evledx jc gkk Sjkudxeev| yeve 5>-$

Xbe lj|x| g||jl`gxeh y`xb xbe aeh`lgk |lveed`di ~vjle|| agp ~vesedx g~~k`lgdx| cvja g~~kp`di gdh xbe êgle Ljv~|

deeh| xj |bgve g ivegxev ~jvx`jd jc xbe lj|x| `dluvveh fp g~~k`lgdx|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh ljdhulx g |xuhp xjhexeva`de lj|x| `dluvveh fp g~~k`lgdx| huv`di xbe |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| gdh |bjukh hesekj~ g lj|x!|bgv`di ~kgd xbgx `|

vehule| xbe c`dgdl`gk lj|x jc g~~kp`di$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| ij`di xj ~`kjx g dey ygp jc ljdhulx`di ~ve!|evs`le aeh`lgk |lveed`di xbgx vekè| jd g dexyjvm jc

~vjs`hev| xbgx gve xvg`deh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ljdhulx xbe ~ve!|evs`le aeh`lgk ~bp| lgk erga$ Yb`ke xbe `dxedx`jd

jc xbe ~`kjx `| xj vehule xbe gajudx jc xàe `x xgme| gd g~~k`lgdx xj lkegv aeh`lgk gdh xj ~vjs`he g ajve glluvgxe

aeg|uve jc xbe begkxb jc xbe g~~k`lgdx+ `x y`kk gk|j vekèse |jae jc xbe c`dgdl`gk fuvhed `dluvveh fp g~~k`lgdx|$ Xbe

~`kjx y`kk djx `dlkuhe xbe hedxgk+ s`|`jd+ jv gdp |~el`gk`|x erga|+ gdh g~~k`lgdx| agp |x`kk `dluv ghh`x`jdgk lj|x|$ Xbe

g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbgx xbe ~`kjx `| gd à~jvxgdx |xe~ `d vehul`di xbe lj|x g||jl`gxeh y`xb xbe aeh`lgk

lkegvgdle ~vjle||$

G$9$ Veljaaedhgx`jd cjv a~vjs`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||

Xbe g~~k`lgx`jd gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| deeh| xj fe à~vjseh xj gxxvglx gdh vexg`d xbe aj|x wugk`cèh g~~k`lgdx|$ Xbe

êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj ljd|`hev ybexbev xbe à~vjseaedx| xj xbe luvvedx velvu`xaedx ajhek yjukh agme xbe ~vjle||

ajve lja~ex`x`se+ vehule g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||`di xàe+ à~vjse ljaaud`lgx`jd+ ~vjs`he ivegxev xvgd|~gvedlp

veigvh`di xvg`dee |ekelx`jd gdh ~kgleaedx+ gdh vehule gd g~~k`lgdx‐| aeh`lgk er~ed|e| jv ybexbev xbe giedlp deeh|

xj ghj~x g dey velvu`xaedx ajhek$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| gdgkpze gkxevdgx`se velvu`xaedx

ajhek| gdh ljd| hev |ekelx`di gdjxbev ajhek jv agm`di |ìd`c`lgdx lbgdie| xj xbe er`|x`di ajhek$ Xbe giedlp

|bjukh ljdhulx gd gdgkp|`| jc jxbev velvu`xaedx ajhek| gdh agme veljaaedhgx`jd| gfjux bjy xj agme xbe ~vjle||

ajve lja~ex`x`se+ vehule xbe xàe xbgx `x xgme| xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ~vjle|| gd g~~k`lgx`jd+ à~vjse ljaaud`lgx`jdhuv`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||+ ~vjs`he ivegxev xvgd|~gvedlp gfjux bjy xvg`dee| gve |ekelxeh gdh ~kgleh `d gd

g||ìdaedx gveg+ gdh vehule aeh`lgk er~ed|e| vekgxeh xj g~~kp`di xj xbe êgle Ljv~|$

9< C`dgk ^vjivga Esgkugx`jd Ve~jvx êgle Ljv~|‐ Aeh`lgk Lkegvgdle \p|xea$ Jcc`le jc xbe @d|~elxjv Iedevgk$ Agvlb 6>>2$ ~$ <8$



779

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\

F$7$ \elxjv velvu`xaedx |~el`gk`|x|

Felgu|e jc j~ed`di| xbvjuibjux xbe pegv cjv g~~k`lgdx| y`xb |~el`c`l |m`kk| `d xbe Ehulgx`jd+ Eds`vjdaedx+ gdh

Giv`lukxuve |elxjv|+ xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd bg| `dxed|`cèh `x| eccjvx| xj velvu`x gdh gxxvglx

ajve bìbkp |m`kkeh lgdh`hgxe|$ C`se |elxjv velvu`xaedx |~el`gk`|x| bgse feed b`veh g| |uf!ljdxvglxjv| gdh yjvm

lkj|ekp y`xb xbe h`velxjv jc xbe Jcc`le jc Velvu`xaedx$ Xbep gve mdjykehie er~evx| xg|meh y`xb fu`kh`di g ~`~ek de

jc bìbkp |m`kkeh ~vj|~elx| fp hesekj~`di |xvjdi `d|x`xux`jdgk+ jvigd`zgx`jdgk+ gdh g||jl`gx`jd vekgx`jd|b`~|$ Xbe|e

|~el`gk`|x| yjvm jux jc xbe`v bjae| gdh ljsev hec`deh xevv`xjvè| glvj|| xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| ybeve |m`kkeh ~j~ukgx`jd|

`d giv`lukxuve+ eds`vjdaedx+ gdh ehulgx`jd er`|x$ Xbe`v ~vàgvp cjlu| `| xj ~vjs`he juxveglb gdh agvmex`di er~evx`|e

`d `hedx`cp`di udxg~~eh vekgx`jd|b`~| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~| "e$i$+ ~vjce||`jdgk*xvghe g||jl`gx`jd|+ ud`jd|+ DIJ|+ djd!

~vjc`x|+ gdh cehevgk giedl e|$ Xbe giedlp |bjukh vesèy xbe yjvm jc xbe |elxjv velvu`xaedx |~el`gk`|x|+ gdh+ `c xbe

yjvm `| |ulle||cuk+ `x ljukh cjva xbe fg|`| cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip jc bìbkp |m`kkeh

Sjkudxeev|$

F$6$ Cèkh fg|eh velvu`xev|

Xj ag`dxg`d xbe ljdx`du`xp jc velvu`xaedx glx`s`xè| gcxev xbe A`ddeg~jk`| gdh Hedsev vei`jdgk velvu`xaedx jcc`le|

yeve lkj|eh gdh ljd|jk`hgxeh+ xbe A`ddeg~jk`| jcc`le aevieh y`xb xbe Lb`lgij jcc`le gdh xbe Hedsev jcc`le aevieh

y`xb xbe Hgkkg| jcc`le$ Xj ljdx`due xj bgse g ~ve|edle `d A`ddeg~jk | gdh Hedsev+ xbe giedlp u|eh cèkh!fg|eh

velvu`xev| `d g ~`kjx$ @d Ogdugvp 6>>0+ xbvee er~evèdleh velvu`xev| feigd yjvm`di g| cèkh!fg|eh velvu`xev|+ xyj `d

Ljkjvghj gdh jde `d A`dde|jxg$ Xbe g||ua~x`jd yg| xbgx velvu`xev| ybj yeve fg|eh lkj|ev xj xbe`v velvu xaedx fg|e

yjukh |~edh ke|| xàe xvgsek`di+ yjukh fe gfke xj gxxedh ajve velvu`xaedx esedx|+ yjukh hj ajve `d!~ev|jd

`dxevsèy|+ gdh yjukh fe gfke xj dja`dgxe ajve ~ej~ke xj ajse xj xbe derx |xgie `d xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||$

Ghh`x`jdgk cèkh!fg|eh velvu`xev| gve fe`di ghheh `d c`|lgk pegv| 6>7> gdh 6>77$ Xbe `d`x`gk ~`kjx yg| xjj |agkk xj

esgkugxe+ fux `d`x`gk c`dh`di| gve xbgx cèkh!fg|eh velvu`xev| gve ajve ~vjhulx`se gdh bgse bìbev dja`dgx`jd vgxe|$

Xbeve |bjukh fe ajve ljdlku|`se es`hedle gx xbe edh jc CP 6>77$

F$<$ Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea ajhevd`zgx`jd gdh ve!he|ìd

Cjv agdp pegv|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| veljid`zeh xbgx xbe xelbdjkjip |p|xea| gdh ~vjivga| u|eh xj ajse g~~k`lgdx|

xbvjuib xbe velvu`xaedx gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| deeh xj fe à~vjseh$ Xj ~j|`x`jd xbe giedlp cjv cuxuve ivjyxb+ xbe

êgle Ljv~| `| `dse|x`di `d ajhevd`z`di gdh vehe|ìd`di xbe Sjkudxeev hek`sevp |p|xea gdh bg| |jk`l`xeh f`h| cvja

ljdxvglxjv| cjv ljaaevl`gk jcc!xbe!|bekc |jcxygve xbgx y`kk `dxeivgxe gkk cjvagk gdh `dcjvagk Sjkudxeev!vekgxeh

fu|`de|| ~vjle||e| djy ve|`h`di jd h`|ljddelxeh hgxgfg|e| glvj|| jvigd`zgx`jdgk h`s`|`jd| gdh fu|`de|| |p|xea|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk |ekelx g sedhjv `d Oukp 6>7> gdh bj~e| xj vjkk jux xbe |p|xea `d xbe |~v`di jc 6>77$ Xbe

ajhevd`zgx`jd gdh vehe|ìd y`kk edgfke xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ajve eccelx`sekp gdh ecc`lèdxkp agdgie xbe edx`ve

Sjkudxeev k`celplke+ cvja velvu`xaedx xbvjuib lja~kex`jd jc Sjkudxeev |evs`le xj felja`di g Vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev$ Xbe vehe|ìdeh |p|xea gk|j y`kk `dlkuhe g |e~gvgxe ekelxvjd`l begkxb veljvh| |p|xea xbgx y`kk agdgie

~ve!|evs`le aeh`lgk |lveed`di veljvh|+ d!|evs`le begkxb |u~~jvx+ gdh ~j|x!|evs`le aeh`lgk ~vjle||`di$

Xbe dey |p|xea y`kk djx |à~kp guxjagxe xbe jkh |p|xea= `x y`kk vecjva gdh `dxeivgxe fu|`de|| ~vjle||e|$ Jde mep

cudlx`jd jc xbe dey |p|xea y`kk fe gd g~~k`lgdx agxlb`di |p|xea xbgx y`kk ljkkelx `dcjvagx`jd cvja g~~k`lgdx|!

`dlkuh`di xelbd`lgk |m`kk|+ |jcx |m`kk|+ gdh fg|`l aeh`lgk lv`xev`g! gdh ~vjhule xbe fe|x ~j||`fke agxlbe| fg|eh jd

ljudxvp+ ~vjoelx+ gdh g||ìdaedx vewu`veaedx| cvja jsev|eg| ~j|x|$

Xbe dey |p|xea y`kk ekà`dgxe vehudhgdx agdugk hgxg edxvp+ `dlveg|`di ecc`lèdlp gdh ~vjhulx`s`xp g| agdp jc xbe

lkev`lgk cudlx`jd| ~evcjvaeh fp velvu`xev|+ ~ve!|evs`le |lveed`di duv|e|+ gdh ~kgleaedx jcc`lev| y`kk fe guxjagxeh$



772

@dlveg|eh ecc`lèdlp y`kk ve|ukx `d ajve g~~k`lgx`jd| fe`di ~vjle||eh `d xbe |gae gajudx jc xàe+ fux `x y`kk jdkp

dja`dgkkp |bjvxed xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||$ Xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle|| y`kk jdkp fe |ìd c`lgdxkp |bjvxedeh `c xbe giedlp

lbgdie| bjy `x ~vjle||e| g~~k`lgx`jd|$ Xbeve y`kk fe g ajve ljd|`|xedx kjjm gdh ceek xj xbe velvu`xaedx gdh |ekelx`jd

~vjle||+ fexxev edgfk`di xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ljjvh`dgxe ae||gie| xj ~vj|~elx`se Sjkudxeev| xbvjuibjux xbe |ekelx`jd

~vjle||$ Lu|xjaev |evs`le cudlx jd| y`kk fe à~vjseh+ felgu|e xbe dey |p|xea y`kk gkkjy xbe êgle Ljv~| xj |edh

guxjagxeh ae||gie| xj kgvie duafev| jc `dh`s`hugk|$ @d ghh`x`jd+ xbe |p|xea y`kk gkkjy xbe êgle Ljv~| xj fexxev

gdgkpze gdh u|e hgxg xj fexxev ghhve|| yjvmckjy ~vjfkea| gdh fjxxkedelm|$

L$ \UAAGVP JC C@DH@DI\+ VELJAAEDHGX@JD\+ GDH \XVGXEIP CJV @A^KEAEDXGX@JD


Xbe g~~k`lgx`jd gdh |ekelx`jd ~vjle|| deeh| xj fe à~vjseh xj gxxvglx gdh vexg`d xbe aj|x wugk`cèh g~~k`lgdx| gdh xj

ed|uve xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| ljdx`due| xj ~vjs`he ljudxvè| y`xb erle~x`jdgk Sjkudxeev| ybj gve edeviex`l+ erl`xeh+

gdh ljaa`xxeh xj cukc kk`di xbe xbvee ijgk| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| `d ljaaud`xè| gvjudh xbe yjvkh$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|

y`kk deeh xj gvx`lukgxe xbe xyj dey velvu`xaedx |xvgxeiè| cjv iedevgk`|x gdh |m`kkeh Sjkudxeev| `d glljvhgdle y`xb xbe

dey |xvgxei`l s`|`jd$ Cvja xbj|e velvu`xaedx |xvgxeiè|+ xbe giedlp deeh| xj hesekj~ g dey agvmex di |xvgxeip$ Xbegiedlp gk|j deeh| xj esgkugxe ybexbev xbe luvvedx velvu`xaedx ajhek `| |ucc`lèdx xj aeex g~~k`lgdx|‐ er~elxgx`jd|

gdh xbe deeh| jc jsev|eg| ~j|x| gdh ybexbev xbe|e deeh| lgd fe ghhve||eh fp à~vjseaedx| xj xbe luvvedx |p|xea$

Gxxvglx`di gdh vexg`d`di erle~x`jdgk g~~k`lgdx| `| g lv`x`lgk c`v|x |xe~ xj ed|uv`di xbe |ulle|| jc êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev|$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega agme| xbe cjkkjy`di veljaaedhgx`jd|?


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd

hesekj~ g dey velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip xbgx bg| gd `dxeivgxeh h`sev|`xp velvu`xaedx lja~jdedx$ Xbe dey velvu`xaedx

|xvgxeip |bjukh cjlu| jd velvu`x`di `dh`s`hugk| y`xb kà`xeh yjvm er~evèdle fux ybj bgse xbe ~ev|jdgk gxxv`fuxe|

gdh djd!xelbd`lgk |m`kk| dele||gvp xj fe |ulle||cuk êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e hesekj~ g dey velvu`xaedx

|xvgxeip cjv êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| xbgx cjlu|e| jd velvu`x`di `dh`s`hugk| y`xb ~vjce||`jdgk er~evèdle xj

lja~keaedx xbe eccjvx| jc êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e velvu xaedx |xvgxeip gk|j deeh| xj

bgse gd dxeivgxeh h`sev|`xp velvu`xaedx lja~jdedx$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@!<?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Ljaaud`lgx`jd| hesekj~ g dey

agvmex`di ~kgd fg|eh jd xbe xyj velvu`xaedx |xvgxeiè|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@! 8?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| gdgkpze gkxevdgx`se velvu`xaedx

ajhek| gdh ljd| hev |ekelx`di gdjxbev ajhek jv agm`di |ìd`c`lgdx lbgdie| xj xbe er`|x`di ajhek$ Xbe giedlp

|bjukh ljdhulx gd gdgkp|`| jc jxbev velvu`xaedx ajhek| gdh agme veljaaedhgx`jd| gfjux bjy xj agme xbe ~vjle||ajve lja~ex`x`se+ vehule xbe xàe xbgx `x xgme| xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ~vjle|| gd g~~k`lgx`jd+ à~vjse ljaaud`lgx`jd

huv`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||+ ~vjs`he ivegxev xvgd|~gvedlp gfjux bjy xvg`dee| gve |ekelxeh gdh ~kgleh `d gd

g||ìdaedx gveg+ gdh vehule aeh`lgk er~ed|e| vekgxeh xj g~~kp`di xj xbe êgle Ljv~|$



770




S@!7? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd

hesekj~ g dey velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip xbgx bg| gd

`dxeivgxeh h`sev|`xp velvu`xaedx lja~jdedx$ Xbe

dey velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip |bjukh cjlu| jd velvu`x`di

`dh`s`hugk| y`xb kà`xeh yjvm er~evèdle fux ybj

bgse xbe ~ev|jdgk gxxv`fuxe| gdh djd!xelbd`lgk |m`kk|

dele||gvp xj fe |ulle||cuk êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|$

Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx

gdh \ekelx`jd


^j|x|


S@!6? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx êgle

Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e hesekj~ g dey velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip

cjv êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| xbgx cjlu|e|

jd velvu`x`di `dh`s`hugk| y`xb ~vjce||`jdgk

er~evèdle xj lja~keaedx xbe eccjvx| jc êgle

Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e

velvu`xaedx |xvgxeip gk|j deeh| xj bgse gd `dxeivgxeh

h`sev|`xp velvu`xaedx lja~jdedx$

êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx

gdh \ekelx`jd=


^j|x|

Fei`d ~`kjx `d Wugvxev < jc CP

6>77

S@!<? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

Jcc`le jc Ljaaud`lgx`jd| hesekj~ g dey agvmex`di~kgd fg|eh jd xbe xyj velvu`xaedx |xvgxeiè|$

Jcc`le jc Ljaaud`lgx`jd| Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh

\ekelx`jd "SV\=êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e

Xyj ajdxb| gcxev xbe êgle

Ljv~| gdh êgle Ljv~|Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev velvu`xaedx

|xvgxeiè| gve yv`xxed$



76>



S@!8? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

êgle Ljv~| gdgkpze gkxevdgx`se velvu`xaedx ajhek|

gdh ljd|`hev |ekelx`di gdjxbev ajhek jv agm`di

|ìd`c`lgdx lbgdie| xj xbe er`|x`di ajhek$ Xbe

giedlp |bjukh ljdhulx gd gdgkp|`| jc jxbev

velvu`xaedx ajhek| gdh agme veljaaedhgx`jd|

gfjux bjy xj agme xbe ~vjle|| ajve lja~ex`x`se+

vehule xbe xàe xbgx `x xgme| xbe êgle Ljv~| xj

~vjle|| gd g~~k`lgx`jd+ à~vjse ljaaud`lgx`jd

huv`di xbe g~~k`lgx`jd ~vjle||+ ~vjs`he ivegxev

xvgd|~gvedlp gfjux bjy xvg`dee| gve |ekelxeh gdh

~kgleh `d gd g||ìdaedx gveg+ gdh vehule aeh`lgk

er~ed|e| vekgxeh xj g~~kp`di xj xbe êgle Ljv~|$



gdh \ekelx`jd

Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx “

"^ve!\evs`le \lveed`di Ud`x=

Gd gdgkp|`| jc h`ccevedx

g~~k`lgx`jd gdh |ekelx`jd ajhek|

gdh g hel`|`jd aeaj

veljaaedh`di lbgdie| xj xbe

er`|x`di ajhek jv g dey ajhek

|bjukh fe i`sed xj xbe H`velxjv‐|

Jcc`le `d Wugvxev < jc 6>77$ Xbe

êgle Ljv~| |bjukh fei`d

à~keaedx`di xbe dey ajhek jv

lbgdie| xj xbe er`|x`di ajhek `d

Wugvxev 8 jc 6>77$



767

S@@$ AEH@LGK LGVE JC SJKUDXEEV\


G$7$ ^vjs`h`di begkxb lgve xj Sjkudxeev|

Udhev \elx`jd 65>8"e jc xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx+ xbe êgle Ljv~| `| vewu`veh xj ~vjs`he begkxb lgve xj

Sjkudxeev| huv`di xbe`v |evs`le g| xbe giedlp heea| ‛dele||gvp gdh g~~vj~v`gxe$‑ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ Agdugk \elx`jd 636$5 |xgxe| xbgx Sjkudxeev| gdh xvg`dee| "S*X| y`kk fe ~vjs`heh y`xb gkk dele||gvp

gdh g~~vj~v`gxe aeh`lgk lgve huv`di xbe ljuv|e jc xbe`v |evs`le$

Xbe Sjkudxeev begkxb |p|xea `| jvigd`zeh udhev xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx "S\ y`xb xbe a`||`jd jc

‛~vjs`h`di wugk`xp aeh`lgk gdh aedxgk begkxb |evs`le| gdh |u~~jvx xj xbe êgle Ljv~| ljaaud`xp xbvjuib

xbe Jcc`le| jc \~el`gk \evs`le| "J\\ gdh Aeh`lgk \evs`le| "JA\$‑

Glljvh`di xj xbe êgle Ljv~| Agdugk?

‛Xbe Jcc`le jc \~el`gk \evs`le| ~vjs`he| aedxgk begkxb esgkugx`jd| gdh xvegxaedx xj S*X| `d xbe

cèkh gdh `d Yg|b`dixjd+ `dlkuh`di aehesgl‐h S*X|$ J\\ gk|j ~vjs`he| ljd|ukxgx`jd xj xbe

aeh`lgk |xgcc `d!ljudxvp ljdlevd`di S*X| ybj gve er~evèdl`di |jae xp~e jc ghou|xaedx

h`cc`lukxè|+ gdh |evse| g| g k`g`|jd xj S*X| gdh xbe`v cga`kè| veigvh`di begkxb gdh yekcgve

`dwu`vè|+ cga`kp eaeviedlè|+ ~jk x`lgk udve|x+ gdh dgxuvgk h`|g|xev|$ Xbe jcc`le |u~~jvx| xbe

vei`jd| gdh ~j|x| `d agxxev| jc lv`|`| agdgieaedx gdh Sjkudxeev |gcexp gdh ~vjs`he| eaeviedlp

ve|~jd|e| xj g ~j|x jsev|eg| ybed g lv`x`lgk `dl`hedx bg| jlluvveh$ Xbe jcc`le gk|j ljd|ukx| y`xb

xbe ~j|x| xj hesekj~ |xvgxeiè| xj bek~ ke||ed xbe ghou|xaedx ~vjfkea| xbgx S*X| agp er~evèdle

jsev|eg|$‑

‛Xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| ~vjs`he| ~ve!|evs`le aeh`lgk |lveed`di+ `d!|evs`le begkxb lgve+

gdh ~j|x!|evs`le aeh`lgk fedec`x| xj S*X|+ gdh `| xbe k`g`|jd y`xb xbe He~gvxaedx jc Kgfjv‐|

Cehevgk Ea~kjpee|‐ Lja~ed|gx`jd Glx ~vjivga jd febgkc jc ea~kjpee| gdh vexuvdeh S*X|$ JA\

gk|j ~vjs`he| xvg`d`di cjv êgle Ljv~| Aeh`lgk Jcc`lev| gdh jxbev êgle Ljv~| |xgcc$ Xbe jcc`le

|u~~jvx| `x| |evs`le|+ vei`jd|+ gdh ~j|x|+ xbvjuib |p|xeagx`l wugk`xp à~vjseaedx gdh

e~`hea`jkjip |xuhè|$ ‑

G$6$ Xbe Jcc`le jc \~el`gk \evs`le|

Xbe Jcc`le jc \~el`gk \evs`le| `| |xgcceh fp gd gha`d`|xvgx`se g||`|xgdx+ cjuv |~el`gk |evs`le| jcc`lev| gdh gd

er~evx ljd|ukxgdx$ Huv`di 6>>0+ xbe |~el`gk |evs`le| jcc`lev| ljd|ukxeh y`xb g~~vjràgxekp 6>> Sjkudxeev|

fp xeke~bjde+ g||`|x`di xbea y`xb ghou|xaedx gdh febgs`jvgk lbgkkedie|+ g| yekk g| ~vjs`h`di eaeviedlpve|~jd|e |u~~jvx xj ~j|x| hegk`di y`xb lv`x`lgk `dl`hedx| gdh esglugx`jd|$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe Jcc le jc

\~el`gk \evs`le| ~gvx`l`~gxeh `d jsev|eg| dey |xgcc xvg`d`di gdh ljdx`du`di ehulgx`jd cjv êgle Ljv~|

aeh`lgk jcc`lev|+ g| yekk g| ~vjs`h`di ljd|ukxgx`jd |evs`le| xj ~j|x| gdh ljudxvp h`velxjv|$

Huv`di 6>7>+ aedxgk begkxb y`kk fe xbe ~vàgvp xj~`l cjv ljdx`du`di aeh`lgk ehulgx`jd jc êgle Ljv~|

aeh`lgk jcc lev|$ \`r ljdcevedle| gve |lbehukeh `d yb`lb xbe Jcc`le jc \~el gk \evs`le| y`kk ~vjs he

xvg`d`di cjv jsev|eg| aeh`lgk ~vjs`hev|$ @d ghh`x`jd+ Jcc`le jc \~el`gk \evs`le| |xgcc y`kk fe xvgsek`di xj



766

|esevgk ~j|x| xj ljdhulx aedxgk begkxb |`xe g||e||aedx|+ `dlkuh`di ~gxèdx lbgvx vesèy|+ xj g||e|| xbe

wugk`xp jc aedxgk begkxb |evs`le| ~vjs`heh fp xbe ~j|x+ g| yekk g| gd esgkugx`jd jc vecevvgk |juvle| "`c gdp

u|eh fp xbe ~j|x$

G$<$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le|

Xelbd`lgk Iu`hek`de| `||ueh fp xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| ljsev ~j|x begkxb ud`x gha`d`|xvgx`jd+

Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di gdh |u~~jvx+ gdh ajd`xjv`di gdh esgkugx`jd+ g| yekk g| ~vjs`h`di iu`hek`de| cjv

h`gidj|`| gdh xvegxaedx jc g y`he vgdie jc ljdh`x`jd|$

Xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| `| jvigd`zeh `dxj d`de cudlx`jdgk ud`x|+ c`se jc yb`lb ~vjs`he h`velx |u~~jvx

xj ~j|x| gdh luvvedxkp!|evs di Sjkudxeev|$

G$<$g @d!\evs`le Ud`x?

Xbe ljve cudlx`jd| jc xbe @d!\evs`le Ud`x gve xj ljd|ukx y`xb êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev|+ guxbjv`ze

aeh`lgk esglugx`jd+ ~vjs`he lg|e agdgieaedx cjv Sjkudxeev| aeh`lgkkp esglugxeh xj xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gdh

Sjkudxeev| jd aeh`lgk bjkh+ ~vjs`he 68!bjuv aeh`lgk huxp jcc`lev ljsevgie+ gdh ~gvx`l`~gxe `d êgle Ljv~|aeh`lgk jcc`lev ~evcjvagdle esgkugx`jd|$

G$<$f ^vjivga gdh Xvg`d`di Ud`x?

Xb`| ud`x `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev xvg`d`di+ ~ve~gv`di ~ve!|evs`le xvg`d`di agxev`gk|

cjv Sjkudxeev|+ gdh ljjvh`dgx`di xbe b`v`di ~vjle|| cjv êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev|$

G$<$l Lk`d`lgk vjivga| Ud`x

Xbe Lk`d`lgk ^vjivga| Ud`x ~vjs`he| lk`d`lgk jsev|ìbx gdh agdgieaedx jc xbe Sjkudxeev begkxb |p|xea fp

~vjs`h`di iu`hgdle+ h`velx`jd+ gdh |u~~jvx xj êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev| gdh ljudxvp h`velxjv|$ @x gk|j

g||`|x| y`xb dey ljudxvp g||e||aedx| gdh ~vjs`he| aeh`lgk ljd|ukxgx`jd| xj jxbev ud`x|$

G$<$h Wugk`xp @a~vjseaedx Ud`x

Xb`| ud`x hesekj~| begkxb |p|xea ~jk`lè|+ ajd`xjv| xbe eccelx`sede|| jc begkxb lgve+ gdh ~vjs`he|

`dcjvagx`jd gdh gdgkp|`| jd begkxb ljdh`x`jd| gdh ~vjivga|$ Xbe ud`x gk|j ~ve~gve| gdh u~hgxe| xbe

Xelbd`lgk Iu`hek`de|$

G$<$e E~`hea`jkjip gdh \uvse`kkgdle Ud`x

Xbe ljve cudlx`jd| jc xb`| ud`x gve xj ~vjs`he jsev|ìbx xj |uvse`kkgdle jc begkxb ljdh`x`jd| gajdi

Sjkudxeev|+ xj ljdhulx |xuhè| xj gdgkpze begkxb ljdh`x`jd| gdh `hedx`cp v`|m cglxjv|+ gdh xj g||`|x `d xbehe|ìd jc ~vesedx`jd |xvgxeiè|$

Jxbev ud`x| veglb g hexeva`dgx`jd jd aeh`lgk lkegvgdle jc g~~k`lgdx|+ agdgie gkk begkxb fedec`x| cjv

vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+ hesekj~ gdh |u~~jvx xbe `dcjvagx`jd |p|xea| `dcvg|xvulxuve+ gdh agdgie Sjkudxeev

begkxb veljvh|$



76<

G$8$ @d!Ljudxvp Sjkudxeev Begkxb ^vjivga

Glljvh`di xj Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| Xelbd`lgk Iu`hek`de 77>+ xbe ljve cudlx`jd| jc xbe @d!ljudxvp

Sjkudxeev Begkxb ^vjivga gve xj?

… \u~~jvx Sjkudxeev| `d g||ua`di ve|~jd|`f`k`xp cjv xbe`v jyd begkxb=

… ^vjajxe xbe begkxb jc Sjkudxeev| gdh ~vesedx h`|eg|e=

… ^vjs`he begkxb |evs`le| xj Sjkudxeev| jsev|eg| `d g| |gce+ ecc`lèdx+ gdh xàekp g agddev g|

~j||`fke y`xb`d xbe ~gvx`lukgv bj|x!ljudxvp eds`vjdaedx= gdh+

… ^vjs`he aeh`lgk esglugx`jd "aehesgl xj Sjkudxeev| ybj vewu`ve aeh`lgk lgve fepjdh xbe lgve

gsg`kgfke d!ljudxvp$

Xelbd`lgk Iu`hek`de 77> gk|j |xgxe| xbgx?

‛Xbe ~vjs`|`jd jc begkxb lgve |evs`le| xj Sjkudxeev| |bjukh ljdcjva xj U$\$ aeh`lgk |xgdhgvh|

gdh djva| y`xb`d xbe kà`xgx`jd| à~j|eh fp kjlgk ljdh`x`jd|$‑

G |evs`di Sjkudxeev vele`se| begkxb lgve xbvjuib g begkxb lgve ~vjivga à~keaedxeh `d!ljudxvp fp êgleLjv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev| udhev xbe agdgieaedx gdh |u~evs`|`jd jc xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv gdh y`xb ~vjce||`jdgk

iu`hgdle gdh jsev|ìbx cvja xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| gx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ beghwugvxev|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ aeh`lgk jcc`lev| gve ~ev|jdgk |evs`le| ljdxvglxjv|+ |ekelxeh fp xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv y`xb

ljdluvvedle jc xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| luvvedxkp ea~kjp| xbe |evs`le| jc 762

aeh`lgk jcc`lev| `d 30 ljudxvè|$ Gx xb`| xàe+ gfjux 75 ~evledx gve Gaev`lgd|+ yb`ke 25 ~evledx gve bj|x

ljudxvp dgx`jdgk| jv xb`vh!ljudxvp dgx`jdgk|$ Jc gkk êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev|+ 52 ~evledx gve k`led|eh

~bp|`l`gd|+ 76 ~evledx gve k`led|eh ~bp|`l`gd!g||`|xgdx| gdh duv|e ~vglx`x`jdev|+ gdh <> ~evledx gve

vei`|xeveh duv|e|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ aeh`lgk jcc`lev| gve ve|~jd|`fke cjv gha`d`|xvgx`jd jc xbe ~j|x begkxb

~vjivga+ ~vesedx`jd gdh begkxb ehulgx`jd jc Sjkudxeev|+ lk`d`lgk lgve+ aedxgk begkxb |u~~jvx gdh

ljud|ek`di+ gdh wugk`xp à~vjseaedx$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ aeh`lgk jcc`lev| gve vewu`veh xj j~evgxe glljvh`di

xj xbe Xelbd`lgk Iu`hek`de| `||ueh fp xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le|$

Eglb ~j|x bg| gx keg|x jde aeh`lgk jcc`lev+ y`xb xbe duafev jc êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev| gx ~j|x

hexeva`deh fp xbe ljudxvp gdh vei`jdgk h`velxjv|$ Sjkudxeev| vele`se xbe`v begkxb lgve ~vàgv`kp xbvjuib

xbe aeh`lgk jcc`lev gx ~j|x gdh xbvjuib kjlgk begkxb lgve ~vjs`hev| `d eglb ljudxvp g| dele||gvp$ Erle~x `d

xbe lg|e jc gd eaeviedlp+ ~v`jv guxbjv`zgx`jd cvja g êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev `| vewu`veh cjv gkk aeh`lgk

gdh hedxgk lgve djx h`velxkp ~vjs`heh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev$ Ybed xbe begkxb lgve deeh| jc g

Sjkudxeev lgddjx fe aex `d!ljudxvp+ xbe Sjkudxeev agp fe aeh`lgkkp esglugxeh xj xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| jv xj g

vei`jdgk aeh`lgk esglugx`jd |`xe$

Gveg êgle Ljv~| Aeh`lgk Jcc`lev| gve g||ìdeh xj xbe Gcv`lg Vei`jd xj ~vjs`he lk`d`lgk gdh ~vjivgaagx`l

|u~~jvx xj xbe `d!ljudxvp Sjkudxeev begkxb ~vjivga|$ Gveg êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev| gve fg|eh `d g bj|xljudxvp gdh gve ve|~jd|`fke cjv ~vjs`h`di g||`|xgdle xj xbe Sjkudxeev begkxb ~vjivga `d eglb ljudxvp jc

xbe`v |uf!vei`jdgk gveg$

G$5$ Sjkudxeev |gx`|cglx`jd y`xb xbe begkxb |p|xea

G| ~gvx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ êvcjvagdle ^kgd cjv C`|lgk Pegv| 6>>0!6>78+ \xvgxei`l Ijgk 5 `dh`lgxe| xbgx

xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk?



768

‛@a~keaedx xbe êgle Ljv~| a`||`jd `d gd eccelx`se gdh ecc`lèdx agddev xbvjuib xbe ~vjs`|`jd jc

bìb wugk`xp Sjkudxeev |u~~jvx y`xb j~xàgk begkxb lgve+ |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp |u~~jvx+ gdh eccelx`se

agdgieaedx jc ve|juvle|$‑

êvcjvagdle Ijgk 5$7$6 e|xgfk`|be| xbe kesek xj yb`lb xbe giedlp deeh| xj ~vjs`he wugk`xp aeh`lgk gdh

aedxgk begkxb |evs le| xj xvg`dee| gdh Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe ~evcjvagdle `dh`lgxjv| gve?

… êvledxgie jc êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| ve~jvx`di xbe`v |gx`|cglx`jd y`xb begkxb lgve vele`seh cvja

êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc lev| g| ghewugxe jv fexxev$ Xbe xgviex yg| |ex gx 0> ~evledx gddugkkp cjv

CP 6>>0 xj CP 6>77$

… êvledxgie jc Sjkudxeev| ve~jvx`di xbe eajx`jdgk |u~~jvx xbep vele`seh cvja xbe êgle Ljv~|‐

|xgcc g| ghewugxe jv fexxev$ Xbe xgviex yg| 9> ~evledx `d CP 6>>0+ v`|`di xj 2> ~evledx `d CP 6>77$

… êvledxgie jc êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| ve~jvx`di ghewugxe jv fexxev |u~~jvx `d lj~`di y`xb |xve||

cvja `||ue| |ulb g| cjjh `d|eluv`xp+ B@S*G@H\+ gdh jxbev |xve||jv| `d xbe`v ljaaud xp$ Xbe

xgviex yg| 3> ~evledx `d CP 6>>0+ v`|`di xj 9> ~evledx `d CP 6>77$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| aeg|uve| Sjkudxeev|‐ |gx`|cglx`jd y`xb xbe begkxb lgve xbep vele`se g| ~gvx jc xbe GddugkSjkudxeev \uvsep$ @d xbe 6>>0 |uvsep+ g ljve |ex jc wue|x jd| yg| g|meh jc gkk Sjkudxeev|+ `dlkuh`di 60

wue|x`jd| g|m`di Sjkudxeev| cjv xbe v ljaaedx|$ Cjv xbe c`v|x x ae+ Sjkudxeev| yeve g|meh wue|x`jd|

vekesgdx xj xbe`v xàe `d!ljudxvp$ Cjuv wue|x`jd| g|meh Sjkudxeev| xj `dh`lgxe xbe v |gx`|cglx`jd y`xb xbe`v

begkxb lgve+ fjxb ~bp|`lgk gdh eajx`jdgk$

Cìuve S@@!7

Bjy |gx`|cèh gve pju y`xb xbe begkxb lgve pju vele`se `d!ljudxvp:

Pegv Djx gx gkk A`dàgkkp Ghewugxekp Ljd|`hevgfkp Erle~x`jdgkkp D*G

6>>6 7% 8% 7<% 8>% <9% 8%

6>>8 6% 77% 67% 60% <9%

6>>3 7% 3% 6>% <6% 8>%

6>>2 7% 9% 6>% <<% <0%

6>>0 7% 3% 67% <7% 8>% 6%

\gx`|cglx`jd y`xb begkxb lgve |evs`le| bg| veag`deh gkaj|x ljd|xgdx |`dle 7093+ y`xb g~~vjràgxekp 33 xj

99 ~evledx jc Sjkudxeev| `dh`lgx`di ljd|`hevgfke jv erle~x`jdgk |gx`|cglx`jd+ gdh+ erle~x cjv `d 6>>8+

g~~vjràgxekp 5 xj 2 ~evledx `dh`lgx di a`dàgk jv dj |gx`|cglx`jd$ \gx`|cglx`jd kesek| sgvp fp ljudxvp$ @d

6>>0+ xbe ‛sevp |gx`|cèh‑ vgxe "`dh`lgx`di xbep yeve sevp |gx`|cèh y`xb xbe begkxb lgve xbep vele`seh

vgdieh cvja <7 ~evledx xj 09 ~evledx= xbe aeh`gd ‛sevp |gx`|cèh‑ vgxe yg| 95$5 ~evledx$ Xbe ~evledxgie jc

Sjkudxeev| `dh`lgx`di xbep yeve ‛djx |gx`|cèh‑ y`xb xbe`v begkxb lgve vgdieh cvja zevj xj <6 ~evledx+ y`xb g

aeh`gd jc 8$5 ~evledx$

Sjkudxeev| gk|j yeve g|meh gfjux xbe`v ~evle~x`jd jc xbe |u~~jvx xbep vele`seh ybed hegk`di y`xb aedxgk

begkxb `||ue| gdh |xve||$



765

Cìuve S@@!6

Bjy |gx`|cèh gve pju y`xb xbe xàe gdh ve|juvle| gkkjlgxeh xj aedxgk begkxb*ghou|xaedx `||ue|:


6>>0 5% 75% <7% <>% 70% >%

@d 6>>0+ Sjkudxeev| `dh`lgxeh xbep yeve ke|| |gx`|cèh y`xb xbe |u~~jvx xbep vele`seh ybed hegk`di y`xb

aedxgk begkxb `||ue| xbgd y`xb xbe`v begkxb lgve `d iedevgk$ Jdkp 80 ~evledx vgxeh xbe`v kesek jc |u~~jvx g|

ljd|`hevgfke jv erle~x`jdgk+ yb`ke 6> ~evledx cekx `x yg| ke|| xbgd ghewugxe$

Cìuve S@@!<

Ybgx kesek jc ^L |u~~jvx bgse pju vele`seh xj bek~ lj~e y`xb |xve|| cvja `||ue| |ulb g| B@S*G@H\+ cjjh

`d|eluv`xp+ exl$ `d pjuv ljaaud`xp: "@dlkuhe| Sjkudxeev| ybj `dh`lgxeh dj deeh cjv |u~~jvx


6>>0 6% 76% 66% 76% 3% 85%

Cìuve S@@!8

Ybgx kesek jc ^L |u~~jvx bgse pju vele`seh xj bek~ lj~e y`xb |xve|| cvja `||ue| |ulb g| B@S*G@H\+ cjjh

`d|eluv`xp+ exl$ `d pjuv ljaaud`xp: "Erlkuhe| Sjkudxeev| y`xb dj deeh cjv |u~~jvx


6>>0 8% 66% <0% 66% 76% 7%

Sjkudxeev| vgxe xbe`v kesek jc |u~~jvx `d hegk`di y`xb |xve|| kjyev xbgd xbe |u~~jvx xbep vele`se cjv ‛begkxb

lgve$‑ Xyedxp!|`r ~evledx jc xbj|e ybj g|meh cjv bek~ xj lj~e y`xb |xve|| cekx xbgx xbe bek~ xbep vele`seh

yg| djx ghewugxe+ yb`ke <8% fekèseh `x xj fe ljd|`hevgfke jv erle~x`jdgk$

Ceehfglm xj xbe giedlp g||e||aedx xega cvja ljudxvp h`velxjv|+ jxbev jsev|eg| |xgcc aeafev|+ gdh |evs`di

Sjkudxeev| `dh`lgxe| xbgx Sjkudxeev gdh |xgcc aeafev| bgse aedxgk gdh eajx`jdgk begkxb ljdlevd| gdh xbgx

xbep luvvedxkp ~evle`se g kglm jc ghewugxe |u~~jvx cjv xbj|e `||ue|$ G duafev jc ~j|x| ve|~jdh`di xj juv

vewue|x cjv |uiie|x`jd| bgse `dh`lgxeh xbgx g vei`jdgk eajx`jdgk begkxb ljd|ukxgdx yjukh bek~ Sjkudxeev|

hegk y`xb xbe |xve||e| g||jl`gxeh y`xb |evs`le$

G cjlu| ivju~ jc |ed`jv |xgcc gx xbe êgle Ljv~| aex veledxkp xj ljd|`hev Sjkudxeev aedxgk begkxb deeh|$

Xbe ljdlku|`jd jc xb`| ivju~ yg| xbgx vewue|x| cjv aedxgk begkxb |evs`le| ljukh `dlveg|e |uf|xgdx`gkkp hue xj

gd `dlveg|e `d ghou|xaedx h`|jvhev| gajdi Sjkudxeev| edxev di xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev\u~~jvx bg| ve|~jdheh xbgx xbep y`kk ajd`xjv vewue|x| lkj|ekp gdh agp ljd|`hev ghh`x`jdgk |xgcc g| CP77

~vjive||e|$



763

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@!7?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx hesekj~

gd glx`jd ~kgd xj `dlveg|e |u~~jvx jcceveh xj Sjkudxeev| hegk`di y`xb aedxgk begkxb gdh |xve|| ljdlevd|$

Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx |bjukh ljd|`hev e|xgfk`|b`di g vei`jdgk aedxgk begkxb jcc`lev |xvulxuve+

|à`kgv xj xbe luvvedx vei`jdgk |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp jcc`lev |xvulxuve+ xj ~vjs`he h`velx lgve cjv Sjkudxeev| gdh

xj ~vjs`he jsev|ìbx gdh xvg`d`di cjv êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev| gdh jxbev ~j|x |xgcc aeafev|$

G$3$ Wugk`xp jc xbe Sjkudxeev begkxb |p|xea

@d 7007+ xbe U$\$ Iedevgk Glljudx`di Jcc`le ljdhulxeh g ves ey jc xbe Sjkudxeev begkxb |p|xea$ Jde jc

xbe jfoelx`se| jc xbe vesèy yg| xj hexeva`de `c xbe giedlp‐| ~jk`lè| gdh ~vjlehuve| ed|uveh xbgx

Sjkudxeev| vele`seh g kesek jc begkxb lgve lja~gvgfke xj ybgx xbep yjukh vele`se `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$

Ve|ukx| jc xbe Iedevgk Glljudx`di Jcc`le‐| vesèy `dh`lgxeh xbgx?

‛Gkxbjuib aj|x Sjkudxeev| gdh cjvaev Sjkudxeev| ljdxglxeh fp IGJ yeve |gx`|cèh y`xb xbe

wugk`xp jc begkxb lgve ~vjs`heh fp xbe êgle Ljv~|+ IGJ‐| vesèy h`|lkj|eh xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐

begkxb lgve |p|xea h`h djx ed|uve xbgx Sjkudxeev| vele`seh g |xgdhgvh jc lgve xbgx lkj|ekp

g~~vjràgxeh xbe kesek jc lgve gsg`kgfke `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$‑

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ agdgieaedx iedevgkkp giveeh xbgx xbe giedlp‐| |p|xea yg| `dghewugxe cjv ed|uv`di

lja~gvgfke lgve gdh feigd xj ljvvelx agdp jc xbe ~vjfkea|$ Xbe Iedevgk Glljudx di Jcc`le vesèy

ve|ukxeh `d xbe ~g||gie jc ûfk`l Kgy 7>6!535 vewu`v`di xbvee erxevdgk vesèy| jc xbe |p|xea gdh ve~jvx|

fglm xj Ljdive||$

Xbe c`v|x vesèy yg| lja~kexeh fp AlAgdd`| G||jl`gxe| gdh Ud`sev|`xp Ve|egvlb Ljv~jvgx`jd `d Ogdugvp

7008$ Xbe`v c`dh`di| keh xj xbe hesekj~aedx jc g |ex jc gllveh`xgx`jd |xgdhgvh| cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| begkxb

|p|xea fp xbe Oj`dx Ljaa`||`jd jd Gllveh`xgx`jd jc Begkxblgve Jvigd`zgx`jd|$ @d 7008 gdh 7009+ xbe

ljaa`||`jd ljdhulxeh |uvsep| esgkugx`di xbj|e |xgdhgvh|+ gdh fjxb xàe| xbe ljaa`||`jd ve~jvxeh xbgx xbe

êgle Ljv~| bgh aghe |ìd`c`lgdx à~vjseaedx| gdh |xvulxuvgk lbgdie| kegh`di xj à~vjseh lgve gdh

|evs`le| xj Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe ve~jvx| ljdlkuheh xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| bgh aex xbe ljaa`||`jd‐| |xgdhgvh|+

gdh xbe 7009 vesèy ljdlkuheh xbe ljdive||`jdgkkp vewu`veh erxevdgk vesèy|$

@d 6>>7+ xbe êgle Ljv~|+ `d `x| he|`ve xj ljdx`due xj à~vjse xbe |p|xea jc lgve cjv Sjkudxeev|+ ljdxvglxeh

y`xb ûib Exx`diev AlLgvxbp G||jl`gxe|+ KKL+ xj ljdhulx gdjxbev erxevdgk vesèy jc xbe Sjkudxeev begkxb

|p|xea$ Xb`| vesèy bgh xyj jfoelx`se|? "7 sgk`hgxe lja~k`gdle y`xb xbe Oj`dx Ljaa`||`jd jd

Gllveh`xgx`jd jc Begkxblgve Jvigd`zgx`jd|‐ |xgdhgvh| gdh "6 `hedx`cp j~~jvxud`xè| cjv à~vjseaedx$ Xbe

c`dgk ve~jvx ljdlkuheh xbgx?

… \ìd`c`lgdx à~vjseaedx `d xbe j~evgx`jd jc xbe Sjkudxeev begkxb |p|xea bgh feed glbèseh=

… Ea~kjpee| gdh ljdxvglxjv| h`|~kgpeh bìb kesek| jc ljdlevd cjv xbe yekcgve gdh begkxb jc

Sjkudxeev|=… Xbe êgle Ljv~| hje| gd erlekkedx ojf jc aeex`di xbe lbgkkedie `d ~vjs`h`di ~vàgvp lgve gdh

ve|~jdh| g~~vj~v`gxekp xj lv`|e|=

… Ybed g ig~ er`|x| `d xbe ~vjs`|`jd jc Ud`xeh \xgxe| ewu`sgkedx lgve+ `x `| `d hegk`di y`xb |ev`ju|

fux djd!k`ce xbvegxed`di `kkde||e| gdh `douvè| xbgx gve fepjdh xbe lg~gf`k`xè| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|

aeh`lgk jcc`lev|=



769

… Sjkudxeev| er~ve||eh ijjh xj bìb |gx`|cglx`jd y`xb xbe lgve ~vjs`heh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk

jcc`lev|+ bjyesev+ Sjkudxeev| yeve ke|| |gx`|cèh y`xb xbe lgve xbep vele`seh cvja kjlgk aeh`lgk

~vjs`hev|=

… Jkhev Sjkudxeev| gdh xbj|e ybj bgse ljdh`x`jd| xbgx deeh xj fe glljaajhgxeh "|ulb g| cjjh

gkkeviè|+ g|xbag+ jv ~ves`ju| aedxgk begkxb `||ue|+ lvegxe dey lbgkkedie| cjv xbe begkxb |p|xea=

… Xbe jvigd`zgx`jdgk |xvulxuve jc xbe begkxb |p|xea `| djx j~xàgk cjv ed|uv`di wugk`xp= gdh+

… Djx gkk êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev| j~evgxe gx xbe |gae kesek jc er~evx`|e gdh er~evèdle+ gdh

agdp kglm xvg`d`di xj |u~~jvx xbe aedxgk begkxb jc Sjkudxeev|$

G |ex jc xb vxeed veljaaedhgx jd| yg| hesekj~eh ‛ d xbe |~`v x jc cuvxbev à~vjseaedx$‑ Xbe|e

veljaaedhgx`jd| `dlkuheh?

… Lvegxe g ajve eccelx`se êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev jvigd`zgx`jdgk |xvulxuve y`xb xìbxev k`dmgie

xj xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le|=

… @a~vjse xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| cèkh vesèy ~vjle||=

… Xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| |bjukh hesekj~ g||e||aedx lv`xev`g xj iu`he êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk

jcc`lev| d esgkugx`di kjlgk ve|juvle|=

… @a~vjse ~ve!|evs`le begkxb xvg`d`di+ xvgd|~gvedlp+ gdh xbe |exx`di jc er~elxgx`jd| cjv Sjkudxeev|=

… Er~kjve e|xgfk`|b`di ghh`x`jdgk aeh`lgk esglugx`jd ledxev| xj |evse veajxe gveg|= gdh+

… ^vjs`he ghh`x`jdgk xvg`d`di gdh |u~~jvx cjv êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev| `d xbe gveg jc aedxgk

begkxb |u~~jvx gdh ljud|ek`di$

Gcxev xbe ~ufk`lgx`jd jc xbe ûib ve~jvx+ g duafev jc lbgdie| yeve aghe `d xbe Sjkudxeev begkxb |p|xea$

^ve!|evs`le xvg`d`di yg| à~vjseh y`xb xbe ghh`x`jd jc |e||`jd juxk`de|+ s`hej|+ gdh jxbev |u~~jvx cvja

beghwugvxev|+ gdh xbe êgle Ljv~| feigd e|xgfk`|b`di ghh`x`jdgk aeh`lgk esglugx`jd ledxev|+ ve|ukx`di `d

dey ledxev| `d Fgdimjm+ \juxb Gcv`lg+ gdh ^gdgag$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev esgkugx`jd ~vjle||

yg| |xvedixbedeh gdh xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| g||uaeh ivegxev `dsjkseaedx `d êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk

jcc`lev b`v`di gdh Sjkudxeev lgve$

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\

Xbe dey keghev|b`~ jc xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx feigd yjvm `d Guiu|x 6>>0 gdh àaeh`gxekp |xgvxeh

xj g||e|| fjxb fu|`de|| ~vglx`le| gdh xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ gf`k`xp xj ghewugxekp |u~~jvx Sjkudxeev|$ G| g

ve|ukx+ xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx hesekj~eh g duafev jc veljaaedhgx`jd| gdh ~vj~j|eh glx`jd| xj

‛xvgd|cjva xbe êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev Begkxb \p|xea "^LSB\ `dxj gd gllveh`xeh begkxb lgve jvigd`zgx`jd

`d yb`lb g lukxuve jc ljdx`dugk wugk`xp à~vjseaedx gdh hgxg gdgkp|`| hv`se| gkk ~vjle||e|$‑ Xbe Jcc`le jc

Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx ljdlkuheh xbgx?

‛@d jvhev cjv êgle Ljv~| xj |u~~jvx ivjyxb+ xbeve au|x fe ghewugxe jvigd`zgx`jdgk `dcvg|xvulxuve

`d ~kgle xj |u~~jvx xbe |gcexp gdh begkxb+ fjxb ~bp|`lgk gdh aedxgk jc Sjkudxeev|$ Sjkudxeev| gve

`d iedevgk |gx`|cèh y`xb xbe begkxb lgve xbep vele`se yb`ke `d |evs`le+ fux xbeve gve agdp `d|xgdle|

`d yb`lb ~evcjvagdle ljukh fe à~vjseh$‑

Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx+ y`xb xbe |u~~jvx jc xbe H`velxjv jc xbe êgle Ljv~|+ ~vj~j|e| xj?

… E|xgfk`|b g aelbgd`|a xj ajd`xjv+ aeg|uve+ gdh à~vjse xbe wugk`xp jc lgve hek`seveh xbvjuib xbe

Sjkudxeev begkxb |p|xea=



762

… E|xgfk`|b g êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev lvehedx`gk di gdh velvehedx`gk`di ud`x xj g||e|| gdh ed|uve

xbe `d`x`gk gdh jdij`di wugk`c`lgx`jd| jc begkxb lgve ~vjs`hev|=

… Hesekj~+ `d ljkkgfjvgx`jd y`xb xbe Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|+ g ~kgd xj vegkìd lk`d`lgk wugk`xp

gdh glljudxgf`k`xp gx ~j|x|=

… @a~keaedx g ‛|lj~e jc ~vglx`le‑ h`velx`se xj ed|uve xbgx lk`d`lgk lgve `| ~vjs`heh jdkp fp

lgvei`sev| ybj gve ~vglx`l`di y`xb`d gd g~~vj~v`gxe |lj~e i`sed xbe`v ~vjce||`jdgk lvehedx`gk|=

… @a~keaedx gd er~gdheh vei`jdgk aeh`lgk jcc`lev |xvulxuve xj ~vjs`he ajve h`velx jsev|ìbx jc

êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev| gdh edljuvgie g aedxjv`di ajhek= gdh+

… Ed|uve xbgx ghewugxe ~vjce||`jdgk ve|juvle| gve gsg`kgfke xj glljaajhgxe fjxb luvvedx gdh

er~elxeh ivjyxb$

\jae jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd| gfjse gve luvvedxkp fe`di ~ux `dxj ~kgle+ yb`ke jxbev| gve |x`kk `d xbe

hesekj~aedx |xgie$ Cjv erga~ke+ xbe |`xe g||e||aedx ~vjle|| bg| feed | id`c`lgdxkp edbgdleh xj

`dljv~jvgxe ghh`x`jdgk h`velx jf|evsgx`jd jc lk`d`lgk lgve gdh hjluaedxgx`jd$ G dey g||e||aedx xjjk `| xbe

u|e jc xvglev aexbjhjkjip+ yb`lb `| u|eh xj g||e|| gdh esgkugxe xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ lja~k`gdle y`xb

|xgdhgvh| gdh |p|xea| jc ~vjs`h`di lgve gdh |evs`le| fp xvgl`di xbe er~evèdle| jc ~gxèdx| huv`di xbe`v

lgve edljudxev|$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe g||e||jv y`kk s`|`x gdh esgkugxe bìb!sjkuae ljd|ukxgdx| u|eh fp xbe

~j|x| gdh y`kk esgkugxe êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev|$ G hexg`keh ~vjxjljk bg| feed yv`xxed+ |j xbgx gkkg||e||aedx| gve ljdhulxeh `d gd `hedx`lgk agddev gdh |j xbgx gkk `xea| gve ljseveh$ \`xe g||e||aedx| gve

jdij`di gdh gve ~kgddeh cjv gkk Gcv`lg vei`jd ~j|x| gdh g duafev jc ~j|x| `d xbe jxbev xyj vei`jd|$

Veledxkp+ xbe êgle Ljv~| H`velxjv bekh g |evè| jc ljdcevedle lgkk| y`xb ljudxvp h`velxjv| yjvkhy`he$ @d

xbe|e lgkk|+ be iedevgkkp juxk`deh xbe lbgdie| ~kgddeh cjv à~vjs`di wugk`xp gdh jsev|ìbx jc aeh`lgk

|evs`le| ~vjs`heh xj Sjkudxeev|$ \bjvxkp gcxev xbgx lgkk+ g aeajvgdhua yg| |edx xj gkk ljudxvp h`velxjv|

juxk`d`di xbe aj|x veledx lbgdie| xj xbe ~vjle||e| cjv êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev velvu`xaedx+

agdgieaedx+ gdh glljudxgf`k`xp$ Xbe H`velxjv `dh`lgxeh xbgx gkk lbgdie| fe à~keaedxeh àaeh`gxekp$

Xbe|e lbgdie| `dlkuhe xbe cjkkjy`di?

… Aeh`lgk ljdxvglxjv| y`kk fe b`veh fp gdh ve~jvx xj xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx fux y`kk yjvm

lkj|ekp y`xb+ gdh udhev xbe h`velx`jd jc+ ljudxvp h`velxjv|=

… Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx y`kk fe ve|~jd|`fke cjv |lveed`di gdh b`v`di aeh`lgk ljdxvglxjv|

y`xb xbe ghs`le jc ljudxvp h`velxjv|=

… Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx y`kk à~keaedx g ajve vìjvju| |lveed`di ~vjle||+ `dlkuh`di gd

esgkugx`jd jc lvehedx`gk| gdh g xe|x jc xbe lgdh`hgxe‐| lk`d`lgk mdjykehie=

… Aeh`lgk ljdxvglxjv| y`kk fe ljdxvglxeh cjv xbvee pegv|+ gdh+ ~v`jv xj ljdxvglx vedeygk+ xbep y`kk fe

ve!lvehedx`gkeh gdh ve!esgkugxeh=

… Ljudxvp h`velxjv| |bjukh ve~jvx gdp ljdlevd| xbep bgse gfjux xbe ~evcjvagdle jc g aeh`lgk

ljdxvglxjv xj xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx= gdh+

… Aeh`lgk ljdxvglxjv| gve er~elxeh xj mee~ ljudxvp h`velxjv| cukkp u~hgxeh jd aeh`lgk+ |gcexp+ jv

|eluv`xp `||ue| g| xbep gv`|e$

Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx `| yjvm`di xj hesekj~ ~jk`lè| gdh ~vjlehuve| xj à~keaedx ghh`x`jdgk

g|~elx| jc xbe`v veljaaedhgx`jd|+ `dlkuh`di e|xgfk`|baedx jc g lvehedx`gk`di ud`x+ à~keaedx`di g |lj~e jc

~vglx`le h`velx`se+ gdh er~gdh`di xbe vei`jdgk êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev |xvulxuve$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@!6?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \evs`le| ljdx`due

xj ~uv|ue à~vjseaedx| xj xbe wugk`xp jc begkxb lgve cjv Sjkudxeev|$



760


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD


Udhev xbe keghev|b`~ jc xbe g||jl`gxe h`velxjv jc xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg|

hesekj~eh g lja~vebed| se ~kgd xj à~vjse xbe begkxb lgve jc |evs`di Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe ~vj~j|eh glx`jd|

gve ljdivuedx y`xb g sgvèxp jc veljaaedhgx`jd| aghe fp egvkèv g||e||aedx| gdh+ ybed vegk`zeh+ y`kk

|ìd`c`lgdxkp à~vjse xbe wugk`xp jc lgve xbgx Sjkudxeev| vele`se$

Xbe cjkkjy`di veljaaedhgx`jd| gve aghe fp xbe g||e||aedx xega?

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@!7

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx hesekj~

gd glx`jd ~kgd xj `dlveg|e |u~~jvx jcceveh xj Sjkudxeev| hegk`di y`xb aedxgk begkxb gdh |xve|| ljdlevd|$

Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx |bjukh ljd|`hev e|xgfk`|b`di g vei`jdgk aedxgk begkxb jcc`lev |xvulxuve+

|à`kgv xj xbe luvvedx vei`jdgk |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp jcc`lev |xvulxuve+ xj ~vjs`he h`velx lgve cjv Sjkudxeev| gdh

xj ~vjs`he jsev|ìbx gdh xvg`d`di cjv êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev| gdh jxbev ~j|x |xgcc aeafev|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@!6

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \evs`le| ljdx`due

xj ~uv|ue à~vjseaedx| xj xbe wugk`xp jc begkxb lgve cjv Sjkudxeev|$



7<>

L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv a~keaedxgx`jd jc veljaaedhgx`jd|



S@@!7? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx

xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx hesekj~ gd

glx`jd ~kgd xj `dlveg|e |u~~jvx jcceveh xj

Sjkudxeev| hegk`di y`xb aedxgk begkxb gdh

|xve|| ljdlevd|$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev

\u~~jvx |bjukh ljd|`hev e|xgfk`|b`di g

vei`jdgk aedxgk begkxb jcc`lev |xvulxuve+

|à`kgv xj xbe luvvedx vei`jdgk |gcexp gdh

|eluv`xp jcc`lev |xvulxuve+ xj ~vjs`he h`velx

lgve cjv Sjkudxeev| gdh xj ~vjs`he jsev|ìbx

gdh xvg`d`di cjv êgle Ljv~| aeh`lgk jcc`lev|

gdh jxbev ~j|x |xgcc aeafev|$

Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|=

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=

Euvj~e+ Aeh`xevvgdegd+ gdh

G|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

@d CP 6>77

S@@!6? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx

xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \evs`le| ljdx`due xj

~uv|ue à~vjseaedx| xj xbe wugk`xp jc begkxb

lgve cjv Sjkudxeev|$

Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev \u~~jvx Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|=

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


G|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

Jdij`di



7<7

S@@@$ XVG@D@DI JC SJKUDXEEV\ GDH \XGCC

^GVX G? SJKUDXEEV XVG@D@DI


G$7$ @dxvjhulx`jd

Cjv Sjkudxeev| xj fe |ulle||cuk+ dj agxxev bjy |m`kkeh xbep gve ybed edxev`di xbe êgle Ljv~|+ xbep deeh

xvg`d`di$ Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di `| g ljdx duju| ~vjle|| xbgx kg|x| 69 ajdxb|+ fei`dd`di y`xb ~ve!he~gvxuve

xvg`d`di+ ajs`di jd xj ~ve!|evs`le xvg`d`di "^\X+ ljdx`du`di y`xb g sgvèxp jc `d!|evs`le esedx| gdh

ljdcevedle|+ gdh edh`di y`xb g Lkj|e jc \evs`le Ljdcevedle$

Xyj jvigd`zgx jd| gx beghwugvxev| bgse ve|~jd|`f`k xp cjv |u~~jvx`di Sjkudxeev xvg`d di$ Xbe Cèkh

G||`|xgdle H`s`|`jd jc xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx "J^GX\+ gdh xbe

vei`jd|$ J^GX\ yjvm| y`xb vei`jd| gdh ~j|x| xj he|ìd+ à~keaedx gdh esgkugxe xvg d`di |p|xea| gdhglx`s`xè|$ J^GX\ |xgcc aeafev| ljkkgfjvgxe y`xb ~j|x |xgcc xj xvg`d Sjkudxeev| `d dey hesekj~aedx| `d

ljaaud`xp `dxeivgx`jd+ lukxuvgk |ed|`x`s`xp+ lg~gl`xp fu`kh`di gdh xelbd`lgk g||`|xgdle `d begkxb+ ehulgx`jd+

eds`vjdaedx+ |agkk edxev~v`|e hesekj~aedx+ gdh pjuxb hesekj~aedx$

Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ eglb vei`jd bg| g ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di ghs`|jv+ jv lbèc jc ~vjivgaa`di+ ybj yjvm| y`xb

J^GX\ gdh xbe ~j|x| xj he|ìd xvg`d`di esedx|+ bek~ ~j|x| ajd`xjv xbe juxljae| jc xvg`d`di gdh |evse g|

ghs`|jv| xj ~j|x|$

Gx xb`| xàe+ xbe vjke|+ ve|~jd|`f`k`xp gdh guxbjv`xp jc J^GX\ gdh xbe vei`jd| bgse djx feed lkegvkp

hec`deh$ Xbeve `| |jaexàe| ljdcu|`jd gdh g kglm jc ljjvh`dgx`jd fexyeed xbe xyj ivju~|$ Xbe`v a`||`jd

gdh vekgx`jd|b`~ xj jde gdjxbev g| yekk g| xbe`v xg|m+ deeh xj fe lkgv`cèh$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@@!7? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ keghev|b`~ lkgv`cp fjxb

xbe a`||`jd gdh xbe ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| jc xbe jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx gdh xbe

vei`jd| d |u~~jvx`di Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di$

\xgcc aeafev| gx ~j|x aj|x jcxed ljdhulx xbe glxugk xvg`d`di$ \jae ~j|x| bgse g cukk xàe xvg`d`di |xgcc

|u~~keaedxeh fp ~gvx xàe |xgcc ybed xvg`d`di esedx| gve udhevygp yb`ke jxbev| u|e ~gvx xàe |xgcc gkaj|x

erlku|`sekp$ ^j|x |xgcc aeafev| ~vjs he kgdiugie xvg`d di+ lvj|| lukxuvgk+ |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp+ begkxb

xvg`d`di+ gdh ojf!vekgxeh xvg`d`di cjv fjxb Sjkudxeev| gdh |jaexàe| xbe`v bj|x ljudxvp ljkkegiue|$

G$6$ Xp~e| jc xvg`d`di

G$6$g ^ve!he~gvxuve xvg`d`di

Gkk Sjkudxeev| aeex `d g ivju~ `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| cjv g fvèc ~ve!he~gvxuve jvèdxgx`jd "|xgi`di$ @d xbe

~g|x+ xb`| esedx yg| xbvee hgp| kjdi gdh ljseveh g sgvèxp jc xj~`l|+ `dlkuh`di |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp+

er~elxgx`jd|+ gdh fg| l `dcjvagx`jd$ Luvvedxkp+ xbe |xgi`di esedx `| gfjux bgkc g hgp kjdi y`xb xbe

er~elxgx`jd xbgx xvg`d`di y`kk fe hjde `d!ljudxvp$



7<6

^ve!He~gvxuve Xvg`d`diêgle Ljv~| Umvg`de‐| ^ve!He~gvxuve Xvg`d`di jd Xeglb`di Edik`|b g| g Cjveìd Kgdiugie

êgle Ljv~| Umvg`de ~vjs`he| ~ve!he~gvxuve xelbd`lgk "ojf vekgxeh xvg`d`di y`xb xbe`v ehulgx`jd aexbjhjkjip

ajhuke|$ Xbe|e lja~uxev!fg|eh ajhuke| gkkjy Sjkudxeev| "`ds`xee| ybj bgse feed `ds`xeh xj |evse `d Umvg`de

xj |xgvx |xuhp`di xeglb`di Edik`|b g| g cjveìd kgdiugie aexbjhjkjip fecjve xbep gvv`se d!ljudxvp$ G vgdhja`zeh

xe|x gx xbe edh jc xbe ajhuke| gkkjy| `ds`xee| xj xe|x xbe`v kegvd`di aukx`~ke xàe|$ êgle Ljv~| Umvg`de vewu`ve|

gkk `ds`xee| xj xgme xbe xe|x gdh |edh `x xj |xgcc aeafev| ybj u|e xbe `dcjvagx`jd g| g ygp xj `dh`s`hugk`ze xelbd`lgk

xvg`d`di cjv eglb Sjkudxeev$

Xbe ~vjle|| gk|j gkkjy| ~j|x xj i`se gd `d!he~xb ~vàev xj `ds`xee| fecjve xbep gvv`se gdh heajd|xvgxe| xbe `dxed|e

gdh ~vjce||`jdgk dgxuve jc xbe g||ìdaedx$ @x bg| keh xj fexxev!~ve~gveh `ds`xee| gdh ajve `dh`s`hugkkp xg`kjveh

xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di huv`di ~ve!|evs`le xvg`d`di$

Xbe gajudx jc xvg`d`di xbgx jlluv| fecjve xbe Sjkudxeev gvv se| gx |xgi`di he~edh| jd xbe ~j|x$ \jae ~j|x|

|edh g ‛yekljae fjjm‑ y`xb fg|`l `dcjvagx`jd+ yb`ke jxbev| |edh fjxb xbe yekljae fjjm gdh gd erxed|`se

|ex jc `dcjvagx`se agxev`gk|+ `dlkuh`di kgdiugie `d|xvulx`jd gdh lja~glx h`|m| y`xb ljudxvp gdh ~vjivga

|~el`c`l dcjvagx`jd$

G$6$f ^ve!|evs`le xvg`d`di "^\X

U~jd gvv`s`di `d!ljudxvp+ xbe Sjkudxeev `| glxugkkp g xvg`dee gdh ~gvx`l`~gxe| `d ~ve!|evs`le xvg`d`di "^\X

xbgx kg|x| cvja xed xj xyekse yeem|+ he~edh`di jd xbe ljudxvp$ Xbe aj|x ljaajd ajhek jc ^\X `| xbe

ljaaud`xp!fg|eh ajhek `d yb`lb c`se xj xed xvg`dee| k`se y`xb bj|x cga`k e| `d |agkk s`kkgie| jv xjyd|$ G

cey ~j|x| |x`kk u|e g ledxev!fg|eh ajhek `d yb`lb xvg`dee| ljae xj g |`dike kjlgx`jd eglb hgp cjv xvg`d`di$

@d fjxb ajhek|+ eglb hgp `| c`kkeh y`xb kgdiugie+ |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp+ begkxb+ lvj||!lukxuvgk+ gdh xelbd`lgk

xvg`d`di$ Xvg`dee| |~edh xbe`v xàe |xuhp`di xbe kgdiugie jc xbe ljudxvp+ edigi`di `d glx`s`xè| he|ìdeh xj

à~vjse ojf!vekgxeh |m`kk| |ulb g|+ xeglb`di= yjvm`di jd ljaaud`xp ~vjoelx|= gdh ~vglx`l`di `d xbe

ljaaud`xp xbe ke||jd| kegvdeh `d lkg||vjja |exx`di|$ Xbe xvg`d`di gxxea~x| xj `dxeivgxe xbe lja~jdedx|

gdh fu`kh jd xbe er~evèdle| xbe xvg`dee| bgse `d xbe`v esevphgp k`se|$ Gx xbe edh jc ^\X+ xbe xvg`dee `|

|yjvd `d g| g Sjkudxeev gdh xbed kegse| xbe xvg`d`di ljaaud`xp xj k`se cjv xyj pegv| g| g êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev$

Luvvedxkp+ xbe êgle Ljv~| u|e| g duafev jc h`ccevedx ajhek| cjv ^\X$ \jae ~j|x| vud ^\X cjv xed xj

xyekse yeem|$ Jxbev| |~k`x `x u~ `dxj xyj jv xbvee ~bg|e| y`xb xàe fexyeed xbe ~bg|e| cjv Sjkudxeev| xj

k`se `d xbe`v bj|x ljaaud`xè| fecjve lja`di fglm cjv ghh`x`jdgk xvg`d`di$

G$6$l @d!|evs`le xvg`d`di "@\X

êv`jh`lgkkp huv`di xbe xyj pegv| jc |evs`le+ Sjkudxeev| lgd ~gvx`l`~gxe `d xvg`d`di esedx| fjxb y`xb gdh

y`xbjux xbe`v bj|x ljudxvp ljkkegiue|$ Xvg`d`di `| jcceveh gx g ledxvgk kjlgx jd jv |uf!vei`jdgkkp y`xb`d gljudxvp$ Aj|x ~j|x| jccev+ gx g a`dàua+ `d!|evs le xvg`d`di degv xbe xb`vh ajdxb jc |evs`le gdh gig`d gx

xbe xyekcxb ajdxb gdh xbe 67|x ajdxb$ Xj~`l| sgvp cvja ljdx`dueh kgdiugie xvg`d`di xj ghh`x`jdgk xelbd`lgk

xvg`d`di$ Ljaajd xj~`l| gve ~vjoelx he| id gdh agdgieaedx+ B@S*G@H\ ehulgx`jd gdh ~vesedx`jd+ gdh

Edik`|b ehulgx`jd |m`kk|+ |ulb g| yjvm`di y`xb pjudi kegvdev| jv lkg||vjja agdgieaedx$ G duafev jc

~j|x| gve u|`di Sjkudxeev `d`x`gxeh xelbd`lgk vecve|bev| gdh yjvm|bj~| g| g ygp jc lg~`xgk`z`di jd xbe |m`kk|

jc luvvedx Sjkudxeev|$ Xb`| gkkjy| Sjkudxeev| xj jvigd`ze yjvm|bj~| gx hgxe| gdh ~kgle| ljdsedèdx xj

xbea gdh xbe`v bj|x ljudxvp ljkkegiue| gdh ve|~jdh| xj xbe xvg`d`di deeh| er~ve||eh fp Sjkudxeev|$



7<<

Xbeve `| `dlveg|`di veljid`x`jd xbgx xbe agojv`xp jc kegvd`di bg~~ed| jux|`he jc xbe |xvulxuveh lkg||!vjja

|exx`di gdh xbgx |ekc!h`velxeh kegvd`di `| gd à~jvxgdx lja~keaedx xj `d!|evs`le xvg`d`di esedx|$ @d xbe kg|x

xed pegv| xbeve bg| feed gd `dlveg|`di |b`cx gygp cvja xvgh`x`jdgk ajhek| jc cjvagk+ |`dike!esedx xvg`d`di

fg|eh jd ybgx xvg`dev| xb`dm `| à~jvxgdx xj gd g~~vjglb xbgx edlja~g||e| jdij`di `dcjvagk kegvd`di

hv`sed fp kegvdev deeh| jd xbe ojf$

êgle Ljv~| Fek`ze

Gd Erga~ke jc \ekc H`velxeh Kegvd`di

êgle Ljv~| Fek`ze edljuvgie| Sjkudxeev| xj ljdx`due |ekc!h`velxeh kegvd`di gdh xj hesekj~ xbe`v sèy| jd

`dxevdgx`jdgk hesekj~aedx‘xbe ybp gdh bjy jc hj`di `x‘xbvjuib g Sjkudxeev gdh |xgcc vegh`di k`|x xbgx `| g ljkkelx`jd

jc fjjm| xbgx bgse ljdxv`fuxeh xj xbe veljaaedhev|‐ ~ev|~elx`se| jd xbe`v jyd hesekj~aedx ~b`kj|j~bp$ Xb`| k`|x `|

agdgieh xbvjuib gd jdk`de |p|xea+ \bgve^j`dx+ xbgx gkkjy| Sjkudxeev| xj ~g|| xbe fjjm| gajdi xbea|ekse| y`xbjux

lbelm`di xbea `d gdh jux jc xbe jcc`le$ Xbe vegh`di k`|x lja~kàedx| g |evè| jc h`|lu||`jd| gàeh gx bek~`di

Sjkudxeev| hee~ed xbe`v ~ev|~elx`se| gdh udhev|xgdh`di hpdga`l| xbep er~evèdle `d xbe`v yjvm gdh ljaaud`xè|$

êgle Ljv~| Ajdijk`g

Gd Erga~ke jc xbe @a~glx jc ^ve!|evs`le Xvg`d`di+ @d!|evs`le Xvg d`di+ gdh \ekc H`velxeh Kegvd`di

Gcxev pegv| jc \jsèx `dckuedle+ xbe jdkp cjveìd kgdiugie |~jmed y`xb fvjgh ljd|`|xedlp `d Ajdijk`g xjhgp `| Vu||`gd

kgdiugie$ Bjyesev xbe ~u|b xj kegvd Edik`|b `| sevp |xvjdi `d xb`| cjvaev \jsèx |gxekk xe gdh xbe êgle Ljv~| bg|

feljae xbe ~gvxdev jc lbj`le jc xbe Ajdijk`gd A`d`|xvp jc Ehulgx`jd gdh duaevju| ehulgx`jdgk `d|x`xux`jd| kjjm`di xj

`dxvjhule Edik`|b kgdiugie |m`kk| gdh ~vjs`he |xuhedx| y`xb g cjveìd ~ev|~elx`se$ Huv`di g 6>>9 aeex`di fexyeed xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ H`velxjv gdh Ajdijk`gd ^ve|`hedx Dgafgvpd Edmbfgpgv+ xbe ~ve|`hedx cjvagkkp vewue|xeh xbe êgle

Ljv~| `dlveg|e xbe duafev jc Sjkudxeev| `d Ajdijk`g cvja `x| kesek jc 7>5+ xj g kesek jc <<<+ gd gajudx ewu`sgkedx xj

jde Sjkudxeev fe`di ~kgleh `d eglb ljudxp$

Yb`ke xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xelbd`lgk |m`kk| xvgd|cev eccelx`sede|| `d Ajdijk`g `| lkegv+ xbe |ulle|| jc Sjkudxeev| xj kegvd

Ajdijk`gd lukxuve gdh fe|x ve~ve|edx xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| `| ewugkkp ~jyevcuk$ Sjkudxeev |evs`le `d Ajdijk`g ljae| y`xb

g ‒|`dm jv |yà‐ vegk`xp `d xeva| jc kegvd`di xbe kjlgk kgdiugie$ Jux|`he jc Ukggdfggxgv+ sevp cey `dh`s`hugk| |~egm gdp

Edik`|b+ kex gkjde ljdsev|gx`jdgk Edik`|b$ G| |ulb+ |evs`le `d xb`| ledxvgk G|`gd dgx`jd vewu`ve| Sjkudxeev| xj feljae~vjc`lèdx `d g kgdiugie ljd|`heveh xj fe jde jc xbe aj|x lbgkkedi`di `d xbe yjvkh xj glwu`ve$

êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| bgse fjxb eafvgleh gdh erlekkeh gx aeex`di xb`| lbgkkedie= g cglx xbgx bg| ~vjhuleh g kesek jc

veljid`x`jd gvjudh xbe ljudxvp$ @x `| djy ljaajd cjv Ajdijk`gd aeh`g xj ljdhulx `dxevsèy| `d Ajdijk`gd kgdiugie

y`xb Sjkudxeev| huv`di êgle Ljv~| xvg`d`di esedx|$ Xbe 6>>3 \yegv`di @d Leveajdp jc xbe Ivju~ 79 Sjkudxeev

xvg`d`di lkg||+ cegxuv`di |~eelbe|+ hgdle gdh ~jexvp vel`xgk fp Sjkudxeev| yg| gxxedheh fp ^ve|`hedx Edmbfgpgv gdh

ljseveh jd dgx`jdgk xekes`|`jd$ @c g cjveìdev |~egm| ijjh Ajdijk`gd ybed xbep iex `dxj g xgr` `d Ukggdfggxgv+ hv`sev|

jcxed hj djx g|m xbea ybeve xbep deeh xj ij‣xbep xgme xbea h`velxkp xj xbe êgle Ljv~| jcc`le$

Xb`| erlekkedle `d lvj|| lukxuvgk g~~vel`gx`jd cegxuveh g bìbkìbx `d 6>>5 ybed xyj êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| felgae

xbe c`v|x `d xbe b`|xjvp jc xbe ~vjivga xj xe|x ckuedx `d Ajdijk`gd kgdiugie$ Jde jc xbe xyj Sjkudxeev|+ Iejvie

Eljdja`he|+ veglbeh g kesek jc veljid`x`jd cjv b`| kgdiugie |m`kk| xbgx lgu|eh ivju~| jc Ajdijk`gd| xj g~~vjglb bà

jd xbe |xveex xj begv bà |~egm xbe`v kgdiugie$ @d xbe |uaaev jc 6>>5+ ^ve| hedx Iejvie Fu|b gddjudleh b`|Djseafev 67+ 6>>5 s`|`x xj Ajdijk`g$ G| xbe Eafg||p ~kgddeh cjv xbe b`|xjv`l s`|`x+ xbe Gafg||ghjv g~~vjglbeh

êgle Ljv~| xj |ee `c Av$ Eljdja`he| yjukh fe y`kk`di xj xvgd|kgxe xbe aeex`di fexyeed xbe xyj ~ve|`hedx|+ g xvue

edhjv|eaedx jc ybgx Sjkudxeev| `d xbe Ajdijk`g ~vjivga gllja~k`|b$

Cjkkjy`di xbvee pegv| jc Sjkudxeev |evs`le+ Av$ Eljdja`he| yedx jd xj yjvm `d xvg`d`di ~j|`x`jd| cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|

Ajdijk`g ~vjivga+ edljuvgi`di dey Sjkudxeev| xj ~uv|ue erlekkedle `d ijgk| 6 gdh < jc xbe giedlp$ Be luvvedxkp

|evse| g| xbe Gha`d`|xvgx`se Jcc`lev cjv êgle Ljv~| Ajdijk`g$



7<8

G$6$h Lkj|e jc \evs`le Ljdcevedle

G~~vjràgxekp xbvee ajdxb| fecjve xbe`v |evs`le edh|+ êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| gxxedh g Lkj|e jc \evs`le

Ljdcevedle y`xb xbe`v ljbjvx xbgx kg|x| xyj xj cjuv hgp|$ Djvagkkp+ xb`| ljdcevedle `| xàe xj yvg~ u~

Sjkudxeev |evs`le y`xb veckelx`jd jd gllja~k`|baedx| gdh `| xàe xj ~kgd djx jdkp xbe c`dgk ajdxb| jc

|evs`le fux ve!edxvp `dxj k`ce gcxev xbe êgle Ljv~|$ @x `| g xàe jc kjjm`di fglm gdh kjjm`di gbegh+ g xàe jc

lekefvgx`jd gdh veckelx`jd$

G$<$ Xvg`d`di |xgcc

Eglb ~j|x `| vewu`veh xj |ufa`x g xvg`d`di |xgxu| ve~jvx `d Jlxjfev jc eglb pegv$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|

^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di "J^GX\ vesèy| xbe ve~jvx| gdh |uaagv`ze| mep hgxg `dxj gd gdgkp|`| jc bjy

~j|x| gve gdgkpz`di+ he|ìd`di+ à~keaedx di+ gdh esgkugx`di xvg`d`di esedx|$

^j|x| `d gkk xbvee vei`jd| "3< ~evledx jc Gcv`lg ~j|x|+ 5> ~evledx jc @G^ ~j|x| gdh <2 ~evledx jc EAG ~j|x|

ve~jvxeh |ìd`c`lgdx xvg`d`di |xgcc kà`xgx`jd| gdh xuvdjsev g| jde jc xbe ivegxe|x lbgkkedie| xj he|ìd`di gdh

hek`sev`di |ulle||cuk xvg`d`di$ Xb`| ljdxv`fuxe| xj ybp Sjkudxeev| vgxeh xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di xbe kjye|x jc xbe

c`se xvg`d`di gveg| jd xbe 6>>0 Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep$

@d ~ve~gvgx`jd cjv wugk`xp ivjyxb+ xbe H`velxjv jc xbe giedlp e|xgfk`|beh gd giedlp!y`he ivjyxb xg|m cjvle

huv`di xbe c v|x wugvxev jc CP 6>7>$ G |ufivju~ jc xbgx xg|m cjvle ljdledxvgxeh jd Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di$ Cjv

xyj ajdxb|+ xbe xvg`d`di |ufivju~+ lja~j|eh jc xvg`d`di |xgcc cvja J^GX\ gdh xbe vei`jd| ljd|ukxeh y`xb

~j|x|+ vesèyeh hjluaedx|+ gdh gxxedheh xbe yjvkhy`he ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev ljdcevedle$

Xbe`v veljaaedhgx`jd| yeve ljd|`|xedx y`xb xbj|e er~ve||eh gx xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv ljdcevedle| gdh

ledxeveh jd cjuv ag`d gveg|? à~vjseaedx jc xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di+ `d|x`xux`jd jc g pegv vjudh xvg`d`di |xgcc gx

eglb ~j|x+ à~vjseh xvg`d`di cjv ~j|x xvg`d`di |xgcc+ gdh ghh`x`jdgk xvg`d`di hgp| cjv Sjkudxeev|$

@d xbe`v gdgkp|`| jc Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di+ xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle `dh`lgxeh xbgx xbe agojv`xp jc ~j|x| hj djx bgse

pegv!vjudh mep xvg`d`di |xgcc$ Xbu|+ |ìd`c`lgdx ve|juvle| gve |~edx jd ve~egxehkp velvu`x di gdh xvg`d`di

dey ~gvx!xàe |xgcc gx eglb ~j|x ybed g xvg d`di esedx |ulb g| ^\X `| |lbehukeh$ Ybed xbe xvg`d`di esedx `|

jsev+ agdp jc xbe ~gvx!xàe |xgcc aeafev| c`dh ajve ~evagdedx ojf| gdh gve djx gsg`kgfke cjv xbe derx ^\X+

vewu`v`di ~j|x xj velvu`x gdh xvg`d dey |xgcc$ Djx jdkp gve ve|juvle| deehke||kp |~edx+ Sjkudxeev| gve xbed

xvg`deh fp der~evèdleh |xgcc$

@c g a`dàua duafev jc cukk!xàe xvg`d`di |xgcc aeafev| yeve b`veh gdh xvg`deh gx eglb ~j|x+ xbep yjukh

fe gfke xj he|ìd+ hek`sev+ gdh esgkugxe Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di huv`di xbe edx`ve 69!ajdxb ljdx duua$ Xbep

ljukh ~vjs`he ghh`x`jdgk xgviexeh xvg`d`di+ ~evbg~| |uf!vei`jdgkkp+ xj Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe`v bj|x ljudxvp

ljkkegiue|$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xvg`d`di |xgcc aeafev| gve xbe mep ~ej~ke xj ve`dcjvle deykp kegvdeh mdjykehie

gdh |m`kk| xbvjuib jdij`di Sjkudxeev |u~~jvx gdh ljglb`di$ C`dgkkp+ cukk!xàe xvg`d`di |xgcc aeafev| ljukh

g||`|x ~j|x| y`xb |`xe s`|`x| gdh |`xe hesekj~aedx+ |j xbgx ~j|x| lgd agme Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di ajve vekesgdx+

g| yekk g| ~vjs`he ghh`x`jdgk |xgcc xj edigie `d xbe|e lv`x`lgk glx`s`xè|$

Xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle veljaaedheh g ~bg|eh g~~vjglb xj `dlveg|`di xbe duafev jc cukk xàe xvg`d`di |xgcc

gx ~j|x|$ Xbe |xvgxeip dlkuhe|?

… Gd gdgkp|`| xj hexeva`de a`dàua gdh j~xàua cukk!xàe xvg`d`di |xgcc`di cjv ~j|x|=

… Gd gdgkp|`| jc ljd|`|xedx ojf x`xke| gdh |lj~e| jc yjvm=



7<5

… Giedlp |u~~jvx cjv ~j|x| `d hesekj~`di g ~vjle|| cjv xbe velvu`xaedx+ xvg`d`di+ gdh vexedx`jd jc

pegv!vjudh xvg`d`di |xgcc=

… Gd gdgkp|`| jc xbe à~glx jc ajve pegv!vjudh xvg`d`di |xgcc= gdh+

… G hel`|`jd g| xj derx |xe~|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@@!6?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| b`v`di gdh xvg`d`di mep cukk!xàe xvg`d`di |xgcc

aeafev| gx ~j|x|$

^j|x| gk|j ve~jvx+ `d xbe`v xvg`d`di |xgxu| ve~jvx|+ lbgkkedie| `d à~keaedx`di wugk`xp xvg`d`di felgu|e jc

xbe`v `dgf`k`xp xj b`ve+ xvg`d gdh vexg`d kgdiugie gdh xelbd`lgk xvg`dev| cjv ^\X$ Gx xbe agojv`xp jc ~j|x|+

dey xvg`d`di |xgcc aeafev| gve i`sed g |bjvx "jcxed jde yeem jv ke|| xvg`d`di cjv xvg`dev| yjvm|bj~ fecjve

^\X fei`d|$ Hue xj fuhiex ve|xv`lx`jd| `d xbe ~g|x cey pegv|+ ~j|x| bgse bgh xj vehule xbe xvg`d`di i`sed xj

xbe`v deykp b`veh gdh jcxed `der~evèdleh xvg d`di |xgcc$ Xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle veljaaedh|+ gdh xbe

g||e||aedx xega givee|+ xbgx xbvee xj cjuv yeem| jc xvg`d`di yjukh ~vjs`he ajve `d!he~xb mdjykehie gdh

|m`kk fu`kh`di$ Xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle ~j`dx| jux xbe |xe~| xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj xgme xj fu`kh lg~gl`xp jc

kgdiugie gdh xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di |xgcc aeafev|?

… Hesekj~ xvg`d`di jc xvg`dev| ajhuke|=… Xvg`d ~j|x |xgcc xj hek`sev xbe|e ajhuke|= gdh+

… Vjkk jux kjdiev gdh ajve eccelx`se yjvm|bj~| cjv xvg`dev|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@@!<?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| fu`kh`di xbe lg~gl`xp jc xvg`d`di |xgcc fp

hesekj~`di g~~vj~v`gxe Xvg`d`di jc Xvg`dev yjvm|bj~| cjv xvg`d`di |xgcc$

G$8$ Ljve xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di glvj|| ~j|x|

Xbe giedlp vewue|xeh `d~ux jd xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jd| cvja jsev|eg| |xgcc gx veledx ljudxvp h`velxjv

ljdcevedle| gdh gx xbe yjvkhy`he ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev ljdcevedle bekh `d Agvlb 6>7>$

Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di yg| xbe cjlu| jc g duafev jc veljaaedhgx`jd| cvja fjxb ljudxvp h`velxjv| gdh

~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev|$

Fjxb ivju~| |g`h xbgx xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di+ yb`ke à~vjseh `d xbe ~g|x c`se pegv|+ `| |x`kk djx aeex`di

er~elxgx`jd| jc ~j|x |xgcc gdh Sjkudxeev|$ Xbep hesekj~eh g |ex jc veljaaedhgx jd| xbgx `dlkuheh

`dlveg|`di cudh`di cjv ajve xvg`d`di hgp|+ ghh`x`jdgk cudh`di cjv xvg`d`di bj|x ljudxvp ljudxev~gvx| y`xb

Sjkudxeev|+ hesekj~`di fg|`l |xgdhgvh`zeh xelbd`lgk xvg d`di ajhuke| cjv sgv`ju| ~vjoelx|+ gdh `d|x`xux`di

pegv!vjudh xvg`d`di |xgcc gx eglb ~j|x$

@d 6>>0+ xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep cjv xbe c`v|x xàe g|meh Sjkudxeev| g xg`kjveh |ex jc wue|x`jd|

vekesgdx xj xbe`v xàe `d!ljudxvp$ Sjkudxeev| `d!ljudxvp cjv 72 ajdxb| jv ke|| yeve g|meh ‛Bjy eccelx`se

yg| pjuv ~ve!|evs`le xvg`d`di "^\X `d ~ve~gv`di pju xj‣‑ Ve|~jd|e| yeve xgfukgxeh cjv 6+096 Sjkudxeev|`d xbe cjva jc ‛djx eccelx`se+‑ ‛~jjv+‑ ‛ghewugxe+‑ ‛eccelx`se+‑ ‛sevp eccelx`se+‑ gdh ‛DG*Dj xvg`d`di$‑

G~~edh`r S@@@!7 |bjy| xbe ikjfgk ve|ukx| cjv xbe Sjkudxeev| `d!ljudxvp cjv 72 ajdxb| jv ke|| ybj

gd|yeveh xbe wue|x`jd| gfjux ^\X$ @d iedevgk+ |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp xvg`d`di+ lvj|| lukxuvgk xvg`d di+ hegk`di

y`xb ghou|xaedx `||ue|+ gdh begkxb xvg`d`di yeve vgxeh xbe bìbe|x+ y`xb jdkp < ~evledx xj 9 ~evledx jc

Sjkudxeev| vgx`di xbe|e `xea| g| djx eccelx`se jv ~jjv$ Bjyesev+ 65 ~evledx jc Sjkudxeev| cekx xbe`v xvg`d di



7<3

`d yjvm`di y`xb ljudxev~gvx| gdh ljaaud`xp ~gvxdev| gdh xbe`v ojf!vekgxeh xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di yg| djx

eccelx`se jv ~jjv$

Ybed gkk Sjkudxeev| yeve g|meh xj vgxe xbe`v `d!|evs`le xvg`d`di+ 73 ~evledx jc 8+>90 Sjkudxeev| cekx xbe`v

xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di yg| ~jjv jv djx eccelx`se+ gdh 79 ~evledx cekx xbe`v xvg`d`di `d yjvm`di y`xb ljudxev~gvx|

gdh ljkkegiue| yg| ~jjv jv djx eccelx`se$

G duafev jc cglxjv| lgd glljudx cjv xb`| vekgx`sekp ~jjv |bjy`di$ \uvsep ve|ukx| ~gvx`gkkp gve vekgxeh xj xbe

gajudx jc xelbd`lgk xvg d`di ~j|x| ~vjs`he xj Sjkudxeev|+ g| yekk g| xbe wugk`xp jc xbe xvg`d`di$ Xbe gajudx

jc xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di bg| helveg|eh `d xbe ~g|x xed pegv|+ gdh djy g |ìd`c`lgdx duafev jc ~j|x| luvvedxkp

ve~jvx g kglm jc xàe xj hj ghewugxe xelbd`lgk xvg`d di$ Xb`| helveg|e `d xàe lgd fe gxxv`fuxeh xj xyj

cglxjv|$ G| |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp ljdlevd| bgse `dlveg|eh+ xbe gajudx jc xàe hesjxeh xj |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp

bg| `dlveg|eh+ egx`di `dxj xbe gajudx jc xàe gsg`kgfke cjv xelbd`lgk xvg`d di$ Gk|j+ g| fuhiex| bgse feed

lux+ xvg`d`di xàe `d iedevgk bg| helveg|eh$

G |eljdh `||ue `| xbgx xbe wugk`xp jc xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di gx |jae ~j|x| `| ke|| xbgd ghewugxe$ Jde veg|jd `|

xb`| `| xbgx agdp ~j|x| hj djx bgse cukk!xàe mep xvg`d`di |xgcc+ |j agxev`gk| gve djx u~hgxeh jd g veiukgv

fg|`| gdh+ g| djxeh gfjse+ `der~evèdleh xvg`d`di |xgcc gve ke|| eccelx`se xbgd xbj|e ybj bgse er~evèdlegdh |uf|xgdx`gk xvg`d`di$

Gdjxbev veg|jd wugk`xp `| kglm`di `d |jae gveg| `| hue xj xbe duafev jc xelbd`lgk gveg| `d yb`lb g ~j|x agp

deeh xj xvg`d Sjkudxeev|$ Luvvedxkp xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| c`cxp h`|x dlx ~vjoelx| xbgx gve h`s`heh `dxj |`r

|elxjv| `d xbe xbvee vei jd|$ Cjv erga~ke+ xbe xb`vxeed ~vjoelx| `d xbe begkxb |elxjv `dlkuhe ljaaud`xp

begkxb+ ygxev gdh |gd`xgx jd+ B@S*G@H\ ehulgx`jd gdh ~vesedx`jd+ gdh lb`kh begkxb$ Xbe c`cxeed h`|x`dlx

~vjoelx| `d xbe eds`vjdaedx gdh giv`lukxuve |elxjv| vgdie cvja eds`vjdaedxgk agdgieaedx xj gwuglukxuve

gdh cvja iveed giv`lukxuve xj uvfgd giv`lukxuve$ \`r ~vjoelx| hja`dgxe xbe |agkk edxev~v`|e hesekj~aedx

|elxjv+ yb`ke ekesed ~vjoelx| gve lgvvèh jux `d xbe ehulgx`jd |elxjv$ Xbe pjuxb hesekj~aedx |elxjv bg| c`se

~vjoelx|$

\`dle eglb ~j|x `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv hesekj~`di xbe ljdxedx jc xbe`v xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di+ xbe y`he |lj~e jc xbe

~vjoelx| gdh xbe sgv`gx`jd `d |m`kk kesek| gdh ~ve~gvgx`jd jc xvg`d`di |xgcc aeafev| lgd kegh xj `dljd|`|xedx

wugk`xp jc xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di cjv Sjkudxeev|$

Glljvh`di xj xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle?

‛Gkk g|~elx| jc xvg`d`di lgd fe |u~~jvxeh fp ~vjs`h`di u~ xj hgxe+ |xgdhgvh`zeh+ wugk`xp agxev`gk|!

agdugk|+ iu`he|+ |e||`jd ~kgd|+ gllja~gdp`di guh`js`|ugk|+ exl$ xbgx gkkjy cjv lukxuvgk gdh

ljdxerxugk ghg~xgx`jd gdh |gse xbe |xgcc xàe+ edevip gdh ajdep cvja bgs`di xj he|ìd xbe`v jyd

cvja |lvgxlb$‑

Xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle veljaaedheh xbgx xeglb`di Edik`|b g| g cjveìd kgdiugie xvg`d`di fe |xgdhgvh`zeh

c`v|x gdh xbgx jxbev ~v`jv`xp gveg| cjkkjy$ Xbe xg|m cjvle veljaaedheh hesekj~`di g xjjk m`x+ `dlkuh`di g

luvv`lukua cjv ljsev`di xbe fg|`l aexbjhjkjiè| gdh g~~vjglbe|+ |ga~ke |e||`jd he|ìd| gdh iu`hek`de| cjv

~vglx`le xeglb`di+ |uiie|xeh xj~`l| cjv `d!|evs`le xvg`d`di+ gdh iu`hgdle cjv |`xe s`|`x| gdh jf|evsgx`jd jc

Sjkudxeev lkg||e|$ Gkk cèkh |xgcc yjukh vele se xbe agxev`gk| `d g |ev e| jc yjvm|bj~|$

Xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle veljaaedheh hesekj~`di |xgdhgvh`zeh xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di `d ljve gveg| y`xb xbe

ljkkgfjvgx`jd jc er~evèdleh cèkh |xgcc$ Cèkh |xgcc yjvkhy`he yjukh xbed kegvd xj hj xbe xvg`d di$ Jxbev



7<9

g~~vjglbe| xj hek`sev`di |xgdhgvh`zeh xvg`d`di bgse feed ghsjlgxeh `dlkuh`di ljdxvglx`di y`xb gd

jvigd`zgx`jd `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| xj ~vjs`he ljve xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di xj gkk Sjkudxeev| `d g |elxjv fecjve xbep

gvv`se gx ~j|x jv ljdxvglx`di y`xb |uf!vei`jdgk xvg`d`di ledxev| jux|`he jc xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| xj ~vjs`he

|xgdhgvh`zeh xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di y`xb ghh`x`jdgk xvg`d`di ~vjs`heh gx ~j|x$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| |xgdhgvh`z`di ljve xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di agxev`gk|

cjv xgviexeh `dxevsedx`jd gveg| yb`ke i`s`di ~j|x| xbe j~x`jd jc ghh`di ljudxvp |~el`c`l `dcjvagx`jd xj xbe

ljve agxev`gk$ \`dle h`ccevedx aexbjh| jc hek`sev`di |xgdhgvh`zeh xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di xj Sjkudxeev| bgse

h`ccevedx lj|x gdh |xgcc`di à~k`lgx`jd|+ xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xe|x`di xyj jv gkk xbvee jc xbe

~vj~j|eh aexbjh| jc hek`sev`di xvg`d`di‘gx ~j|x+ |uf!vei`jdgkkp+ gdh `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$

G$5$ ^vjs`h`di cjv wugk`xp Sjkudxeev kegvd`di

Hue xj xìbx fuhiex| `d xbe ~g|x cey pegv|+ xvg`d`di hgp| jcxed bgse feed lux xj aeex fuhiex ve|xv`lx`jd|$

Aj|x ~j|x| lux ^\X cvja b`|xjv`lgk kesek| jc xyekse yeem| xj d`de xj xed yeem| gdh bgse lux `d!|evs`le

xvg`d`di g| yekk$ Gk|j+ g| |gcexp gdh begkxb ljdlevd| bgse `dlveg|eh jsev xbe pegv|+ xvg`d`di xàe bg| feed

h`sevxeh xj xbe|e gveg| gx xbe er~ed|e jc kgdiugie+ xelbd`lgk+ gdh lvj||!lukxuvgk xvg`d`di$

Glljvh`di xj xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle+ g ikjfgk êgle Ljv~| |uvsep cjudh xbgx <2 ~evledx jc ~j|x| cekx xbep

deeheh jde ghh`x`jdgk yeem jc ^\X xj hek`sev wugk`xp xvg`d`di yb`ke 3 ~evledx cekx xbep deeheh gx keg|x xyj

xj xbvee ghh`x`jdgk yeem|$ \à`kgvkp+ 8< ~evledx jc ~j|x| `dh lgxeh xbep deeheh cjuv xj |`r ghh`x`jdgk `d!

|evs`le xvg`d`di hgp| gdh 78 ~evledx deeheh xed ghh`x`jdgk hgp|$ Xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle veljaaedh| xbe

êgle Ljv~|?

… Gdgkpze xvg`d`di deeh| xj ou|x`cp ghh`x`jdgk xvg`d`di xàe=

… ^vjs`he fuhiex |u~~jvx cjv `dlveg|eh xvg`d`di xàe ybed `dh`lgxeh= gdh+

… Esgkugxe xbe eccelx| jc `dlveg|`di xvg`d`di xàe

Ceehfglm cvja Sjkudxeev| gdh ~j|x |xgcc aeafev| gk|j `dh`lgxe| g deeh cjv `dlveg|`di xbe duafev jc

xvg`d`di hgp|+ gdh xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv| gdh ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev| giveeh gdh aghe |à`kgv

veljaaedhgx jd| gx xbe`v ljdcevedle|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@@!5? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp vecvg`d cvja luxx`di xvg`d`di g|

g aexbjh jc aeex`di fuhiex vehulx`jd|$

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\

F$7$ Xvg`d`di he|ìd gdh esgkugx`jd

Jsev xbe ~g|x cey pegv|+ J^GX\ gdh vei`jdgk xvg`d`di |xgcc aeafev| bgse yjvmeh bgvh xj |xgdhgvh`ze xbe

xvg`d`di aexbjh| glvj|| ~j|x| "g| h`|x`dlx cvja xbe ljdxedx jc xvg`d`di yb`lb `| djx |xgdhgvh`zeh$ Xbe

êgle Ljv~| `dxvjhuleh g ajhek cjv xvg`d`di he|ìd gdh esgkugx`jd+ fg|eh jd fe|x ~vglx`le| `d `d|xvulx`jdgk

he|ìd+ xbgx `| djy `d u|e glvj|| gkk vei`jd| gdh gx gkk ~j|x|+ y`xb sgvp di kesek| jc |j~b`|x`lgx jd$ Xbe

udhevkp`di xvg`d`di he|ìd gdh esgkugx`jd dlkuhe xbe cjkkjy`di ~v`dl`~gk|?

… Ljkkgfjvgx`jd `| e||edx`gk xj xvg`d`di he|ìd gdh esgkugx`jd=



7<2

… Xbe ~vjoelx ~kgd `| xbe fg|`| cjv xvg`d`di gdh hexeva`de| xbe ljdxedx jc xvg`d`di=

… Lv`xev`g cjv |ulle|| gve lkegv gdh xbeve `| g |p|xea cjv aeg|uv`di gxxg`daedx jc kegvd`di=

… ^vj~ev aexbjh| gve u|eh xj xvg`d xj eglb kegvd`di jfoelx`se=

… G||e||aedx| gdh esgkugx`jd gve ljdhulxeh `d g cg`v gdh ~gvx`l`~gxjvp agddev=

… Xbe ~vjle|| cjv xvg`d`di he|ìd gdh esgkugx`jd `| `xevgx`se= gdh+

… Xvg`d`di ljdxedx `| |ewuedleh gkjdi xbe 69!ajdxb ljdx`duua$

Xbe xvg`d`di he|ìd gdh esgkugx`jd |p|xea ljd|`|x| jc g |ex jc glx`s`xè| `dlkuh`di deeh| g||e||aedx+

hesekj~aedx jc lja~exedlè| gdh kegvd`di jfoelx`se|+ g| yekk g| g ~kgd cjv xvg`d`di gdh esgkugx`jd$

Fg|eh jd xvg`d`di |xgxu| ve~jvx| xuvdeh `d xj beghwugvxev|+ 09 ~evledx jc ~j|x| gve u|`di ~vjoelx ~kgd| xj

`hedx`cp kegvd`di deeh|+ 23 ~evledx bgse hesekj~eh lja~exedlè| gdh 95 ~evledx |ufa`xxeh kegvd`di

jfoelx`se|$ Yb`ke 06 ~evledx jc ~j|x| ve~jvx bgs`di |ewuedleh xbe ljdxedx jc xbe`v xvg`d`di ljdx`duua

fg|eh jd kegvd`di jfoelx`se|+ 38 ~evledx ve~jvx bgs`di ke||jd ~kgd| cjv xbe`v kegvd`di jfoelx`se|$

F$6$ Febgs`jv lbgdie dxevsedx`jd

Yb`ke xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| xvgh`x`jdgkkp ljdledxvgxeh `x| xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di jd ljdxedx "`$e$ bjy xj hj gdeeh| g||e||aedx+ bjy xj yv`xe g agvmex`di ~kgd+ bjy xj xeglb Edik`|b u|`di xbe ljaaud`lgx`se aexbjh+

exl$+ veledxkp+ xbe giedlp bg| `dlveg|eh eccjvx| `d bek~`di Sjkudxeev| kegvd aexbjh| xj lbgdie febgs`jv `d g

~j|`x`se h`velx`jd$

Febgs`jv Lbgdie @dxevsedx`jd `| g |xvgxeip xbgx u|e| febgs`jvgk+ ljaaud`lgx`jd+ |jl`gk agvmex`di xbejvp+

gdh ve|egvlb xj ~vjs`he g |p|xeagx`l cvgaeyjvm xj `dckuedle `dh`s`hugk febgs`jv|$ Mep ekeaedx| `dlkuhe

`hedx`cp`di gdh |eiaedx`di xgviex guhèdle|+ `dsjks`di xbe|e guhèdle| `d hesekj~`di agxev`gk| gdh mep

ae||gie|+ gdh u|`di aukx`~ke ljaaud`lgx`jd lbgddek| xj xvgd|cev xbj|e ae||gie|$

Xbe ijgk `| xj fv`di gfjux g ‛x`~~`di ~j`dx+‑ ybeve xbe febgs`jv lbgdie fe`di ~vjajxeh feljae| g ‛|jl`gk

e~`hea`l‑ xbgx |~vegh| wu`lmkp xj g kgviev ~j~ukgx`jd$ Fg|eh jd xbe fjjm+ ‛Xbe X`~~`di ^j`dx+‑ fp

Agkljka Ikghyekk+ Febgs`jv Lbgdie @dxevsedx`jd ~j|xukgxe| xbgx lbgdie u|ugkkp ljae| gfjux felgu|e jc

xbe `dckuedle jc g cey |ekelx ae||ediev| ybj ljds`dle egvkp ghg~xev| ybj xbed `dckuedle jxbev|$ Xbe mep

`| xj c`dh xbe cey mep egvkp ae||ediev|+ g ‛|x`lmp‑ ae||gie gdh ygp| xj bek~ ~ej~ke ~ux `dxj ~vglx`le xbe`v

dey mdjykehie gdh febgs`jv$ Xbe|e xelbd`wue| djx jdkp |ekk ~jxgxj lb`~| gdh oegd|+ fux gk|j ~vjajxe

~j|`x`se |jl`gk febgs`jv|$

U|`di xbe gfjse ~v`dl`~ke|+ xbe giedlp bg| hesekj~eh g ljuv|e `d febgs`jv lbgdie `dxevsedx`jd cjv

Sjkudxeev| gdh `| vjkk`di `x jux `d g |evè| jc ‛xvg`d xbe xvg`dev‑ yjvm|bj~|$

F$<$ Aeg|uv`di xvg`d`di eccelx`sede||

Xbe êgle Ljv~| u|e| M`vm~gxv`lm‐| Esgkugx`jd Ajhek98

xj g||e|| xvg`d`di eccelx`sede||$ @d xb`| ajhek+xbeve gve cjuv kesek| jc aeg|uveaedx?

… Kesek 7? Veglx`jd? H`h xbe ~gvx`l`~gdx| k`me xbe xvg`d`di:

… Kesek 6? Kegvd`di? H`h xbe ~gvx`l`~gdx| kegvd xbe |m`kk|:

… Kesek <? Febgs`jv? H`h xbe ~gvx`l`~gdx| u|e xbe |m`kk|:

98 M`vm~gxv`lm+ H$ K$ "7008$ Esgkugx`di Xvg`d`di ^vjivga|? Xbe Cjuv Kesek|$ \gd Cvgdl`|lj+ Lgk`cjvd`g? Fevvexx!Mjebkev$



7<0

… Kesek 8? Ve|ukx|? H`h xbe ~gvx`l`~gdx| agme g h`ccevedle felgu|e jc ybgx xbep kegvdeh:

B`|xjv`lgkkp+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| vekèh jd Kesek 7 xj esgkugxe xvg`d`di$ Xb`| kesek `| aeg|uveh fp xbe

Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep gdh ~j|x |uvsep| gx xbe a`h~j dx jv edh jc xvg`d`di$ @d xbe ~g|x cey pegv|+ xbe

giedlp bg| feed xvg`d di ~j|x| xj u|e Kesek 6 gdh esed Kesek < `d esgkugx`di xvg`d`di eccelx`sede||$ Xbe

êgle Ljv~| iguie| Kesek 6 xbvjuib xe|x|+ g||e||aedx|+ gdh `dxevsèy| fecjve gdh gcxev xvg d`di$ ^j|x| lgd

aeg|uve Kesek < ybed xbep jf|evse Sjkudxeev| gx xbe`v yjvm |`xe| jv `dxevsèy Sjkudxeev|‐ ljudxev~gvx| jv

ljkkegiue|$ Kesek 8 `| xbe aj|x h`cc lukx xj hexeva`de+ fux xbe êgle Ljv~| `| agm`di ig d| `d u|`di xb`|

cjva jc esgkugx`jd$ @d xbe êgle Ljv~|+ Kesek 8 esgkugx`jd agp `dlkuhe gd g||e||aedx jc |xuhedx|‐ xe|x

|ljve|+ gd `dlveg|e `d xbe duafev jc yjaed gxxedh`di g ~vedgxgk lk`d`l+ jv gd `dlveg|e `d xbe duafev jc

ljaaud`xp ~vjoelx| hue xj xbe yjvm jc ~gvx`l`~gdx| ybj gxxedheh g ~vjoelx he|ìd gdh agdgieaedx

yjvm|bj~$ @a~glx |xuhè| jvigd`zeh gdh keh fp xbe Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di

y`kk ~vjs`he Kesek 8 `dcjvagx`jd$ Xj kegvd ajve gfjux à~glx |xuhè|+ |ee lbg~xev @S G$2$

@d xbe ~g|x cey pegv|+ ~j|x| bgse ve~jvxeh jd xbe erxedx xj yb`lb xbep esgkugxe kegvd`di gx xbe cjuv

M`vm~gxv`lm kesek|$ ^j|x| bgse ve~jvxeh xbe cjkkjy`di?

… Kesek 7 "H`h xbe ~gvx l`~gdx| k`me xbe xvg`d di:? 96 ~evledx ve~jvx gkygp| esgkugx`di ybexbev~gvx`l`~gdx| k`me xbe xvg`d`di$

… Kesek 6 "H`h xbe ~gvx`l`~gdx| kegvd xbe mdjykehie+ |m kk|+ gdh gxx`xuhe|:? Jdkp 50 ~evledx jc

~j|x| ve~jvx gkygp| g||e|| di ybexbev kegvd`di xjjm ~kgle+ gkxbjuib gdjxbev <8 ~evledx jc ~j|x|

ve~jvx jcxed g||e||`di gx Kesek 6$

… Kesek < "Hj ~gvx`l`~gdx| u|e xbe mdjykehie+ |m kk|+ gdh gxx`xuhe| jd xbe ojf:? Xyedxp!|`r ~j|x|

"87 ~evledx ve~jvx jcxed esgkugx`di xj Kesek <+ gdh 68 ~j|x| "<2 ~evledx ve~jvx jdkp |jaexàe|

esgkugx`di xj Kesek <$

… Kesek 8 "Hje| xbe Sjkudxeev agme g h`ccevedle hue xj kegvd di:? Xb`| kesek `| xbe keg|x jcxed

esgkugxeh+ y`xb <> ~evledx jc ~j|x| ve~jvx`di |jaexàe| esgkugx`di `x gdh 79 ~evledx ve~jvx`di

desev esgkugx`di xj Kesek 8$


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD


Jde jc xbe ljvdev|xjde| jc Sjkudxeev|‐ eccelx`sede|| `| xbe xvg`d`di xbep vele`se fecjve xbep fei`d xbe`v

|evs`le gdh huv`di xbe`v xyj pegv| jc |evs`le$ Huv`di xbe ~g|x cey pegv|+ xbe giedlp bg| aghe |ìd`c lgdx

ghsgdle| `d |xgdhgvh`z`di xvg`d`di "xvg`d`di he|ìd gdh esgkugx`jd gdh+ y`xb xbe febgs`jv lbgdie

`dxevsedx`jd ajhek+ `| cjvi`di dey xevv`xjvp `d bek~`di Sjkudxeev| fe ajve eccelx`se gx xbe`v ojf|$

Yb`ke xbe êgle Ljv~| bg|+ b`|xjv`lgkkp+ hjde gd erlekkedx ojf jc xvg`d`di aj|xkp pjudi ~vjce||`jdgk jv

iedevgk`|x Sjkudxeev| `d kgdiugie+ |gcexp+ begkxb+ lvj||!lukxuvgk+ gdh ojf!vekgxeh "xelbd`lgk |m`kk|+ xbe ~g|x

cey pegv|‐ yjvxb jc fuhiex lux| buvx xbe gf`k`xp jc ~j|x| xj b`ve+ xvg`d+ gdh vexg`d xvg`d`di |xgcc gdh xbu| xj

~vjs`he lvul`gk xvg`d`di cjv Sjkudxeev|$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe |beev duafev jc ~vjoelx| gdh felgu|e eglb ~j|x

hesekj~| `x| jyd xvg`d`di ljdxedx ljdxv`fuxe xj g deeh cjv à~vjseh xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di cjv Sjkudxeev|$

Ybed xbe êgle Ljv~| cjlu|e| xbe giedlp‐| eccjvx| jd g kà`xeh gdh xgviexeh duafev jc |~el`c`l xelbd`lgk

`dxevsedx`jd|+ g| veljaaedheh fp xbe g||e||aedx xega+ `x y`kk hvgagx`lgkkp à~vjse xbe êgle Ljv~|‐



78>

wugk`xp+ ~vjce||`jdgk`|a+ gdh à~glx gdh y`kk |à~k`cp ljve xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di$ Bjyesev+ vehul`di xbe

duafev jc xelbd`lgk gveg| `| jdkp xbe c`v|x |xe~ xj à~vjs`di xvg`d`di cjv iedevgk`|x Sjkudxeev|$

Jdle xbe xelbd`lgk gveg| gve `hedx`cèh+ xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di `d eglb gveg au|x fe he|ìdeh gdh e|xgfk`|beh xj

glbèse ikjfgk erlekkedle$ Ybed xbe giedlp ljd|`|xedxkp ljaa`x| xj ~vjs`h`di ve|juvle| xj |u~~jvx

xvg`d`di+ xbe êgle Ljv~| lgd jdle gig`d g||uae ~vja`dedle `d xb`| gveg$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe cjkkjy`di c`se veljaaedhgx`jd| xj a~vjse Sjkudxeev xvg`d`di?

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@@!7

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ keghev|b`~ lkgv`cp fjxb

xbe a`||`jd gdh xbe ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| jc xbe jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx gdh xbe



? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| b`v`di gdh xvg`d`di mep cukk!xàe xvg`d`di |xgcc

aeafev| gx ~j|x|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@@!<

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| fu`kh`di xbe lg~gl`xp jc xvg`d`di |xgcc fp

hesekj~`di g~~vj~v`gxe Xvg`d`di jc Xvg`dev yjvm|bj~| cjv xvg`d`di |xgcc$


? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| |xgdhgvh z`di ljve xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di agxev`gk|

cjv xgviexeh `dxevsedx`jd gveg| yb`ke i`s`di ~j|x| xbe j~x`jd jc ghh`di ljudxvp |~el`c`l `dcjvagx`jd xj xbe

ljve agxev`gk$ \`dle h`ccevedx aexbjh| jc hek`sev`di |xgdhgvh`zeh xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di xj Sjkudxeev| bgse

h`ccevedx lj|x gdh |xgcc`di à~k`lgx`jd|+ xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xe|x`di xyj jv gkk xbvee jc xbe

~vj~j|eh aexbjh| jc hek`sev`di xvg`d`di‘gx ~j|x+ |uf!vei`jdgkkp+ gdh `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@@!5? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp vecvg`d cvja luxx`di xvg`d`di g|

g aexbjh jc aeex`di fuhiex vehulx`jd|$



787

L$6$ \xvgxeip cjv @a~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd|



S@@@!7? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ keghev|b`~ lkgv`cp fjxb xbe a`||`jd

gdh xbe ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| jc xbe jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|

^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx gdh xbe



Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


G|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|


S@@@!6? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| b`v`di

gdh xvg`d`di mep cukk!xàe xvg`d`di |xgcc aeafev|

gx ~j|x|$


Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


G|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|=

Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh

Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx=

Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l

@dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh

^kgdd`di=


Jcc`lev

Gcxev xbe gdgkp|`| jc jsev|eg|

|xgcc`di ~gxxevd| `| lja~kexeh

`d Wugvxev 6 CP 6>77



786



S@@@!<? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh|

fu`kh`di xbe lg~gl`xp jc xvg`d`di |xgcc fp

hesekj~`di g~~vj~v`gxe Xvg`d`di jc Xvg`dev

yjvm|bj~| cjv xvg`d`di |xgcc$

Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|


\u~~jvx

Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


G|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l

@dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh

^kgdd`di=

^j|x|=


Jcc`lev


S@@@!8? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh|

|xgdhgvh`z`di ljve xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di agxev`gk| cjv

xgviexeh `dxevsedx`jd gveg| yb`ke i`s`di ~j|x| xbe

j~x`jd jc ghh`di ljudxvp |~el`c`l `dcjvagx`jd xj

xbe ljve agxev`gk$ \`dle h`ccevedx aexbjh| jc

hek`sev`di |xgdhgvh`zeh xelbd`lgk xvg`d`di xj

Sjkudxeev| bgse h`ccevedx lj|x gdh |xgcc`di

`a~k`lgx`jd|+ xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh|

xe|x`di xyj jv gkk xbvee jc xbe ~vj~j|eh aexbjh|

jc hek`sev`di xvg`d`di‘gx ~j|x+ |uf!vei`jdgkkp+

gdh `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$

Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|


\u~~jvx=

Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


G|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

g \xgdhgvh`ze c`v|x xgviexeh

`dxevsedx`jd fp xbe edh jc

Wugvxev 7 CP 6>77

f Fei`d ~`kjx`di h`ccevedx

aexbjh| jc hek`sev`di

|xgdhgvh`zeh xelbd`lgk

xvg`d`di `d Wugvxev < CP 6>77



78<


S@@@!5? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

giedlp vecvg`d cvja luxx`di xvg`d`di g| g aexbjh

jc aeex`di fuhiex vehulx`jd|$


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


G|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

@aaeh`gxekp gdh jdij`di



788




785

^GVX F? \XGCC XVG@D@DI


G$7$ \xvulxuve jc jsev|eg| |xgcc

@d xbe kg|x cey pegv|+ xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |xgcc |`ze bg| vgdieh cvja 6+>>> xj 6+6>> |xgcc aeafev|+

g~~vjràgxekp 7> ~evledx jc ybja gve Ud`xeh \xgxe| h`velx b`ve|$ Xbe ve|x gve bj|x ljudxvp cjveìd |evs`le

dgx`jdgk| "g~~vjràgxekp xyj gx eglb ~j|x gdh bj|x ljudxvp ~ev|jdgk |evs`le| ljdxvglxjv|$ \ee lbg~xev S

cjv ajve `dcjvagx`jd gfjux ~ev|jddek$ Jdkp U$\$ h`velx b`ve| gdh cjveìd |evs`le dgx jdgk| gve ljd|`heveh

fp xbe êgle Ljv~| xj fe ea~kjpee|$ Bjyesev+ `d ~vglx`le k`xxke h`|x`dlx`jd `| aghe gx xbe ~j|x kesek

fexyeed cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk| gdh ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|$

Yb`ke xbe jvigd`zgx jdgk |xvulxuve gdh duafev jc |xgcc sgvè| gajdi ~j|x|+ xbeve gve |jae |à`kgv`xè|$ @d

eglb jc xbe xbvee vei`jd|+ eglb ~j|x bg| g U$\$ h`velx b`ve ljudxvp h`velxjv gdh U$\$ h`velx b`ve jv cjveìd

|evs`le dgx`jdgk gha`d |xvgx`se jcc`lev$ Xbe ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc lev ~j|`x`jd `| |xgdhgvh cjv xyj

jc xbe êgle Ljv~| vei`jd|+ yb`ke `d Gcv`lg+ xyekse ~j|x| bgse ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev| gdh

jxbev| gve |u~~jvxeh fp g |uf!vei`jdgk ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di ljjvh`dgxjv$ Aj|x jc xbe ~vjivgaa`digdh xvg`d`di jcc lev| gve U$\$ h`velx b`ve| yb`ke g cey gve cjve id |evs`le dgx`jdgk|$ U$\$ h`velx b`ve| gve

|ufoelx xj xbe c`se!pegv vuke yb`ke cjveìd |evs`le dgx jdgk| gdh ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv| gve djx$ Agdp

cjveìd |evs`le dgx`jdgk| gdh ^\L| bgse feed yjvm`di cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| cjv ajve xbgd xed pegv|+ |jae

cjv ajve xbgd <> pegv|$

G||jl`gxe êgle Ljv~| h`velxjv|+ jcxed lgkkeh ~vjivga agdgiev| jv ~vjoelx agdgiev|+ gve jllg|`jdgkkp U$\$

h`velx b`ve| fux gve aj|x jcxed bj|x ljudxvp ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|$ G||jl`gxe êgle Ljv~| h`velxjv|

bgse ~vjoelx agdgieaedx gdh Sjkudxeev |u~~jvx ve|~jd|`f`k`xè|$

Xvg`d`di |xgcc aeafev| sgvp cvja ~j|x xj ~j|x gdh lgd fe cukk!xàe jv ~gvx!xàe+ he~edh`di jd xbe duafev

jc xvg`d`di esedx| |~jd|jveh fp xbe ~j|x$ @d gkaj|x gkk lg|e|+ xvg`d di |xgcc aeafev| gve ~ev|jdgk |evs`le

ljdxvglxjv|$

Gkk ~j|x| bgse g cukk!xàe ~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp ljjvh`dgxjv+ ve~jvx`di xj xbe

ljudxvp h`velxjv$ ^j|x| gk|j bgse aeh`lgk |xgcc aeafev| ybj jsev|ee xbe êgle Ljv~| begkxb ~kgd `d!

ljudxvp$

Eglb ~j|x bg| gd gha`d`|xvgx`se |xvulxuve `d yb`lb xbe gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev agdgie| xbe yjvm jc c`dgdl`gk

gdgkp|x|+ g lg|bèv+ g iedevgk |evs`le| agdgiev+ gd `dcjvagx`jd xelbdjkjip |~el`gk`|x+ g sgvèxp jc

gha`d`|xvgx se g||`|xgdx|+ gdh+ `d |jae lg|e|+ iugvh|+ hv`sev|+ igvhedev| gdh lkegd di |xgcc$ @d iedevgk+ aj|x

jc xbe ~j|`x`jd|‘erle~x xbe gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev+ lg|bèv+ gdh ~j||`fkp jde c`dgdl`gk gdgkp|x‘gve

~ev|jdgk |evs`le ljdxvglxjv|$

\xgcc |`ze sgvè| y`xb xbe duafev jc Sjkudxeev| `d!ljudxvp gdh vgdie| cvja ke|| xbgd xyedxp aeafev| xj

ajve xbgd |esedxp aeafev| ~ev ~j|x$



783

G$6$ Jsev|eg| xvg`d`di cjv ljudxvp h`velxjv|+ ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di |xgcc+ gdh gha`d`|xvgx`se

jcc`lev|

Xvgh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| u|eh Jsev|eg| \xgcc Xvg`d`di "J\X cjv ljudxvp h`velxjv|+ |ed`jv

~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg d`di |xgcc+ gdh gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev|$ J\X `| g Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$!fg|eh ~vjivga jc

jvèdxgx`jd gdh ojf ~ve~gvgx`jd$ @hegkkp+ U$\$ h`velx b`ve| iex J\X `d xbe fei dd`di jc xbe`v ea~kjpaedx+

gdh bj|x ljudxvp |xgcc aeafev| iex J\X y`xb`d xbe c`v|x 72 ajdxb| jc ea~kjpaedx$ Xbe kedixb jc J\X bg|

sgvèh cvja xbvee xj c`se yeem|+ gdh ljdxedx bg| feed ves`|eh jsev xbe pegv|$

J\X `| |lbehukeh xbvee xàe| g pegv‘`d Ogdugvp+ Oude+ gdh Jlxjfev‘gdh kg|x| cjv g~~vjràgxekp xbvee

yeem|$ Xbvee |e~gvgxe xvglm| gve bekh ljdluvvedxkp? xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv+ gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev+ gdh

~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d di xvglm|$ Xbe ~vàgvp cjlu| jc J\X `| jd fu`kh`di gygvede|| gdh mdjykehie jc

ve|~jd|`f`k`x e| gdh lbgkkedie| gx ~j|x gdh jd dexyjvm`di gdh ve|juvle `hedx c`lgx`jd$ Gkk |e||`jd| gve

k`dmeh xj lja~exedlè| gdh kegvd`di jfoelx`se|$ Eglb ~gvx`l`~gdx kegse| J\X y`xb g k`|x jc veljaaedheh

gdh vewu`veh glx`s`xè| gx ~j|x xj erxedh xvg`d`di `dxj g~~k`lgx`jd$

He~edh`di jd xbe uviedlp jc c`kk`di g ~j|`x`jd gdh xbe gsg`kgf`k`xp jc ve|juvle|+ |jae U$\$ h`velx b`ve |xgcc

aeafev| ve~jvx xj xbe v ~j|x| c`v|x gdh vexuvd kgxev cjv J\X$ Jxbev U$\$ h`velx b`ve|+ u|ugkkp xbj|e ybj bgsefeed êgle Ljv~| |xgcc ~ves`ju|kp+ ij xbvjuib g fvèc beghwugvxev| jvèdxgx`jd gdh agp jv agp djx vexuvd

cjv J\X$ Bj|x ljudxvp |xgcc aeafev| u|ugkkp yg`x gx keg|x jde pegv+ gdh ajve cvewuedxkp |esevgk pegv|+ xj

gxxedh J\X `d Yg|b`dixjd$ Xbvjuibjux xbe pegv| gdh glvj|| xbe vei`jd|+ sgv`ju| ~evauxgx`jd| jc xbe|e

~gxxevd| bgse er`|xeh+ gdh xbeve gve dj hgxg xj |uiie|x xbgx jde g~~vjglb `| fexxev xbgd gdjxbev `|$

G$<$ \xgcc jvèdxgx`jd gdh hesekj~aedx fepjdh J\X

Jdkp g kà`xeh duafev jc ~j|x |xgcc aeafev| gve ekì`fke cjv J\X$ Fepjdh J\X+ j~~jvxud`xè| cjv xvg`d`di

gdh hesekj~aedx bgse feed ud|p|xeagx`l gdh bgse ckulxugxeh ivegxkp g| giedlp gdh ~j|x fuhiex| bgse

ckulxugxeh$ \xgcc hesekj~aedx cudh| edgfke ~j|x| xj ~vjs`he xvg`d`di j~~jvxud xè| cjv kjlgk |xgcc aeafev|+

fux xbeve `| dj xvgd|~gvedx ~vjle|| cjv gkkjlgx`di xbe cudh| gdh dj giedlp!y`he ~vjle|| cjv vewue|x`di

cudh|$

Xbvjuib `x| Cèkh G||`|xgdle Ud`x+ xbe Jcc`le jc ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx "J^GX\ ~vjs`he|

|xgcc hesekj~aedx xbvjuib |~el`gk`|x| gdh xvg`d`di |xgcc ybj g||`|x jsev|eg| |xgcc `d à~vjs`di xbe`v

~evcjvagdle d ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di$

Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ eglb vei`jd hesekj~| `x| jyd g~~vjglbe| xj jdij`di |xgcc hesekj~aedx+ gdh vei`jd| sgvp xbe`v

~jk`lè| gdh ve|juvle gkkjlgx`jd|$ Gddugk jv f`!gddugk ljdcevedle| cjv ljudxvp h`velxjv| gdh gha`d`|xvgx`se+

~vjivgaa`di+ gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev| gve ljaajd+ g| `| |u~~jvx cjv |xgcc erlbgdie|+ xea~jvgvp huxp

g||ìdaedx|+ gdh aedxjv`di jv |bghjy`di ajhek|$

@d xbe @dxev!Gaev`lg gdh xbe ^gl`c`l "@G^ Vei`jd+ g ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev ljdcevedle `| bekhpegvkp+ yb`ke xbe ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev| aeex `d ljdoudlx`jd y`xb xbe xvg`d`di agdgiev| esevp jxbev

pegv$ Xbe vei`jd |~jd|jv| jde jv ajve |elxjv ljdcevedle| eglb pegv+ fv`di`di xjiexbev g||jl`gxe êgle

Ljv~| h`velxjv|$ \jaexàe|+ g |~el`gk`|x y`kk s`|`x g duafev jc ~j|x| xj ljdhulx xvg`d`di+ |ulb g| |e||`jd|

cjv kgdiugie gdh lukxuve ljjvh`dgxjv|$ Vei`jdgk gdh |uf!vei`jdgk ljdcevedle| bgse feed bekh cjv

gha`d`|xvgx se jcc`lev|+ c`dgdl`gk g||`|xgdx|+ gdh iedevgk |evs le| ljjvh`dgxjv|$ ^j|x| xuvd `d xbe`v |xgcc

hesekj~aedx ~kgd| gdh vewue|x| cjv |xgcc erlbgdie| huv`di xbe hesekj~aedx jc xbe`v j~evgx`di ~kgd|$ Xbe

erlbgdie| gve cudheh g| xbe fuhiex gkkjy|$ @d ghh`x`jd+ xbe @G^ Vei`jd u|e| `x| |uf!vei`jdgk ~vjivgaa`di

gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev xj lgvvp jux |xgcc hesekj~aedx xvg`d`di xbvjuibjux ~j|x| `d xbe vei`jd$



789

Xbe Gcv`lg Vei`jd ea~kjp| cjuv |uf!vei`jdgk ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di ljjvh`dgxjv|+ eglb ve|~jd|`fke cjv |`r

xj eìbx ljudxvè|$ Xbe|e ljjvh`dgxjv| bjkh |xgcc vexvegx| gdh xega fu`kh`di gdh |m`kk| xvg`d`di |e||`jd| cjv

xbe`v ljudxvè| ybed `ds`xeh fp xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv$ \xgcc erlbgdie| gve ljaajd+ gdh g vjs`di

gha`d`|xvgx se jcc`lev `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv jd!ij`di gha`d |xvgx`se |xgcc hesekj~aedx glx`s`xè|$ Xbe xyekse

~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev| gk|j bgse |xgcc hesekj~aedx ve|~jd| f`k`xè| `d xbe`v ljudxvè|$ @d 6>7>+ xbe

Gcv`lg Vei`jd `| vewue|x`di cudh| cjv xyj dey |xgcc xvg`d`di j~~jvxud`xè|? "7 g xyekse!hgp ljdcevedle cjv

xvg`d`di agdgiev| gdh kgdiugie gdh lukxuve ljjvh`dgxjv| jd xbe `||ue jc ag`dxg`d`di wugk`xp huv`di ivjyxb

gdh "6 xyj a`d`!J\X| esedx| xj fe bekh `d Gcv`lg gdh cgl`k`xgxeh fp beghwugvxev| |xgcc aeafev| gdh xbe

|uf!vei`jdgk ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di |xgcc aeafev|$

Xbe Euvj~e+ Aeh`xevvgdegd gdh G|`g "EAG Vei`jd bg| gk|j edljuvgieh |xgcc hesekj~aedx xbvjuib g

sgvèxp jc ~vjivga|$ Xyj |uf!vei`jdgk yjvm|bj~| yeve bekh `d 6>>0+ `dlkuh`di g yjvm|bj~ cjv xvg dev|$

Gx xbe ljdlku|`jd jc xbe yjvm|bj~+ xbe gxxedhee| yeve g|meh xj vexuvd xj xbe`v ~j|x| gdh xvg`d |xgcc xbeve$

Xbed+ xbvee |ex| jc xvg`dev|+ ybj bgh feed xvg`deh gx xbe jvì`dgk yjvm|bj~+ yedx xj jxbev ~j|x| xj xvg`d

ve~ve|edxgx`se| cvja deìbfjv`di ljudxv e|$ C`dgkkp+ g lbgx ivju~ yg| |ex u~ cjv ~j|x |xgcc| xj |bgve xbe v

xbjuibx| gdh ljdlevd|$ \xgcc hesekj~aedx yg| gk|j jvigd`zeh xbvjuib g ajdxbkp |evè| jc YefEr

ljdcevedle|$ \ulb ljdcevedle| hegkx y`xb Sjkudxeev kegvd`di g||e||aedx aexbjh|+ ljdck lx xvgd|cjvagx`jd+gdh ljkkgfjvgx`jd fexyeed gha`d`|xvgx`se gdh ~vjivgaa`di |xgcc+ gajdi jxbev xb`di|$ Xbe vei`jd gk|j

|u~~jvxeh |xgcc erlbgdie|+ g| yekk g| g yeemkp dey|kexxev ljdxg`d`di k`dm|+ `dcjvagx`jd gdh |xgcc

hesekj~aedx ve|juvle|$

Xbe agojv`xp jc |xgcc hesekj~aedx jlluv| xbvjuib jd!xbe!ojf er~evèdle$ He~edh`di jd fuhiex| gdh xbe

`dxeve|x jc xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv gdh xbe vei`jd+ |jae ~j|x| hesekj~ jdij`di |xgcc hesekj~aedx ~kgd| gdh

|u~~jvx g sgvèxp jc glx`s`xè|+ |ulb g| gkk!|xgcc vexvegx|+ jux|`he ljuv|e|+ gdh kegvd`di |e||`jd| bekh gx kudlb

xàe cjv ~j|x |xgcc$ Gig`d+ xbeve `| k`xxke xj dj hgxg gfjux xbe eccelx`sede|| jc xbe|e sgv`ju| g~~vjglbe|+ gdh

~j|x|‐ glx`s`xè| gve djx ledxvgkkp xvglmeh jv esgkugxeh$

Erle~x`jd| xj xb`| ~gxxevd bgse feed xbe xvg`d`di jc aeh`lgk jcc`lev|+ |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp ljjvh`dgxjv|+ gdh

`dcjvagx`jd xelbdjkjip |~el`gk`|x|$ @d ghh`x`jd xj gddugk beghwugvxev| xvg`d`di cjv gkk dey aeh`lgk jcc`lev|+

xbe Jcc`le jc Aeh`lgk \evs`le| ~vjs`he| xvg`d`di eglb pegv xj gkk jc xbe aeh`lgk jcc`lev|+ ybj gve agdhgxeh

xj egvd gddugk ljdx`du`di aeh`lgk ehulgx`jd lveh`x$ Xbe \gcexp gdh \eluv`xp Jcc`le gdh xbe Lbèc

@dcjvagx`jd Jcc`lev‐| jcc`le gk|j hek`sev fei`dd`di gdh jdij`di xvg`d`di cjv xbe`v cèkh |xgcc `d veiukgvkp

|lbehukeh ljglb`di gdh xvg`d`di esedx|$

Veledxkp+ |esevgk beghwugvxev| jcc`le|‘`dlkuh`di xbe Jcc`le jc Glwu`|`x`jd gdh Ljdxvglx Agdgieaedx+ xbe

Lbèc C`dgdl`gk Jcc`le+ gdh xbe \gcexp gdh \eluv`xp Jcc`le‘bgse `d`x`gxeh eccjvx| xj ~vjs`he jdk`de xvg`d`di

xj jsev|eg| |xgcc xj ghhve|| ojf vewu`veaedx| xbgx gve xbe ~uvsèy jc xbe`v jcc`le|$

G$8$ @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx jc xbe Ledxev cjv Cèkh G||`|xgdle gdh G~~kèh

Ve|egvlb

Gd @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx jc xbe Ledxev cjv Cèkh G||`|xgdle gdh G~~kèh Ve|egvlb "djy xbe

Jcc`le jc ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx ljdhulxeh `d xbe |~v`di jc 6>>2+ |ull`dlxkp gdh ~kg`dkp

he|lv`feh xbe jsev|eg| |xgcc hesekj~aedx |`xugx`jd `d xbe giedlp?

‛Xbeve `| fg|`l giveeaedx xbgx xbe giedlp bg| kjdi udhevsgkueh gdh udhev!`dse|xeh `d ~vjce||`jdgk

hesekj~aedx cjv gkk `x| |xgcc+ fux ~gvx`lukgvkp cjv `x| bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk |xgcc‣$|xgcc xvg`d`di gdh

hesekj~aedx veag`d| vekgx`sekp |xgx l+ dgvvjykp hec`deh gdh gh bjl `d xeva| jc |lbehuk`di$‑



782

Xbe g||e||aedx ~vjleeheh xj agme g duafev jc veljaaedhgx`jd| xj gkxev xbe |`xugx`jd+ `dlkuh`di

edljuvgi`di xbe u|e jc dey xelbdjkjiè| xj ghhve|| cèkh deeh| cjv |m`kk| edbgdleaedx+ `dcjvagx`jd |bgv`di

gdh ljkkgfjvgx`jd$ G duafev jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd| ledxeveh gvjudh vejvigd`z`di xbe ljve cudlx`jd jc xbe

ud`x xj vecjlu| jd jsev|eg| |xgcc lg~gl`xp fu`kh`di gdh xj vehec`de |xgcc aeafev|‐ ~vàgvp cjlu| cvja

|~el`gk`|x| xj fvjgh ve|juvle ~ej~ke ybj djx jdkp bgse xelbd`lgk fglmivjudh|+ fux gve ljdsev|gdx y`xb xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ ljve fu|`de|| ~vglx`le|$

Xbe g||e||aedx aghe |ìd`c`lgdx veljaaedhgx`jd| ljdlevd`di |xgcc xvg`d`di gdh ~vjce||`jdgk hesekj~aedx$

Cjv erga~ke+ xbe xega veljaaedheh?

‛Jvigd`ze gdh |xgcc g ud`x xg|meh y`xb hesekj~`di gdh ljdx`duju|kp u~hgx`di g mdjykehie fg|e

xbgx `dcjva| |xgcc ~vjce||`jdgk hesekj~aedx j~x`jd|‣er~gdh e!kegvd`di ljuv|eygve‣veljid`ze

|xgcc ybj lja~kexe xvg`d`di ijgk|$‑

G$5$ Beghwugvxev| |xgcc jvèdxgx`jd gdh xvg`d`di

Xb`| g||e||aedx cjlu|e| jd jsev|eg| |xgcc xvg`d`di$ Yb`ke xbe ~vehja`dgdx ea~bg|`| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐xvg`d`di |bjukh fe jd juv Sjkudxeev| gdh jsev|eg| |xgcc aeafev|+ xbe giedlp deeh| xj ed|uve xbgx

beghwugvxev| |xgcc gk|j `| edigieh `d ljdx`duju| kegvd`di$

\xgcc hesekj~aedx gx beghwugvxev| `| hjde jd gd gh!bjl fg|`| gdh `| djx luvvedxkp |eed g| gd giedlp

~v`jv`xp$ Gd `dh`s`hugk |xgcc aeafev agp xgme g ljuv|e+ gdh sgv`ju| esedx| gve gvvgdieh cjv beghwugvxev|

|xgcc gx kudlb xàe$ Lja~uxev xvg`d di `| jcceveh jd gd jd!ij`di fg|`|$ Bjyesev+ gd jvigd`zeh g~~vjglb xj

ljdx`duju| kegvd`di `| kglm`di+ g| `| gd giedlp!y`he g~~vjglb xj |xgcc hesekj~aedx xbgx `| xèh `d y`xb

~evcjvagdle esgkugx`jd|$

\xgcc aeafev| yjvm`di gx beghwugvxev| g| ~jk`x lgk g~~j`dxee| gve `d mep gdh |ed jv ~j|`x`jd|$ Xbep

vele`se |à`kgv xvg`d`di xj xbgx ~vjs`heh xj gdp deykp!b`veh `dh`s`hugk? |eluv`xp ~vjlehuve|+ xàe |beex|+ exl$

Gcxev |esevgk ajdxb|+ xbep gve `ds`xeh xj gxxedh g xbvee!hgp agdgieaedx xvg`d`di ljuv|e$ Xbep hj vele`se

gd jsevsèy jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ g~~vjglb xj hesekj~aedx+ ~jk`lp lbgkkedie|+ |xvulxuve jc xbe giedlp+ gdh

jxbev jsevgvlb`di xbeae|$

Yb`ke djx g cjvagk veljaaedhgx`jd+ xbe g||e||aedx xega |xvjdikp uvie| xbe giedlp xj erxedh xbe kegvd`di

ljdx`duua "g| h`|lu||eh `d xbe derx |elx`jd xj beghwugvxev| |xgcc aeafev| gdh xj hesekj~ gd jvèdxgx`jd

~vjivga cjv ~jk`x`lgk g~~j`dxee|$

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\

F$7$

Jcc`le jc ^vjivga gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx

Cjkkjy`di xbe @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx+ xbe Ledxev yg| vejvigd`zeh gdh vedgaeh xbe Jcc`le jc

^vjivga gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx "J^GX\+ y`xb xbe a`||`jd jc?

‛Edigi`di `d cèkh |xgcc lg~gl`xp fu`kh`di gdh xj |u~~jvx jsev|eg| ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di |xgcc

gx esevp j~~jvxud`xp$‑



780

J^GX\ `dlkuhe| xyj agojv ud`x|? xbe Cèkh G||`|xgdle H`s`|`jd gdh xbe Mdjykehie Erlbgdie gdh

^vjce||`jdgk Hesekj~aedx H`s`|`jd$ Xbe |eljdh h`s`|`jd+ lja~j|eh jc xbe Mdjykehie Erlbgdie Ud`x gdh

xbe Jsev|eg| \xgcc Hesekj~aedx Ud`x+ `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv ~vjs`h`di vecevedle+ xelbd`lgk `dcjvagx`jd+

kegvd`di agxev`gk|+ gdh xvg`d`di xj jsev|eg| |xgcc aeafev|+ fjxb U$\$ h`velx b`ve| gdh bj|x ljudxvp |xgcc$

Xbe Jsev|eg| \xgcc Hesekj~aedx Ud`x‐| ~uv~j|e yg| ‛xj hesekj~ gd `d`x`gk xvg`d`di jvèdxgx`jd cjv cèkh

|xgcc gdh xj lvegxe+ à~keaedx+ gdh esgkugxe g ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di cjv cèkh |xgcc$‑

F$6$ Xbe ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di

Ivjy`di veljid`x`jd jc xbe à~jvxgdle jc jsev|eg| |xgcc xvg`d`di keh xj g veljaaedhgx`jd xbgx xbe êgle

Ljv~| hesekj~ g ljdx`duua jc xvg`d`di$ Jsev xàe+ xbe xeva ‛ljdx`duua jc xvg`d`di‑ bg| ajv~beh `dxj xbe

‛ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di‑ xj veckelx xbe |xvjdi ea~bg|`| `d xbe @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx jd xbe

lvegx`jd jc g |xgcc ud`x xg|meh y`xb ~vjce||`jdgk hesekj~aedx jc jsev|eg| |xgcc$

Yjvm jd xbe ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di feigd gfjux eìbxeed ajdxb| gij y`xb xbe wue|x`jd? Bjy lgd jde g~~kp

xbe ljdle~x| jc xvg`d`di he|ìd gdh esgkugx`jd xj |xgcc hesekj~aedx: @d gd|yev`di xb`| wue|x jd+ xbe

J^GX\ xega hesekj~eh g cvgaeyjvm cjv g ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di xbgx `dlkuhe| xbe cjkkjy`di?

… G ojf gdgkp|`| cjv eglb jsev|eg| |xgcc ~j|`x`jd y`kk kegh xj g |ex jc ojf lja~exedlè|=

… Kegvd`di jfoelx`se| lgd fe hesekj~eh cvja xbe lja~exedlè|=

… Ljuv|e| gdh kegvd`di esedx| lgd fe |ewuedleh xj aeex xbe `dlveg|`di ojf heagdh|=

… G y`he vgdie jc kegvd`di ajhgk`xè|+ |ulb g| cgle!xj!cgle `d|xvulx`jd+ jdk`de kegvd`di+ yef`dgv|+

~eev!xj ~eev!kegvd`di+ ljglb`di+ gdh vei`jdgk jv |uf!vei`jdgk aeex`di| |bjukh fe ea~kjpeh=

… G||e||aedx| hexeva`de lja~exedlè|= gdh+

… Kegvd`di agdgieaedx gdh ljdxedx agdgieaedx |p|xea| gkkjy |xgcc glle|| xj g fgdm jc ve|juvle|$

G |uaagvp hjluaedx+ ~ufk`|beh gfjux g pegv gij+ `dh`lgxeh xbgx J^GX\ yjukh xgme xbe kegh `d

hesekj~`di gdh à~keaedx`di xbe ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di gdh yjukh bgse ve|~jd|`f`k`xp cjv hesekj~`di xbe

gdgkp|e| gdh ljdxedx cjv ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di |xgcc+ g| yekk g| |jae gha`d`|xvgx`se |xgcc$ Jcc`le| |ulb

g| \gcexp gdh \eluv`xp+ Aeh`lgk \evs`le|+ \~el`gk \evs`le|+ gdh xbe Lbèc C`dgdl`gk Jcc`le yjukh hesekj~

|~el`gk`zeh xvg`d`di+ yjvm`di y`xb J^GX\ xj ljjvh`dgxe ljuv|e hesekj~aedx$ Vei`jdgk |xgcc aeafev|

yjukh ~vjs`he `d~ux jd hesekj~aedx jc ekeaedx| gdh yjukh ghj~x ud`cjva g~~vjglbe| xj u|`di xbe

ljdx`duua$ Vei`jdgk ljdcevedle| yjukh ~vjs`he j~~jvxud`xè| cjv `dxeivgx`di hesekj~aedx glx`s`x e| e`xbev

huv`di jv fecjve ~j|x ljdcevedle esedx|$

F$6$g Gllja~k`|baedx| xj hgxe

G| he|lv`feh gfjse+ xbe cudhgaedxgk fu`kh`di fkjlm jc g ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di `| g lkegvkp hec`deh |ex jc

ojf lja~exedlè| gdh kegvd`di jfoelx`se| hev`seh cvja g ojf gdgkp|`|$ \j cgv+ lja~exedlè| gdh kegvd`di

jfoelx`se| bgse feed hesekj~eh cjv xbvee ~j|`x`jd|? ljudxvp h`velxjv+ ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev+ gdh

gha`d`|xvgx`se jcc`lev$ @d ghh`x`jd+ J^GX\ |xgcc bg| hesekj~eh g ~vekà`dgvp |ewuedle jc kegvd`di esedx|cjv xbe |xgcc ~j|`x jd| xbgx gve ekì`fke xj gxxedh Jsev|eg| \xgcc Xvg`d`di "J\X$ Xbe|e kegvd`di esedx|

`dlkuhe gxxedhgdle gx J\X+ |bghjy`di+ |xvulxuveh glx`s`xè| gx ~j|x+ ljglb`di+ gdh gxxedhgdle gx |~el`c`l

xvg`d`di esedx| gdh ljdcevedle|$



75>

Xbe J^GX\ |uaagvp hjluaedx `dh`lgxe| xbgx xbe lja~exedlè| gdh kegvd`di jfoelx`se| deeh?

‛Cuvxbev hesekj~aedx+ vesèy gdh xe|x`di ‣ Eglb xvglm bg| u|eh g h`ccevedx aexbjh cjv

hesekj~`di xbe ‣ lja~exedlè| gdh kegvd`di jfoelx`se|$ Eglb ~vjhulx `| gx g h`ccevedx kesek jc

hexg`k gdh ljdxg`d| h`ccevedx lja~jdedx| ‣ Ajs`di cvja xbe ojf lja~exedlè| gdh kegvd`di

jfoelx`se| xj g lkegvkp hec`deh luvv`lukua jc ljuv|e| gdh jxbev |ewuedleh kegvd`di esedx|

veckelx`di g y`he vgdie jc hek`sevp ajhgk`xè| `| g ojuvdep ou|x feiud$ \xvegak`deh ~vjle||e| xbgx

~vjhule xbe|e he|`veh ve|ukx| gve vewu`veh$‑

F$6$f Luvvedx |xgxu| jc xbe ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di

Xbe J^GX\ |xgcc+ y`xb xbe g||`|xgdle jc vei`jdgk gdh cèkh |xgcc+ bg| aghe g |xvjdi fei`dd`di xj `d`x`gxe xbe

hesekj~aedx jc g ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di cjv jsev|eg| |xgcc aeafev|$ Yb`ke ~vjive|| bg| feed aghe+ g|

hexg`keh gfjse+ `x bg| |kjyeh hue xj g sgvèxp jc cglxjv|?

… Xbe lja~ker`xp jc xbe xg|m=

… Lja~ex`di heagdh| jd |xgcc xàe= gdh+

… Kglm jc lkgv`xp gfjux xbe |lj~e jc yjvm gdh vewu`veaedx| jc xbe xg|m$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh

Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx vehec`de xbe ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di xj agme `x |à~kev+ ajve cjlu|eh+ gdh ghg~xgfke$

F$<$ Xbe Ikjfgk Jdk`de S`kkgie

^gvxkp `d veljid`x`jd jc xbe à~jvxgdle jc `dcjvagk+ ou|x!`d!xàe kegvd`di+ xbe Mdjykehie Erlbgdie Ud`x

bg| feiud xj cjlu| jd hesekj~aedx jc kegvd`di gdh ljdxedx agdgieaedx |p|xea| xj |u~~jvx g êgle Ljv~|

Ikjfgk Jdk`de S`kkgie xbgx yjukh gkkjy Sjkudxeev|+ |xgcc+ gdh ~gvxdev| xj |bgve `dcjvagx`jd+ xvg`d`di+

`dcjvagk kegvd`di+ gdh h`|lu||`jd| yjvkhy`he$ Xbe Ikjfgk Jdk`de S`kkgie ljukh ~vjs`he xbe aegd| xj

|u~~jvx |ekc!h`velxeh kegvd`di g| yekk g| jdk`de aedxjv`di gdh ~eev!xj!~eev |u~~jvx$

Xbe iede|`| jc xbe kegvd`di agdgieaedx |p|xea feigd `d kgxe 6>>9 ybed xbe \xgcc Xvg`d`di gdh

Hesekj~aedx Ljudl`k yg| cjvaeh g| g ‛cjvua cjv hesekj~`di gd jvigd`zgx`jd!y`he |xgcc xvg`d`di gdh

hesekj~aedx s`|`jd gdh a`||`jd$‑ \xgcc cvja xb`vxeed he~gvxaedx| aex+ y`xb |u~~jvx cvja xbe H`velxjv‐|

jcc`le+ xj hesekj~ ~kgd| cjv g bj|xeh kegvd`di agdgieaedx |p|xea gdh g ljdxedx agdgieaedx |p|xea$

G kegvd`di agdgieaedx |p|xea+ gdgkjiju| xj gd jdk`de lkg||vjja+ `| |jcxygve cjv hesekj~`di+ hek`sev`di+

xvglm`di+ gdh agdgi di xvg`d`di$ G ljdxedx agdgieaedx |p|xea+ gdgkjiju| xj gd jdk`de k`fvgvp+ `| g yef!

fg|eh |jcxygve ~vjivga u|eh xj lvegxe+ eh`x+ ~ufk`|b jdk`de+ agdgie+ gdh eccelx`sekp |egvlb cjv sgv`ju|

m`dh| jc hì`xgk aeh`g$

Xb`| ~g|x pegv+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| hesekj~eh g ~vjxjxp~e cjv jdk`de g~~k`lgx`jd| u|`di g cvee kegvd`diagdgieaedx |p|xea lgkkeh Ajjhke+ yb`lb `| gd j~ed |juvle ~kgxcjva$ J^GX\ `| djy ~j`|eh xj `d|xvulx

beghwugvxev| |xgcc xj u|e xbe |p|xea+ gdh xbe |p|xea y`kk fe kgudlbeh cjv cèkh |xgcc kgxev xb`| pegv$

\ee G~~edh`r S@@@!6 cjv g ajve xbjvjuib h`|lu||`jd jc xbe kegvd`di gdh ljdxedx agdgieaedx |p|xea| gdh

xbe Ikjfgk Jdk`de S`kkgie$



757

Yb`ke xbe kegvd`di agdgieaedx |p|xea ~kgxcjva `| |lbehukeh xj fe `dxvjhuleh xb`| |~v`di+ ljdxedx `|

|lgvle$ Ljuv|e| udhev hesekj~aedx `dlkuhe ‛@dxvjhulx`jd xj êgle Ljv~|‑ gdh ‛Lvj|| Lukxuvgk

Ljaaud`lgx`jd$‑ Xbe Jcc`le jc \gcexp gdh \eluv`xp bg| ~kgd| xj hesekj~ ghh`x`jdgk ljuv|e|+ gdh xbe êgle

Ljv~| `| fei`dd`di xj hesekj~ ~gvxdev|b`~| xj |bgve sgv`ju| jdk`de ljuv|e| luvvedxkp gsg`kgfke$

G ~`kjx ~vjivga yg| ljdhulxeh d 6>>0 xj xe|x xbe `dxeve|x d jdk`de ljuv|e|$ Cjv c`se ajdxb|+ g fgdm jc

jcc!xbe!|bekc ljuv|e| yg| jcceveh xj |xgcc gx ~j|x| y`xb sevp kà xeh gddjudleaedx jc xbe`v gsg`kgf`k xp$ @d

iedevgk+ xbeve yg| edjuib `dxeve|x xj ou|x`cp ~vjleeh`di y`xb cuvxbev hesekj~aedx jc jdk`de ljuv|e|$ Yb`ke

xbe duafev jc ~ej~ke lja~kex`di g ljuv|e yg| |agkk+ xbj|e ybj h`h |j `dh`lgxeh xbgx xbe|e xp~e| jc ljuv|e|

gve à~jvxgdx "92 ~evledx gdh gve bek~cuk `d lgvvp`di jux xbe`v luvvedx ojf| "53 ~evledx jv gve bek~cuk `d

hesekj~`di xbe v lgveev| "87 ~evledx$ \esedxp!cjuv ~evledx `dh`lgxeh xbgx xbep ygdxeh g ljuv|e jd

keghev|b`~ |m`kk|+ yb`ke 9> ~evledx `dh`lgxeh xbgx agdgieaedx ljuv|e| gdh ljaaud`lgx`jd |m`kk| ljuv|e|

yjukh bek~ xbea hj xbe`v ojf| fexxev$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| lja~kex`jd jc xbe xyj ljuv|e| udhev

hesekj~aedx gdh ljdx`dueh eccjvx| xj k`led|e jv u|e gkveghp hesekj~eh jdk`de ljuv|e| `d keghev|b`~+

agdgieaedx+ gdh ljaaud`lgx`jd |m`kk| g| g ygp jc ~vjs`h`di àaeh`gxe glle|| xj hesekj~aedx cjv

jsev|eg| |xgcc$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp g ljdlevxeh eccjvx y`kk deeh xj fe aghe xj e|xgfk`|b g lukxuve jc kegvd`di+ |jxbgx jsev|eg| |xgcc `| ajx`sgxeh gdh veygvheh cjv lja~kex`di ljuv|e| gdh `| i`sed xàe huv`di yjvm`di

bjuv| xj hj |j$ Ybed jsev|eg| |xgcc `| ljacjvxgfke y`xb u|`di jdk`de ljuv|e| cjv hesekj~aedx+ xbed `x agp

fe u|ecuk xj ljdx`due xbe hesekj~aedx jc ghh`x`jdgk `d!bju|e he|ìdeh e!ljuv|e|$

F$8$ \xgcc hesekj~aedx

Xbe ivjy`di lja~ker`xp jc agdgi`di g kgvie gdh h`sev|e jvigd`zgx`jd `dh`lgxe| g deeh cjv jd!ij`di |xgcc

xvg`d`di gdh hesekj~aedx$ G| h`|lu||eh gfjse+ gx xb`| xàe+ ~j|x| bgse k`xxke lg~gl`xp xj xvg`d |xgcc$

Jvèdxgx`jd ~vjivga|+ g| yekk g| h`velx xvg`d`di+ bgse vele`seh k`xxke gxxedx jd `d xbe ~g|x$ @x `| lvul`gk xbgx

~j|x| fe ~ve~gveh xj jvèdx gdh xvg`d |xgcc+ |j ~j|x| lgd ~vjs`he wugk`xp |u~~jvx xj xbe Sjkudxeev|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@@!2? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh

Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx hesekj~ g fg|`l jvèdxgx`jd cjv gkk jsev|eg| |xgcc$ ^j|x| hesekj~ xvg`d`di ~kgd| cjv luvvedx

gdh dey |xgcc aeafev|$



756


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD


G duafev jc `d`x`gx`se| bgse feed ~gvx`gkkp hesekj~eh xj |u~~jvx jdij`di xvg`d`di cjv jsev|eg| |xgcc$ Xbe|e

`d`x`gx`se| bgse feed hekgpeh jv esed xea~jvgv`kp gfgdhjdeh hue xj |b`cx`di ~v`jv`xè| gdh fuhiex ljdlevd|$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx ~vjive|| ve|uae jd hesekj~aedx jc g ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di cjv

jsev|eg| |xgcc fux xbgx xbe ~vjoelx fe ljd|`hevgfkp |à~k`cèh$ G |à~k`cèh sev| jd lgd fe he~kjpeh+ xe|xeh

gdh à~vjseh jsev xàe$

Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe xyj ljuv|e| udhev hesekj~aedx‘‛@dxvjhulx`jd xj xbe êgle

Ljv~|‑ gdh ‛Lvj|| Lukxuvgk Ljaaud`lgx`jd‑‘fe c d`|beh gdh |edx jux xj xbe c ekh cjv u|e$ Xbep lgd fe

vec`deh gdh+ `c dele||gvp+ à~vjseh fg|eh jd ceehfglm cvja ~j|x|$

C`dgkkp+ `x `| lvul`gk xbgx eglb ~j|x bg| `d ~kgle gd jvèdxgx`jd gdh xvg`d`di ~kgd xj |u~~jvx xbe jd!ij`di

hesekj~aedx deeh| jc luvvedx gdh dey |xgcc$ Xb`| y`kk ed|uve xbe ~j|x| gve gfke xj ~vjs`he wugk`xp |u~~jvxcjv Sjkudxeev|$

Xbe cjkkjy`di xbvee veljaaedhgx`jd| gve aghe ljdlevd`di |xgcc xvg`d`di?


? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh

Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx vehec`de xbe ljdx`duua jc kegvd`di xj agme `x |à~kev+ ajve cjlu|eh+ gdh ghg~xgfke$


? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| lja~kex`jd jc xbe xyj ljuv|e| udhev

hesekj~aedx gdh ljdx`dueh eccjvx| xj k`led|e jv u|e gkveghp hesekj~eh jdk`de ljuv|e| `d keghev|b`~+

agdgieaedx+ gdh ljaaud`lgx`jd |m`kk| g| g ygp jc ~vjs`h`di àaeh`gxe glle|| xj hesekj~aedx cjv

jsev|eg| |xgcc$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp g ljdlevxeh eccjvx y`kk deeh xj fe aghe xj e|xgfk`|b g lukxuve jc kegvd`di+ |j

xbgx jsev|eg| |xgcc `| ajx`sgxeh gdh veygvheh cjv lja~kex`di ljuv|e| gdh `| i`sed xàe huv`di yjvm`di

bjuv| xj hj |j$ Ybed jsev|eg| |xgcc `| ljacjvxgfke y`xb u|`di jdk`de ljuv|e| cjv hesekj~aedx+ xbed `x agp

fe u|ecuk xj ljdx`due xbe hesekj~aedx jc ghh`x`jdgk `d!bju|e he|ìdeh e!ljuv|e|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd S@@@!2? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh

Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx hesekj~ g fg|`l jvèdxgx`jd cjv gkk jsev|eg| |xgcc$ ^j|x| hesekj~ xvg`d`di ~kgd| cjv luvvedx

gdh dey |xgcc aeafev|$



75<




S@@@!3? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx

xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh

Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx vehec`de xbe ljdx`duua jc

kegvd`di xj agme `x |à~kev+ ajve cjlu|eh+ gdh

ghg~xgfke$

Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|


\u~~jvx


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


G|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

Xj fe lja~kexeh `d Wugvxev 6

CP 6>77

S@@@!9? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| g

lja~kex`jd jc xbe xyj ljuv|e| udhev hesekj~aedx

gdh ljdx`dueh eccjvx| xj k`led|e jv u|e gkveghp

hesekj~eh jdk`de ljuv|e| `d keghev|b`~+

agdgieaedx+ gdh ljaaud`lgx`jd |m`kk| g| g ygp

jc ~vjs`h`di àaeh`gxe glle|| xj hesekj~aedx cjv

jsev|eg| |xgcc$ f Ghh`x`jdgkkp g ljdlevxeh eccjvx

y`kk deeh xj fe aghe xj e|xgfk`|b g lukxuve jc

kegvd`di+ |j xbgx jsev|eg| |xgcc `| ajx`sgxeh gdh

veygvheh cjv lja~kex`di ljuv|e| gdh `| i`sed

xàe huv`di yjvm`di bjuv| xj hj |j$ l Ybed

jsev|eg| |xgcc `| ljacjvxgfke y`xb u|`di jdk`de

ljuv|e| cjv hesekj~aedx+ xbed `x agp fe u|ecuk xj

ljdx`due xbe hesekj~aedx jc ghh`x`jdgk `d!bju|e

he|ìdeh e!ljuv|e|$

Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|


\u~~jvx

Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| g @d Wugvxev 7 CP 6>77

f @d CP 6>77

l @d CP 6>76



758



S@@@!2? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx g

xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh

Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx hesekj~ g fg|`l jv`edxgx`jd cjv

gkk jsev|eg| |xgcc$ f ^j|x| hesekj~ xvg`d`di ~kgd|

cjv luvvedx gdh dey |xgcc aeafev|$

g Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg|


\u~~jvx

f Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


G|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|=

f Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk

J~evgx`jd|

g @d Wugvxev 7 CP 6>77

f @d CP 6>76



755

@R$ LJJVH@DGX@DI Y@XB @DXEVDGX@JDGK GDH BJ\X LJUDXVP

HESEKJÂEDX JVIGD@_GX@JD\


G$7$ @dxvjhulx`jd

\`dle `x| `dle~x`jd+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| ljjvh`dgxeh y`xb xbju|gdh| jc jvigd`zgx`jd| `d |u~~jvx jc `x| j~evgx`jd| gx

xbe kjlgk+ dgx`jdgk+ gdh `dxevdgx`jdgk kesek|$ Xbe ljjvh`dgx`jd jc xbe giedlp‐| glx`s`xè| y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk gdh bj|x

ljudxvp jvigd`zgx`jd| `| hec`deh `d g sgvèxp jc ygp| gdh `dlkuhe| cjvagk gdh ke|| cjvagk giveeaedx|+ sevfgk

ljkkgfjvgx`jd|+ gdh+ `d |jae lg|e|+ agp `dsjkse gd erlbgdie jc cudh|$ Xvgh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| edxeveh

`dxj xbe|e giveeaedx|95

cjv xbe cjkkjy`di veg|jd|?

… Xj |u~~jvx ~vjivgaagx`l glx`s`xè| `d xbe cèkh gdh xbe ~kgleaedx jc Sjkudxeev| gx |`xe|=

… Xj |u~~jvx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ Sjkudxeev velvu`xaedx eccjvx| gdh xj g||`|x vexuvd`di Sjkudxeev| `d lgvvp`di jux

xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè|= gdh+

… Xj jfxg`d ivgdx| gdh hjdgx`jd|$

G$6$ Xp~e| jc giveeaedx|

G h`|lu||`jd jc xbe xbvee h`ccevedx xp~e| jc giveeaedx| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| ~uv|ue| `| ~vjs`heh `d xbe |elx`jd|

fekjy$93

G$6$g Giveeaedx| y`xb jvigd`zgx`jd| gdh ijsevdaedx giedlè| xj |u~~jvx ~vjivgaagx`l

glx`s`xè| `d xbe cèkh gdh xbe ~kgleaedx jc Sjkudxeev| gx |`xe|

Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ g~~vjglb xj hesekj~aedx `| cjudheh jd ivg|| vjjx| lg~gl`xp fu kh`di$ @d à~keaedx`di xb |

g~~vjglb+ xbe êgle Ljv~| ljkkgfjvgxe| y`xb g bj|x ljudxvp ijsevdaedx xj `hedx`cp `x| hesekj~aedx ijgk| gdh ~vjoelx~v`jv`xè|$ He~edh`di jd xbe deeh| jc xbe ~vjoelx+ xbe êgle Ljv~| agp gk|j lbjj|e xj ljkkgfjvgxe y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk

gdh kjlgk djd!ijsevdaedxgk jvigd`zgx`jd| "DIJ|+ Ud`xeh \xgxe| gdh `dxevdgx`jdgk ijsevdaedx giedlè|+ gdh jxbev|

`d xbe he|ìd gdh à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe ~vjoelx$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vàgvp ljdxv`fux jd xj xbe ~vjoelx `| buagd

lg~`xgk! xbe Sjkudxeev jd xbe ivjudh$ Xbe bj|x ljudxvp ijsevdaedx‐| ljdxv`fux jd agp `dlkuhe ~bp| lgk

`dcvg|xvulxuve+ g| yekk g| ~vjivgaagx`l+ c`dgdl`gk+ gdh kji`|x`lgk |u~~jvx$ DIJ| gdh jxbev| agp ljdxv`fuxe xelbd`lgk

|m`kk|+ xvg`d`di+ ghh`x`jdgk ve|juvle|+ g||`|xgdle y`xb |`xe |ekelx`jd+ bju|`di |u~~jvx+ gdh ~j||`fkp ~vjivga

ljjvh`dgx`jd$

Fp xbe`v dgxuve+ aj|x jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ giveeaedx| gve hesekj~eh gdh à~keaedxeh gx xbe ~j|x kesek y`xb bj|x

ijsevdaedx giedlè| gdh kjlgk DIJ|+ gkxbjuib xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| gk|j hesekj~eh yjvkhy`he vekgx`jd|b`~| y`xb

`dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ|+ Ud`xeh \xgxe| ijsevdaedx giedlè|+ gdh jxbev `dxevdgx`jdgk jvigd`zgx jd|$ G| |bjyd `d Cìuve

@R!7 fekjy+ `d c`|lgk pegv 6>>0+ êgle Ljv~| ~j|x| ve~jvxeh 53> ljkkgfjvgx`jd| y`xb bj|x ijsevdaedx giedlè|= ajve

xbgd <3> ljkkgfjvgx`jd| y`xb kjlgk DIJ|+ ud`sev|`xè| gdh kjlgk ~v`sgxe lja~gdè| 99

95 Xbe xeva ‛giveeaedx‑ `d xb`| lbg~xev vecev| xj ljkkgfjvgx`jd| fexyeed xbe giedlp gdh `dxevdgx`jdgk gdh bj|x ljudxvp jvigd`zgx`jd| xbgx gvehec`deh `d g sgvèxp jc ygp|+ vgdi`di cvja cjvagk yv`xxed giveeaedx| xj ke|| cjvagk+ sevfgk ljkkgfjvgx`jd| fexyeed ~gvxè|$

= g~~vjràgxekp 63>

93 Giveeaedx| agp |evse aukx`~ke ~uv~j|e|$ Cjv erga~ke+ gd giveeaedx agp |u~~jvx ~vjivgaagx`l glx`s`xè| gdh ~vjs`he cudh`di$ Xbeerga~ke| jc giveeaedx| ~vjs`heh `d xb`| |elx`jd gve lgxeijv`zeh fp xbe`v ~vàgvp ~uv~j|e$99 Xbe|e cìuve| veckelx xbe xjxgk jc gkk ve~jvxeh ljkkgfjvgx`jd|= xbe hgxg `dlkuhe h`ccevedx kesek| jc ljkkgfjvgx`jd y`xb xbe |gae jvigd`zgx`jd `c h`ccevedx bj|x ljudxvè| yjvmeh y`xb xbe jvigd`zgx`jd$ \ee G~~edh`r @R!7+ &\uaagvp jc gvxdev|b`~ Hgxg Ikjfgk CP 6>>0+& gdh G~~edh`r @R!6+‛K`|x jc Jvigd`zgx`jd| xbgx Ljkkgfjvgxeh y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~| `d CP 6>>0$‑



753

ljkkgfjvgx`jd| y`xb 76> ud`wue `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ|= gdh 7<2 ljkkgfjvgx`jd| y`xb |esed h`ccevedx U$\$ ijsevdaedx

jvigd`zgx`jd|$

Cìuve @R!7

Ljkkgfjvgx`jd| y`xb Kjlgk gdh @dxevdgx`jdgk Jvigd`zgx`jd|

Erga~ke| jc luvvedx Sjkudxeev ~vjoelx| y`xb h`ccevedx xp~e| jc jvigd`zgx`jd| `dlkuhe?

… Xbe êgle Ljv~| `d êvu bg| g||ìdeh Sjkudxeev| xj yjvm y`xb ^kgd @dxevdgx`jdgk 92

jd sgv`ju| glx`s`xè|+

`dlkuh`di egvkp lb`khbjjh hesekj~aedx+ pjuxb ivju~|+ gdh duxv`x jd$ ^kgd @dxevdgx`jdgk gk|j jccev|

xelbd`lgk g||`|xgdle huv`di d!|evs`le xvg`d`di$

… Xbe êgle Ljv~| `d Ajdijk`g bg| g||ìdeh Sjkudxeev| xj yjvm y`xb Ajdijk`gd DIJ| xbgx ~gvxdev y`xb

Aevlp Ljv~| `d ~vjs`dl`gk ledxev|$ @d ghh`x`jd xj ljsev`di bju|`di er~ed|e| cjv Sjkudxeev| ~kgleh gx xbe|e

DIJ|+ Aevlp Ljv~| gk|j ~gvx`l`~gxe| `d ~ve!|evs`le gdh `d!|evs`le xvg`d`di cjv Sjkudxeev|$

… @d Fed`d+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| yjvmeh y`xb ^j~ukgx`jd \evs`le| @dxevdgx`jdgk jd begkxb ~vjoelx| `d xbgx

ljudxvp$ Xbvjuib g xv`~gvx`xe gvvgdieaedx fexyeed xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| Giedlp cjv @dxevdgx`jdgk

Hesekj~aedx "U\G@H+ ^j~ukgx`jd \evs`le| @dxevdgx`jdgk+ gdh xbe êgle Ljv~|+ g xb`vh!pegv Sjkudxeev bg|

feed g||ìdeh xj yjvm y`xb ^j~ukgx`jd \evs`le| @dxevdgx`jdgk xj `dlveg|e ljjvh`dgx`jd gajdi xbe sgv`ju|

jvigd`zgx`jd| a~keaedx`di xbe ve|`hedx‐| Agkgv`g @d`x`gx`se$

… Xbe êgle Ljv~| `d Dìev bg| ~kgleh Sjkudxeev| xj yjvm y`xb gdh |u~~jvx xbe Ud`xeh Dgx`jd|‐ Cjjh gdh

Giv`lukxuve Jvigd`zgx jd `vvìgxeh kgdh ~vjoelx$ Sjkudxeev| yjvm y`xb xbe jvigd`zgx`jd‐| |xgcc aeafev| xj|u~~jvx `vvìgx`jd ~vjoelx|+ ivg`d fgdm|+ gdh à~vjseh igvhed`di `d xbe ljaaud`xp$

… @d Lj|xg V`lg Sjkudxeev| gve ljjvh`dgx`di y`xb DIJ| yjvm`di y`xb xbe Ud`xeh Dgx`jd| Lb`khved)| Cudh

"UD@LEC `d ljj~evgx`jd y`xb xbe Ijsevdaedx jc Lj|xg V`lg‐| giedlp jd lb`khved‐| `||ue| gdh lb`kh

~vjxelx`jd$

92 ^kgd @dxevdgx`jdgk `| jde jc xbe jkhe|x gdh kgvie|x lb`khved)| hesekj~aedx jvigd`zgx`jd| `d xbe yjvkh$ ^kgd yjvm| `d 82 hesekj~`di ljudxvè|glvj|| Gcv`lg+ G|`g+ gdh xbe Gaev`lg| xj ~vjajxe lb`kh vìbx| gdh k`cx a`kk`jd| jc lb`khved jux jc ~jsevxp$

@dxevdgx`jdgkDIJ|72%

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8%

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759

Xb`vh!pegv Sjkudxeev| gve ~gvx`lukgvkp `d bìb heagdh fp `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ| i`sed xbe Sjkudxeev|‐ ghsgdleh

kgdiugie |m`kk|+ lukxuvgk udhev|xgdh`di+ gdh vekesgdx cèkh!fg|eh er~evèdle$ Xbe mdjykehie gdh er~evèdle xbgx

xbe|e Sjkudxeev| ~vjs`he DIJ| `| `dsgkugfke+ gdh gx xbe |gae xàe+ xbe|e xp~e| jc yjvm`di vekgx`jd|b`~| jccev xb`vh!

pegv Sjkudxeev| gd j~~jvxud xp xj ljdx`due xbe`v ~vjce|| jdgk hesekj~aedx$ Ybed yjvm`di y`xb DIJ|+ xb`vh!pegv

Sjkudxeev| agp yjvm h`velxkp y`xb xbe`v bj|x jvigd`zgx`jd| xj g||`|x `d ljjvh`dgx`di y`xb jxbev jvigd`zgx`jd| jv xj

g||`|x xbe bj|x jvigd`zgx`jd y`xb ~vjoelx| xbvjuibjux xbe ljudxvp$

Gd Erga~ke jc êgle Ljv~| Ljkkgfjvgx`jd y`xb gd @dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ

U~jd |ulle||cuk lja~kex`jd jc |evs`le y`xb Bgf`xgx cjv Buagd`xp `d g |agkk xjyd jc ye|xevd Vjagd`g+ g êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev

vewue|xeh g xb`vh!pegv erxed|`jd xj u|e xbe xàe xj agme g fvjghev+ dgx`jdgk à~glx$ U~jd vesèy gdh g~~vjsgk jc xbe vewue|x cjv

g xb`vh!pegv erxed|`jd+ xb`| Sjkudxeev vekjlgxeh xj xbe lg~`xgk l`xp jc Fulbgve|x ybeve be yg| g||ìdeh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| xj yjvm

y`xb Bgf`xgx cjv Buagd`xp‐| dgx`jdgk jcc`le xj jvigd`ze xvg d`di| cjv xbe`v jcc`le| gvjudh xbe ljudxvp$ Bgf`xgx cjv Buagd`xp yg|

`dxeve|xeh `d xb`| Sjkudxeev felgu|e jc b`| ckuedlp `d Vjagd`gd gdh felgu|e jc xbe lukxuvgk |m`kk| be bgh ig`deh huv`di b`| `d`x`gk

xyj pegv| jc êgle Ljv~| |evs`le$

Huv`di b`| xb`vh!pegv+ xb`| Sjkudxeev hesekj~eh g |evè| jc ~vjivga| xbgx yeve dgx`jdgk `d |lj~e$ Jde jc xbe|e ~vjivga| yg| xbe

Gafg||ghjv‐| Fu`kh+ g ~vjivga `d yb`lb cjveìd Gafg||ghjv| lgae xjiexbev xj yjvm y`xb ljaaud`xp aeafev|+ êgle Ljv~|Sjkudxeev|+ gdh jxbev |xgcc aeafev| xj fu`kh bju|e| cjv ~jjv cga`kè| `d vuvgk ljaaud`xè|$ @d ghh`x`jd xj b`| yjvm y`xb Bgf`xgx

cjv Buagd`xp huv`di xb`| xb`vh!pegv+ xbe Sjkudxeev gk|j g||`|xeh xbe êgle Ljv~| Vjagd`g ~j|x `d ~vjs`h`di xvg`d`di gdh |u~~jvx

xj `dlja`di êgle Ljv~| xvg`dee|+ g| yekk g| xbe luvvedxkp!|evs`di Sjkudxeev| gdh bj|x ljudxvp ljudxev~gvx|$

Bgf`xgx cjv Buagd`xp ig`deh g sgkueh gdh |eg|jdeh Sjkudxeev ybj mdey xbe`v j~evgx`jd| gx fjxb xbe cèkh!kesek gdh dgx`jdgkkp+ g|

yekk g| g xega aeafev y`xb fjxb g cjveìdev‐| ~ev|~elx`se gdh g kjlgk udhev|xgdh`di$ Xbe Sjkudxeev bg| glbèseh ckuedlp `d

Vjagd`gd+ bg| ig`deh `d!he~xb mdjykehie jc xbe j~evgx`jd| jc gd `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ+ gdh bg| g||`|xeh xbe êgle Ljv~| `d bek~`di

`dlja`di Sjkudxeev| fe|x ~ve~gve xbea|ekse| cjv |evs`le$

Xbe Sjkudxeev bg| veledxkp g~~kèh cjv g cjuvxb pegv jc |evs`le$

Xbe ~gvxdev|b`~| cjlu| ivju~+ y`xb`d xbe giedlp‐| ivjyxb xg|m cjvle+90

`hedx`cèh g deeh xj ~vjajxe g ivegxev duafev

jc jdij`di ~gvxdev|b ~| y`xb xbe ijgk jc edljuvgi`di ajve xb`vh!pegv Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe|e ~gvxdev|b`~| yjukh cjlu|jd ~vjs`h`di Sjkudxeev| xbgx bgse lja~kexeh xbe`v `d`x`gk 69 ajdxb| jc |evs`le y`xb dey g||ìdaedx| `d gveg| xbgx

yjukh ~vjs`he dey j~~jvxud`xè| cjv ~vjce||`jdgk hesekj~aedx yb`ke er~gdh`di xbe à~glx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐

~ve|edle `d eglb ljudxvp$

@d ghh`x`jd xj xbe bj|x ijsevdaedx gdh kjlgk DIJ ~gvxdev|b`~| he|lv`feh gfjse+ `d CP 6>>0+ xbe giedlp gk|j

~gvxdeveh y`xb ajve xbgd 73> `dxevdgx`jdgk ~gvxdev| "|ee Cìuve @R!6 fekjy+ xbe aj|x à~jvxgdx jc xbe|e fe`di

U\G@H$ Ajve xbgd bgkc jc gkk ~j|x| "86+ ve~jvxeh |jae |jvx jc ljkkgfjvgx`jd y`xb U\G@H+ agm`di xb`| giedlp xbe

aj|x cvewuedxkp ve~jvxeh ~gvxdev cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|$

90 Xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle yg| lvegxeh fp xbe H`velxjv huv`di xbe c`v|x wugvxev jc CP 6>7> xj `hedx`cp `ddjsgx`se |xvgxeiè| xbgx y`kk cgl`k`xgxe xbegiedlp)| ijgk| veigvh`di wugk`xp ivjyxb$ Ghh`x`jdgk `dcjvagx`jd jd xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle | ~vjs`heh `d lbg~xev @@@$H$6$c$



752

Cìuve @R!6

H`|xv`fux`jd jc @dxevdgx`jdgk Jvigd`zgx`jd| fp Xp~e jc Ljkkgfjvgx`jd gdh Xp~e jc \u~~jvx2>

U\G@H |u~~jvx| xbe êgle Ljv~| `d g sgv exp jc ~uv~j|e|$ Xbe xbvee aj|x ljaajd cjva| jc |u~~jvx gve xelbd`lgk

g||`|xgdle gdh xvg`d`di gvvgdieaedx|+ \agkk ^vjoelx G||`|xgdle ivgdx| ~vjivga| gdh ^gvx`l`~gx`di Giedlp ^vjivga

Giveeaedx|$ Xbe \agkk ^vjoelx G||`|xgdle ~vjivga gdh xbe ^gvx`l ~gx`di Giedlp ^vjivga Giveeaedx| gve

~vàgv`kp cudh`di aelbgd`|a| gdh gve h`|lu||eh `d |elx`jd G$6$l jc xb`| lbg~xev$

U\G@H gdh xbe U$\$ He~gvxaedx jc Giv`lukxuve "U\HG gk|j ~vjs`he xbe êgle Ljv~| y`xb xelbd`lgk g||`|xgdle gdh

xvg`d`di xj g||`|x xbe giedlp `d h`||ea`dgx`di g~~vj~v`gxe ~vglx`le| `d cjjh |eluv`xp gdh xj ed|uve xbe `dxeivgx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ eccjvx| `d xb`| gveg y`xb xbe jsevgkk U$\$ |xvgxeip jd cjjh |eluv`xp$ G k`|x jc |jae jc xbe mep gveg|

jc ljkkgfjvgx`jd fexyeed xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh jxbev U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlè| `| ~vjs`heh `d G~~edh`r @R!<$

Gdjxbev à~jvxgdx ~gvxdev gx xbe ~j|x kesek cjv ~vjivgaagx`l ljkkgfjvgx`jd| `| xbe U$\$ He~gvxaedx jc \xgxe$

\esedxeed ~j|x| ve~jvxeh ljkkgfjvgx`jd| `d CP 6>>0 `d gveg| |ulb g| Sjkudxeev g||ìdaedx|+ xelbd`lgk g||`|xgdle+

gdh c`dgdl`gk |u~~jvx$ Jxbev à~jvxgdx ljkkgfjvgxjv| `dlkuhe UD@LEC "ljkkgfjvgx`di y`xb c cxeed ~j|x|+ Yjvkh

S`|`jd "xyekse ~j|x|+ Oud`jv Glbèseaedx "ekesed ~j|x|+ gdh xbe Ud`xeh Dgx`jd| Hesekj~aedx ^vjivga "xed ~j|x|$

G$6$f Giveeaedx| |u~~jvx`di Sjkudxeev velvu`xaedx+ g||`|x`di vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+ gdh

|u~~jvx`di xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè|

Xbe êgle Ljv~| e|xgfk`|be| giveeaedx| y`xb hjae|x`l jvigd`zgx`jd| xj |xvedixbed velvu`xaedx jc g~~k`lgdx| cvja gh`sev|e ~j~ukgx`jd gdh xj gxxvglx g~~k`lgdx| y xb |~el`gk`zeh |m`kk|$ @d xbe c`v|x bgkc jc CP 6>7>+ xbe êgle Ljv~|

|ìdeh |ulb giveeaedx| y`xb L`xp Pegv gdh xbe Dgx`jdgk G||jl`gx`jd jc Ljaaud`xp Begkxb Ledxev|$

L`xp Pegv `| g U$\$!fg|eh djd!~vjc`x xbgx ~kgle| Gaev`lgd|+ gie| 79 xj 68 gdh ybj bgse g bìb |lbjjk h`~kjag jv g

IEH+ `d g pegv jc cukk!xàe ljaaud`xp |evs`le+ keghev|b`~ hesekj~aedx+ gdh l`s`l edigieaedx `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$

2> êvledxgie| jd xbe xp~e jc jvigd`zgx`jd gve fg|eh jd xbe duafev jc ud`wue jvigd`zgx`jd| yjvkhy`he "738$ êvledxgie| vekgxeh xj xbe xp~e jc |u~~jvx veckelx xbe cglx xbgx ljkkgfjvgx`jd agp `dlkuhe ajve xbgd jde xp~e jc |u~~jvx$

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Jxbev73%

H`|xv`fux`jd jc @dxevdgx`jdgk Jvigd`zgx`jd|

CP 6>>0

Agxev`gk|\u~~jvx

62%

Xvg`d`di63%

C`dgd`lgk

\u~~jvx79%

Jxbev60%

H`|xv`fux`jd fpXp~e jc \u~~jvx

CP 6>>0



750

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bj~e| xj gxxvglx L`xp Pegv)| h`sev|e aeafev| gdh gkuad` xj ljdx`due xbe`v |evs`le `dxevdgx`jdgkkp

y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|$

Xbe ~gvxdev|b`~ y`xb xbe Dgx`jdgk G||jl`gx`jd jc Ljaaud`xp Begkxb Ledxev| jccev| xbe êgle Ljv~| gd j~~jvxud`xp

xj xgviex g~~k`lgdx| y`xb vekesgdx begkxb er~evèdle gdh ~vjs`he| Vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| y`xb ojf

~kgleaedx j~~jvxud`x e| gx xbe Dgx`jdgk G||jl`gx`jd jc Ljaaud`xp Begkxb Ledxev|$ Fjxb L`xp Pegv gdh xbe Dgx`jdgk

G||jl`gx`jd jc Ljaaud`xp Begkxb Ledxev| vele`se cudh`di cvja Gaev`Ljv~|+ gdh xbe|e giveeaedx| veckelx xbe

giedlp‐| ijgk jc |xvedixbed`di xè| y`xb Gaev`Ljv~|!cudheh ~vjivga| xj gxxvglx g ajve h`sev|e Sjkudxeev fg|e$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| gk|j bg| |ìdeh gd à~jvxgdx giveeaedx y`xb xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd+ yb`lb jccev|

xvgd|`x`jd |u~~jvx xj Sjkudxeev| vexuvd`di xj xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gcxev xbe`v |evs`le xbvjuib g aedxjv`di ~vjivga$ @d

ghh`x`jd+ xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd ljkkgfjvgxe jd xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè|‘fv`di`di

xbe yjvkh fglm bjae‘xbvjuib |~egmev| ~vjivga| gdh aeafev ivju~|$27

G$6$l Giveeaedx| gdh ljkkgfjvgx`jd| cjv cudh`di gdh hjdgx`jd|

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| gd à~jvxgdx ~gvx`l`~gdx `d xbe ^ve|`hedx)| Eaeviedlp ^kgd cjv G@H\ Vekèc "Ê^CGV gdh

ljjvh`dgxe| glx`s xè| `d xb`| gveg y`xb xbe Jcc`le jc xbe U$\$ Ikjfgk G@H\ Ljjvh`dgxjv$ Ê^CGV luvvedxkp cudh|xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ glx`s`xè| `d 83 ~j|x| gdh ~vjs`he| ve|juvle| cjv |jae jc xbe glx`s`xè| jc xbe Jcc`le jc G@H\ Vekèc

gx beghwugvxev|$ @x `| xbe kgvie|x |u~~jvxev jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga| `d hjkkgv xeva| "g~~vjràgxekp (7< a`kk`jd

`d cudh`di `d CP 6>7> gdh luaukgx`se cudh`di jc g~~vjràgxekp (20 a`kk`jd cvja CP 6>>8 xj CP 6>7>$ Yb`ke

degvkp xyj!xb`vh| jc luvvedx ~j|x| vele`se cudh`di cvja Ê^CGV+ xbe kgvie|x êgle Ljv~| ~vjivga| vele`s`di |ulb

cudh`di gve `d |juxbevd gdh eg|xevd Gcv`lg$26

Xbe êgle Ljv~| gk|j vele`se| c`dgdl`gk |u~~jvx cvja U\G@H xbvjuib ^gvx`l`~gx`di Giedlp ^vjivga Giveeaedx|

gdh \agkk ^vjoelx G||`|xgdle ivgdx cudh|$ Luvvedxkp+ xbvee êgle Ljv~| ~j|x| bgse deijx`gxeh c`se h`ccevedx

^gvx`l`~gx`di Giedlp ^vjivga Giveeaedx| y`xb U\G@H udhev xb`| cvgaeyjvm$ Xyj jc xbe|e gve `d xbe ^b`k`~~`de|

"(<5>+>>> cvja CP 6>>8 xj CP 6>7> cjv xbe eds`vjdaedx gdh (7$2 a`kk`jd cvja CP 6>>< xj CP 6>7> cjv

ehulgx`jd+ xyj gve `d Agk` "(7$7 a`kk`jd cvja CP 6>7> xj CP 6>7< cjv cjjh |eluv`xp gdh (<>>+>>> cvja CP 6>>0 xj

CP 6>77 cjv ehulgx`jd+ gdh jde `| `d \edeigk "(7$3 a`kk`jd cvja CP 6>7> xj CP 6>7< cjv cjjh |eluv`xp$

Xbe \agkk ^vjoelx G||`|xgdle ~vjivga `| he|ìdeh xj ~vjs`he |agkk ivgdx| xj ljaaud`xè| y`xb`d hesekj~`di

ljudxvè| gdh xvg`d`di jc bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk| xbvjuib êgle Ljv~|!jvigd`zeh+ `d!|evs`le xvg`d`di glx`s`xè| gdh

xelbd`lgk yjvm|bj~|$ Sjkudxeev| g||`|x ljaaud`xè| `d `hedx`cp di ~vjoelx| gdh g~~kp`di cjv xbe|e |agkk ivgdx|$

Sjkudxeev| gk|j yjvm y`xb xbe`v ljaaud`xè| `d à~keaedx`di xbe ~vjoelx|$ U\G@H ~vjs`heh g~~vjràgxekp (6$5

a`kk`jd cjv \agkk ^vjoelx G||`|xgdle glx`s`xè| `d CP 6>7> `d ajve xbgd cjvxp ljudxvè|$ \`dle xbe `dle~x`jd jc xbe

luvvedx \agkk ^vjoelx G||`|xgdle giveeaedx `d \e~xeafev 6>>9+ U\G@H bg| jfkìgxeh g~~vjràgxekp (9$2 a`kk`jd

cjv \agkk vjoelx G||`|xgdle ivgdx| gdh xvg`d`di glx`s`xè|$

@dh`s`hugk| gdh jvigd`zgx`jd| lgd gk|j lbjj|e xj hjdgxe ve|juvle| h`velxkp xj |u~~jvx Sjkudxeev ~vjoelx|+ xb`vh ijgk

glx`s`xè|+ gdh jxbev beghwugvxev| gdh vei`jdgk glx`s`xè| xbvjuib xbe êgle Ljv~| ^gvxdev|b`~ ^vjivga+ g xjjkxbvjuib yb`lb Sjkudxeev| lgd ~vjajxe gdh vele`se cudh`di cjv ~vjoelx| xbep gve yjvm`di jd$ Gkk hjdgx`jd| gve xgr

hehulx`fke gdh 7>> ~evledx jc hjdgx`jd| aghe xj xbe ~gvxdev|b`~ ~vjivga gve u|eh cjv ~vjoelx ~uv~j|e|$ @d CP 6>>0+

ajve xbgd 7>+>>> hjdjv| ljdxv`fuxeh (7$2 a`kk`jd xbvjuib xbe ~gvxdev|b`~ ~vjivga xbgx `d xuvd kesevgieh gdjxbev

(7$3 a`kk`jd `d kjlgk ajdexgvp gdh `d!m`dh |u~~jvx$ Xbj|e hjdgx`jd| fedec`xeh ajve xbgd 38>+>>> `dh`s`hugk|$

27 Xbe giveeaedx y`xb xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd `| h`|lu||eh `d ivegxev hexg`k `d lbg~xev R@$G$<$26 \ee G~~edh`r @@@!8= Sjkudxeev| yjvm`di `d B@S*G@H\ ~vesedx`jd fp ljudxvp$



73>

G$<$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ agdgieaedx jc giveeaedx|

G| h`|lu||eh `d xbe ~ves`ju| |elx`jd+ xbe sg|x agojv`xp jc gkk giveeaedx| gve hesekj~eh+ à~keaedxeh+ gdh agdgieh

gx xbe ~j|x kesek$ Bjyesev+ |esevgk jcc`le| y`xb`d xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ beghwugvxev| gk|j bgse xbe ve|~jd| f`k`xp jc

hesekj~`di gdh agdgi`di giveeaedx| y`xb jux|`he jvigd`zgx`jd|$ Xbep gve xbe Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv+ xbe Jcc`le jc

Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx+ xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx+ xbe Jcc`le jc G@H\ Vekèc+ xbe

Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v|+ gdh xbe Jcc`le jc ^v`sgxe \elxjv @d`x`gx`se|$ 2<

G fvèc he|lv`~x`jd jc eglb jc

xbe|e jcc`le| gdh xbe vjke xbgx xbep ~kgp `d hesekj~`di gdh agdgi`di giveeaedx| gdh ljkkgfjvgx`jd| y`xb jxbev

jvigd`zgx`jd| | ~ve|edxeh fekjy$

G$<$g Xbe Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv

Xbe H`velxjv‐| jcc`le bg| xbe kegh vjke `d er~kjv`di bjy `ddjsgx`se ~gvxdev|b`~ |xvgxeiè| lgd g||`|x xbe êgle Ljv~|

`d ~kgl`di Sjkudxeev| `d dey xp~e| jc g||ìdaedx| `d ljudxvè| `d yb`lb xbe êgle Ljv~| gkveghp bg| j~evgx`jd|$ Xbe

jcc`le gk|j hesekj~| DIJ ~gvxdev|b`~ |xvgxeiè| xbgx lgd fe u|eh cjv kgudlb`di êgle Ljv~| ~vjivga| `d dey

ljudxvè|$ Gx xbe xàe jc xbe yv`x`di jc xb`| ve~jvx+ h`|lu||`jd| yeve udhevygp fexyeed |ed`jv êgle Ljv~| |xgcc gdh

keghev| jc DIJ|‘`dlkuh`di xbe Yjvkh Y`khk`ce Cudh+ \gse xbe Lb`khved+ gdh xbe Ljj~evgx`se Bju|`di

Cjudhgx`jd‘xj er~kjve ~j||`fke yjvkhy`he ~gvxdev|b`~|$

G$<$f Xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v|

Xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v| `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv hesekj~`di gdh à~keaedx`di xbe H`velxjv‐| ~jk`lp gdh

|xvgxeip cjv fu`kh`di gdh ag`dxg`d`di vekgx`jd|b`~| y`xb jxbev U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlè|+ y`xb ~gvx`lukgv cjlu| jd

giedlè| y`xb a`||`jd| xbgx `dxev|elx aj|x h`velxkp y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ a`||`jd$ Xbe jcc`le gk|j ljdxv`fuxe| xj xbe

êgle Ljv~| fp `hedx`cp`di ~jxedx`gk ~gvxdev| gdh |pdeviè| xj agrà`ze xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ljdxv`fux`jd xj jdij`di

`dxevdgx`jdgk hesekj~aedx eccjvx|$

G| h`|lu||eh `d |elx`jd G$6 jc xb`| lbg~xev+ U\G@H bg| b`|xjv`lgkkp feed jde jc xbe êgle Ljv~| ledxvgk `dxevgiedlp

~gvxdev|$ Jde jc xbe ~vàgvp ijgk| jc xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v| `| xj |u~~jvx gdh edbgdle xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ vekgx`jd|b`~ y`xb U\G@H gx beghwugvxev| gdh gx ~j|x kesek|$ Xbe jcc`le gk|j ljjvh`dgxe| y`xb gdh |u~~jvx|

xbe jxbev ud`x| h`|lu||eh `d xb`| |elx`jd `d hesekj~`di g lv`xev`g gdh |xvulxuve cjv ~gvxdev|b`~ hesekj~aedx+ y`xb g

cjlu| jd xbe giedlp‐| cjuv mep ivjyxb gveg|? giv`lukxuve gdh cjjh |eluv`xp+ begkxb "B@S*G@H\ gdh agkgv`g+

ehulgx`jd "xeglb`di Edik`|b g| g |eljdh kgdiugie gdh i`vk| ehulgx`jd+ gdh edevip gdh eds`vjdaedx$

G$<$l Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx

Xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx "J^GX\‘xbvjuib `x| ^gvxdev|b`~ Hesekj~aedx Ud`x+

|elxjv |~el`gk`|x| gdh jxbev |xgcc‘hesekj~| gdh agdgie| ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlè|+ `dxevdgx`jdgk

jvigd`zgx`jd|+ gdh DIJ| xbgx gve fedec`l`gk xj ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di$ J^GX\‐ glx`s`x e| ljdlevd`di

~gvxdev|b`~| cgkk dxj xbvee iedevgk gveg|$

J^GX\ |xgcc aeafev| jvigd`ze gdh gxxedh aeex`di| y`xb jvigd`zgx`jd|+ yv`xe ~vj~j|gk| cjv cudh`di gdh jxbev

giveeaedx|+ gdh ~ve~gve hvgcx giveeaedx| gdh ljdle~x |xvgxeip ~g~ev| "|jae cjlu|eh jd |~el`c`l ~gvxdev|b`~|+ |jae

ajve iedevgk ~jk`lp ~èle| jd ~gvxdev|b`~|$ Xb`| yjvm `| hjde `d ljdoudlx`jd y`xb |esevgk jcc`le|+ `dlkuh`di xbe

Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v|+ xbe xbvee êgle Ljv~| vei`jd|+ xbe Jcc`le jc xbe Iedevgk Ljud|ek+ gdh jxbev|$

^gvxdev|b`~ hesekj~aedx

2< Xbe Jcc`le jc Iedevgk Ljud|ek+ xbe xbvee vei`jd|+ xbe Jcc`le jc xbe Lbèc C`dgdl`gk Jcc`lev+ gdh xbe Jcc`le jc Ljdxvglx| gdh Glwu`|`x`jd| gk|jbgse |jae ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| veigvh`di ~gvxdev|b`~| "e$i$+ ed|uv`di xbe keigk`xp gdh |u`xgf`k`xp jc ~gvxdev|b`~|$



737

J^GX\+ xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v|+ gdh jxbev| gve luvvedxkp yjvm`di jd c`dgk`z`di gd Edevip*Lkàgxe

Lbgdie Giveeaedx cjv Kgx`d Gaev`lg y`xb xbe U$\$ \xgxe He~gvxaedx gdh g Ikjfgk Ehulgx`jd Cvgaeyjvm

Giveeaedx y`xb U\G@H$

J^GX\ |xgcc agdgie| gdh à~keaedx| glx se giveeaedx| cjv xbe giedlp$ Cjv djy+ xb`| `| ~vàgv`kp xbe \agkk

^vjoelx G||`|xgdle giveeaedx y`xb U\G@H‐| Jcc`le jc Hesekj~aedx ^gvxdev|+ yb`lb `| agdgieh fp xbe ^gvxdev|b`~

Hesekj~aedx Ud`x `d J^GX\$ Cjv |elxjv!|~el`c`l giveeaedx| xbgx gve luvvedxkp `d hesekj~aedx+ J^GX\ |elxjv

|~el`gk`|x| gdh ^gvxdev|b`~ Hesekj~aedx Ud`x |xgcc aeafev| y`kk yjvm xjiexbev xj agdgie gdh ~vjajxe xbe

giveeaedx|$ Xb`| agdgieaedx `dsjkse| ed|uv`di xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| aeex| `x| jfkìgx`jd| udhev xbe giveeaedx|+

h`|fuv|`di cudh| xj ~j|x|+ xvglm`di u|e jc cudh|+ ~vjs`h`di iu`hgdle xj ~j|x|+ yv`x`di gdh |ufa`xx`di ~vjivgaagx`l

ve~jvx|+ gdh ljjvh`dgx`di y`xb jxbev giedlp jcc`le| gdh ud`x| xj à~keaedx glx`s`xè|$

^gvxdev|b`~ a~keaedxgx jd

J^GX\ ljkkelx|+ gdgkpze|+ gdh |bgve| `dcjvagx`jd jd ~gvxdev|b`~| gdh ljkkgfjvgx`jd|$ Gd à~jvxgdx g|~elx jc xb`| `|

xbe ljkkelx`jd jc hgxg jd gkk cèkh ljkkgfjvgx`jd|= xbe hgxg gve ag`dxg`deh `d g ~gvxdev|b`~ hgxgfg|e$ J^GX\ gk|j

ljkkelx| gdh |bgve| `dcjvagx`jd jd giedlp!kesek ~gvxdev|b`~|$ Luvvedxkp+ J^GX\ `| u~ivgh`di xbe ~gvxdev|b`~

hgxgfg|e xj er~gdh `x| u|ecukde|| fp ~vjs`h`di g ledxvgk kjlgx`jd cjv `dcjvagx`jd jd aeex`di| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~hesekj~aedx| fexyeed xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh erxevdgk jvigd`zgx`jd|$

^gvxdev|b`~ xvglm`di+ hgxg gdgkp|`|+ gdh `dcjvagx`jd h`||ea`dgx`jd

G$<$h Xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx

Xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx+ cjvaevkp xbe Jcc`le jc Hjae|x`l ^vjivga|+ agdgie| `d`x`gx`se| xbgx bek~ xbe

êgle Ljv~| `d glbès`di `x| xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| "xj bek~ ~vjajxe g fexxev udhev|xgdh`di jc jxbev ~ej~ke| jd xbe ~gvx

jc Gaev`lgd| gdh `d |u~~jvx`di êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| g| xbep vexuvd xj xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$ Xbe jcc`le `| luvvedxkp

yjvm`di jd dey ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb hjae|x`l jvigd`zgx jd| `d |u~~jvx jc fjxb jc xbe|e gveg|$ Xbe jcc`le agdgie| xbe

giveeaedx y`xb xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd$ Xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx aj|x veledxkp bg| yjvmeh

y`xb xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`x`di gdh \ekelx`jd xj hesekj~ xbe ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb L`xp Pegv gdh xbe Dgx`jdgk

G||jl`gx`jd jc Ljaaud`xp Begkxb Ledxev| |ìdeh egvkèv xb`| pegv "h`|lu||eh egvkèv `d |elx`jd G$6$f jc xb`| lbg~xev$

G$<$e Jcc`le jc G@H\ Vekèc

Xbe Jcc`le jc G@H\ Vekèc ~vjs`he| giedlp!kesek ~jk`lp+ jsevgkk keghev|b`~+ gdh iedevgk |u~evs`|`jd+ h`velx`jd+ gdh

ljjvh`dgx`jd jc gkk hjae|x`l gdh cjveìd B@S*G@H\ glx`s`xè| vekgx`di xj xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga|$ Xbe Jcc`le jc

G@H\ Vekèc `| gk|j ve|~jd|`fke cjv ljjvh`dgx`di xbe giedlp‐| ~gvx`l`~gx`jd `d xbe ^ve|`hedx‐| Eaeviedlp ^kgd cjv

G@H\ Vekèc "Ê^CGV$

Gxxg`dgfke ijgk| gve e|xgfk`|beh `d xbe gveg jc B@S*G@H\+ y`xb g lkegv cvgaeyjvm jc glljudxgf`k`xp$ Aulb jc xb`|

h`velx`jd ljae| xbvjuib xbe giedlp‐| ~gvx`l`~gx`jd `d Ê^CGV$ Xbe Jcc`le jc G@H\ Vekèc vesèy|+ `dxev~vex|+ gdh

veljaaedh| ~jk`lè| vekgxeh xj Ê^CGV gdh ~vjs`he| iu`hgdle cjv ~j|x ~gvx`l`~gx`jd `d `dxevgiedlp xega|+

ux`k`zgx`jd jc cudh|+ gdh lja~k gdle y`xb vewu`veaedx|$ Xj gxxg`d `x| ijgk|+ xbe Jcc`le jc G@H\ Vekèc yjvm| `d lkj|eljkkgfjvgx`jd y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xbvee vei`jd| gdh xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx$

Yb`ke xbe giedlp y`kk vele`se g~~vjràgxekp (20 a`kk`jd `d Ê^CGV cudh| cvja CP 6>>8 xj CP 6>7>+ `x `| |x`kk g

vekgx`sekp |agkk ~gvxdev‘jdkp >$< ~evledx jc xbe jsevgkk Ê^CGV fuhiex$ Gx xbe |gae xàe+ êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev| erlek `d xbe gveg| xbgx gve luvvedxkp fe`di ea~bg|`zeh fp Ê^CGV? ~vesedx`jd+ lg~gl`xp fu`kh`di+ gdh

ljudxvp jydev|b`~$ êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| bgse heajd|xvgxeh xbgx xbep ~kgp g ud`wue vjke d xbe cìbx gig`d|x

B@S*G@H\ gx xbe ivg||!vjjx| kesek$ Ljd|ewuedxkp+ xbe Jcc`le jc G@H\ Vekèc+ `d ljjvh`dgx`jd y`xb xbe Jcc le jc



736

@dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v| gdh xbe H`velxjv‐| jcc`le+ `| luvvedxkp kjjm`di xj er~gdh xbe giedlp‐| vjke y`xb`d

Ê^CGV$

G$<$c Jcc`le jc v`sgxe \elxjv @d`x`gx`se|

Xbe Jcc`le jc ^v`sgxe \elxjv @d`x`gx`se| |u~~jvx| xbe c`v|x gdh xb`vh ijgk| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh |evse| xbvee h`|x`dlx

lu|xjaev ivju~|? êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe bj|x!ljudxvp ljaaud`xè| xbep |evse+ hjdjv| xj xbe êgle Ljv~|+

gdh xbe giedlp `x|ekc$ Xbe jcc`le jsev|ee| gdh agdgie| gkk lg|b gdh `d!m`dh hjdgx jd| xj xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Xbe

Jcc`le jc ^v`sgxe \elxjv @d`x`gx`se| jccev| g xvgd|~gvedx aelbgd`|a cjv xbe ~v`sgxe |elxjv‘yb`lb `dlkuhe| cga`kp gdh

cvèdh| jc Sjkudxeev|+ vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev ivju~|+ |lbjjk|+ cjudhgx`jd|+ xvu|x|+ ljv~jvgx`jd|+ fu|`de||e|+

cg`xb!fg|eh jvigd`zgx`jd|+ gdh l`s`l ivju~|‘xj fe ~gvx jc xbe êgle Ljv~| er~evèdle fp hjdgx`di xj xbe à~jvxgdx

yjvm jc êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| gdh giedlp `d`x`gx`se|$ Xbe jcc`le gk|j glle~x| `d!m`dh hjdgx`jd| aghe xj xbe êgle

Ljv~| gdh h`velxkp xj Sjkudxeev|$28

Jcc`le |xgcc aeafev| agdgie xbe êgle Ljv~| ^gvxdev|b`~ ^vjivga+ yb`lb feigd `d 7038 g| xbe ‛\lbjjk| xj

\lbjjk|‑ ~vjivga+ ljddelx`di Gaev`lgd |lbjjk lb`khved xj |lbjjk lb`khved gfvjgh$ Xjhgp+ xbe êgle Ljv~|

^gvxdev|b`~ ^vjivga ljdx`due| xj ljddelx `dxeve|xeh ivju~| gdh `dh`s`hugk| y`xb Sjkudxeev!keh+ ljaaud`xp!`d`x`gxeh

~vjoelx| yjvkhy`he$ Gkxbjuib agdp Sjkudxeev| gve gfke xj udhevxgme ~vjoelx| ux`k`z`di kjlgk ve|juvle| gdh |m`kk|+xbe ~gvxdev|b`~ ~vjivga ~vjs`he| g lv`x`lgk gkxevdgx`se cjv ~vjoelx| xbgx vewu ve ghh`x`jdgk cudh|$ Xbe ~gvxdev|b`~

~vjivga `| gsg`kgfke cjv Sjkudxeev| gx esevp ~j|x$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| ^gvxdev|b`~ ^vjivga ~vjoelx| bgse aghe gd à~jvxgdx ljdxv`fux`jd xj ljaaud`xè| glvj|| xbe

ikjfe |`dle xbe ~vjivga yg| kgudlbeh `d 7038$ @d CP 6>>0+ xbe ~gvxdev|b`~ ~vjivga vele`seh hjdgx`jd| cvja

7>+505 hjdjv| xjxgk`di (7$2 a`kk`jd$ Xbe|e cudh| yeve g~~kèh xj 3<0 ljaaud`xp!`d`x gxeh ~vjoelx| `d 3> ljudxvè|$

G a`dàua 65 ~evledx ljaaud`xp ljdxv`fux`jd `| vewu`veh cjv g ~vjoelx xj vele`se ~gvxdev|b`~ ~vjivga g||`|xgdle+

gdh `d CP 6>>0+ xbe glxugk ljaaud`xp ljdxv`fux`jd| yeve degvkp 85 ~evledx jc ~vjoelx lj|x|+ y`xb g~~vjràgxekp

(7$3 a`kk`jd `d lg|b gdh `d!m`dh ljaaud`xp ljdxv`fux`jd|$

G$<$i êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e

@d 6>7>+ êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e er~elx| xj yjvm y`xb gx keg|x 95 h`ccevedx jvigd`zgx`jd| g| |bjyd fekjy?

Bj|x ljudxvp DIJ|? <5

@dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ|? 70

Bj|x ljudxvp ijsevdaedx|?25

Ud`xeh Dgx`jd| jvigd`zgx`jd|? 6

70

êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e xp~`lgkkp hje| djx yjvm y`xb agdp ~gvxdev| `d aukx`~ke ljudxvè|$ Lgxbjk`l Vekèc \evs le|

yjvm| y`xb Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| `d xbvee ljudxvè|$ Xbe agojv`xp jc xbe 6>> Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| |evs`di `d CP

6>7> gve kjlgxeh `d xbe Eg|xevd Lgv`ffegd+ K`fev`g+ Aghgig|lgv+ Ajzgaf wue+ gdh xbe ^b`k`~~`de|$ Xbe|e c`se ~j|x|

bgse g~~vjràgxekp bgkc jc xbe gkk Ve|~jd|e Sjkudxeev| `d xbe cèkh gdh ljd|ewuedxkp gve ybeve êgle Ljv~|Ve|~jd|e bg| edxeveh `dxj aj|x jc `x| giveeaedx| gdh ljkkgfjvgx`jd|$

28 G| hec`deh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx "ûf$ K$ 29!60<+ g| gaedheh? 66 U$\$L$ ©65>7 ex |ew$+ i`cx| jv fewue|x| xj xbe êgle Ljv~| gve xgr!hehulx`fke g| lbgv`xgfke ljdxv`fux`jd| udhev |elx`jd 79>"l 7 jc xbe @dxevdgk Vesedue Ljhe$25 Agp `dlkuhe |esevgk ijsevdaedx giedlè| y`xb`d jde bj|x ljudxvp ijsevdaedx$



73<

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\

F$7$ G dey ~ev|~elx`se jd ~gvxdev|b`~|

Xbe H`velxjv bg| |xgxeh xbgx xbvjuib |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| `dxedh| xj?

… Ig`d ivegxev glle|| xj edbgdleh xvg`d`di j~~jvxud`x e| cjv Sjkudxeev| gdh ljudxev~gvx|=

… Ghh kesek| jc xelbd`lgk gdh c`dgdl`gk ve|juvle| xj edbgdle ljaaud`xp ~vjoelx| `d xbe cèkh=

… Er~gdh xbe giedlp‐| dexyjvm gdh lkèdxeke=

… ^vjajxe xbe erlbgdie jc fe|x ~vglx`le| gdh ke||jd| kegvdeh fexyeed xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh jxbev

hesekj~aedx jvigd`zgx`jd|= gdh+

… Cuvxbev dxeivgx`jd dxj xbe kgviev hesekj~aedx ljaaud`xp y`xb`d bj|x ljudxvè|$

^gvxdev|b`~| ljukh gk|j ~kgp g ivegxev vjke `d xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ j~evgx`jd| fp cgl`k`xgx`di |`xe hesekj~aedx gdh

~vjs`h`di |u~evs`|jvp xelbd`lgk |u~~jvx+ lja~keaedx`di |xgcc lg~gl`xp$

Xbe H`velxjv gk|j fekèse| xbgx `d ghh`x`jd xj xbj|e ~gvxdev|b`~| xbgx |u~~jvx Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe`v ljudxev~gvx| `d xbe

cèkh+ |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~| y`kk gk|j edbgdle xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ `d`x`gx`se| `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$ \~el`c`lgkkp+ xbeH`velxjv bg| g|meh |xgcc xj `hedx`cp gdh hesekj~ |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~| xj edbgdle xbe giedlp‐| eccjvx| `d gxxvglx`di g

kgviev gdh ajve h`sev|e ivju~ jc Sjkudxeev|+ xj |u~~jvx xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè|+ gdh xj |u~~jvx vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev| g| xbep `dxeivgxe fglm `dxj xbe`v ljaaud`xè| `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$

Xbe H`velxjv gk|j veljid`ze| xbgx |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~| au|x fedec`x gkk ~gvxè| `d xbe giveeaedx jv xbep y`kk djx fe

|ulle||cuk `d xbe kjdi vud$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~gvxdev| yjukh ig`d `dlveg|eh glle|| xj `dh`s`hugk|+ jvigd`zgx`jd|+ gdh

|evs`le ~vjs`hev| gx xbe ivg||vjjx| kesek+ ybeve xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| g |xvjdi ~ve|edle gdh ybeve jxbev jvigd`zgx`jd|

yjvm jd g sevp kà`xeh fg|`|$ Xb`| ud`wue êgle Ljv~| |xvedixb ~vjs`he| ~jxedx gk ~gvxdev| y`xb |u|xg`dgfke |u~~jvx

xj er~gdh xbe`v veglb jc |evs`le| gdh à~keaedx dgx`jdgk gdh vei jdgk glx`s`x e| gx xbe ljaaud`xp kesek$ Xbe

hesekj~aedx |elxjv g| g ybjke yjukh fedec`x xbvjuib xbe ljjvh`dgx`jd jc eccjvx| gdh xbe ekà`dgx`jd jc jsevkg~~`di

glx`s`xè|+ xbevefp `dlveg|`di xbe duafev jc fedec`l`gvè| veglbeh gdh xbe jsevgkk à~glx `d ljudxvè| |evseh fp xbe

êgle Ljv~|$

F$6$ Xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle

Xbe H`velxjv lvegxeh xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle23

`d xbe c`v|x wugvxev jc CP 6>7> xj `hedx`cp `ddjsgx`se |xvgxeiè| xj

cgl`k`xgxe xbe giedlp)| ijgk jc wugk`xp ivjyxb$ Gd `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ ~gvxdev|b`~| |ufivju~ yg| jde jc xyekse xg|m

cjvle |ufivju~| cjvaeh xj ve|egvlb gdh hesekj~ veljaaedhgx`jd| `d mep gveg|$ G||e||aedx xega aeafev|

~gvx`l`~gxeh `d gkk jc xbe `dxevdgx`jdgk ~gvxdev|b`~| |ufivju~ aeex`di|+ yb`lb ~vjs`heh xbe g||e||aedx xega y`xb

sgkugfke `d~ux cjv xbe ~ve~gvgx`jd jc xb`| lbg~xev jc xbe g||e||aedx ve~jvx$ Ajve xbgd xyedxp `dh`s`hugk| ~gvx`l`~gxeh

`d xbe ~gvxdev|b`~ |ufivju~+ `dlkuh`di ve~ve|edxgx`se| cvja ~j|x| "ljudxvp h`velxjv| gdh ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di

jcc`lev| gdh beghwugvxev|$ @d ghh`x`jd+ ve~ve|edxgx se| cvja xyj `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| bg|

yjvmeh y`xb `d veledx pegv| ~vjs`heh `d|ìbx$

Xbe `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ ~gvxdev|b`~ |ufivju~ cjlu|eh jd DIJ| xbgx |u~~jvx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivgaagx`l eccjvx|

`d xbe cèkh$ Xb`| |ufivju~ yg| djx xg|meh y`xb gdgkpz`di xbe xp~e| jc giveeaedx| xbgx xbe giedlp edxev| `dxj y`xb

jxbev jvigd`zgx`jd|$

23 \ee lbg~xev @@$H$6$c$ cjv ghh`x`jdgk `dcjvagx`jd jd xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle$



738

B`|xjv`lgkkp+ gkk giveeaedx| gdh ljkkgfjvgx`jd| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| edxev| bgse feed ljd|`heveh ~gvxdev|b`~|+

ybexbev xbep gve gx xbe kjlgk+ dgx`jdgk+ jv `dxevdgx`jdgk kesek$ G| g ve|ukx+ xbeve yg| |jae `d`x`gk ljdcu|`jd y`xb`d xbe

giedlp ybed xbe H`velxjv `dxvjhuleh xbe ljdle~x jc yjvm`di xbvjuib |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~| xj gllja~k`|b xbe

giedlp‐| ijgk|$ Xb`| felgae g~~gvedx ybed xbe ivjyxb xg|m cjvle‐| |ufivju~ jd `dxevdgx`jdgk ~gvxdev|b ~| feigd `x|

yjvm jd `dxevdgx`jdgk ~gvxdev|b`~|$ Gx xbe H`velxjv‐| vewue|x+ xbe `dxevdgx`jdgk ~gvxdev|b`~| |ufivju~ yg| g|meh xj

~vjs`he g lkegv hec`d`x`jd jc ‛~gvxdev|b`~$‑

Xbe |ufivju~ jd `dxevdgx`jdgk ~gvxdev|b`~| hec`deh g ~gvxdev|b`~ g|?

‛G auxugkkp fedec`l`gk giveeaedx |ìdeh fp beghwugvxev| `d yb`lb gkk jc xbe ~gvxè| |bgve g ljaajd ijgk+

ljdxv`fuxe ve|juvle| "e`xbev c`dgdl`gk jv `d!m`dh+ bgse lkegvkp hec`deh vjke| gdh ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| gdh |bgve `d

xbe jsevgkk hel`|`jd agm`di ~vjle||$ Xj fe ljd|`heveh g ~gvxdev|b`~+ xbe giveeaedx yjukh deeh xj fe jc

|ucc`lèdx |`ze gdh |lj~e xj gkkjy cjv glx`s`xè| `d g kgvie duafev jc ljudxvè| jv+ `c xbe ~uv~j|e `| xj |u~~jvx

xbe giedlp‐| hjae|x`l glx`s`xè|+ glvj|| g |ìd`c`lgdx vei`jd jc xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$‑

Xbe ~gvxdev|b`~ |ufivju~ aghe xyj à~jvxgdx jf|evsgx`jd| `d hesekj~`di gdh ~vj~j|`di xbvee veljaaedhgx`jd|

xbgx |~el`c`lgkkp ljdlevd `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ ~gvxdev|b ~| fux xbgx gk|j g~~kp xj ~gvxdev|b ~| `d iedevgk$ Xbe c`v|x

vekgxe| xj xbe vjke| gdh ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| jc beghwugvxev| gdh cèkh |xgcc `d xbe hesekj~aedx gdh agdgieaedx jc ~gvxdev|b`~| gdh `| elbjeh `d xbe g||e||aedx xega‐| veljaaedhgx jd fekjy$

Veljaaedhgx`jd @R!7?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx vjke| gdh ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| ljdlevd`di xbe

hesekj~aedx gdh agdgieaedx jc |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb`d xbe giedlp fe lkegvkp hec`deh$ Beghwugvxev| |bjukh

cjlu| jd `hedx`cp`di |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev| gdh deijx`gx`di gdh cjvagk`z`di ~gvxdev|b`~ giveeaedx| xbgx cgl`k`xgxe gdh

|u~~jvx xbe hesekj~aedx gdh agdgieaedx jc cèkh!kesek ~gvxdev|b`~| fexyeed xbe |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev gdh êgle Ljv~|

~j|x|$ Xbe ve|~jd|`f`k`xp cjv hesekj~`di gdh agdgi`di g ljudxvp!kesek ljkkgfjvgx`jd udhev g ikjfgk ~gvxdev|b`~

giveeaedx xbgx aeex| xbe |~el`c`l deeh| jc xbe ljudxvp |bjukh ve|x y`xb kjlgk |xgcc aeafev| jc xbe |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev

gdh jc xbe giedlp$

Xbe |eljdh jf|evsgx`jd yg| xbgx xbe hesekj~aedx jc |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~| yg| |eed ~vàgv`kp g| g aelbgd`|a xj

à~vjse ~vjivga wugk xp vgxbev xbgd g| g aelbgd`|a xj |u~~jvx vg~ h ivjyxb$ Xb`| jf|evsgx`jd yg| aghe huv`di g

~gvxdev|b`~ |ufivju~ h`|lu||`jd jd xbe y`kk`dide|| jc xbe giedlp xj g||ìd Sjkudxeev| xj g |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev xj

wu`lmkp er~gdh `dxj g dey ljudxvp jv `dxj g dey gveg jc gd er`|x`di êgle Ljv~| ljudxvp$ Xbe `dxevdgx`jdgk

~gvxdev|b`~ |ufivju~ ljdlkuheh xbgx |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev| lgd gdh |bjukh ~kgp gd à~jvxgdx vjke `d |u~~jvx`di xbe

giedlp gdh `x| Sjkudxeev| fux xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| yg| djx y`kk`di xj hekeigxe xbe jsevgkk ve|~jd|`f`k`xp cjv

Sjkudxeev| xj xbe |xvgxei l ~gvxdev$ Cjv erga~ke+ yb`ke g |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev aìbx ~vjs`he cudh`di cjv bju| di jv

g||`|xgdle `d |`xe |ekelx`jd+ xbe êgle Ljv~| `| djx y`kk`di xj hekeigxe xbe jsevgkk bju|`di gdh |`xe |ekelx`jd ~vjle||+

djv ljukh xbe giedlp hekeigxe xbe ve|~jd|`f`k`xp cjv xbe aeh`lgk lgve jv |gcexp gdh |eluv`xp jc Sjkudxeev| xj gdjxbev

jvigd`zgx`jd$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega givee| y`xb xb`| jf|evsgx`jd$

Xbe `dxevdgx`jdgk ~gvxdev|b`~| |ufivju~ aghe xbe cjkkjy`di xbvee veljaaedhgx`jd| xj xbe H`velxjv veigvh`di

`dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ ~gvxdev|b`~|?

… Xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh ~vjajxe xbe hesekj~aedx jc ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb xbe ijgk jc edljuvgi`di g ivegxev

duafev jc xb`vh!pegv erxed|`jd|+ xgviex`di g hjufk`di jc xbe duafev jc xb`vh!pegv erxed|`jd| `d CP 6>77

cvja CP 6>>0 kesek|=

… Xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh ljd|`hev ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ| g| g ygp xj cgl`k`xgxe dey ljudxvp

edxvè|= gdh+



735

… Xbe êgle Ljv~| deeh| xj hesekj~ gd jsevgvlb`di |xvgxeip xj iu`he xbe hesekj~aedx jc |xvgxei`l

~gvxdev|b`~|$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega giveeh y`xb gkk xbvee jc xbe|e veljaaedhgx`jd| g| h`|lu||eh fekjy gdh `d |elx`jd L jc xb`|

lbg~xev$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ~vjajx`di xbe hesekj~aedx jc |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~| jd

gd jdij`di fg|`| y`xb xbe ijgk jc edljuvgi`di g ivegxev duafev jc xb`vh!pegv Sjkudxeev|+ ~vjs`h`di dey

j~~jvxud`xè| cjv Sjkudxeev| yb`ke ivjy`di xbe à~glx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$

Xbe `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ |ufivju~ jf|evseh xbgx `d xbe ~g|x+ xbe giedlp bg| yjvmeh y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ| xj

|ulle||cukkp |u~~jvx dey ljudxvp edxvè| u|`di êgle Ljv~| Ve|~jd|e jv xb`vh!pegv xvgd|cev Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe|e

~gvxdev|b`~| lgd |~eeh veiukgv Sjkudxeev g||ìdaedx| gdh bek~ e|xgfk`|b g ~evagdedx êgle Ljv~| ~ve|edle `d g

ljudxvp ajve wu`lmkp xbgd `x ljukh jxbevy`|e$ Xbe `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ |ufivju~ veljaaedheh xbgx xbe giedlp

`hedx`cp fe|x ~vglx`le| xbvjuib lg|e |xuhè| jd veledx dey ljudxvp edxvè| gdh xbgx xbe giedlp lja~gve gdh ljdxvg|x

xbj|e er~evèdle| y`xb er~evèdle| `d Exb`j~`g+ Vygdhg+ gdh \èvvg Kejde$ Fg|eh jd xb`| gdgkp|`|+ xbe giedlp

|bjukh hexeva`de xbe fe|x ygp xj yjvm y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ| xj |u~~jvx cuxuve dey ljudxvp edxvè|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd @R!<?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| vesèy`di veledx dey ljudxvp edxvp er~evèdle| y`xb

`dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ| xj hesekj~ g |xvgxeip cjv yjvm`di y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ| `d xbe cuxuve jd dey ljudxp edxvè|$

Xbe `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ |ufivju~ gk|j djxeh xbgx xbe giedlp luvvedxkp hje| djx bgse g ~gvxdev|b`~ |xvgxeip cjlu|`di

jd wugk`xp ivjyxb gdh veljaaedheh xbe e|xgfk`|baedx jc |ulb g |xvgxeip xj iu`he xbe hesekj~aedx jc |xvgxei`l

~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb `dxevdgx jdgk DIJ| xj fexxev |u~~jvx xbe giedlp‐| ~vjivgaagx`l eccjvx| `d xbe cèkh$ G| h`|lu||eh

`d |elx`jd L jc xb`| lbg~xev+ xbe g||e||aedx xega givee| y`xb xb`| veljaaedhgx`jd gdh bg| er~gdheh xbe

veljaaedhgx`jd xj `dlkuhe gkk xp~e| jc ~gvxdev|b`~| ~uv|ueh fp xbe giedlp$

F$<$ Xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v|

Xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v| yg| e|xgfk`|beh `d xbe c`v|x wugvxev jc CP 6>7> xj |xvedixbed xbe giedlp)|

ljjvh`dgx`jd y`xb U$\$ ijsevdaedx `d`x`gx`se| |ulb g| xbe `dxev!giedlp xg|m cjvle| jd cjjh |eluv`xp gdh gkxevdgx`se

edevip$ @x `| ve|~jd|`fke cjv hesekj~`di gdh à~keaedx`di xbe H`velxjv‐| ~jk`lp gdh |xvgxeip cjv fu`kh`di gdh

ag`dxg`d`di vekgx`jd|b`~| y`xb jxbev U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlè| xj lukx`sgxe dey giveeaedx| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~|$

Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xb`| jcc`le ~uv|ue| fvjghev ljkkgfjvgx`jd y`xb Ud`xeh Dgx`jd| giedlè|+ |ulb g| xbe Yjvkh Cjjh

^vjivgaae gdh Cjjh gdh Giv`lukxuve Jvigd`zgx`jd$ Xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v| ~kgpeh gd

`d|xvuaedxgk vjke `d deijx`gx`di gd giveeaedx y`xb U\G@H cjkkjy`di xbe egvxbwugme `d Bg`x` xj g||ìd êgle Ljv~|

|xgcc gdh Sjkudxeev| xj |u~~jvx U$\$ ijsevdaedx vekèc eccjvx| xbeve$

Xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v| ea~bg|`ze| à~keaedx`di g |xvgxei`l g~~vjglb xj ~gvxdev|b`~

hesekj~aedx cjlu|`di jd xbe cjkkjy`di?

… Giv`lukxuve gdh cjjh |eluv`xp "Xbe ~vàgvp ~gvxdev| gve U\G@H+ xbe U$\$ He~gvxaedx jc Giv`lukxuve+ xbe

Yjvkh Cjjh ^vjivgaae+ gdh xbe Cjjh gdh Giv`lukxuve Jvigd`zgx`jd$

… Begkxb “ B@S*G@H\ gdh agkgv`g "Xbe ~vàgvp ~gvxdev| gve xbe ^ve|`hedx‐| Eaeviedlp ^kgd cjv G@H\ Vekèc

gdh xbe Jcc`le jc xbe Ikjfgk G@H\ Ljjvh`dgxjv+ xbe ^ve|`hedx‐| Agkgv`g @d`x`gx`se+ U\G@H+ gdh xbe U$\$

Ledxev| cjv H`|eg|e Ljdxvjk gdh ^vesedx`jd$

… Ehulgx`jd “ xeglb`di Edik`|b g| g cjveìd kgdiugie gdh i`vk| ehulgx`jd "Xbe ~vàgvp ~gvxdev| gve U\G@H+

xbe \xgxe He~gvxaedx‐| Fuvegu cjv Ehulgx`jdgk gdh Lukxuvgk Gccg`v|+ gdh xbe He~gvxaedx jc Ehulgx`jd$



733

… Edevip gdh xbe eds`vjdaedx "Xbe ~vàgvp ~gvxdev| gve xbe \xgxe He~gvxaedx‐| Fuvegu cjv Ye|xevd

Bea`|~beve Gccg`v|+ xbe Eds`vjdaedxgk ^vjxelx`jd Giedlp+ xbe He~gvxaedx jc Edevip+ gdh U\G@H$

Xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v| gk|j |u~~jvx| xbe yjvm jc jxbev jcc`le| y`xb`d xbe êgle Ljv~| xj bek~

hesekj~ beghwugvxev|!kesek uafvekkg giveeaedx| xbgx ~j|x| lgd u|e `d e|xgfk`|b`di ljudxvp!kesek giveeaedx| gdh xj

edljuvgie ajve xb`vh!pegv Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe jcc`le `| gk|j yjvm`di xj cgl`k`xgxe xbe ea~kjpaedx jc vexuvdeh êgle

Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| fp cehevgk giedlè| gdh xj vg`|e gygvede|| jc djd!lja~ex`x`se ekì`f`k`xp y`xb`d xbe erelux`se

fvgdlb giedlè|$ Xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v| gk|j `dxedh| xj edigie U\G@H jd ivegxev `dsjkseaedx

jc vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| `d xbgx giedlp‐| Hesekj~aedx Keghev|b`~ @d`x`gx`se dey edxvp ~vjivga$

F$8$ Xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx

Xbe Jcc`le jc Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx "J^GX\ bg| vecjlu|eh ~gvxdev|b`~ hesekj~aedx

eccjvx|$ J^GX\‐ agdgieaedx+ xbe ^gvxdev|b`~ Hesekj~aedx Ud`x+ gdh |elxjv |~el`gk`|x| y`xb`d xbe Cèkh G||`|xgdle

H`s`|`jd bgse yjvmeh xj ve!e|xgfk`|b gdh edbgdle vekgx jd|b`~| y`xb U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlè| gdh DIJ|$ @d xbe|e

eccjvx|+ J^GX\ bg| ljkkgfjvgxeh y`xb |esevgk giedlp jcc`le|+ `dlkuh`di xbe Jcc`le jc @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v|

gdh xbe xbvee Vei`jd|$ J^GX\ `| glx`sekp ~uv|u`di ~gvxdev|b`~| `d gkk jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivgaa`di |elxjv|+

y`xb gd ea~bg|`| jd hesekj~`di ~gvxdev|b ~| xbgx y`kk aeex ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di deeh| gx ~j|x|$ J^GX\ |eem|vekgx`jd|b`~| xbgx y`kk ~vjs`he ~ev|jddek+ c`dgdl`gk+ gdh xelbd`lgk ve|juvle| xbgx y`kk gkkjy J^GX\ xj hek`sev g y`hev

gvvgp jc |u~~jvx xj xbe cèkh+ |ulb g| |ufvei`jdgk ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di yjvm|bj~|+ xelbd`lgk er~evx| xj vesèy

gdh he|ìd ~vjoelx|+ agxev`gk|+ gdh `d!m`dh ve|juvle| xj h`|xv`fuxe xj ~j|x|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| luvvedxkp e|xgfk |b`di |ìd`c`lgdx ~gvxdev|b ~| `d xbvee ~vjivgaagx`l gveg|$ Xbe c`v|x jc xbe|e

`d`x`gx`se| `| g ~vj~j|eh giveeaedx cjv (7 a`kk`jd jsev xbvee!pegv| xj |u~~jvx xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ vedeygfke edevip gdh

lkàgxe lbgdie eccjvx| `d Kgx`d Gaev`lg$ Xbgx ~gvxdev|b`~ yjukh fe |u~~jvxeh xbvjuib gd `dxevgiedlp giveeaedx

fexyeed xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh xbe He~gvxaedx jc \xgxe Fuvegu jc Ye|xevd Bea`|~beve Gccg`v|$ Xb`| `d`x`gx`se y`kk

ghsgdle xbe ijgk| jc xbe Edevip gdh Lkàgxe ^gvxdev|b`~ jc xbe Gaev lg|$ Xbe giveeaedx k`mekp y`kk fe |ìdeh `d

xbe xb`vh wugvxev jc CP 6>7>$

Xbe |eljdh ~vjivgaagx`l gveg ybeve xbeve bg| feed |ìd`c`lgdx ~gvxdev|b`~ glx`s`xp `| `d cjjh |eluv xp$ Xbvjuib g

~gvxdev|b`~ y`xb U\G@H‐| Gcv`lg Fuvegu+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bj|xeh g yjvm|bj~ `d Heleafev 6>>0 `d Hgmgv+ \edeigk+

gx yb`lb ~vjivgaa`di gdh xvg`d`di |xgcc cvja gkk Gcv`lg ~j|x| ljdsedeh xj kegvd gfjux gdh erlbgdie `dcjvagx`jd

gfjux ~vjivgaa`di `d cjjh |eluv`xp$ U\G@H gdh xbe U$\$ He~gvxaedx jc Giv`lukxuve gve luvvedxkp |u~~jvx`di+ cjv

gx keg|x jde pegv+ g cukk!xàe |ed`jv cjjh |eluv xp ghs`|jv `d J^GX\$ @d ghh`x`jd+ xbe êgle Ljv~| `| er~kjv`di gd

`dxevgiedlp giveeaedx y`xb U\G@H xj ~vjajxe fjxb beghwugvxev| gdh cèkh!kesek ljkkgfjvgx`jd jd cjjh |eluv`xp$ 29

Xb`| y`kk edgfke xbe êgle Ljv~| xj eccelx`sekp ajf`k`ze `x| cèkh ve|juvle| xj ~vjajxe xbe jfoelx`se| jc xbe Ikjfgk

Budiev gdh Cjjh \eluv`xp @d`x`gx`se fp er~gdh`di xvg`d`di gdh xelbd`lgk g||`|xgdle `d xbe cèkh| jc giv`lukxuve+ cjjh+

gdh duxv`x`jd |eluv`xp$

Xbe xb`vh `d`x`gx`se y`kk e|xgfk |b gd ehulgx`jd cvgaeyjvm giveeaedx y`xb U\G@H$ Fp |xvulxuv`di xbe giveeaedx xj

gkkjy fup!`d| fp U\G@H beghwugvxev|+ fuvegu|+ gdh cèkh a`||`jd|+ xb`| aelbgd`|a y`kk gkkjy ljkkgfjvgx`jd fjxb cjvfvjghev giedlp!kesek ehulgx`jd `d`x`gx`se|+ g| yekk g| |~el`c l `dxevsedx`jd| `d `dxeve|xeh ljudxvè|$ Xb`| giveeaedx

k`mekp y`kk fe |ìdeh `d xbe cjuvxb wugvxev jc CP 6>7>$

29 H`|lu||`jd| fexyeed xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh U\G@H gve gk|j er~kjv`di xbe ~j||`f`k`xp jc g fvjghev `dxevgiedlp giveeaedx xbgx yjukh |xgxe |bgveh`dxedx`jd| cjv ~gvxdev|b`~| jd Ikjfgk Lkàgxe Lbgdie+ Ikjfgk Begkxb+ gdh jxbev Gha`d`|xvgx`jd `d`x`gx`se|$ Fjxb U\G@H gdh xbe egle Ljv~|fekèse xbgx xbeve gve jxbev j~~jvxud`xè| cjv lkj|ev ljkkgfjvgx`jd `d xbe cuxuve$



739

F$5$ Xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx

G| er~kg`deh `d |elx`jd G$<$h+ xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx agdgie| `d`x`gx`se| xbgx bek~ xbe êgle Ljv~| `d xyj

gveg|? xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| gdh |u~~jvx jc vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| g| xbep xvgd|`x`jd fglm xj xbe Ud`xeh

\xgxe|$ Xbe |b`cx jc xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx jux jc xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx jd xj

djy ve~jvx h`velxkp xj xbe H`velxjv‐| jcc`le veckelx| xbe à~jvxgdle xbe H`velxjv bg| gxxglbeh xj |xvedixbed`di xb`vh

ijgk d`x`gx`se| y`xb`d xbe giedlp$

Gkxbjuib+ dj kjdiev g ud`x y`xb`d xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh \ekelx`jd+ xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l

Edigieaedx ljdx`due| xj |u~~jvx xbgx jcc`le `d xbe hesekj~aedx gdh à~keaedxgx`jd jc giveeaedx| y`xb hjae|x`l

jvigd`zgx`jd| `d |u~~jvx jc xbe giedlp‐| velvu xaedx eccjvx|$ @d ghh`x`jd xj xbe giveeaedx| deijx`gxeh y`xb xbe

Dgx`jdgk G||jl`gx`jd jc Ljaaud`xp Begkxb Ledxev| gdh L`xp Pegv "h`|lu||eh `d |elx`jd G$6$f jc xb`| lbg~xev+ xbe

Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx bg| ou|x deijx`gxeh gd giveeaedx y`xb Xbe Ljv~| Dexyjvm‘gd g||jl`gx`jd jc 78<

eds`vjdaedxgk gdh ljd|evsgx`jd djd!~vjc`x jvigd`zgx`jd|‘xj bek~ xbe Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh

\ekelx`jd hedx`cp ~jxedx`gk Sjkudxeev| cjv eds`vjdaedx gdh ljd|evsgx`jd g||ìdaedx|$

L$ \UAAGVP JC C@DH@DI\+ VELJAAEDHGX@JD\+ GDH \XVGXEIP CJV @A^KEAEDXGX@JD


G| he|lv`feh `d xbe ~ves`ju| |elx`jd|+ |`r jcc`le| y`xb`d xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ beghwugvxev| gve h`velxkp `dsjkseh `d xbe

`hedx`c`lgx`jd+ ~vjajx`jd+ hesekj~aedx+ gdh agdgieaedx jc giveeaedx| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~| cjv xbe giedlp$ \esevgk

jcc`le| gve gk|j `dsjkseh `d xbe ljkkelx`jd gdh gdgkp|`| jc hgxg jd xbe|e giveeaedx| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~|$ Gkxbjuib xbe|e

jcc`le| ljjvh`dgxe y`xb eglb jxbev+ xbe g||e||aedx xega jf|evseh xbgx xj g kgvie heivee+ xbe|e jcc`le| yjvm

`dhe~edhedxkp y`xb`d xbe`v cjlu| gveg|$ Cuvxbevajve+ yb`ke xbe|e jcc`le| luvvedxkp bjkh yeemkp aeex di| xj

erlbgdie `dcjvagx`jd jd xbe |xgxu| jc xbe`v eccjvx|+ xbe giedlp kglm| g ljbevedx+ jsevgkk ~gvxdev|b`~ |xvgxeip$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx gkk glx`s`xè| y`xb`d xbe giedlp‐| beghwugvxev|

vekgxeh xj giveeaedx| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~| fe ljjvh`dgxeh fp xbe H`velxjv‐| jcc`le$

Xbe s`|`jd gdh |xvgxeip h`|lu||eh `d lbg~xev @@ bg| à~k`lgx`jd| cjv xbe hesekj~aedx jc cuxuve |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~|+

yb`lb y`kk deeh xj cjlu| jd xbe |agkk duafev jc `dxevsedx`jd gveg| xbgx xbe giedlp y`kk yjvm `d$ Xb`| cjlu|+ gdh xbe

ea~bg|`| jd à~glx+ y`kk bek~ iu`he xbe hesekj~aedx jc gd giedlp!y`he ~gvxdev|b`~ |xvgxeip+ yb`lb luvvedxkp hje|

djx er`|x$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| hesekj~`di gd giedlp!y`he ~gvxdev|b ~ |xvgxeip$ Xbe

~gvxdev|b`~ |xvgxeip yjukh iu`he xbe giedlp‐| eccjvx| jd xbe ~vjajx`jd+ hesekj~aedx+ gdh agdgieaedx jc gkk

giveeaedx| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~| gdh |bjukh veckelx xbe |xvgxei`l s`|`jd cjv xbe giedlp g| ~ve|edxeh `d lbg~xev @@ jc xb`|

ve~jvx$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbgx xbe gfjse veljaaedhgx`jd|+ `d ljdoudlx`jd y`xb xbe veljaaedhgx`jd| aghe `d

~ves`ju| |elx`jd| jc xb`| lbg~xev+ y`kk ~vjs`he ivegxev cjlu| xj xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ eccjvx| xj hesekj~ xbe xp~e| jc

~gvxdev|b`~| xbgx y`kk fexxev edgfke xbe giedlp xj gllja~k`|b `x| a`||`jd gdh xbvee ijgk|$ Xbe xega agme| c`se

veljaaedhgx`jd|?

Veljaaedhgx`jd @R!7? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx vjke| gdh ve|~jd| f`k`xè| ljdlevd`di xbe

hesekj~aedx gdh agdgieaedx jc |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb`d xbe giedlp fe lkegvkp hec`deh$ Beghwugvxev| |bjukh

cjlu| jd `hedx`cp`di |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev| gdh deijx`gx`di gdh cjvagk`z`di ~gvxdev|b`~ giveeaedx| xbgx cgl`k`xgxe gdh



732

|u~~jvx xbe hesekj~aedx gdh agdgieaedx jc cèkh!kesek ~gvxdev|b`~| fexyeed xbe |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev gdh êgle Ljv~|

~j|x|$ Xbe ve|~jd|`f`k`xp cjv hesekj~`di gdh agdgi`di g ljudxvp!kesek ljkkgfjvgx`jd udhev g ikjfgk ~gvxdev|b`~

giveeaedx xbgx aeex| xbe |~el`c`l deeh| jc xbe ljudxvp |bjukh ve|x y`xb kjlgk |xgcc aeafev| jc xbe |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev

gdh jc xbe giedlp$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ~vjajx`di xbe hesekj~aedx jc |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~| jd

gd jdij`di fg|`| y`xb xbe ijgk jc edljuvgi`di g ivegxev duafev jc xb`vh!pegv Sjkudxeev|+ ~vjs`h`di dey

j~~jvxud`xè| cjv Sjkudxeev| yb`ke ivjy`di xbe à~glx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd @R!<?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| vesèy`di veledx dey ljudxvp edxvp er~evèdle| y`xb

`dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ| xj hesekj~ g |xvgxeip cjv yjvm`di y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ| `d xbe cuxuve jd dey ljudxp edxvè|$


Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx gkk glx`s`xè| y`xb`d xbe giedlp‐| beghwugvxev|

vekgxeh xj giveeaedx| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~| fe ljjvh`dgxeh fp xbe H`velxjv‐| jcc`le$

Veljaaedhgx`jd @R!5? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| hesekj~ di gd giedlp!y`he ~gvxdev|b`~ |xvgxeip$ Xbe

~gvxdev|b`~ |xvgxeip yjukh iu`he xbe giedlp‐| eccjvx| jd xbe ~vjajx`jd+ hesekj~aedx+ gdh agdgieaedx jc gkk

giveeaedx| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~| gdh |bjukh veckelx xbe |xvgxei`l s`|`jd cjv xbe giedlp g| ~ve|edxeh `d lbg~xev @@ jc xb`|ve~jvx$



730




@R!7? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

vjke| gdh ve|~jd|`f`k`xè| y`xb veigvh| xj xbe

hesekj~aedx gdh agdgieaedx jc |xvgxei`l

~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb`d xbe giedlp fe lkegvkp hec`deh$


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

@dxev!Gaev`lg gdh xbe ^gl`c`l Vei`jd=

Jcc`le jc @dxev!ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v|=

Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di+ Xvg`d`di gdh

\u~~jvx=

Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx=

Jcc`le jc G@H\ Vekèc=

Jcc`le jc ^v`sgxe \elxjv @d`x`gx`se|=

Jcc`le jc Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh

\ekelx`jd

@a~keaedxeh àaeh`gxekp u~jd

xbe lvegx`jd jc xbe ljjvh`dgx`di

fjhp cjv ~gvxdev|b`~| gdh g| ~gvx

jc xbe hesekj~aedx jc gd giedlp!

y`he ~gvxdev|b`~| |xvgxeip$ Xb`|

|xvgxeip |bjukh fe hesekj~eh gdh

g~~vjseh `d Wugvxev 8 CP 6>7>

@R!6? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ~vjajx`di

xbe hesekj~aedx jc |xvgxei`l ~gvxdev|b`~| jd gd

jdij`di fg|`| y`xb xbe ijgk jc edljuvgi`di g ivegxev

duafev jc xb`vh!pegv Sjkudxeev|+ ~vjs`h`di dey

j~~jvxud`xè| cjv Sjkudxeev| yb`ke ivjy`di xbe

à~glx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=




\u~~jvx=





\ekelx`jd

\bjukh cjva ~gvx jc xbe giedlp!


|xvgxeip |bjukh fe hesekj~eh gdh

g~~vjseh `d Wugvxev 6 CP 6>77



79>

@A^KEAEDXGX@JD AGXV@R "ljdx`dueh


@R!<? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| vesèy`di

veledx dey ljudxvp edxvp er~evèdle| y`xb

`dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ| xj hesekj~ g |xvgxeip cjv

yjvm`di y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ| `d xbe cuxuve jd

dey ljudxp edxvè|$

Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|+

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Jcc`le jc @dxev!ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v|=Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di+ Xvg`d`di gdh

\u~~jvx=





\ekelx`jd

\bjukh cjva ~gvx jc xbe giedlp!


|xvgxeip |bjukh fe hesekj~eh

gdh g~~vjseh `d Wugvxev < CP

6>77

@R!8? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx gkk

glx`s`xè| y`xb`d xbe giedlp‐| beghwugvxev| vekgxeh xj

giveeaedx| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~| fe ljjvh`dgxeh fp xbe

Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv$

Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv D*G Xbe hel`|`jd deeh| xj fe aghe

gdh ljaaud`lgxeh xj gkk |xgcc `d

Wugvxev 8 CP 6>7>

@R!5? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh|

hesekj~`di gd giedlp!y`he ~gvxdev|b`~ |xvgxeip$

Xbe ~gvxdev|b`~ |xvgxeip yjukh iu`he xbe giedlp‐|

eccjvx| jd xbe ~vjajx`jd+ hesekj~aedx+ gdhagdgieaedx jc gkk giveeaedx| gdh ~gvxdev|b`~| gdh

|bjukh veckelx xbe |xvgxei`l s`|`jd cjv xbe giedlp g|

~ve|edxeh `d lbg~xev @@ jc xb`| ve~jvx$


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=@dxev!Gaev`lg gdh xbe ^gl`c`l Vei`jd=



\u~~jvx=





\ekelx`jd

Xb`| |xvgxeip |bjukh fe

hesekj~eh gdh g~~vjseh fp xbe

edh jc xbe Wugvxev 8 CP 6>7>



797

R$ KJYEV@DI EGVKP XEVA@DGX@JD VGXE\


G$7$ Xp~e| jc egvkp xeva`dgx`jd

Glljvh`di xj xbe êgle Ljv~| Agdugk+ \elx`jd 628?

‛\evs`le `d xbe êgle Ljv~| `| sjkudxgvp+ fux jdle xbe ljaa`xaedx xj |evse `| aghe+ er~elxgx`jd|

gve lvegxeh jd xbe ~gvx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|+ xbe bj|x ljudxvp gdh ljj~evgx`di giedlè|$ Fp

glle~x`di gd `ds`xgx`jd+ `dh`s`hugk| ljaa`x xbea|ekse| xj |evse xbe ~ej~ke jc xbe bj|x ljudxvp xj

xbe fe|x jc xbe`v gf`k`xè| cjv g |~el`cèh ~ev`jh+ u|ugkkp gfjux xyj pegv|+ y`xb`d xbe cvgaeyjvm gdh

|u~~jvx |p|xea| e|xgfk`|beh fp xbe êgle Ljv~|$‑

‛Bjyesev+ xbeve gve l`vlua|xgdle| udhev yb`lb g ~gvx`lukgv ]Sjkudxeev jv xvg`deeQ lgddjx jv

|bjukh djx veag`d `d |evs`le udx`k b`| jv bev lja~kex`jd jc |evs`le "LJ\ hgxe$ @d xbe|e

l`vlua|xgdle|+ xbe S*X)| |evs`le y`kk fe |ufoelx xj &egvkp xeva`dgx`jd$& Xbeve gve cjuv xp~e| jc

egvkp xeva`dgx`jd+ eglb h`|lu||eh |e~gvgxekp `d xb`| Agdugk \elx`jd$‑

Xbe cjuv xp~e| jc egvkp xeva`dgx`jd gve he|lv`feh fekjy$

G ve|ìdgx`jd `| g hel`|`jd aghe fp Sjkudxeev| gdh xvg`dee| ybj dj kjdiev y`|b xj ljdx`due `d xbe êgle

Ljv~|$

Ve|ìdgx`jd

@c Sjkudxeev| jv xvg`dee| bgse jv hesekj~ aeh`lgk ljdh`x`jd| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| lgddjx aeh`lgkkp

glljaajhgxe jv ve|jkse y`xb`d 85 hgp|+ xbep y`kk fe aeh`lgkkp |e~gvgxeh$

Aeh`lgk |e~gvgx`jd

ûv|ugdx xj xbe êgle Ljv~| Glx+ 66 U$\$L$ 65>8"`+ xbe |evs`le jc Sjkudxeev| jv xvg`dee| agp fe

xeva`dgxeh gx gdp xàe gx xbe ~keg|uve jc xbe ^ve| hedx$ Xbe guxbjv`xp jc xbe ^ve|`hedx xj xeva`dgxe |evs le

bg| feed hekeigxeh xj xbe H`velxjv jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Glljvh`dikp+ xbe H`velxjv+ jv gdpjde xj ybja xbe

H`velxjv hekeigxe| |ulb guxbjv`xp+ agp |e~gvgxe Sjkudxeev| jv xvg`dee| gx gdp xàe+ ~uvekp gx xbe h`|lvex`jd

jc xbe hel`h`di jcc`l`gk$ @d ~vglx`le+ gha`d`|xvgx`se |e~gvgx`jd `| xbe `dsjkudxgvp er`x jc Sjkudxeev| hue xj

s`jkgx`jd| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~jk`lp$ Sjkudxeev| gve i`sed xbe j~x`jd jc ve|ìd`di `d kèu jc gha`d`|xvgx`se

|e~gvgx`jd$

Gha`d`|xvgx`se |e~gvgx`jd

Sjkudxeev| jv xvg`dee| agp fe |e~gvgxeh y`xb `dxevvu~xeh |evs`le |xgxu| `c xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv hexeva`de|

xbgx l`vlua|xgdle| fepjdh xbe`v ljdxvjk agme `x dele||gvp cjv Sjkudxeev| jv xvg`dee| xj kegse xbe`vg||ìdaedx|$ Gd erga~ke `| ybed xbeve `| gd uder~elxeh ljudxvp lkj|`di$

@dxevvu~xeh |evs`le

G$6$ Aeg|uveaedx jc gxxv`x`jd

Xbe Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di "J\@V^ gdgkpze| xbe gxxv`x`jd hgxg jc

Sjkudxeev|+ u|`di xbvee aexbjh| he|lv`feh `d xbe |elx`jd| fekjy$



79<

Lja~gv`di xbe xyj aexbjh| `| k`me lja~gv`di bìb |lbjjk hvj~jux| `d g i`sed pegv "gddugk aexbjh xj

hvj~jux| jc g ivghugx`di lkg||+ `d yb`lb xbe ljudx yjukh |xgvx `d xbe cve|bagd pegv gdh edh cjuv pegv| kgxev

"ljbjvx aexbjh$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xyj aexbjh| aeg|uve xyj h`ccevedx |ex| jc Sjkudxeev| jsev h`ccevedx

~ev`jh| jc xàe$ Bjyesev+ fjxb bgse |~el`c l gdh sgk`h u|e|$

Xbe kedixb jc |evs`le aeg|uve `dh`lgxe| bjy aulb j~~jvxud`xp Sjkudxeev| bgh xj à~glx xbe`v

ljaaud`xè|$ @x ~vjs`he| ghh`x`jdgk `dcjvagx`jd xj xbe gddugk egvkp xeva`dgx`jd*ve| idgx`jd vgxe gdh xbe

ljbjvx egvkp xeva`dgx`jd*ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe$ Ljd|`hev xbe h`ccevedle fexyeed gd gddugk egvkp xeva`dgx`jd vgxe

jc 7> ~evledx y`xb g kedixb jc |evs`le aeg|uve jc c`cxeed ajdxb|+ sev|u| gd gddugk egvkp xeva`dgx`jd vgxe jc

7> ~evledx y`xb g kedixb jc |evs`le aeg|uve jc 66 ajdxb|$ @d xbe |eljdh lg|e+ Sjkudxeev| |evseh kjdiev `d

xbe`v ljaaud`xè| gdh+ `x `| g||uaeh+ yjukh bgse bgh g fexxev lbgdle xj à~glx xbj|e ljaaud`xè|$

@x `| à~jvxgdx xj djxe xbgx gkk xbvee aeg|uve| fei`d aeg|uv`di gxxv`x`jd gx xbe xàe g xvg`dee edxev| jd huxp

gx |xgi`di$ Xbu|+ `c gd `dh`s`hugk kegse| xbe c`v|x hgp gdh hje| djx esed iex jd xbe g`v~kgde cjv b`|*bev

ljudxvp jc |evs`le+ xbgx ~ev|jd | ljd|`heveh g| |jaejde ybj bg| xeva`dgxeh |evs`le egvkp$ Xvg`dee| ybj

kegse huv`di xvg`d di gve gk|j ljd|`heveh xj bgse ‛egvkp xeva`dgxeh$‑ Aeg|uv`di gxxv`x jd `d xb`| ygp

ìdjve| xbe cglx xbgx ~ve!|evs`le xvg`d`di `| he|ìdeh xj fe g ~ev`jh ybed xvg`dee| lgd agme gd `dcjvaeh

hel`|`jd gfjux xbe`v ljdx`dueh ~gvx`l`~gx`jd `d xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh xbe êgle Ljv~| |xgcc lgd agme gd`dcjvaeh hel`|`jd gfjux xbe |u`xgf`k`xp jc xbe xvg`dee cjv |evs`le$ Gx xbe edh jc xvg`d`di+ fjxb xbe Xvg`dee

gdh |xgcc bgse hel`heh xbgx xbe `dh`s`hugk `| |u`xgfke cjv |evs`le gdh xbe xvg`dee `| |yjvd `d g| g Sjkudxeev$

@x agme| |ed|e xj fei`d ljudx`di gxxv`x`jd gx xbgx xàe? ybed gd `dh`s`hugk feljae| g Sjkudxeev$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R!7?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp ljdx`due xj ljkkelx gdh gdgkpze

egvkp xeva`dgx jd*ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| u|`di gkk xbvee aexbjh|$ Bjyesev+ xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh|

xbgx xbe|e vgxe| fei`d gx xbe xàe g xvg`dee |yegv| `d gdh feljae| g êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev$

G$8$ Xvedh| d egvkp xeva`dgx`jd*ve| idgx`jd vgxe|

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| aeg|uveh egvkp xeva`dgx`jd vgxe| |`dle `x| `dle~x jd+ g| |bjyd `d Cìuve| R!7 gdh R!6$

Agdp |xuhè| bgse jcceveh veljaaedhgx`jd| cjv vehul`di gxxv x`jd$ J\@V^ bg| veledxkp c`d`|beh g vesèy

jc |xuhè| hjde |`dle 7030 jd egvkp xeva`dgx`jd gdh+ `d xbgx vesèy+ `hedx`cèh ajve xbgd 0> aeaj|+ |xuhè|+

ve|egvlb ~g~ev|+ xg|m cjvle hjluaedx|+ gdh ljdle~x ~g~ev| hegk`di y`xb gxxv`x`jd22

$

22 \ee G~~edh`r R!7 cjv g k`|x jc xbe|e hjluaedx|$



798

Cìuve R!7

Egvkp Xeva`dgx`jd gdh Ve|ìdgx`jd Vgxe| "Ljbjvx Aexbjh

CP| 7037 xj 6>>0

Xbe J\@V^ vesèy |uaagv`ze| xbe egvkp xeva`dgx jd "EX |xuhè| fp helghe$ @d xbe egvkp 703>|+ ~vel`|e

EX vgxe| yeve h`cc`lukx xj hexeva`de fg|eh jd xbe cey veljvh| gsg`kgfke$ Bjyesev+ huv`di xbgx xàe+ EX

vgxe| "ljbjvx aexbjh vgdieh cvja <> xj <5 ~evledx fux yeve djx fvjmed hjyd fp vei`jd+ heajivg~b`l

ivju~+ jv xp~e jc egvkp xeva`dgx`jd$

Xbe EX vgxe "ljbjvx aexbjh huv`di xbe kgxe 703>| vj|e xj gkk xàe giedlp bìb jc 55 ~evledx `d 7030$ Sevp

k`xxke gdgkpx l hgxg er`|x cjv EX vgxe| jc xbe egvkp 709>|$ Xbe jsevgkk EX vgxe yg| 5> ~evledx `d 709> gdh cekk

xj 86 ~evledx `d 7096 fecjve v`|`di fglm u~ xj 89 ~evledx `d 7098$ Fp 7093+ xbe vgxe bgh cgkked xj <2

~evledx gdh ljdx`dueh xj ckulxugxe fecjve helveg|`di `d xbe 702>|$ Huv`di xbe 702>|+ `dcjvagx jd gfjux EX

vgxe| felgae gsg`kgfke fp vei`jd gdh ojf g||ìdaedx$

\`dle xbe fei`dd`di jc xbe 702>|+ `dcjvagx`jd gdh |xgx`|x`lgk ve~jvx| gfjux EX vgxe| bgse feed yekk

hjluaedxeh+ y`xb u~hgxe| u|ugkkp ~vjs heh gddugkkp$ \`dle 7007+ jsevgkk EX vgxe| bgse ljdx`dueh xj bjsev

`d xbe <> xj <5 ~evledx vgdie "ljbjvx aexbjh$ Fei`dd`di `d xbe 700>|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| hesekj~eh

`dlveg|`dikp |j~b`|x lgxeh gdgkp|e| jc EX vgxe|+ |e~gvgx`di jsevgkk EX vgxe| cvja ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| vehuleh `x| ljbjvx EX vgxe cvja 55 ~evledx `d 7030+ `x| g~er+ xj <7 ~evledx `d 6>>9+

xbe giedlp‐| kjye|x ljbjvx vgxe | dle 7037 "68 ~evledx gdh 7003 "60 ~evledx$ \à`kgvkp+ xbe gddugk EX

vgxe cjv 6>>0 yg| gx g kjy jc 7> ~evledx+ y`xb g 9$< ~evledx ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe$

55%

<5%

62%

>%

7>%

6>%

<>%

8>%

5>%

3>%

Ljbjvx EX VgxeLjbjvx Ve|ìdgx`jd Vgxe



795

Cìuve R!6

Egvkp Xeva`dgx`jd Vgxe| "Gddugk Vgxe

CP| 7037 xj 6>>0

G$5$ Sjkudxeev ve|ìdgx`jd|

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| feed ~vàgv`kp `dxeve|xeh `d gdgkpz`di ve|ìdgx`jd| vgxbev xbgd xbe jsevgkk EX vgxe+

|`dle xbe giedlp fekèse| `x lgd agdgie |jae xp~e| jc ve|ìdgx`jd| yb`ke jxbev cjva| jc EX gve djx y`xb`d

xbe ljdxvjk jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Cjv erga~ke+ Sjkudxeev| ybj ve|ìd felgu|e xbep cekx g kglm jc |u~~jvx

cvja xbe êgle Ljv~| jv ve|ìd hue xj h`||gx`|cglx`jd y`xb xbe`v yjvm g||ìdaedx| gve ve|ìd`di cjv

ljdxvjkkgfke jv agdgiegfke veg|jd|$ Jd xbe jxbev bgdh+ ve|ìdgx`jd| hue xj ~ev|jdgk begkxb agxxev| jv hue

xj cga`kp!vekgxeh `||ue| gve iedevgkkp udljdxvjkkgfke fp xbe êgle Ljv~|$

Jsev xbe pegv|+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| |jk`l`xeh ceehfglm cvja Sjkudxeev| ybj kegse egvkp gdh ~j|x |xgcc

aeafev|$ Jvì`dgkkp+ xbe ve|ìdgx`jd cjva hesekj~eh `d 7003 ljd|`|xeh jc |`r veg|jd| cjv ve|ìdgx`jd$ @d

6>><+ xbe êgle Ljv~| er~gdheh xbe ve|ìdgx`jd cjva xj `dlkuhe 57 veg|jd| xj fexxev udhev|xgdh ybp

Sjkudxeev| kegse$ Luvvedxkp+ Sjkudxeev| ybj ve|ìd "g| j~~j|eh xj jxbev cjva| jc EX gve g|meh xj c`kk jux g

ve|ìdgx`jd cjva "\ee G~~edh`r R!6 gdh |ekelx g ~vàgvp gdh |eljdhgvp "`c xbeve `| jde veg|jd cjv

ve|ìd`di$ G |~gle `| gk|j gsg`kgfke cjv ljaaedx|$ Xb`| cjva+ `hedx lgk xj xbe jde c`kkeh jux fp ~j|x |xgcc+

ljdxg`d| <0 ~j||`fke veg|jd| ivju~eh `dxj |esed lgxeijvè|?

… êgle Ljv~| \u~~jvx=

… êv|jdgk Begkxb=

… êv|jdgk \gcexp=

… êgle Ljv~| vjivga*Yjvm G||ìdaedx=

… Ljudxvp G||ìdaedx*Ghg~xgx`jd=

… êv|jdgk*Cga`kp Vekgxeh= gdh+

… Jxbev

@d iedevgk+ Sjkudxeev| jkhev xbgd <> gve ajve k`mekp xj ve|ìd xbgd pjudiev Sjkudxeev|= Sjkudxeev| ybj gve

agvvèh+ y`hjyeh+ jv h`sjvleh gve ajve k`mekp xj ve|ìd xbgd |`dike Sjkudxeev| "yb`lb agp fe g||jl`gxeh

73$7%

6>$5%

7>$>%

9$<%

>%

5%

7>%

75%

6>%

65%

EX Vgxe

Ve|ìdgx`jd Vgxe



793

y`xb gie= gdh Sjkudxeev| ybj ve~jvx bìbev jv kjyev ehulgx`jd gxxg`daedx kesek| xbgd g FG heivee gve

ajve k`mekp xj ve|ìd$

Gdjxbev |ex jc gdgkp|e| bg| kjjmeh gx ybed Sjkudxeev| gve k`mekp xj ve|ìd huv`di xbe`v |evs`le$ Aj|x

|xuhè| bgse cjudh xbgx Sjkudxeev| ve|ìd gx bìbev vgxe| `d xbe c`v|x ajdxb| jc |evs`le "65 ~evledx jc xbj|e

ybj ve|ìd hj |j huv`di xbe c`v|x xbvee ajdxb|+ `$e$+ huv`di xvg`d`di$

Cìuve R!<

Xàe jc \evs`le gx Ve|ìdgx`jd

Jlxjfev 6>>2 xj \e~xeafev 6>>0

@\? @dxevvu~xeh \evs`le

A\? Aeh`lgk \e~gvgx`jd

G\? Gha`d`|xvgx`se \e~gvgx`jd

V\? Ve|ìdgx`jd

Sjkudxeev| ve|ìd cjv g sgvèxp jc veg|jd|+ fux xbep ~vàgv`kp ve|ìd cjv ~ev|jdgk veg|jd|$ @d xbe ~g|x xbvee

c`|lgk pegv|+ gd gsevgie jc 97$8 ~evledx jc Sjkudxeev| ve|ìdeh cjv ~ev|jdgk veg|jd|$

Cìuve R!8

Veg|jd| cjv Ve|ìdgx`jd? CP 6>>0

êv|jdgk Veg|jd| "9<% Djd!~ev|jdgk Veg|jd| "69%

êv|jdgk*cga kp vekgxeh 79% Ve|ìdgx`jd `d kèu jc gha`d`|xvgx`se

|e~gvgx`jd

5%

Cuvxbev ehulgx`jd 2% Agxlb`di |m`kk| y`xb yjvm g||ìdaedx| 5%

Lgveev j~~jvxud`xp 2% Bj|x ljudxvp ljudxev~gvx |u~~jvx 8%

Vjagdx`l dxeve|x 5% Gajudx jc yjvm <%

\~ju|gk ve|~jd|`f`k`xp <% K`s`di gvvgdieaedx| <%

Jxbev ~ev|jdgk veg|jd| <7% Jxbev 9%

>

7>

6>

<>

8>

5>

3>

9>

2>

0>

7>>

> 7 6 < 8 5 3 9 2 0 7> 77 76 7< 78 75 73 79 72 70 6> 67 66 6< 68 65 63 62 <> <7 <6 << <8 <5 <3 <9 <2 57 58

@\

G\

A\

V\



799

G~~edh`r R!< k`|x| xbe xj~ 7> Sjkudxeev ve|ìdgx`jd veg|jd| huv`di CP 6>>0 i`sed fp Sjkudxeev| gdh fp

|xgcc$

G| aedx`jdeh gfjse+ `d iedevgk+ xbe giedlp ~evle`se| xbgx ~ev|jdgk veg|jd| cjv ve|ìdgx`jd gve u|ugkkp

udljdxvjkkgfke fp xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Jd xbe jxbev bgdh+ djd!~ev|jdgk veg|jd| gve iedevgkkp ~evle`seh g|

agdgiegfke jv ljdxvjkkgfke fp xbe giedlp$

G$3$ Agdgi`di ve|ìdgx`jd|

Xbe êgle Ljv~| `| gxxedx`se xj EX gdh ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|+ bg| g aexbjh cjv xvglm`di xbea+ gdh yjvm| xj

kjyev xbea$ G| aedx`jdeh egvkèv `d xb`| g||e||aedx+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| feed ajd`xjv`di EX vgxe| gdh

veg|jd| cjv gxxv`x jd |`dle `x| `dle~x`jd$ Xbe giedlp xgme| gxxv`x`jd |ev ju|kp+ gdh `d xbe 6>><!6>>2 \xvgxei`l

^kgd+ xbe êgle Ljv~| `dlkuheh EX gdh ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| g| gd `dh`lgx`jd jc ~evcjvagdle$ Xbe ~evcjvagdle

`dh`lgxjv yg| lbgdieh xj edbgdl`di xbe kedixb jc Sjkudxeev |evs`le `d xbe 6>>0!6>78 \xvgxei`l ^kgd cjv

veg|jd| h`|lu||eh `d |elx`jd G$6$

Cìuve R!5

6>>0!6>78 \xvgxei`l ^kgd Ijgk 7

Glljvh`di xj xbe CP6>>0 êgle Ljv~| êvcjvagdle gdh Glljudxgf`k`xp Ve~jvx?

‛Xbe gsevgie kedixb jc |evs`le à~vjseh gfjse xbe xgviex `d CP6>>0 xj 66$7 ajdxb| gdh xbe

ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe "gddugk vgxe helveg|eh xj 9$< ~evledx$ Ljdx`dueh vesèy jc ve|ìdgx`jd hgxg+

gkjdi y`xb erxevdgk cglxjv| |ulb g| eljdja`l ljdh`x`jd| gdh `dlveg|eh `dxeve|x `d sjkudxeev`|a gdh

|evs`le+ ljukh fe ~j|`x`se cglxjv| `d bek~`di xbe giedlp xj vexg`d Sjkudxeev|$‑

Xb`| ljdx`dueh vesèy jc ve|ìdgx`jd hgxg `| hjde fjxb gx xbe beghwugvxev| kesek gdh gx xbe ~j|x kesek$

J\@V^ ljkkelx| gdh gdgkpze| EX gdh ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| u|`di gkk xbvee aexbjh| "ljbjvx+ gddugk+ gdh kedixb jc

|evs`le vgxe|$ Xbe|e gdgkp|e| gve i`sed xj xbe xbvee vei`jdgk h velxjv| wugvxevkp$ Xbe vei`jdgk h`velxjv|

vesèy xbea gdh ~g|| xbea gkjdi xj xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv|$ Ybed g ~j|x‐| EX jv ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe `| xjj bìb+

xbe vei`jdgk h`velxjv gdh xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv y`kk h`|lu|| cglxjv| xbgx agp fe ljdxv`fux`di xj xbe bìb vgxe

gdh `heg| cjv à~vjseaedx$ Xbe vei`jdgk h`velxjv| cjkkjy u~ y`xb xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv| jd g veiukgv fg|`|$

Ljudxvp h`velxjv| vele`se iu`hgdle jd bjy xj esgkugxe gdh kjyev xbe`v ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| cvja g sgvèxp jc |juvle|+ `dlkuh`di |e||`jd| gx Jsev|eg| \xgcc Xvg`d`di20

20 Jsev|eg| \xgcc Xvg`d`di `| h`|lu||eh `d ivegxev hexg`k `d lbg~xev S@@@$F$G$6$

+ h`|lu||`jd| y`xb ~eev|+ h`|lu||`jd| y`xb xbe`v

vei`jdgk h`velxjv|+ gdh yv`xxed agxev`gk| hesekj~eh fp xbe êgle Ljv~|$ ‛Lbgvglxev`|x`l| jc g Bìb

êvcjvagdle ^j|x‑ `| g bgdhfjjm cjv ljudxvp h`velxjv| xbgx gxxea~x| xj hec`de `dh`lgxjv| jc erlekkedle `d

xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ jsev|eg| j~evgx`jd| gdh xj igxbev `d jde ~kgle `dcjvagx`jd+ |xvgxeiè| gdh ve|juvle| xbgx

lgd agme xbe ljudxvp h`velxjv ajve eccelx`se$ Xbe bgdhfjjm bg| feed ~ev`jh`lgkkp ves`|eh gdh bg| xyj

~gvx|? ^gvx @ kgp| jux xbe lbgvglxev`|x`l| jc g bìb ~evcjvagdle ~j|x+ gdh ^gvx 6 `| g hexg`keh ljkkelx`jd jc

\xvgxei`l Ijgk 7? Edbgdle xbe lg~gl`xp jc bj|x ljudxvp `dh`s`hugk|+ jvigd`zgx`jd|+ gdh ljaaud`xè| xj aeex

xbe`v |m`kk deeh|$

êvcjvagdle @dh`lgxjv? Edbgdle xbe gsevgie kedixb jc |evs`le jc Sjkudxeev| xj ewugk jv erleeh 67 ajdxb|$



792

|xvgxeiè| cjv glbès`di xbe |xgdhgvh|$ Xb`| bgdhfjjm `| u|eh erxed| sekp huv`di Jsev|eg| \xgcc Xvg`d`di+

gdh ljudxvp h`velxjv| gve edljuvgieh xj u|e `x g| g ve|juvle ybed xbep gve gx xbe`v ~j|x|$

@d xb`| bgdhfjjm+ xbe `dh`lgxjv cjv EX `|?

‛Xbe egvkp xeva`dgx`jd vgxe gajdi Sjkudxeev| `| y`xb`d yjvkhy`he êgle Ljv~| djva|$

Sjkudxeev| fg|`lgkkp k`me xbe bj|x ljudxvp+ xbe`v ojf|+ gdh xbe`v k`se| g| Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe ljudxvp

h`velxjv gdh |xgcc yjvm xj vehule uddele||gvp ve|ìdgx`jd|$‑

Xbe bgdhfjjm xbed ije| jd xj k`|x wue|x`jd| xj xb`dm gfjux |ulb g|+ ‛Ybgx yg| pjuv egvkp xeva`dgx`jd vgxe

gajdi Sjkudxeev| kg|x pegv: Bjy yjukh pjuv EX vgxe fvegm hjyd fp xàe `d |evs`le gdh ~vàgvp veg|jd:

Bjy ~vesgkedx yeve ojf!vekgxeh ~vjfkea| jv ojf h`||gx`|cglx`jd gajdi xbe veg|jd| cjv kegs`di:‑

Udhev xbe |elx`jd lgkkeh ‛@heg| gdh Ve|juvle|+‑ ljudxvp h`velxjv| gve g|meh xj xb`dm gfjux ghg~xgx`jd

~vjfkea|+ ojf ~vjfkea|+ gdh udvegk`|x`l er~elxgx`jd| gdh gve i`sed |xvgxeiè| xj bek~ Sjkudxeev| hegk y`xb

xbe|e ljdlevd|$

Bj|x ljudxvp |xgcc| bgse `dh`lgxeh+ `d h`|lu||`jd| y`xb xbe g||e||aedx xega+ xbgx g Sjkudxeev‐| hel`|`jd xjve|ìd `| djx xgmed kìbxkp$ ^j|x |xgcc aeafev| ljud|ek Sjkudxeev| gdh |eem xj veaehp xbe ~vjfkea| xbgx

kegh Sjkudxeev| xj ljdxea~kgxe ve| id`di+ `c `x `| y`xb`d xbe`v gf`k`xp xj hj |j$ Ljudxvp h`velxjv| `dh`lgxeh

xbgx xbep u|e xbe `heg| gdh |xvgxeiè| kg`h jux `d xbe bgdhfjjm ybed ljud|ek`di Sjkudxeev| ybj gve

ljdxea~kgx`di ve|ìdgx`jd$ Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ ljudxvp h`velxjv| aedx`jdeh xbgx xbep ~ev`jh`lgkkp vesèy xbe`v

egvkp xeva`dgx`jd| y`xb bj|x ljudxvp |xgcc xj hexeva`de `c ~vjivgaagx`l lbgdie| jv ~jk`lp lbgdie| deeh xj

fe aghe xj vehule xbe`v `d!ljudxvp ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|$

Xbe giedlp |jaexàe| u|e| EX gdh ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| g| |pdjdpa| cjv eglb jxbev$ Glxugkkp+ xbe xyj gve

h`|x`dlx$ Xbe EX vgxe vecev| xj gkk xp~e| jc egvkp xeva`dgx`jd+ gdh xbe ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe vecev| jdkp xj xbj|e

Sjkudxeev| ybj ve|ìdeh$ Xbe ygp xbe giedlp u|e| xbe xeva`djkjip lgd fe ljdcu|`di$ Xbu|+ xbe

g||e||aedx xega agme| xbe cjkkjy`di veljaaedhgx`jd?

Veljaaedhgx`jd R!6?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp lkgv`cp yb`lb vgxe `x `| u|`di gdh

|bjukh cjlu| jd ajd`xjv`di ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|+ yb`lb ~ux xbe cjlu| jd gxxv`x`jd xbgx `| ~evle`seh xj fe

ljdxvjkkgfke fp xbe giedlp$

G$9$ Udhev|xgdh`di ybgx ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| aeg|uve

\jae bgse gviueh xbgx ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| ve~ve|edx g h`velx aeg|uve jc xbe giedlp‐| ~evcjvagdle+ `dlkuh`di

velvu`xaedx+ ~kgleaedx+ |`xe hesekj~aedx+ xvg`d di+ gdh Sjkudxeev |u~~jvx$ Ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| gve jdkp gd

`dh`velx aeg|uve jc xbe wugk`xp jc velvu`xaedx+ ~kgleaedx+ gdh ~j|x agdgieaedx$ Xbep lgd fe sèyeh g|

`dh`lgxjv| jc ybgx `| bg~~ed`di gx beghwugvxev| jv gx g ~j|x+ fux ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| hj djx `dh`lgxe ybp$

Cjv erga~ke+ xyj ~j|x| agp bgse xbe |gae ve|ìdgx jd vgxe$ Bjyesev+ gx jde ~j|x+ Sjkudxeev| gve

ve|ìd`di ~vàgv`kp cjv veg|jd| vekgxeh xj xbe`v eajx`jdgk gdh aedxgk begkxb hue xj xbe bgvh|b`~| g||jl`gxeh

y`xb |evs`di gx xbgx ~j|x$ Gx xbe jxbev ~j|x+ Sjkudxeev| gve ~vàgv`kp ve|ìd`di xj ~uv|ue cuvxbev ehulgx jd

jv cjv jxbev lgveev j~~jvxud`xè|$ Xbe ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| aegd sevp h`ccevedx xb`di| cjv xbe xyj ~j|x|$

Yb`ke xbe gf|jkuxe ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe agp xekk u| k`xxke h`velxkp gfjux xbe giedlp‐| ~evcjvagdle jv ~j|x

agdgieaedx+ lbgdie| `d ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| agp `dh`lgxe xbgx |jaexb`di `| bg~~ed`di gx beghwugvxev| jv ~j|x

xbgx |bjukh fe `dse|xìgxeh$



790

G$2$ Ve|ìdgx`jd| gdh ljudxvp h`velxjv gdh ~j|x ~evcjvagdle

@c erle||`se gxxedx`jd `| ~kgleh jd sèy`di ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| g| g h`velx aeg|uve jc ~j|x agdgieaedx+ xbeve

gve g sgvèxp jc ygp| xbgx xbe vgxe lgd fe kjyeveh yb`ke+ gx xbe |gae xàe+ helveg|`di xbe wugk`xp jc xbe

~vjivga$ Cjv erga~ke+ g hel`|`jd lgd fe aghe xj vekgr edcjvleaedx jc ~jk`lè| |ulb g| duafev jc bjuv| g

Sjkudxeev `| er~elxeh xj xeglb jv xbe gajudx jc xàe g Sjkudxeev lgd fe gygp cvja |`xe$ Xbj|e glx`jd| agp

agme Sjkudxeev| ajve k`mekp xj |xgp fux y`kk kegh xj g helveg|e `d xbe`v à~glx gdh gf`k`xp xj cukc`kk xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ xbvee ijgk|$

Vgxbev xbgd |ex g |~el`c`l ijgk jc kjyev`di ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|+ `x agme| ajve |ed|e xj yjvm jd xbe glx`s`xè|

xbgx h`velxkp gccelx g Sjkudxeev‐| |evs`le$ @d \e~xeafev 6>>9+ gd @dxevdgk Agdgieaedx G||e||aedx

ljdlkuheh xbgx yekk!agdgieh gdh ecc`lèdx ~j|x| |bgveh |esevgk cudhgaedxgk lbgvglxev`|x`l|+ dlkuh`di?

… G yekk wugk`cèh+ er~evèdleh+ gdh xvg`deh ljudxvp h`velxjv y`xb |xvjdi keghev|b`~ gf`k`xp=

… G ajx`sgxeh gdh yekk!xvg`deh |xgcc=

… G |p|xea he|ìdeh xj aeex |gcexp gdh aeh`lgk deeh|=

… G |ucc`lèdx fuhiex=… G xvgd|~gvedx agdgieaedx |p|xea= gdh+

… Yekk xvg`deh Sjkudxeev| edigieh `d aegd`dicuk ~vjoelx| gdh g||ìdaedx| gx yekk hesekj~eh |`xe|$

Ybed xbe giedlp gdh ~j|x| glbèse xbj|e lbgvglxev`|x`l|+ xbe |xgie `| |ex cjv g a`dàua gdh g~~vj~v`gxe

ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe$

G$0$ Ve|ìdgx`jd| gdh Sjkudxeev a~glx

Yb`ke xbe ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe agp fe g ijjh `dh`lgxjv jc Sjkudxeev|‐ ve|`kèdlp+ xbe aeg|uve `| djx g h`velx

`dh`lgxjv jc xbe à~glx xbgx Sjkudxeev| bgse jd xbe`v ljaaud`xè|$ @x `| ~j||`fke xbgx gaf`x`ju| gdh

eccelx`se Sjkudxeev| lgd lja~kexe |ìd`c`lgdx ~vjoelx| gdh kegse egvkp xj ~uv|ue cuvxbev ehulgx`jd jv

lgveev|$ Jd xbe jxbev bgdh+ ke|| eccelx`se Sjkudxeev| agp ~vjs`he ou|x ghewugxe sgkue xj xbe`v ljaaud xè|

pex |xgp cjv xbe cukk xeva jc |evs`le$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R!<?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx`dueh vesèy jc ve|ìdgx`jd hgxg gdh xbe

hesekj~aedx jc glx`jd `xea| gx beghwugvxev| gdh gx ~j|x+ ybed `dh`lgxeh fp bìb ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| jv gd

`dlveg|e d ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|$

G$7>$ Ljdxvjkkgfke ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|

G| aedx`jdeh gfjse+ xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| vehuleh `x| ljbjvx EX vgxe cvja 55 ~evledx `d 7030+ `x| g~er+ xj

<>$3 ~evledx `d 6>>9+ xbe giedlp‐| kjye|x ljbjvx vgxe |`dle 7037 "68 ~evledx gdh 7003 "60 ~evledx$ \`dle

6>>>+ xbe ljbjvx ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe bg| vgdieh cvja 62 xj 68 ~evledx gdh `d 6>>9+ xbe ljbjvx ve|ìdgx`jd vgxeyg| 68$3 ~evledx$ \à`kgvkp+ xbe gddugk EX vgxe cjv 6>>0 yg| gx g kjy vgxe jc 7> ~evledx y`xb g 9$< ~evledx

ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe+ hjyd cvja g bìb jc 0$2 ~evledx `d 6>>7$

Gk|j g| h`|lu||eh gfjse+ xbe giedlp ~evle`se| |jae jc xbe veg|jd| cjv ve|ìdgx`jd g| ljdxvjkkgfke+ yb`ke

jxbev| gve |eed g| udljdxvjkkgfke$ G vesèy jc veg|jd| cjv ve|ìdgx`jd `dh`lgxe| xbgx+ glljvh`di xj xbe kgxe|x

cìuve|+ 9< ~evledx cgkk `dxj xbe udljdxvjkkgfke lgxeijvp "|ulb g| begkxb jv cga`kp!vekgxeh `||ue| yb`ke 69



72>

~evledx cgkk `dxj xbe ljdxvjkkgfke lgxeijvp "|ulb g| ljdlevd| jsev xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |u~~jvx+ yjvm

g||ìdaedx+ exl$$

Ybed xbe veg|jd| cjv ve|ìdgx`jd gve lgxeijv`zeh `dxj ljdxvjkkgfke fp xbe giedlp gdh udljdxvjkkgfke+ xbe

ljdxvjkkgfke ljbjvx ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe cjv 6>>9 yg| g~~vjràgxekp 3$3 ~evledx "68$3 ~evledx ljbjvx

ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe aukx`~kèh fp 69 ~evledx ljdxvjkkgfke ve|ìdgx`jd|$ U|`di xbe |gae veg|jd`di+ xbe gddugk

ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe cjv 6>>0 yg| ke|| xbgd 6 ~evledx$

Esed `c xbe cìuve| evv jd xbe |`he jc lkg||`cp`di veg|jd| g| udljdxvjkkgfke ybed xbep gve `d cglx

ljdxvjkkgfke+ xbe ljbjvx ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe xbgx lgd fe agdgieh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| levxg`dkp `| ke|| xbgd 68

~evledx gdh aj|x k`mekp vgdie| cvja 2 xj 75 ~evledx$ Yb`ke xbe êgle Ljv~| |bjukh yjvm xj vehule `x|

ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe+ gdh `d cglx hje| |j+ xbe ~vjfkea jc bìb ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| agp djx fe g| aulb jc gd `||ue

g| |jae bgse `dh`lgxeh$

G$77$ ^ves`ju| xg|m cjvle |xuhè| jd vehul`di ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|

Agdp jc xbe |xuhè| hjde |`dle 7030 bgse aghe veljaaedhgx`jd| jd bjy xj vehule EX jv ve|ìdgx`jd

vgxe|$ @d cglx+ 09 h`|lvexe veljaaedhgx`jd| g~~egv `d xbe|e |xuhè|+ agdp jc yb`lb bgse feed ghj~xeh jsevxbe pegv|$

G 6>>3 êgle Ljv~| xg|m cjvle vesèyeh ve|ìdgx`jd veg|jd hgxg gdh g |ga~k`di jc ve|ìdgx`jd cjva

ljaaedx| xj ‛fvg d|xjva |jkux`jd| xbgx agp bek~ vehule ve|ìdgx`jd|$‑ Xbe xg|m cjvle `hedx`c eh jde

jsevv`h`di ~vjfkea? er~elxgx`jd|$ Xbep ljdlkuheh xbgx?

‛Ybed er~elxgx`jd| h`ccev cvja vegk`xp+ `x lgu|e| ~vjfkea| gx gkk kesek| cvja velvu`xaedx

xbvjuibjux g Sjkudxeev‐| |evs le$ Xbe|e er~elxgx`jd| gve bekh fp xbe Sjkudxeev+ |xgcc gdh*jv bj|x

ljudxvp ~ev|jddek$ Xbe xg|m cjvle |ufa`x| xbgx agdgi`di xbe|e er~elxgx jd| ljukh bek~ vehule

ve|ìdgx`jd|$‑

Xbe xg|m cjvle ~vjhuleh g xgfke |uaagv`z`di ~vjfkea| gdh 63 veljaaedhgx`jd| xbgx cgkk y`xb`d lv`x`lgk

gveg| jc agdgi`di er~elxgx`jd|$ Xbe xgfke k`|xeh jcc`le| xbgx yjukh xgme xbe kegh jd vec`d`di gdh hesekj~`di

|~el`c`l veljaaedhgx`jd|$ Xbe jcc`le| `dlkuheh ljaaud`lgx`jd|+ velvu`xaedx+ |xgi`di gdh ~j|x|$ Xbe xg|m

cjvle gk|j djxeh xbgx |jae ~j|x| luvvedxkp ~vglx`le agdp jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd| gdh xbgx xbe|e fe|x

~vglx`le| |bjukh fe u|eh giedlp!y`he$ Yb`ke agdp jc xbe veljaaedhgx`jd| bgse feed à~keaedxeh+ `x `|

u|ecuk xj vesèy xbea gig`d cjv luvvedx vekesgdle$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R!8? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Egvkp Xeva`dgx`jd xg|m cjvle c`dh`di| jc

6>>3 fe vesèyeh gdh à~keaedxeh$



727

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\

F$7$ Edljuvgi`di erxed|`jd|

Jde ygp xj `dlveg|e xbe kedixb jc |evs`le vgxe gdh xj lg~`xgk`ze jd xbe ve|juvle| |~edx velvu`x`di+ ~kgl`di+

gdh xvg`d`di Sjkudxeev|+ g| yekk g| lg~`xgk`z`di jd xbe ~vjce||`jdgk`|a jc luvvedx Sjkudxeev|+ `| xj `dlveg|e

xbe duafev jc xb`vh!pegv erxed|`jd|$ Xbe giedlp `| yjvm`di xj hesekj~ `d`x`gx`se| xj edljuvgie Sjkudxeev|

xj erxedh cjv g xb`vh!pegv gdh `| ljkkelx`di `dcjvagx`jd gfjux `dledx`se| cjv erxed|`jd$ \uiie|x`jd| bgse

feed ljkkelxeh gx xbe veledx yjvkhy`he ~vjivga gdh xvg`d`di jcc`lev ljdcevedle gdh gx xbe xbvee ljudxvp

h`velxjv ljdcevedle|$ ^j|x| gdh giedlp |xgcc aeafev| bgse ljdxv`fuxeh xbe`v `heg| cjv edljuvgi`di

erxed|`jd|$ Cjv erga~ke+ jde |xuhp hjde gx g ~j|x `dh`lgxeh xbgx g |ìd`c`lgdx duafev jc Sjkudxeev| yjukh

fe `dxeve|xeh `d |evs`di gd ghh`x jdgk pegv `c g duafev jc `dledx`se| yeve ~ux `d ~kgle$ G |uaagvp jc xb`|

|uvsep g~~egv| `d G~~edh`r R!8$

F$6$ Er~elxgx`jd| agdgieaedx

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veglbeh jux xj luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev| xbvjuib xbe Sjkudxeev Ghs`|jvp

Ljaa`xxee| gx ~j|x| gdh g|meh xbea xj |edh u| xbe`v `heg| ljdlevd`di à~vjseaedx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐j~evgx`jd|$ Jde Sjkudxeev yvjxe?

‛Eglb Sjkudxeev agme| g 6 pegv!kjdi xeva ljaa`xaedx gdh @ fekèse aj|x fei`d y`xb g

vegk heh`lgx`jd xj |evs le esed `c xbep cg`k xj lja~kexe xbe xàe `d edx`vexp$ G| g Sjkudxeev+ @ bgse

~ev|jdgkkp mdjyd jxbev| ybj kegse xbe`v |evs`le cjv g sgvèxp jc veg|jd|+ |jae jc yb`lb ljukh djx

fe ~veh`lxeh jv lbgdieh$ Bjyesev+ xbeve gve xbj|e ybj xeva`dgxe egvkp hue xj

h`|ljacjvx|+ h`|ljdxedx+ h`|g~~j`dxaedx gdh a`|febgs`jv$ Xbe|e gve xbe lg|e| `d yb`lb xbeve gve

~j||`f`k`xè| jc vecjva `d xbe êgle Ljv~| gx gd giedlp!y`he kesek$ Xbe vjjx jc agdp jc xbe|e lg|e|

`| vekgxeh h`velxkp xj er~elxgx`jd|$‑

@d veljid`x`jd xbgx er~elxgx`jd| `dckuedle Sjkudxeev|‐ febgs`jv gdh |gx`|cglx`jd y`xb xbe`v êgle Ljv~|

er~evèdle+ xbe giedlp `d 6>>2 hesekj~eh g |ex jc ljve er~elxgx`jd| cjv êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|$ Xbe|e

ljve er~elxgx`jd| gve |eed g| xbe c`v|x |xe~ jc `d ~vjivga xj agdgie er~elxgx`jd|+ djx jdkp jd xbe ~gvx jc

Sjkudxeev| fux jd xbe ~gvx jc |xgcc gdh bj|x ljudxvp ljudxev~gvx| g| yekk$

Xbe ljve er~elxgx`jd| gve ~ve|edxeh `d G~~edh`r R!5$ Xbe|e er~elxgx`jd| gve luvvedxkp u|eh `d velvu`x`di

agxev`gk| gdh h`|lu||`jd| gdh gx ~j|x| huv`di xvg d`di gdh jxbev esedx|$ @dcjvagk ve~jvx| cvja ~j|x|

`dh`lgxe xbgx xbe ljve er~elxgx`jd| hj lkgv`cp+ cjv Sjkudxeev| gdh ~j|x |xgcc aeafev|+ xbe febgs`jv| gdh

gxx`xuhe| er~elxeh jc gkk Sjkudxeev|+ gdh xbe er~elxgx`jd| |evse g| xbe fg|`| cjv cvu`xcuk h`|lu||`jd|

veigvh`di ybgx `x aegd| xj |evse$



726


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD

L$7$ \uaagvp jc c`dh`di| gdh veljaaedhgx jd|

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| feed ljdlevdeh y`xb gdh gxxedx`se xj EX vgxe| |`dle x| `dle~x`jd$ Xbe giedlp

luvvedxkp ljkkelx| gdh gdgkpze| EX gdh ve|ìdgx`jd hgxg u|`di ljbjvx+ gddugk gdh kedixb jc |evs`le vgxe|+ gdh

xbe giedlp u|e| xb`| `dcjvagx`jd xj h`|lu|| y`xb ~j|x| ygp| xj à~vjse Sjkudxeev vexedx`jd$

Xbe luvvedx ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe+ aeg|uveh fp fjxb xbe ljbjvx aexbjh gdh xbe gddugk aexbjh+ `| gx jde jc xbe

kjye|x kesek| |`dle xbe 7030 gdh 7003 c`|lgk pegv|$ ^gvx`gkkp hue xj eccjvx| xj hesekj~ g ivjyxb |xvgxeip xbgx

ed|uve| wugk`xp+ ghh`x`jdgk gxxedx`jd `| fe`di ~kgleh jd vesèy`di `dh`s`hugk ljudxvp ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| gdh

jd ygp| xj edljuvgie xb`vh!pegv erxed|`jd|$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega agme| cjuv veljaaedhgx`jd| ljdlevd`di EX gdh ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R!7

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp ljdx`due xj ljkkelx gdh gdgkpze

egvkp xeva`dgx jd*ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| u|`di gkk xbvee aexbjh|$ Bjyesev+ xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh|xbgx xbe|e vgxe| fei`d gx xbe xàe g xvg`dee |yegv| `d gdh feljae| g êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R!6?

Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe giedlp lkgv`cp yb`lb vgxe `x `| u|`di gdh

|bjukh cjlu| jd ajd`xjv`di ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|+ yb`lb ~ux xbe cjlu| jd gxxv`x`jd xbgx `| ~evle`seh xj fe

ljdxvjkkgfke fp xbe giedlp$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R!<

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx`dueh vesèy jc ve|ìdgx`jd hgxg gdh xbe

hesekj~aedx jc glx`jd `xea| gx beghwugvxev| gdh gx ~j|x+ ybed `dh`lgxeh fp bìb ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| jv gd

`dlveg|e d ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R!8? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe Egvkp Xeva`dgx`jd xg|m cjvle c`dh`di| jc

6>>3 fe vesèyeh gdh à~keaedxeh$



72<




R!7? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx g xbe

giedlp ljdx`due xj ljkkelx gdh gdgkpze egvkp

xeva`dgx`jd*ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| u|`di gkk xbvee

aexbjh|$ f Bjyesev+ xbe g||e||aedx xega

veljaaedh| xbgx xbe|e vgxe| fei`d gx xbe xàe g

xvg`dee |yegv| `d gdh feljae| g êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev$






R!6? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

giedlp lkgv`cp yb`lb vgxe `x `| u|`di gdh |bjukh

cjlu| jd ajd`xjv`di ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|+ yb`lb ~ux xbe

cjlu| jd gxxv`x`jd xbgx `| ~evle`seh xj fe ljdxvjkkgfke

fp xbe giedlp$




Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


G|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|=

Jcc`le jc Ljaaud`lgx`jd|

@aaeh`gxekp

R!<? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx`dueh

vesèy jc ve|ìdgx`jd hgxg gdh xbe hesekj~aedx jc glx`jd `xea| gx beghwugvxev| gdh gx ~j|x+ ybed

`dh`lgxeh fp bìb ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe| jv gd `dlveg|e `d

ve|ìdgx`jd vgxe|$


Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di=Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=

Euvj~e+ Aeh`xevvgdegd+ gdhG|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|

@d Wugvxev 7 jc CP 6>77 gdh

gddugkkp xbevegcxev



728

@A^KEAEDXGX@JD AGXV@R "ljdx`dueh

R!8? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

Egvkp Xeva`dgx`jd xg|m cjvle c`dh`di| jc 6>>3 fe

ves`eyeh gdh `a~keaedxeh$

Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd| Jcc`le jc Ljaaud`lgx`jd|=


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


G|`g Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|=

Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh

\ekelx`jd=

Jsev|eg| ^vjivgaa`di gdh

Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx

@d CP 6>76



725

R@$ \XVEDIXBED@DI XB@VH IJGK GLX@S@X@E\ GDH VE^JVX@DI

AELBGD@\A\

G$

HE\LV@^X@JD JC LUVVEDX ^VJLE\\

G$7$ Fglmivjudh

Xbe xb`vh ijgk jc xbe êgle Ljv~| `| |xgxeh g|+ ‛Bek~`di ~vjajxe g fexxev udhev|xgdh`di jc jxbev ~ej~ke| jd

xbe ~gvx jc Gaev lgd|$‑ Gk|j vecevveh xj g| xbe ‛fv`di`di xbe yjvkh fglm bjae‑ ijgk+ `x |u~~jvx| xbe

a`||`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ~vjajxe yjvkh ~egle gdh cvèdh|b`~ fp `dlveg|`di Gaev`lgd|‐ udhev|xgdh`di

jc ~ej~ke gdh lukxuve| jc jxbev ljudxvè|$

Ybed Sjkudxeev|+ vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+ gdh cvèdh| jc xbe êgle Ljv~| |u~~jvx gdh edigie `d xb`vh ijgk

glx`s`xè|+ xbep ~vjs`he j~~jvxud`xè| cjv Gaev`lgd| xj ig`d g ivegxev udhev|xgdh`di jc xbe yjvkh+ cj|xev g

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e`xbev udmdjyd jv bgse kà`xeh ve~ve|edxgx`jd `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$ Lvegx`di g ‛hjae|x`l h`s hedh‑ `| gd`dxeivgk ~gvx jc xbe giedlp‐| |~`v`x gdh edljuvgie| xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ud`wue |xgxu| jc desev bgs`di ‛cjvaev‑

Sjkudxeev|$ @d|xegh+ ‛vexuvdeh‑ Sjkudxeev| gve er~elxeh xj edigie `d g k`cekjdi ljaa`xaedx jc ve~ve|edx`di

xbe`v ljudxvp jc |evs`le$

Xbju|gdh| jc luvvedx gdh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| |ulle||cukkp ljdxv`fuxe xj xbe xb`vh ijgk fp hesekj~`di gdh

lja~kex`di lkg||vjja+ yjvm~kgle+ gdh ljaaud`xp xgkm| gfjux xbe`v Sjkudxeev yjvm= hesekj~`di g fkji jv

jdk`de ~bjxj gkfua xj |bgve er~evèdle| cvja xbe lukxuve ybeve xbep |evseh jv gve |evs`di= yv`x`di xj xbe`v

kjlgk dey|~g~ev= i`s`di gd `dxevsèy jd g kjlgk vgh`j ~vjivga= gdh g bj|x jc jxbev glx`s`xè|$

Jsev xbe giedlp‐| b`|xjvp+ xbe xb`vh ijgk bg| gk|j erxedheh xj `dlkuhe g sgvèxp jc `d`x`gx`se|+ cvja

~vjajx`di ~jk`x lgk ~gvx`l`~gx`jd `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| xj ljdhulx`di gdh ~vjajx`di sjkudxeev |a$ Xb`|cker`f`k`xp lbgkkedie| xbe êgle Ljv~| xj aeex xbe jfoelx`se jc `x| xb`vh ijgk esed g| `x gkkjy| `x xj xbe

giedlp xj esjkse xj aeex luvvedx ikjfgk ljdh`x`jd|$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| b`|xjv`lgkkp feed vekulxgdx xj ~vjs`he xbe c`dgdl`gk |u~~jvx dele||gvp cjv xbe xb`vh ijgk

xj agme g aeg|uvgfke à~glx$ Xbvjuib xbe b`|xjvp jc j~evgx jd|+ ke|| xbgd 7 ~evledx gddugkkp jc xbe

giedlp‐| xjxgk fuhiex bg| feed gkkjlgxeh xj h`velxkp |u~~jvx`di xbe xb`vh ijgk$ Xjhgp+ xbe giedlp |~edh|

(7$0 a`kk`jd jc `x| (8>> a`kk`jd c`|lgk pegv 6>7> g~~vj~v`gx`jd jd xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè|$ Er~gd|`jd gdh g

vek`gfke aeg|uve jc xbe agid`xuhe gdh à~glx jc xbe xb`vh ijgk ljukh |ìd`c`lgdxkp gccelx velvu`xaedx+

cudh`di+ gdh ukxàgxekp xbe kjdi!xeva |u|xg`dgf`k`xp jc xbe giedlp$ @dlveg|`di xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| yjukh

gk|j cuvxbev bìbkìbx xbe sgkue jc xbe Gaev`lgd xgr~gpev|‐ `dse|xaedx `d xbe j~evgx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$

G$6$ @dxev~vex`di xbe xb`vh ijgk

Jsev xbe ljuv|e jc xbe giedlp‐| b`|xjvp+ xbe xb vh ijgk bg| feed `dxev~vexeh `d g sgvèxp jc ygp|$ G

k`xevgxuve vesèy vekgxeh xj xbe xb`vh ijgk+ ljdhulxeh fp xbe Keghev|b`~ Hesekj~aedx Glgheap gx xbe êgle

Ljv~|‐ beghwugvxev| `d xbe |~v`di jc 6>>2+ bìbkìbxeh xb`| kglm jc lkgv`xp+ ljdlkuh`di? ‛Xbeve `| gd jdij`di

hefgxe+ jv esed |xvuiike+ xj hec`de jv lgxgkjiue ybgx xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| |bjukh fe$‑ Duaevju|

`dxev~vexgx`jd| bgse `dlkuheh hjae|x`l heajlvglp fu`kh`di+ ljaaud`xp |evs`le gx bjae gdh gfvjgh+ gdh

ehulgx`di xbe Gaev`lgd ~ej~ke gfjux xbe ve|x jc xbe yjvkh$



723

@d xbe 703>|+ keghev|b`~ |~jme jc xbe xb`vh ijgk `d xeva| jc ~vjajx`di j~~jvxud`xè| cjv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|

xj ljdxv`fuxe xj xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| xbvjuib l`x zed|b`~ gdh ijsevdgdle$ @dheeh agdp egvkp ~ufk`lgx`jd| jd

xbe xb`vh ijgk `dh`lgxe gd er~elxgx`jd xbgx vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| yjukh fv`di bjae xj xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| g

~g||`jd gdh edevip cjv ~jk`x`lgk lbgdie$ Xbe|e vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| yeve er~elxeh xj gd|yev xbe ljudxvp‐|

deeh| cjv ljaaud`xp hesekj~aedx+ à~vjseh l`s`k v ibx|+ gdh `dh`s`hugk lg~gl`xp fu`kh`di$ @d uvi`di S`le

^ve|`hedx Bufevx Bua~bvep xj |evse g| Lbg`vagd jc xbe Dgx`jdgk Ghs`|jvp Ljudl`k jc xbe êgle Ljv~|+

^ve|`hedx Kpdhjd Ojbd|jd yvjxe+ ‛Xbe Ivegx \jlèxp vewu`ve| c`v|x jc gkk Ivegx L`x`zed|+ gdh xbe êgle

Ljv~| `| g yjvkh!y`he xvg`d`di |lbjjk cjv Ivegx L`x`zed|$‑ 0>

@d xbe 709>|+ xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| yeve ljaajd cjv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+ gkxbjuib |jaeybgx ke|| jc g ~v`jv`xp

cjv xbe giedlp gdh |uccev di cvja lkegv hec`d`x jd$ Yb`ke g 7099 ve~jvx ljdhulxeh fp xbe êgle Ljv~|

|bjyeh xbgx 02 ~evledx jc vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| ~jkkeh yeve ~gvx`l`~gx`di `d |jae xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè|+ xbe

ve~jvx ije| jd xj |xgxe xbgx ‛hec`d`x`jd| jc xbj|e glx`s`xè| gve auvmp gdh kgviekp lbgvglxev`zeh fp xbe

vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|‐ lgveev lbj`le|$‑07

Huv`di xbe 702>|+ g ajve er~gd|`se sèy jc xbe xb`vh ijgk eaevieh xbgx yg| ajve ehulgx`se gdh yg|

gllja~gdèh fp g vedeyeh cjlu| jd xbe ijgk$ Huv`di xb`| xàe+ xbe giedlp cèkheh g |uvsep cjv deyglx`s`xè| gdh `heg| cjv xbe xb`vh ijgk+ ve|ukx`di `d xbe `d`x`gk ljdsev|gx`jd| jd xbe êgle Ljv~| ^gvxdev|b`~

^vjivga= hesekj~aedx jc ehulgx`jdgk agxev`gk|+ luvv`lukua gdh ve|juvle| cjv Gaev`lgd xeglbev|= gdh xbe

e|xgfk`|baedx jc vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev Ve|juvle Ledxev|$

Xbed!êgle Ljv~| H`velxjv Kjvex A`kkev Vu~~e er~gdheh |u~~jvx cjv xbe xb`vh ijgk gdh kgudlbeh xbe

Sjkudxeev| `d Hesekj~aedx Ehulgx`jd ~vjivga+ yb`lb |juibx xj |edh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| cjv |`r yeem| gx

g xàe `dxj kjlgk ljaaud`xè| xj ~gvx`l`~gxe `d ljaaud`xp gdh ~vàgvp gdh |eljdhgvp ehulgx`jd eccjvx| xbgx

cjlu|eh jd xbe`v |evs`le$ Felgu|e jc H`velxjv Vu~~e‐| cjlu| jd xbe xb`vh ijgk+ yjvm`di ivju~| `hedx`cèh

xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè|+ g| yekk g| ~kgd| cjv esgkugx`di gdh xvglm`di |ulb glx`s`x e|$ Xbe `heg| cvja xbe 702>‐|

cjvaeh xbe iede|`| jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ luvvedx xb`vh ijgk eccjvx|$ Xbep `dlkuheh xbe cjkkjy`di?

… E|xgfk`|baedx jc xbe êgle Ljv~| ^gvxdev|b`~ ^vjivga=

… ûfk`lgx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~| Xàe|=

… Edbgdleaedx jc xbe Lkj|e jc \evs`le agdugk xj `dlkuhe agxev`gk| ~vjajx`di xb`vh ijgk

ljaa`xaedx=

… E|xgfk`|baedx jc xbe Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev \evs`le| jcc`le=

… @d`x`gx`jd jc g |~egmev| fuvegu ~vjivga= gdh+

… Ea~bg|`| jc xbe vekgx`jd|b`~ fexyeed vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ velvu`xaedx

jcc`le|$

\`dle xbe 702>|+ kesek| jc gxxedx`jd gdh h`velx`jd bgse helveg|eh$ \xeygvh|b`~ cjv xbe xb`vh ijgk yg|

ajseh cvja xbe giedlp g| g ybjke+ xj gkaj|x lja~kexekp udhev xbe Jcc`le jc Hjae|x`l ^vjivga|$ Gd

@d|~elxjv Iedevgk‐| ve~jvx cvja 6>>8 esgkugx`di hjae|x`l ~vjivga|‐ |ulle|| `d glbès`di ~evcjvagdleijgk|+ glmdjykehieh g kglm jc |xvulxuve hec`d`di xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| g| yekk g| g kglm jc ve|juvle| gkkjlgxeh xj

jcc`le| |u~~jvx`di xbe xb`vh ijgk$

0> Kexxev cvja ^ve|`hedx Kpdhjd F$ Ojbd|jd xj xbe S`le ^ve|`hedx G|m`di Bà Xj \evse g| Lbg`vagd+ Dgx`jdgk Ghs`|jvp Ljudl`k jc xbe êgle Ljv~|+ Ogdugvp 63+ 703507 G \uvsep jc Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+ E$G$ Y`d|kjy+ Jcc`le jc \~el`gk \evs`le| Glx`jd+ êgle Ljv~|



729

Jux|`he jc xbe giedlp‐| jyd `dxev~vexgx`jd jc xbe xb`vh ijgk+ xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd gdh xbe

vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev ljaaud`xp `x ve~ve|edx|+ bgse ~ve|edxeh xbe xb`vh ijgk g| ‒fv`di`di xbe yjvkh fglm

bjae‑ gdh g| gd jdij`di ljaa`xaedx xj ljaaud`xp |evs`le+ fjxb `dxevdgx`jdgk gdh hjae|x`l$

Xbe cvewuedx vehec`d`di gdh aukx`~ke `dxev~vexgx`jd| jc xbe xb`vh ijgk ~vjs`he| |xvedixb gdh cker`f`k`xp xj

gkkjy xbe êgle Ljv~| xj fe|x |~egm xj xbe deeh| jc xbe luvvedx yjvkh+ g| yekk g| g |juvle jc ljdcu|`jd cvja

xbe kglm jc lkgv`xp$ Xbe b`|xjv`lgk cjlu| jc xbe xb vh ijgk‘g| fe`di |jaexb`di vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gve

xg|meh xj lja~kexe‘bg| kà`xeh xbe gf`k`xp jc xbe giedlp xj |xv`se cukkp xj aeex xbe ijgk gdh bg| jsevkjjmeh

xbe gf`k`xp jc luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev|+ xbe`v cga`kp aeafev| gdh cvèdh|+ gdh xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |xgcc

aeafev| xj ljdxv`fuxe `d xb`| gveg$

G$<$ Eccjvx| xj glbèse xbe xb`vh ijgk

Xbe g||e||aedx xega‐| gdgkp|`| `dh`lgxeh xbgx luvvedx eccjvx| xj glbèse xbe xb`vh ijgk jc xbe êgle Ljv~|

lgd fe h`s`heh `dxj cjuv lgxeijvè|?

… êgle Ljv~| beghwugvxev| hv`sed=

… Jsev|eg| ~j|x gdh Sjkudxeev hv`sed=… Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd gdh aeafev ivju~ hv`sed= gdh+

… @dhe~edhedxkp `d`x`gxeh fp gd `dh`s`hugk jv |agkk ivju~ jc ~ev|jd|$

G$<$g Eccjvx| keh fp êgle Ljv~| beghwugvxev|

Giedlp!hv`sed+ xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| gve kgviekp keh fp xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx+ yb`lb yjvm| y`xb

jxbev he~gvxaedx| y`xb`d xbe êgle Ljv~| xj e|xgfk`|b gdh à~keaedx ~jk`lè| gdh ~vjlehuve| xbgx bek~

edigie g| agdp êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| gdh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| g| ~j||`fke$ Xbe jcc`le bju|e| xbe

Ljsevhekk Yjvkh Y`|e \lbjjk| ^vjivga+ Cekkjy|*U\G+ xbe Xb`vh Ijgk ^vjivga+ gdh Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev

\evs`le|$

Xbe Ljsevhekk Yjvkh Y`|e \lbjjk| ~vjivga yg| e|xgfk`|beh `d 7020 xj bek~ Gaev`lg‐| |lbjjklb`khved

kegvd gfjux xbe yjvkh‐| h`sev|e ~ej~ke|+ lukxuve|+ gdh iejivg~bp xbvjuib |xgdhgvh|!fg|eh lkg||vjja

ve|juvle| gdh ehulgxjv ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb luvvedx gdh vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|$ @x glbèse| xb`|

a`||`jd xbvjuib xbvee ~vjivga|? Ljvve|~jdhedle Agxlb+ \~egmev| Agxlb+ gdh xbvjuib xbe hesekj~aedx jc

lkg||vjja ve|juvle|$

Ljsevhekk Yjvkh Y`|e \lbjjk|

Xbe Ljvve|~jdhedle Agxlb ~vjivga ljddelx| U$\$ ekeaedxgvp gdh |eljdhgvp |lbjjk xeglbev| y`xb luvvedx

êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| ybj |bgve xbe`v êgle Ljv~| er~evèdle| xbvjuib kexxev|+ eag`k|+ ~bjxj|+ gdh ~bjde

lgkk|$ @d 6>>0+ 59 ~evledx jc Sjkudxeev| ~gvx`l`~gxeh d xbe ~vjivga$ ^ve|edxkp+ <+<>> Sjkudxeev| gve

~gvx`l`~gx`di= xbe xgviex `| xj bgse 5+>>> ~gvx l`~gx`di fp xbe edh jc CP 6>7>$ Xbe duafev jc `dxeve|xeh|lbjjk| `| ivegxev xbgd xbe duafev jc ~gvx`l`~gx`di Sjkudxeev|+ `dh`lgx`di gd j~~jvxud`xp cjv êgle Ljv~| xj

edbgdle `x| xb`vh ijgk à~glx xbvjuib xbe ~vjivga jv fp ves`|`di xbe ~vjivga xj lg~xuve ivegxev Sjkudxeev

~gvx`l`~gx`jd$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| veledxkp feiud gd gdgkp|`| jc xbe Ljvve|~jdhedle Agxlb ~vjivga xj

udhev|xgdh ybp g |ìd`c`lgdx ~evledxgie jc Sjkudxeev| hj djx ~gvx`l`~gxe `d xbe ~vjivga+ xj ed|uve xbe

giedlp `| lg~xuv`di agxlbe| aghe jux|`he xbe ~vjivga+ gdh xj hexeva`de g~~vj~v`gxe `dledx`se| cjv

~gvx`l`~gx`jd$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xb`| gdgkp|`| `dljv~jvgxe `d~ux cvja jsev|eg| |xgcc

gdh luvvedx Sjkudxeev|$



722

\jae luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev| e|xgfk`|b vekgx`jd|b`~| |à`kgv xj xbj|e cjvaeh xbvjuib Ljvve|~jdhedle

Agxlb u|`di xbe`v jyd `d`x`gx`se+ y`xbjux ij`di xbvjuib xbe giedlp!|xvulxuveh ~vjle||$ @d~ux ig`deh cjv xbe

g||e||aedx gdh xbvjuib xbe 6>>0 Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep jc xbe êgle Ljv~| `dh`lgxe| xb`| agp `d ~gvx fe

hue xj xbe `dlveg|eh xelbdjkjip lg~gf`k`xè| jc `dlja`di Sjkudxeev|+ g| yekk g| xbe `dlveg|`di glle|| xj

ajhevd xelbdjkjip `d |jae ljudxè| jc g||ìdaedx$ Ed|uv`di xbj|e agxlbe| gve gk|j lg~xuveh `d xbe

gdgkp|`| y`kk cuvxbev edbgdle xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ gf`k`xp xj xvglm gdh ve~jvx jd xb`vh ijgk ~gvx`l`~gx`jd$

Xbe Ljsevhekk \~egmev| Agxlb ~vjivga ljddelx| U$\$ ehulgxjv| y`xb vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| ybj givee xj

|bgve xbe`v êgle Ljv~| er~evèdle| `d ekeaedxgvp gdh |eljdhgvp |lbjjk|$ Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| `dljv~jvgxe

~bjxjivg~b|+ gvx`cglx|+ gdh au|`l `dxj xbe`v lkg||vjja ~ve|edxgx`jd|+ yb`lb gve gàeh xj `dlveg|e gygvede||

gdh udhev|xgdh`di jc ljudxvè| gdh lukxuve| ybeve Sjkudxeev| bgse ud`wue er~evèdle gdh `d|ìbx$ Xyekse

xbju|gdh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gve luvvedxkp `d xbe \~egmev| Agxlb hgxgfg|e$ Xbe ~vjivga ljukh fe

er~gdheh xbvjuib xbe `dlku|`jd jc cga`kp aeafev| gdh cvèdh| jc Sjkudxeev|+ g| yekk g| xbe êgle Ljv~|‐

|xgcc$ Yb`ke xbe ~vjivga ljukh ~jxedx`gkkp fe er~gdheh xj djd!|lbjjk guhèdle|+ xb`| yjukh ajse xbe

êgle Ljv~| gygp cvja g lkegvkp hec`deh d`lbe `x lgd erlek `d+ g| yekk g| ve|ukx `d g ljdck`lx y`xb xbe

Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd‐| \~egmev| Fuvegu ~vjivga$ Xb`| ljdck`lx ljukh fe a`xìgxeh xbvjuib

ljkkgfjvgx`jd gdh ljaaud`lgx`jd fexyeed xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd$

C`dgkkp+ Ljsevhekk hesekj~| lkg||vjja ve|juvle| `dlkuh`di ljudxvp!|~el`c`l s`hej| y`xb gllja~gdp`di

xeglbev|‐ iu`he|+ Sjkudxeev!yv`xxed k`xevgxuve |u~~jvxeh fp |xgdhgvh|!fg|eh ke||jd ~kgd|+ ~jhlg|x|+ gdh

dgvvgxeh |k`he |bjy|$ Yb`ke xbe giedlp hje| djx luvvedxkp bgse xbe gf`k`xp xj ajd`xjv xbe u|gie jc xbe|e

ve|juvle|+ xbe 6$5 a`kk`jd b`x| jd xbe xb`vh ijgk |elx`jd jc xbe giedlp‐| yef|`xe+ ljaf`deh y`xb xbe cglx xbgx

xbe duafev jc b`x| bg| feed |xegh`kp ivjy`di jsev veledx pegv|+ gve ~j|`x`se `dh`lgxjv|$

Jsevgkk+ xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh xbe Ljsevhekk ~vjivga gdh `x| xbvee j~evgx`jd| xj fe veglx`jdgvp+

kgviekp hue xj kà`xeh c`dgdl`gk ve|juvle| yb`lb ljukh fe u|eh cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ~vjajxe gdh agvmex

vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| g| g |juvle jc ud`wue ikjfgk ehulgx`jd$ Cjv erga~ke jsev xbe ljuv|e jc 6>>0+ xbe

êgle Ljv~|‐ |xgcc ~gvx`l`~gxeh `d g xjxgk jc cjuv xeglbev ljdcevedle| dgx`jdy`he xj ~ve|edx xbe Ljsevhekk

~vjivga$

C`dgdl`gk kà`xgx`jd| ve|xv`lx Ljsevhekk‐| gf`k`xp xj bgse g ajve |uf|xgdx`gk à~glx$ Xbe xega fekèse| g

ajve ~vjglx`se ~j|xuve cjv Ljsevhekk ljukh ivegxkp |xvedixbed `x| à~glx gdh vekesgdle g| g ljve cudlx`jd jc

xbe giedlp+ g| yekk g| vg`|e xbe ~ufk`l ~vjc`ke jc xbe êgle Ljv~|$ Cjv erga~ke+ cjkkjy`di xbe veledx

egvxbwugme `d Bg`x ajve xbgd 3> ~evledx jc Gaev`lgd ghukx| hjdgxeh xj vekèc eccjvx|$ Edbgdl`di xbe

lg~gl`xp jc xbe \~egmev| Agxlb ~vjivga xj ajve giive||`sekp agvmex vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gdh cjvaev

giedlp |xgcc ybj yjvmeh `d Bg`x` xj |~egm gfjux xbe ljudxvp gdh `x| lukxuve huv`di g xàe jc lv`|`|+ ljukh

bgse |evseh g| gd erle~x`jdgk j~~jvxud`xp cjv xbe ~vjajx`jd jc xbe xb`vh ijgk+ g| yekk g| xbe ~vjajx`jd jc

vekèc eccjvx| `d Bg`x`$ Yb`ke Bg`x` `| jfs`ju|kp g ud`wue gdh hvgagx`l lg|e+ xbe ikjfgk ~ev|~elx`se jc

vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gsg`kgfke xbvjuib Ljsevhekk ~vjivga|+ aev`x| agvmex`di$

Agdp jc xbe|e lbgkkedie| yeve fjxb veljid`zeh gdh ghhve||eh huv`di xbe H`velxjv‐| xe|xàjdp xj Ljdive||

jd Agvlb 72xb+ 6>>0?

‛@ ~kgd xj ux`k`ze cudh| cvja xbe ~vj~j|eh c`|lgk pegv 6>77 fuhiex xj fjk|xev xbe j~evgx`jd| jc xbe

Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx+ yb`lb agdgie| juv xb vh ijgk eccjvx|$ Xbe cudh| y`kk fe u|eh+

gajdi jxbev ~uv~j|e|+ xj ~vjajxe ehulgx`jdgk j~~jvxud`xè| xbgx ~kgle vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev| y`xb |lbjjk| xj |bgve xbe`v jsev|eg| er~evèdle| gdh xj hesekj~ ehulgx`jdgk luvv`lukua

agxev`gk| cjv Gaev`lgd lkg||vjja|$‑



720

Xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xb`| ljuv|e jc glx`jd y`kk fe lv`x`lgk `c xbe êgle Ljv~| `| xj |ulle||cukkp

edbgdle `x| xb`vh ijgk à~glx$

Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev \evs`le| jccev| lgveev gdh xvgd|`x`jd |u~~jvx |evs`le| cjv vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~|

Sjkudxeev|+ yjvm`di h`velxkp gdh `dh`velxkp y`xb luvvedx Sjkudxeev|+ vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+ |xgcc+ Dgx`jdgkêgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd |xgcc+ gdh ~ufk`l gdh ~v`sgxe |elxjv keghev| xj hesekj~ lgveev ljdcevedle|+

fukkex`d|+ gdh ~ufk`lgx`jd| xbgx bek~ Sjkudxeev| u~jd xbe`v vexuvd xj xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$ Huv`di xbe|e lgveev

ljdcevedle|+ Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev \evs`le| edljuvgie| xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| cjv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|$

Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev \evs`le|

@d 6>>0+ 7+335 `dh`s`hugk| ~gvx`l`~gxeh d Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev \evs le| lgveev!fg|eh esedx|$ Xbe

g||e||aedx xega fekèse| er~gd|`jd jc lgveev!fg|eh esedx|+ ~evbg~| kesevgi`di vei`jdgk velvu`x`di jcc`le|

`d xbe`v hek`sevp+ yjukh g||`|x vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| `d xbe`v ~j|x!êgle Ljv~| ojf |egvlbe| gdh ~vjs`he

ajx`sgx`jd gdh h`velx`jd cjv xb`vh ijgk edigieaedx gdh ve~jvx`di$ Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev \evs le| bg|

veledxkp feiud lvegx`di g |evè| jc jdk`de yef`dgv| xj bek~ hek`sev lgveev!vekgxeh |evs`le|+ g ~j|`x`se |xe~

xbgx y`kk cuvxbev edbgdle xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx‐| gf`k`xp xj ljaaud`lgxe y`xb xbe vexuvdeh

Sjkudxeev ljaaud`xp$

J~evgx`di y`xb`d xbe jcc`le jc Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev \evs`le|+ xbe Xb`vh Ijgk ^vjivga gà| xj hesekj~ gdh

à~keaedx |esevgk `d`x`gx`se| cjv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+ djxgfkp xbe xb`vh ijgk |elx`jd jc xbe giedlp yef|`xe+

xbe êgle Ljv~| Yeem lga~gìd+ xb`vh ijgk s`hej|+ ~vjajx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| `d xbe

Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd‐| Yjvkhsèy Agigz`de+ gdh gd jdij`di eag`k lga~gìd edljuvgi`di

vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| xj edigie `d xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ ~vjivga|+ `dlkuh`di xbj|e vekgxeh xj xbe xb`vh ijgk$

Xbe Xb`vh Ijgk ^vjivga

Xbe êgle Ljv~| yef|`xe ~vjs`he| ‛Xb`vh Ijgk Glx`s`xp \uiie|x`jd| cjv Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|‑ gdh xbe`v

cga`kp aeafev| gdh jxbev `dxeve|xeh ivju~| jv `dh`s`hugk|$ @dlkuheh gve hvgcx xea~kgxe| cjv kexxev| xj g

dey|~g~ev eh`xjv+ ljdxglx| cjv vei`jdgk êgle Ljv~| jcc`le| gdh Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd aeafev

ivju~|+ gdh `dcjvagx`jd jd bjy vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| lgd fe `dsjkseh `d xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ gddugkgdd`sev|gvp lekefvgx`jd "êgle Ljv~| Yeem+ g| yekk g| xbe lja`di 5> xb Gdd`sev|gvp Lekefvgx`jd$ Xbe

yef|`xe gk|j `dlkuhe| g ‛Bjy Xj Xjjkm`x‑ cjv iedevgx`di xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| gdh jccev| gd j~~jvxud`xp cjv

~gvx`l`~gdx| xj vei`|xev xbe`v `dsjkseaedx$ G cvee ‛Xb`vh Ijgk Ve|juvle ^glmex‑ jc agxev`gk| `| ~vjs`heh xj

vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| ybj vei`|xev$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| cjkkjy| u~ y`xb vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| ybj vewue|x g

ve|juvle ~glmex xj |jk`l`x dcjvagx`jd jd xbe glx`s`xp a~keaedxeh$

Jsev|eg| êgle Ljv~| |xgcc aeafev| gdh luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev| yeve ke|| gygve jc xbe|e ve|juvle|+

~evbg~| g| xbep gve bju|eh udhev ve|juvle| cjv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| jd xbe giedlp yef|`xe$ Vg`|`di

gygvede|| jc xb`vh ijgk agxev`gk| fepjdh xbe vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev ljaaud`xp+ |~el`c`lgkkp xgviex`di

luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev| gdh dey edvjkkee| `d xbe Ljsevhekk Ljvve|~jdhedle Agxlb ^vjivga agp bek~

er~gdh xbe u|e jc xbe|e ve|juvle|+ g| yjukh bgs`di g |xgdhgvh giedlp g~~vjglb xj xb`vh ijgk xvg`d`di cjv

xvg`dee| gdh Sjkudxeev|$

Xbe lekefvgx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ gdd`sev|gvè| ~vjs`he| g cjlgk ~j`dx cjv xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| fp xbe

êgle Ljv~|$ ‛êgle Ljv~| Yeem‑ ljaaeajvgxe| xbe gdd`sev|gvp jc xbe giedlp `d Agvlb jc eglb pegv$ @d

6>77+ xbe êgle Ljv~| y`kk lekefvgxe `x| 5>xb gdd`sev|gvp$ Xj ljaaeajvgxe xbe|e 5> pegv| jc |evs`le+ xbe

êgle Ljv~| `| bek~`di jvigd`ze esedx| gdh erb`f`x`jd| `d l`xè| glvj|| xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gdh `d eglb

ljudxvp `d yb`lb êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| luvvedxkp |evse$ Yb`ke ljdx dueh ~vjajx`jd jc giedlp

gdd`sev|gvè| g| g cjlgk ~j`dx cjv xb`vh ijgk `d`x`gx`se| `| kji`lgk+ `dlveg|eh gkkjlgx`jd jc c`dgdl`gk ve|juvle|



70>

gdh g ajve giive||`se gdh ~vjglx`se ~vjajx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xb`vh ijgk ~vjivga| y`kk erxedh fepjdh

giedlp gdd`sev|gvè| gdh ljukh lvegxe j~~jvxud`xè| xj veglb dey guhèdle|+ |ulb g| pjuxb ivju~|

~gvx`l`~gx`di d |uaaev lga~| jv |evs`le glx`s`xè|$

Xbvjuib xbe Cekkjy|*U\G ~vjivga udhev xbe jcc`le jc Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev \evs`le|+ ~gvx`l`~gx`di ivghugxe

|lbjjk| ~vjs`he c`dgdl`gk g||`|xgdle xj vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| edvjkkeh `d sgv`ju| ghsgdleh heivee ~vjivga|$

Gx xbe |gae xàe+ xbe vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev agme| g ljaa`xaedx xj yjvm `d gd udhev|evseh kjlgk ljaaud`xp

g| xbep ~uv|ue xbe`v heivee$ Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gve ekì`fke xj ~gvx`l`~gxe `d xbe Cekkjy|*U\G ~vjivga gx

gdp ~j`dx gcxev xbep c`d`|b xbe`v êgle Ljv~| |evs`le$ @d`x`gxeh `d 7025 y`xb xbe @d|x xuxe jc @dxevdgx`jdgk

\xuhè| gx Xeglbev| Ljkkeie+ Ljkuaf`g Ud`sev|`xp+ xjhgp xbeve gve 56 Cekkjy|*U\G ~vjivga| dgx`jdy`he$

Xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk l Edigieaedx `| er~gdh`di xj 58 ~vjivga| fp xbe edh jc CP 6>7>$ Xbe ~vjivga `|

sèyeh cgsjvgfkp fp Sjkudxeev| gdh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| ybj ljdxv`fuxeh xj xbe g||e||aedx$

Cekkjy|*U\G

Jd Agp 7+ 6>7>+ Cekkjy|*U\G `||ueh g lgkk cjv ~gvx`l`~gx`jd `d xbe ~vjivga xj ivghugxe |lbjjk| gvjudh xbe

ljudxvp$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbe êgle Ljv~| yjukh fedec`x cvja ljdx`dueh er~gd|`jd jc xbe

Cekkjy|*U\G ~gvxdev|b`~| `dxj dey ud`sev|`xè| g| yekk g| `hedx`cp`di dey ~vjivga| gx ud`sev|`xè|

luvvedxkp `d ~gvxdev|b`~ y`xb êgle Ljv~| Cekkjy|$

Xbe Cekkjy|*U\G ajhek i`se| `d|~`vgx`jd cjv gd `ddjsgx`se xb`vh ijgk ~vjivga xbgx e|xgfk`|be| ~j|`x`jd|

y`xb`d `dxevdgx jdgk DIJ|+ U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlè|+ gdh ~j|| fkp ~v`sgxe fu|`de||e|$ Xbvjuib g dey

~vjivga agdgieh fp xbe Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx+ gdh y`xb xbe `dsjkseaedx jc xbe jcc`le| jc ^v`sgxe

\elxjv @d`x`gx`se| gdh @dxev!Ijsevdaedxgk Gccg`v|+ Sjkudxeev| lja~kex`di xbvee pegv| jc |evs`le ljukh g~~kp

gdh lja~exe cjv pegv!kjdi êgle Ljv~| `dxevd|b`~| y`xb`d jvigd`zgx`jd| xbgx yjukh ~vjs`he xbe vexuvdeh

Sjkudxeev y`xb bju|`di gdh g |x`~edh xj ljsev xbe`v lj|x jc k`s`di$

Fv`di`di xbe `dsgkugfke jsev|eg| er~evèdle gdh ~ev|~elx`se jc veledxkp vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| xj xbe U$\$

j~evgx`jd| jc `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ|+ cehevgk giedlè|+ gdh ~v`sgxe fu|`de||e| yjukh gkkjy xbe êgle Ljv~| xj

|bgve |jae erle~x`jdgk xgkedx y`xb ~jxedx`gk ~gvxdev|$ @x yjukh gk|j ~vjs`he gd `dledx`se cjv bìb!

~evcjva`di Sjkudxeev| xj erxedh xbe`v |evs`le `d!ljudxvp$ \ulb g ~vjivga yjukh bgse aukx`~ke fedec x| g|

xbe êgle Ljv~| yjvm| xj |xvedixbed ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb kegh`di hesekj~aedx jvigd`zgx`jd|+ xbe ~v`sgxe

|elxjv+ l`s`k |jlèxp+ gdh U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlè|$ @x yjukh gk|j ljdxv`fuxe xj xb`vh ijgk jfoelx`se|$ Xbe

g||e||aedx xega |u~~jvx| xbe e|xgfk`|baedx jc g êgle Ljv~| `dxevd ~vjivga$

Jsevgvlb`di xbeae| h`|ljseveh fp xbe g||e||aedx xega ljdlevd`di xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xb`vh ijgk eccjvx|

`dlkuhe xbe kglm jc g~~vj~v`gxe hgxgfg|e |p|xea| cjv agdgi`di ljdxglx `dcjvagx`jd jc vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|

gdh agxlb`di ~vjivga|$ Djx bgs`di g yjvm`di hgxgfg|e gk|j aegd| xbe giedlp lgddjx eccelx`sekp ajd`xjv

gdh ve~jvx jd xb`vh ijgk ljdxv`fux`jd|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |p|xea| kglm xbe |j~b`|x`lgx jd xj `hedx`cp xp~e|

jc ~gvx`l`~gdx| gdh kglm xbe gf`k`xp xj vud ve~jvx|$ Cuvxbevajve+ jcc`le| y`xb`d beghwugvxev| ag dxg`d

|e~gvgxe hgxgfg|e|+ xvglm`di kà`xeh ~jvx`jd| jc xb`vh ijgk `dcjvagx`jd fux kglm`di xbe gf`k`xp xj

ljaaud`lgxe glvj|| |p|xea|$

Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe xega ljdlkuheh c`dgdl`gk ljd|xvg`dx| bgse kà`xeh xbe gf`k`xp jc xbe êgle Ljv~| xj

eccelx`sekp agvmex `x| xb`vh ijgk ~vjivga|$ Bgs`di b`|xjv`lgkkp vele`seh |ulb |agkk gkkjlgx`jd| cvja xbe

gddugk fuhiex jc xbe êgle Ljv~|+ xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| y`kk fe h`cc`lukx cjv xbe giedlp xj ~vjajxe+ agvmex+

gllja~k`|b+ ajd`xjv+ gdh ve~jvx y`xbjux dlveg|eh c`dgdl`gk ljaa`xaedx$

C`dgkkp+ xbe xega ljdlkuheh xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| yjukh fedec`x cvja xbe hesekj~aedx jc g

lja~vebed|`se giedlp xb`vh ijgk |xvgxeip$ G| `x |xgdh| djy+ xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| gx xbe êgle Ljv~| gve



707

à~keaedxeh+ fux djx iu`heh fp gd jsevgvlb`di giedlp |xvgxeip xj glb ese xbe xb`vh ijgk$ G |xvgxeip

cegxuv`di ijgk| gdh jfoelx`se| cjv xb`vh ijgk glbèseaedx+ `dlkuh`di gd g||e||aedx jc xbe c`dgdl`gk

ve|juvle| dele||gvp xj à~keaedx xbe |xvgxeip+ |bjukh fe hesekj~eh$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!7

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| gd `dlveg|eh gkkjlgx`jd jc ve|juvle| xj

udhevxgme g ajve giive||`se gdh ~vjglx`se ~vjajx`jd gdh à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xb`vh ijgk

~vjivga|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!6

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx dueh er~gd|`jd jc xbe Cekkjy|*U\G

~gvxdev|b`~| `dxj dey ud`sev|`xè|+ g| yekk g| `hedx`cp`di dey ~vjivga| gx ud`sev|`xè| luvvedxkp

ljkkgfjvgx`di y`xb egle Ljv~| Cekkjy|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!<

? Xbe xega veljaaedh| e|xgfk`|b`di g êgle Ljv~| `dxevd ~vjivga xj hesekj~

lja~ex`x`se+ pegv!kjdi ~j|`x`jd| y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ|+ U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlè|+ gdh ~v`sgxe

fu|`de||e| cjv erle~x`jdgk Sjkudxeev| ybj bgse lja~kexeh xbvee pegv| jc |evs`le$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!8

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| hesekj~ g vexuvdeh

Sjkudxeev ~jvxgk cjv ljkkelx`di gdh ag`dxg`d`di ljdxglx `dcjvagx`jd gdh xb`vh ijgk ljdxv`fux`jd|+ g| yekk g|e|xgfk`|b`di hgxgfg|e| cjv agdgi`di xbe aukx`~ke Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx ~vjivga|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!5

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| hesekj~ gd giedlp!y`he xb`vh

ijgk |xvgxeip$ Xbe |xvgxeip |bjukh e|xgfk`|b ijgk| gdh jfoelx`se| cjv xb`vh ijgk glb eseaedx+ `dlkuh`di gd

g||e||aedx jc xbe c`dgdl`gk ve|juvle| dele||gvp xj a~keaedx xbe |xvgxeip$

G$<$f ^j|x gdh Sjkudxeev hv`sed `d xbe cèkh

@d vesèy`di `d~ux cvja g sgvèxp jc jsev|eg| ~j|x|+ `x felgae g~~gvedx xbgx `dh`s`hugk êgle Ljv~| ljudxvp

~vjivga| gvjudh xbe yjvkh ghhve|| xbe xb`vh ijgk `d g sgvèxp jc ygp| gdh y`xb g sgvèh kesek jc

ljaa`xaedx$ \jae ~j|x| `dxvjhule xbe xb vh ijgk g| ~gvx jc g Sjkudxeev‐| ojf he|lv`~x`jd g| |jjd g| xbep

gvv`se `d!ljudxvp$ Jxbev ~j|x| hj djx `dxvjhule xbe xb`vh ijgk udx`k Sjkudxeev| ~gvx`l`~gxe `d xbe`v Lkj|e jc

\evs`le Ljdcevedle+ sèy`di xbe ijgk ajve g| g ~j|x |evs`le g||ìdaedx$

@x `| gk|j g~~gvedx xbgx xbe agojv`xp jc luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev| gve glx`sekp edigieh `d xb`vh ijgk

eccjvx|+ ybexbev xbep gve gygve jc x jv djx$ Ljdxv`fux`jd| `dlkuhe hesekj~`di fkji|+ |bgv`di `d|ìbx| gfjux

k`ce `d gdp i`sed ljudxvp jc |evs`le+ gdh ljdhulx`di ajdxbkp s`hej ljdcevedle lgkk| y`xb |xuhedx| gx |lbjjk|

`d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|‘gkk |evse xj |bgve xbe jsev|eg| er~evèdle gdh ehulgxe jxbev| gfjux Sjkudxeev|‐

ljudxvè| jc |evs`le$ ^j|x| bgse hesekj~eh xea~kgxe| xj bek~ Sjkudxeev| vexuvd`di xj xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|

hek`sev ~ve|edxgx jd| jd xbe`v ljudxvè| jc |evs`le$ Xvg`d`di |e||`jd| gdh ajhuke| bgse feed lvegxeh gdh

à~keaedxeh fp jsev|eg| |xgcc$ Cga`kp gdh cvèdh| gve glx`sekp edigieh huv`di Sjkudxeev|‐ xàe `d xbe

cèkh+ s`|`x`di ljudxvè| jc |evs`le gdh c`dgdl`gkkp |u~~jvx`di Sjkudxeev eccjvx| xbvjuib xbe êgle Ljv~|^gvxdev|b`~ vjivga$

Xbe k`|x jc xb`vh ijgk gllja~k`|baedx| `| kjdi gdh à~ve||`se$ Bjyesev+ `x g~~egv| xbgx |ulb eccjvx| gve

jcxed xbe ve|ukx jc gd `dh`s`hugk Sjkudxeev jv ~j|x‐| jyd `d`x`gx`se$ \jaexàe| xbe|e eccjvx| gve djx

dele||gv`kp ~evle`seh fp xbe Sjkudxeev g| gd jsevgkk ~gvx jc xbe`v êgle Ljv~| |evs`le+ djv hje| xbe giedlp

ajd`xjv jv xvglm |ulb |ulle||e| `d xbe ygp Sjkudxeev|‐ c`v|x ijgk ljdxv`fux`jd| gve ajd`xjveh gdh xvglmeh$



706

Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ aulb jc xbe bìb wugk`xp xb`vh ijgk yjvm fe`di hjde xjhgp `| `|jkgxeh gdh djx |bgveh glvj||

~j|x| jv vei`jd|+ djv `d|x`xux`jdgk`zeh g| giedlp ~vglx`le xj agrà`ze à~glx$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega edljuvgie| xbe êgle Ljv~| xj |xv`se cjv ljd|`|xedlp glvj|| xbe giedlp `d xeva| jc

bjy xbe xb`vh ijgk `| `dljv~jvgxeh `dxj Sjkudxeev |evs`le jsev|eg|$ Xbe xega cuvxbev edljuvgie| xbe giedlp

e|xgfk`|b g cjvagk`zeh ljaa`xaedx xj xbe xb`vh ijgk gx gkk kesek|+ yjvkhy`he$

Xbe xega fekèse| |ulb ljd|`|xedlp lgd fe glbèseh xbvjuib aeg|uve| |ulb g|?

… E|xgfk`|b`di xb`vh ijgk ~evcjvagdle er~elxgx`jd| gdh xvg`d`di cjv xvg`dee|+ Sjkudxeev| gdh vexuvdeh

Sjkudxeev|=

… Lg~xuv`di ~vja`|`di xb`vh ijgk ~vglx`le| cvja gvjudh xbe yjvkh xj |bgve gajdi|x ~j|x|+ g| yekk g|

`d|x`xux`jdgk z`di xbe aj|x hpdga`l ~vglx`le| xj beìbxed a~glx= gdh

… Lbgdi`di xbe dgae jc xbe giedlp‐| edh jc |evs`le ~vjle|| cvja Lkj|e jc \evs`le xj `d|xegh veckelx+

xbe ljdle~x| jc ‛Ljdx`dugx`jd jc \evs`le‑ jv ‛Lkj|e jc Jsev|eg| \evs`le+‑ `dh`lgx`di xbe giedlp‐|

ljaa`xaedx xj xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| jdle g Sjkudxeev bg| ljdlkuheh xbe`v jsev|eg| ljaa`xaedx|$

G$<$l Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd hv`sed

@d 7090+ vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| cvja glvj|| xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| lgae xjiexbev xj lvegxe xbe Dgx`jdgk Ljudl`k jc

Vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev|+ yb`lb yg| `dljv~jvgxeh `d 7027$ @d 700<+ xbe Ljudl`k lbgdieh `x| dgae

xj xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx jd "D^LG$ Xbvjuib gd ekelxeh fjgvh jc h`velxjv| gdh g |agkk

Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$+ |xgcc+ xbe D^LG bg| ivjyd xj g ljaaud`xp jc <>+>>> vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gdh ajve

xbgd 78> aeafev ivju~| ybj gve edigieh `d ljaaud`xp |evs`le gdh ikjfgk ehulgx`jd `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|

gdh ghsjlglp gdh ljaaud`xp!fu`kh`di eccjvx| `d agdp ljaaud`xè| `d xbe hesekj~`di yjvkh$

Xbe a`||`jd jc xbe D^LG `| xj ‛kegh xbe êgle Ljv~| ljaaud`xp gdh jxbev| xj cj|xev ~egle fp yjvm`di

xjiexbev `d |evs`le+ ehulgx`jd+ gdh ghsjlglp$‑ Xbe`v a`||`jd `| glbèseh xbvjuib ijgk| xbgx `dh`lgxe g

veljid`x`jd gdh he|`ve xj gllja~k`|b xbe xb`vh ijgk jc xbe êgle Ljv~|?

… ^vjajxe xbe s`xgk`xp jc xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh xbe g~~k`lgx`jd jc `x| sgkue|=

… E|xgfk`|b xbe D^LG g| xbe e||edx`gk ve|juvle cjv gdh gfjux xbe êgle Ljv~| ljaaud`xp= gdh

… Edgfke D^LG aeafev| xj fu`kh u~jd gdh erxedh xbe êgle Ljv~| er~evèdle gdh sgkue| fp

cgl`k`xgx`di xbe`v edigieaedx d ikjfgk ||ue|$

Xbe ajve xbgd 78> D^LG aeafev ivju~| |bjyd `d G~~edh`r R@!7 lgd fe h`s`heh `dxj xbvee lgxeijvè|?

Ljudxvp jc \evs`le Ivju~| "`$e$ Cvèdh| jc Xgdzgd`g+ Iejivg~b`l Ivju~| "`$e$ Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| jc Kj|

Gdieke|+ gdh Dgx`jdy`he*Yjvkhy`he Ivju~| "`$e$ vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| gx xbe \xgxe

He~gvxaedx$ Yb`ke ivju~| sgvp `d xbe`v kesek jc jvigd`zgx`jd+ `dsjkseaedx+ gdh ljaa`xaedx+ glx`se

aeafev ivju~| |ulle||cukkp à~keaedx g sgvèxp jc xb`vh ijgk eccjvx|$

Aeafev ivju~| jvigd`ze |~egm`di j~~jvxud`xè| cjv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| xbvjuib xbe D^LG‐| \~egmev|

Fuvegu ~vjivga+ hesekj~ |evs`le glx`s`xè| xj fedec`x ljaaud`xè|+ sjkudxeev gx ~kgle| ybeve xbep lgd

g~~kp xbe kgdiugie gdh lukxuvgk |m`kk| ig`deh jsev|eg|+ ljjvh`dgxe esedx| cjv `dxevdgx`jdgk |xuhedx| gx kjlgk

ud`sev|`xè|+ gdh cudhvg`|e$ Cudhvg`|`di `| hjde xj ~vjs`he h`|g|xev vekèc+ vud |lbjkgv|b`~ ~vjivga|

|u~~jvx`di pjuxb `d xbe`v ljudxvp jc |evs`le+ g||`|x hjae|x`l lbgv`xè|+ cudh ivgdx| jc Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe`v

ljaaud`xp ~gvxdev| xbvjuib xbe êgle Ljv~| ^gvxdev|b`~ ^vjivga+ gdh ~vjs`he j~evgx`jdgk cudh| cjv xbe

aeafev ivju~$



70<

\jae jc xbe glx`s`xè| gve h`velxkp vekgxeh xj xbe lja~kex`jd jc xbe xb`vh ijgk+ yb`ke jxbev| gve ke|| h`velxgdh ~vàgv`kp |u~~jvx dexyjvm`di j~~jvxud xè| cjv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|$ Bjyesev dexyjvm`di gajdi|xvexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| hje| ~vjs`he xbe dele||gvp cvgaeyjvm cjv agdp xb`vh ijgk eccjvx|+ e|~el`gkkp xbj|e jdg kgviev |lgke$ Yb`ke agdp cudhvg |`di glx`s`xè| gve djx vekgxeh xj ‛~vjajx`di g fexxev udhev|xgdh`di jc jxbev ~ej~ke| jd xbe ~gvx jc Gaev`lgd|+‑ `d iedevgk+ cudh| xbgx ljae cvja vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev ivju~| hvgy

gxxedx`jd xj g ljudxvp jc |evs le gdh ~vjs`he `dh`velx xb`vh ijgk yjvm$ \ulb glx`s`xè| gk|j veckelx xbejdij`di ljaa`xaedx xj ljaaud`xp |evs`le+ fjxb `dxevdgx`jdgk gdh hjae|x`l+ ~ves`ju|kp aedx`jdeh g| gder~gdheh hec`d`x`jd jc xbe xb`vh ijgk ~evle`seh fp agdp vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|$

\ekelxeh Lg|e \xuhè| jc Glx`s`xè| Lgvvèh Jux Fp D^LG Aeafev Ivju~|

7$ Xbe Ivegxev F`va`dibga Vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| ljkkgfjvgxeh y`xb |ekelxeh F`va`dibga+ Gkgfgag+

~ufk`l |lbjjk| cjv g Yjvkh Ag~ ^vjoelx g| ~gvx jc `x| a`||`jd xj ~vjajxe ‛g ljdx`du`di ljaa`xaedx xj juv

ljaaud`xp$‑ Xbe Yjvkh Ag~ ^vjoelx ~vjs`he| |ekelxeh |lbjjk| y`xb g ygkk!|`zeh yjvkh ag~ `d g bìbkp s`|`fke

kjlgx`jd xj edljuvgie |xuhedx| xj xb`dm fepjdh xbe`v lkg||vjja ygkk| gdh er~gdh xbe`v iejivg~b`l mdjykehie$ @d

~g|x pegv|+ `d ghh`x`jd xj xbe glxugk ~g`dx`di jc xbe ag~+ xbe ivju~ bg| ~vjs`heh bgdh|!jd glx`s`xè| cjlu|eh jd

iejivg~bp+ yb`lb yeve ljdhulxeh jd ag~ ~vjhulx`jd hgp|+ g| yekk g| g Iejivg~bp Fee jd ag~ `dguiuvgx`jd

hgp|$

6$ Veljid`z`di xbgx agdp veledx B`|~gd`l àaìvgdx| xj Djvxbevd Jb`j bgh kà`xeh Edik`|b kgdiugie |m`kk|+ xbe

Djvxbevd Jb`j Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev G||jl`gx`jd xegaeh y`xb g kjlgk Kgx`dj ghsjlglp ivju~ xj cjva gd Edik`|b g|

g \eljdh Kgdiugie ~vjivga$ Xbe ~gvxdev|b`~ ~vjs`heh kjlgk B`|~gd`l àaìvgdx| cvee Edik`|b `d|xvulx`jd+ g

f`k`diugk IEH ~vjivga+ gdh k`ce |m`kk| lkg||e|$

<$ Xbe vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| jc Djvxbeg|x Dey Pjvm jvigd`ze gd gddugk Xbgdm|i`s`di h`ddev cjv ajve xbgd 7>>

`dxevdgx`jdgk |xuhedx| k`s`di `d xbe vei`jd$

8$ Xbe Cvèdh| jc Xuvmaed`|xgd‐| Fuhhp ^vjivga agxlbe| vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev aeafev| y`xb Xuvmaed bìb |lbjjk

erlbgdie |xuhedx| |xuhp`di `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$

Xbe D^LG bg| veledxkp |uiie|xeh ghh`x`jdgk `ddjsgx`se `heg| xj edljuvgie vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~|Sjkudxeev| xj ~gvx`l ~gxe ajve glx`sekp `d xb`vh ijgk glx s`xè| ybed xbep vexuvd bjae$ Xbe|e `dlkuhe g

~vj~j|gk xj edljuvgie deykp vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| xj ~kgd+ ljdhulx gdh ve~jvx jd xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| jsev gd

ghh`x`jdgk ~ev`jh jc xàe cjkkjy`di xbe`v vexuvd+ y`xb g ajhe|x c dgdl`gk `dledx`se cjv hj`di |j$ Gdjxbev

`heg `| xj lvegxe g |agkk ivgdx| ~vjivga xj er~gdh `ddjsgx`se xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| u|`di dey xelbdjkjiè| xj

veglb dey guhèdle|$06

êgle Ljv~| cudh| cjv xb`| ~uv~j|e yjukh fe kesevgieh fp g agxlb cvja xbe

D^LG$ Xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbe|e |uiie|x`jd| |bjukh fe i sed |xvjdi ljd|`hevgx`jd$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh jsevkg~| fexyeed xbe D^LG gdh xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ Jcc`le jc ûfk`l

Edigieaedx$ Fjxb jvigd`zgx`jd| vud ~vjivga| agxlb`di vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| y`xb guhèdle| cjv ~ufk`l

|~egm`di "D^LG‐| \~egmev| Fuvegu gdh xbe Ljsevhekk \~egmev| Agxlb ^vjivga$ Xbep h`ccev |jaeybgx `d

xbgx xbe D^LG‐| \~egmev| Fuvegu bg| g ajve fvjgh xgviex guhèdle+ yb`ke xbe Ljsevhekk \~egmev| Agxlb

cjlu|e| erlku|`sekp jd |xuhedx| cvja m`dhevigvxed xj xyekcxb ivghe$ Fjxb jvigd`zgx`jd| er~ve|| lbgkkedie|

`d xbe`v gf`k`xp xj ajd`xjv+ xvglm+ gdh wugdx`cp xbe duafev jc fedec`l`gvè| veglbeh `d xbe`v ~vjivga|$

Ghh`x`jdgk jsevkg~ `| es`hedleh g| eglb jvigd`zgx`jd ag`dxg`d| `x| jyd hgxgfg|e jc vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|

~gvx`l`~gx`di `d xbe`v ~ufk`l |~egm`di ~vjivga|$ Xbe êgle Ljv~| gà| xj cjlu| ajve jd ljkkelx`di vewue|x|

cjv |~egmev|+ yb`ke xbe D^LG cjlu|e| jd ag`dxg`d`di gdh agdgi`di g k`|x jc gsg`kgfke Sjkudxeev|$

06 ‛êgle Ljv~|‐ Fv`di`di xbe Yjvkh Fglm Bjae*Xb`vh Ijgk‑+ G Ljdle~x ^g~ev cjv Lvegx`di g Lja~vebed|`se gdh @ddjsgx`se^vjivga+ @d ^gvxdev|b`~ y`xb xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd$



708

Eglb jvigd`zgx`jd gk|j ag`dxg`d| g iedevgk hgxgfg|e jc ljdxglx `dcjvagx`jd cjv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|$ I`sed

xbe lja~ker`xp jc ljkkelx`di gdh ag`dxg`d`di xb`| `dcjvagx`jd+ g| yekk g| xbe cglx xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| `|

|x`kk edxev`di |ulb `dcjvagx`jd gdh u~hgxe| xbe `dcjvagx`jd agdugkkp+ ljjvh`dgx`jd gdh `dcjvagx`jd |bgv`di

~vjs`he gd j~~jvxud`xp cjv ecc`lèdlp gdh a~vjseh ~evcjvagdle$

Xbe deeh cjv veiukgv ljaaud`lgx`jd gdh ljjvh`dgx`jd `| e||edx`gk+ |j eccjvx| gve djx uddele||gv`kp

hu~k`lgxeh gdh xj ed|uve xbgx gkk xb`vh ijgk eccjvx|+ ybexbev keh fp xbe êgle Ljv~| jv D^LG+ gve ljudxeh g|

ljdxv`fux`jd| xjygvh| xbe ijgk$ Eglb jvigd`zgx`jd g~~egv| gygve jc xb`| ~jxedx gk+ gdh xbe g||e||aedx xega

cjudh es`hedle jc ljj~evgx`jd fexyeed xbe xyj xj vehule ~j||`fke jsevkg~|$ Cjv erga~ke udhev g CP 6>>2

ljj~evgx`se giveeaedx y`xb xbe êgle Ljv~|+ D^LG he|ìdeh gdh hesekj~eh g yef!fg|eh aedxjv|b`~

~vjivga gajdi vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gdh Sjkudxeev| |jjd xj c d`|b xbe`v xjuv| jsev|eg|$ @d ghh`x`jd xj

cgl`k`xgx`di xbe ghou|xaedx fglm bjae+ xbe aedxjv|b`~ ~vjivga `dlveg|eh xbe k`mek`bjjh jc kjdi!xeva

~gvx`l`~gx`jd `d xb vh ijgk glx`s`xè|$ Fp xbe edh jc CP 6>>2+ 795 aedxjv|+ 7>3 aedxee|+ gdh 65 ivju~| bgh

|ìdeh u~ cjv xbe ~vjivga$ Fp xbe edh jc CP 6>>0+ 372 aedxjv|+ 80< aedxee|+ gdh <5 ivju~| yeve

~gvx`l`~gx`di d xbe ~vjivga$

@d 6>7>+ xbe D^LG bg| giveeh xj ~vjs`he xbe êgle Ljv~| y`xb gd ghh`x`jdgk 95> vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev

ljdxglx| cjv xbe Ljsevhekk \~egmev| Agxlb ^vjivga$ G ljj~evgx`se giveeaedx fexyeed xbe jvigd zgx`jd| `|`d ~kgle+ `d ~gvx xj agdgie xbe|e vjke|+ a`dà`ze jsevkg~+ gdh cj|xev ljaaud`lgx`jd$ Xbe giveeaedx gk|j

cjvagk`ze| ajdxbkp aeex`di| fexyeed D^LG gdh xbe êgle Ljv~| Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx$

Ljdx`dueh ljaaud`lgx`jd y`xb xbe D^LG xj agrà`ze xb`vh ijgk eccjvx|+ ljjvh`dgxe xvglm`di gdh

ve~jvx`di+ gdh a`dà`ze uddele||gvp jsevkg~ `d xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| y`kk fe e||edx`gk `d xbe cuxuve$

G$<$h @dhe~edhedxkp d`x`gxeh gdh dcjvagk eccjvx|

G xb`vh ijgk |uaagvp ve~jvx lja~kexeh fp xbe D^LG cjv xbe êgle Ljv~| `d \e~xeafev 6>>9 ljdlkuheh+

‛\jae jc xbe fe|x Xb`vh Ijgk glx`s`xè| gve xbj|e xbgx gve lgvvèh jux wuèxkp‘fux erxveaekp eccelx`sekp‘

jux|`he jc xbe kàekìbx+ e`xbev ~uv~j|ekp jv `dghsevxedxkp$‑0<

@d vesèy`di `dcjvagx`jd jd xb`vh ijgk

ljdxv`fux`jd| jc Sjkudxeev| gdh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| `d xbe ~g|x 80 pegv|+ xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh xb`| xj

fe gd glluvgxe |xgxeaedx$

Xbe à~glx jc êgle Ljv~| |evs`le `d ajx`sgx`di gdh `d|~`v`di xbe ajve xbgd 6>>+>>> `dh`s`hugk| ybj bgse

|evseh g| Sjkudxeev| xj |bgve xbe`v ikjfgk ~ev|~elx`se jsev xbe ljuv|e jc xbe`v ~vjce||`jdgk lgveev| gdh k`se|

`| jcxed gd udheve|xàgxeh gdh udhevg~~vel`gxeh lja~jdedx jc xbe xgr~gpev|‐ `dse|xaedx `d |u~~jvx`di xbe

giedlp$ Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| bgse feljae keghev| `d ljaaud xp |evs`le gdh ljaaud`xp hesekj~aedx

eccjvx| `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| gdh jsev|eg|+ feljae |lbjjk xeglbev| fv`di`di g ikjfgk ~ev|~elx`se xj

Gaev`lgd pjuxb+ gdh edxev g sgvèxp jc jxbev ~vjce||`jdgk ~gxb|+ gkygp| y`xb g ud`wue gdh sgkugfke j~x`l

ig`deh xbvjuib xbe`v |evs le g| Sjkudxeev|$ Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gve glx`se c`dgdl`gk |u~~jvxev| jc ~vjoelx|

`d xbe`v ljudxvè| jc |evs`le+ e`xbev xbvjuib xbe êgle Ljv~| ^gvxdev|b`~ ^vjivga+ jv fp ~vjs`h`di h`velx

c`dgdl`gk |u~~jvx xj jvigd`zgx`jd| gdh ljaaud`xè| y`xb yb`lb xbep jdle k`seh gdh yjvmeh$

Xbe ~ves`ju|kp aedx`jdeh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev ~jvxgk "Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!8+ ljukh ~jxedx`gkkp fe g xjjk xj

g||`|x xbe êgle Ljv~| `d lg~xuv`di fjxb cjvagk xb`vh ijgk ljdxv`fux`jd|+ g| yekk g| g xjjk xj fexxev xvglm xbe

xp~e| jc lgveev| vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| ~uv|ue g| xbep |bgve xbe`v ikjfgk ~ev|~elx`se `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$ Xbe

gf`k`xp xj aeg|uve xbe jdij`di à~glx Sjkudxeev| bgse jdle xbep lja~kexe xbe`v jsev|eg| xjuv| yjukh fe g

~jyevcuk ghh`x`jd xj xbe h`|lu||`jd veigvh`di xbe à~glx jc xgr~gpev `dse|xaedx `d xbe êgle Ljv~|$

0< Xb`vh Ijgk \uaagvp Ve~jvx+ ~ve~gveh fp xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|+ \e~xeafev 62+ 6>>9



705

G$8$ Ajd`xjv`di gdh ve~jvx`di jc luvvedx xb`vh ijgk aelbgd`|a| jc Sjkudxeev| gdh vexuvdeh

Sjkudxeev|

Giedlp xjjk| gdh aelbgd`|a| cjv ajd`xjv`di gdh ve~jvx`di xb`vh ijgk ljdxv`fux`jd| bgse feed kà`xeh fux

gve `dlveg|`di$ Xbe ljkkelx`jd jc |~el`c`l xb`vh ijgk glx`s xè| `| `dljv~jvgxeh `d xbe Sjkudxeev Ve~jvx Cjva

u|eh fp Sjkudxeev| xj ajd`xjv xbe`v gllja~k`|baedx| huv`di |evs`le+ xbvjuib xbe cjkkjy`di wue|x`jd?

‛@c pju bgse hjde |jaexb`di xj ~vjajxe ajve udhev|xgdh`di gajdi Gaev`lgd| "e$i$+ cvèdh|+

cga`kp+ cjvaev ljkkegiue|+ lkg||agxe|+ glwug`dxgdle|+ jv xbe Gaev`lgd ~ufk`l `d iedevgk gfjux

g|~elx| jc k`ce `d pjuv ljaaud`xp jv bj|x ljudxvp+ ~keg|e he|lv`fe fekjy ybgx pju h`h$‑

Wue|x`jd| veigvh`di xbe duafev| jc fedec`l`gvè| gve djx ~ve|edxkp `dljv~jvgxeh `dxj xbe cjva+ fux yjukh

~vjs`he xbe êgle Ljv~| g ivegxev |ed|e jc xbe xb`vh ijgk à~glx jc luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev|$

Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe Jcc`le jc \xvgxei`l @dcjvagx`jd+ Ve|egvlb gdh ^kgdd`di "J\@V^ luvvedxkp à~keaedx| xbe

Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep$ Lja~kexeh fp Sjkudxeev|+ xbe Gddugk Sjkudxeev \uvsep ljkkelx| `dcjvagx`jd

cvja luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev| yjvkhy`he veigvh`di g sgvèxp jc `||ue|$ G| jc 6>>0+ xbe |uvsep djy

ljkkelx| `dcjvagx`jd veigvh`di ~gvx l`~gx`jd `d xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè|$ @d xbe 6>>0 |uvsep+ 02 ~evledx jc Sjkudxeev| ve~jvxeh ~gvx l`~gx`di `d xb vh ijgk yjvm$ Xbe |uvsep gk|j ljkkelx| dcjvagx`jd jd ybexbev

Sjkudxeev| xb`dm Gaev`lgd| bgse ‛ig`deh g ivegxev udhev|xgdh`di jc bj|x ljudxvp dgx`jdgk|‑ g| g ve|ukx jc

xbe`v êgle Ljv~| |evs`le gdh xbe xp~e| jc xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| `d yb`lb xbe Sjkudxeev| gve edigieh$

Xbe êgle Ljv~| bg| ceyev aelbgd`|a| cjv ajd`xjv`di gdh ve~jvx`di xb`vh ijgk yjvm jc vexuvdeh

Sjkudxeev|$ Xbj|e gve?

… Vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| vele`s`di gd Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx Xb`vh Ijgk Ve|juvle ^glmex lgd

sjkudxgv`kp ve|~jdh xj g cjkkjy u~ eag`k cvja xbe jcc`le g|m`di xbea bjy xbep bgh u|eh xbe

agxev`gk|$ Xbe jcc`le ve~jvxeh xbgx cey vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| ve|~jdheh xj xbe eag`k vewue|x$

… @d 6>>2+ J\@V^ ljdsedeh |esed cjlu| ivju~| `d Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$+ y`xb vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|

luvvedxkp ea~kjpeh fp xbe U$\$ ijsevdaedx gfjux xbe`v bjy xbe`v luvvedx ~j|`x`jd| vekgxeh xj xbe`v

êgle Ljv~| |evs`le+ `dlkuh`di xbe`v xb`vh ijgk eccjvx|$

… @d 6>7>+ J\@V^ ljdsedeh g |evè| jc eìbx cjlu| ivju~| `d xbe l`xè| jc \gd Cvgdl`|lj+ Dey Pjvm+

gdh Yg|b`dixjd+ H$L$+ y`xb vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| xj ljkkelx `dcjvagx`jd gfjux xb`vh ijgk eccjvx|$

\uaagvp ve~jvx| gve luvvedxkp fe`di ~ve~gveh$

… @d 6>7>+ J\@V^ ~kgd| xj ljdhulx gd Jcc`le jc Agdgieaedx gdh Fuhiex g~~vjseh |uvsep jc

vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+ xbe cjuvxb heledd`gk |uvsep$

Xbe D^LG ljukh fe gd ghh`x`jdgk |juvle cjv ajd`xjv`di gdh ve~jvx`di xb`vh ijgk yjvm+ fux xbe D^LG‐|

6>>9 ve~jvx |xgxeh+ ‛Dj lja~vebed|`se |p|xea er`|x| xj veljvh esevp ivju~‐| glx`s`xè|$‑

I`sed xbe v`lb ljdxv`fux`jd| vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| agme xj ‛~vjajxe g fexxev udhev|xgdh`di jc jxbev ~ej~ke|jd xbe ~gvx jc Gaev`lgd|+‑ xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| ljd|`hev j~x`jd| cjv fexxev

ajd`xjv`di xb vh ijgk yjvm$ G| vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| gve dj kjdiev h`velxkp g ~gvx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|

|p|xea+ xbe giedlp lgddjx fe bekh glljudxgfke cjv xbe`v ve~jvx`di$ @dlveg|`di xbe lbgkkedie+ g |j~b`|x`lgxeh

gdh glluvgxe |p|xea agp djx fe àaeh`gxekp gxxg`dgfke$ Bjyesev+ xbe g||e||aedx xega fekèse| xbe aeve

e|xgfk`|baedx jc ve~jvx`di aelbgd`|a| cjv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|‘~evbg~| xbvjuib xbe ~ves`ju|kp

veljaaedheh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev ~jvxgk "Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!8‘yjukh fe g |ìd`c`lgdx gllja~k`|baedx+

gkkjy`di xbe êgle Ljv~| xj fexxev xjux `x| ‛hjae|x`l h`s`hedh‑ xj xbe Ljdive|| gdh xbe Gaev`lgd xgr~gpev$



703

Veljaaedhgx`jd R!3

? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx`du`di xj `dlveg|e xbe ljkkelx`jd jc

`dcjvagx`jd veigvh`di xb`vh ijgk ~gvx`l`~gx`jd gajdi|x Sjkudxeev|+ g| yekk g| fei`dd`di xj ajd`xjv gdh

xvglm xbe duafev jc fedec`l`gvè| veglbeh fp Sjkudxeev|‐ xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| u|`di xbe |xgdhgvh Sjkudxeev

Ve~jvx Cjva$

G$5$ @dledx`se| gdh gygvh|

G$5$g Xbe êgle Ljv~|

Xj ~vjajxe xbe xb`vh ijgk+ xbe êgle Ljv~| ~vjs`he| xbe K`kk gd Lgvxev Gygvh fèdd`gkkp$ Xbe gygvh yg|

e|xgfk`|beh fp xbe Gxkgdxg Vei`jdgk Jcc`le `d 7023 xj veljid`ze gd ‛jux|xgdh`di |ed`jv vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev

ybj heajd|xvgxe| g ljaa`xaedx xj xbe êgle Ljv~|) xb`vh ijgk$‑ @d aeajvp jc A`|| K`kk gd Lgvxev+ ybj

|evseh `d xbe êgle Ljv~| g| g |ed`jv `d xbe 703>|+ xbe gygvh `| kà`xeh `d |lj~e+ g| yekk g| `d ~jxedx`gk

vel`~èdx|+ g| jdkp |ed`jv Sjkudxeev| gve ekì`fke$

Ghh`x`jdgkkp+ xbe êgle Ljv~| gk|j ~vjs`he| xbe Cvgdmk`d B$ Y`kk`ga| Gygvh+ veljid`z`di exbd`lgkkp

h`sev|e vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| cjv xbe`v ljdx`dueh ljaa`xaedx xj ljaaud`xp |evs`le gdh jdij`di l`s`lljdxv`fux`jd|$ Xbe gygvh bg| feed jcceveh gx keg|x fèdd gkkp |`dle 7000$ @x h`ccev| cvja xbe K kk`gd Lgvxev

Gygvh `d xbgx `x `| ke|| h`velxkp xèh xj xbe xb`vh ijgk+ fux `x |à`kgvkp bg| g ajve kà`xeh |lj~e jc ~jxedx`gk

vel`~èdx|$

Jd Djseafev 72+ 6>7>+ xbe giedlp‐| H`velxjv bjdjveh g vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev y`xb xbe ^ve|`hedx‐| Sjkudxeev

\evs`le Gygvh xbvjuib xbe ^ve|`hedx‐| Ljudl`k jd \evs`le gdh L`s`l ^gvx`l`~gx`jd+ yb`lb veljid`ze|

erle~x`jdgk |evs`le jc êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev| gfvjgh gdh `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|+ `dlkuh`di xb`vh ijgk

glx`s`xè|$

G$5$f Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd

Fèdd`gkkp+ jv `d agojv êgle Ljv~| gdd`sev|gvp pegv|+ xbe Dgx`jdgk êgle Ljv~| G||jl`gx`jd "D^LG

~ve|edx| xbe cjkkjy`di gygvh| cjv xb`vh ijgk erlekkedle?

Xb`| gygvh bjdjv| xbj|e ivju~| xbgx bgse kgfjveh xj lvegxe gdh ag`dxg`d eccelx`se |evs`le| cjv &fv`di`di xbe

yjvkh fglm bjae& gdh edbgdl`di xbe vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev ljaaud`xp xbvjuib `ddjsgx`se u|e jc ekelxvjd`l

aeh`g+ |ulb g| yef|`xe|+ fkji|+ h`|lu||`jd cjvua|+ gdh V\\ ceeh|$

Xbe D^LG Ekelxvjd`l Aeh`g Gygvh

Xbe Vu~~e Gygvh `| ~ve|edxeh fp xbe D^LG xj gd jux|xgdh`di aeafev ivju~ cjv yjvm xbgx ~vjajxe| xbe

xb`vh ijgk jv ljdx`due| xj |evse bj|x ljudxvè|+ fu`kh ivju~ |~`v`x gdh ljj~evgx`jd+ gdh ~vjajxe |evs`le$

Xbe Kjvex A`kkev Vu~~e Gygvh cjv Jux|xgdh`di Ljaaud`xp \evs`le

Xb`| gygvh `| i`sed fp xbe D^LG xj g vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev ybj ljdx`due| xj agme g |u|xg`deh gdh

h`|x`diu`|beh ljdxv`fux jd xj buagd`xgv`gd lgu|e| gx bjae jv gfvjgh jv `| gd `ddjsgx`se |jl`gk edxve~vedeuv

ybj|e glx`jd| y`kk fv`di gfjux |ìd`c`lgdx kjdi!xeva lbgdie$

Xbe \gviedx \bv`sev Gygvh cjv H`|x`diu`|beh Buagd`xgv gd \evs`le



709

Xbe D^LG ^v`dx Aeh`g Gygvh

Xbe D^LG ^v`dx Aeh`g Gygvh veljid`ze| xbe h`sev|`xp jc ~v`dx aeh`g ~vjhuleh fp aeafev ivju~|+ |ulb

g| dey|kexxev|+ bjy!xj iu`he|+ gdh ehulgx`jdgk agxev`gk|+ `dlkuh`di xbj|e ~vjajx`di xbe xb`vh ijgk$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh dj êgle Ljv~| giedlp!y`he `dledx`se| jv gygvh| cjv luvvedxkp |evs`di

Sjkudxeev|$ Yb`ke |jae ~j|x| bgse veljid zeh `dh`s`hugk eccjvx| gdh glx`s`xè|+ hesekj~`di giedlp!y`he

`dledx`se| gdh gygvh|+ vekp`di begs`kp jd `d~ux cvja jsev|eg| |xgcc+ `| veljaaedheh$

Lg|e \xuhp? Xb`vh Ijgk Hgp|

Xj ~vjs`he g dj!lj|x `dledx`se xj luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev|+ g cey ~j|x| bgse e|xgfk`|beh ‛Xb`vh Ijgk Hgp|‑ xbgx

~eva`x Sjkudxeev| xj xgme u~ xj xyj hgp| "h`|ljudxeh cvja xbe`v gddugk kegse vewue|x| cjv ~evcjva`di cjvagk xb`vh ijgk

~ve|edxgx`jd| `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$ Xyj cjvagk xb`vh ijgk ~ve|edxgx`jd| ljd|x`xuxe jde hgp jc gddugk kegse vehulx`jd+

gdh Sjkudxeev| lgd vewue|x u~ xj cjuv ‛Xb`vh Ijgk Hgp|‑ huv`di xbe ljuv|e jc xbe`v xyj!pegv xjuv$

Cuvxbevajve+ xbe g||e||aedx xega cjudh agdp j~~jvxud`xè| cjv ivegxev edigieaedx y`xb+ gdh veljid`x`jd

jc+ xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| jc vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|$ Bìbkìbx`di xbe xb`vh ijgk glbèseaedx| jc vexuvdehSjkudxeev| xbvjuib giedlp!y`he gygvh|+ veljid`z`di xb`vh ijgk erlekkedle jc D^LG aeafev ivju~|+ gdh

lvegx`di vei`jdgk jv |xgxey`he gygvh| xj hvgy gxxedx`jd xj xbe ljdxv`fux`jd| jc vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| yjukh

lgu|e xbe êgle Ljv~| xj ~kgle ivegxev sgkue jd `x| xb`vh ijgk+ g| yekk g| vg`|e xbe ~ufk`l ~vjc`ke jc xbe

giedlp gdh bìbkìbx xbe gllja~k`|baedx| vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| agme `d xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe|$ \ulb eccjvx|

ljukh gk|j ~vjse fedec`l`gk xj xbe êgle Ljv~| `d fexxev edigi`di vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| `d velvu`x`di dey

lgdh`hgxe| cjv jsev|eg| |evs`le$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R!9? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| edbgdl`di xb`vh ijgk veljid`x`jd cvja xbe êgle

Ljv~| gdh e|xgfk`|b`di gygvh| cjv Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe edx`ve vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev ljaaud`xp

veljid`z`di xb`vh ijgk erlekkedle$

F$ VELEDX LBGDIE\

F$7$ \ìd`c`lgdle jc xbe xb`vh ijgk `d xbe lja`di pegv|

Xbe xb`vh ijgk‐| ~ve|edx hec`d`x`jd+ g| yekk g| xbe ijgk‐| vjke g| ~gvx jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ |xvgxei`l s`|`jd cjv

xbe cuxuve+ bg| feed gvx`lukgxeh$ Ljdlevd`di bjy xbe ijgk y`kk fe `dxev~vexeh+ H`velxjv Y`kk`ga| |~egm| jc

|bgv`di er~evèdle| jc ljudxvè| gdh lukxuve|+ g| yekk g| xbe ljdle~x jc ‛l`x`zed h`~kjaglp+‑ fe|x hec`deh `d

b`| Y`dxev 6>>0*6>7> `dxevsèy `d YjvkhSèy Agigz`de$ Be cuvxbev hec`de| b`| s`| jd cjv xbe xb`vh ijgk+

yb`lb be bg| lkg||`cèh g| jde jc b`| xbvee ~v`jv`xè| g| H`velxjv jc xbe êgle Ljv~|?

‛Xbe xb`vh ijgk |xgvx| y`xb Sjkudxeev| |bgv`di er~evèdle| y`xb xbe`v cvèdh| gdh cga`kp gdh `x)|gk|j ~gvx jc l`x`zed h`~kjaglp$$$$ @x)| gkk xbe xb`di| xbgx ye hj g| Gaev`lgd| xj edigie y`xb xbe

jux|`he yjvkh+ yb`lb `| xevv fkp à~jvxgdx `d xb | evg jc Gaev`lgd b`|xjvp$ Gdh êgle Ljv~| `| g

fì ~gvx jc xbgx$ \j xbgx `| ybp @ ga ljaa`xxeh xj er~gdh`di juv `dsjkseaedx `d xbe xb`vh ijgk$‑



700

… Edljuvgie gllveh`xeh U$\$ ivghugxe |lbjjk| xj edvjkk `d xbe Cekkjy|*U\G ~vjivga fp `||u`di g

dgx`jdgk vewue|x cjv ~vj~j|gk| xbgx y`kk fe h`|xv`fuxeh xbvjuibjux xbe Ud`xeh \xgxe| xj `dlveg|e xbe

duafev jc vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev Cekkjy|=

… @dlveg|e xbe ~ve|edle jc xbe \~egmev| Agxlb ~vjivga fp fei`dd`di yjvm `d xevx`gvp lkg||vjja

|exx`di|= gdh+

… Kgudlb g ‛Fglm xj \lbjjk Lga~gìd‑ xj ljaaud`lgxe y`xb vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev| xj edljuvgie

xbea xj agme g xb`vh ijgk ~ve|edxgx`jd huv`di xbe lja`di |lbjjk pegv$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!2? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx`dueh gdh `dlveg|eh ljaaud`lgx`jd cvja

giedlp keghev|b`~ veigvh`di xbe xb`vh ijgk‐| ~ve|edx hgp hec`d`x`jd+ g| yekk g| iu`hgdle cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|

ljaaud`xp xj cukc`kk xbe ijgk$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!0? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| `d|x`xux`jdgk z`di xbe xb`vh ijgk `d Sjkudxeev

|evs`le gdh giedlp j~evgx`jd|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!7>? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| gd gdgkp|`| jc xbe kjy Sjkudxeev ~gvx`l ~gx`jd

vgxe y`xb`d xbe Ljvve|~jdhedle Agxlb ~vjivga$


@A^KEAEDXGX@JD


Xbe g||e||aedx xega ljdlkuheh xbgx glbès`di xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ luvvedx s`|`jd cjv xbe xb`vh ijgk+ xj

`dlveg|e udhev|xgdh`di jc jxbev lukxuve| gdh iedevgxe ljaa`xaedx xj sjkudxeev`|a gdh ljaaud`xp |evs`le+

g| yekk g| xbe ~v`jv`x`zgx`jd jc xbe xb`vh ijgk y`xb`d ikjfgk êgle Ljv~| j~evgx`jd| `| ~j||`fke$

Bjyesev+ xbe xega fekèse| glbès`di xb`| s`|`jd gdh ~v`jv`x`zgx`jd lgddjx fe hjde y`xbjux `dlveg|`di xb`vh

ijgk ae||gi`di+ ajh`cp`di luvvedx j~evgx`jd|+ `d|x`xux`jdgk`z`di xb`vh ijgk ~vjlehuve|+ e|xgfk`|b`di

`dledx`se| gdh `dlveg|`di ve|juvle gkkjlgx jd cjv xb`vh ijgk eccjvx|$ Cuvxbevajve+ xbe giive||`se

edigieaedx jc vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|+ mep |xgmebjkhev|+ gdh xbe Gaev`lgd ~ufk`l xj ajve eccelx`sekp fv`di

xbe yjvkh fglm xj Gaev`lg xbvjuib |xvjdi ~gvxdev|b`~| y`xb |lbjjk|+ ~v`sgxe gdh l`s`k |jlèxp |elxjv|+ gdh

ijsevdaedx giedlè| y`kk fe e||edx`gk$

Xbe g||e||aedx xega agme| ekesed veljaaedhgx`jd|?

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!7? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| gd `dlveg|eh gkkjlgx`jd jc ve|juvle| xj

udhevxgme g ajve giive||`se gdh ~vjglx`se ~vjajx`jd gdh à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xb`vh ijgk

~vjivga|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!6? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx`dueh er~gd|`jd jc xbe Cekkjy|*U\G

~gvxdev|b`~| `dxj dey ud`sev|`xè|+ g| yekk g| `hedx`cp`di dey ~vjivga| gx ud`sev|`xè| luvvedxkp

ljkkgfjvgx`di y`xb egle Ljv~| Cekkjy|$



6>>

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!<? Xbe xega veljaaedh| e|xgfk`|b`di g êgle Ljv~| `dxevd ~vjivga xj hesekj~

lja~ex`x`se+ pegv!kjdi ~j|`x`jd| y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ|+ U$\$ ijsevdaedx giedlè|+ gdh ~v`sgxe

fu|`de||e| cjv erle~x`jdgk Sjkudxeev| ybj bgse lja~kexeh xbvee pegv| jc |evs`le$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!8? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe êgle Ljv~| hesekj~ g vexuvdeh

Sjkudxeev ~jvxgk cjv ljkkelx`di gdh ag`dxg`d`di ljdxglx `dcjvagx`jd gdh xb`vh ijgk ljdxv`fux`jd|+ g| yekk g|

e|xgfk`|b`di hgxgfg|e| cjv agdgi`di xbe aukx`~ke Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx ~vjivga|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!5? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle Ljv~| hesekj~ gd giedlp!y`he xb`vh

ijgk |xvgxeip$ Xbe |xvgxeip |bjukh e|xgfk |b ijgk| gdh jfoelx`se| cjv xb`vh ijgk glbèseaedx+ `dlkuh di gd

g||e||aedx jc xbe c`dgdl`gk ve|juvle| dele||gvp xj a~keaedx xbe |xvgxeip$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!3? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx`du`di xj `dlveg|e xbe ljkkelx`jd jc

`dcjvagx`jd veigvh`di xb`vh ijgk ~gvx`l`~gx`jd gajdi|x Sjkudxeev|+ g| yekk g| fei`dd`di xj ajd`xjv gdh

xvglm xbe duafev jc fedec`l`gvè| veglbeh fp Sjkudxeev|‐ xb`vh ijgk glx`s`xè| u|`di xbe |xgdhgvh Sjkudxeev

Ve~jvx Cjva$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!9? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| edbgdl`di xb`vh ijgk veljid`x`jd cvja xbeêgle Ljv~| gdh e|xgfk`|b`di gygvh| cjv Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe edx`ve vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev

ljaaud`xp veljid`z`di xb`vh ijgk erlekkedle$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!2? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx`dueh gdh `dlveg|eh ljaaud`lgx`jd cvja

giedlp keghev|b`~ veigvh`di xbe xb`vh ijgk‐| ~ve|edx hgp hec`d`x`jd+ g| yekk g| iu`hgdle cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|


Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!0? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| `d|x`xux`jdgk z`di xbe xb`vh ijgk `d Sjkudxeev

|evs`le gdh giedlp j~evgx`jd| fp?

… E|xgfk`|b`di xb`vh ijgk ~evcjvagdle er~elxgx`jd| gdh xvg`d`di cjv xvg`dee|+ Sjkudxeev|+ gdh

vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|$

… \bgv`di ~vja`|`di xb`vh ijgk ~vglx`le| gajdi|x ~j|x|+ g| yekk g| `d|x`xux`jdgk`z`di xbe aj|x

hpdga`l ~vglx`le|$

… Lbgdi`di xbe dgae jc xbe giedlp‐| edh!jc!|evs`le ~vjle||+ Lkj|e jc \evs`le+ xj `d|xegh veckelx

ljdle~x| |ulb g| ‛Ljdx`dugx`jd jc \evs`le‑ jv ‛Lkj|e jc Jsev|eg| \evs`le+‑ `dh`lgx`di xbe

giedlp‐| ljaa`xaedx xj xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| jdle Sjkudxeev| bgse ljdlkuheh xbe`v jsev|eg|

ljaa`xaedx|$

Veljaaedhgx`jd R@!7>? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| gd gdgkp|`| jc xbe kjy Sjkudxeev ~gvx`l ~gx`jd

vgxe y`xb`d xbe Ljvve|~jdhedle Agxlb ~vjivga$



6>7




R@!7? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| gd

`dlveg|eh gkkjlgx`jd jc ve|juvle| xj udhevxgme g

ajve giive||`se gdh ~vjglx`se ~vjajx`jd gdh

à~keaedxgx`jd jc xbe êgle Ljv~|‐ xb`vh ijgk~vjivga|$


Jcc`lev=

Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx

Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv @d CP 6>77 gdh jdij`di

xbevegcxev

R@!6? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx`dueh

er~gd|`jd jc xbe Cekkjy|*U\G ~gvxdev|b`~| `dxj

dey ud`sev|`xè|+ g| yekk g| `hedx`cp`di dey

~vjivga| gx ud`sev|`xè| luvvedxkp ljkkgfjvgx`di y`xb

êgle Ljv~| Cekkjy|$

Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx Sjkudxeev Velvu`xaedx gdh

\ekelx`jd “ "Vei`jdgk

Velvu`xaedx Jcc`le|

@d Wugvxev 6 CP 6>77 gdh

jdij`di xbevegcxev

R@!<? Xbe xega veljaaedh| e|xgfk`|b`di g êgle

Ljv~| `dxevd ~vjivga xj hesekj~ lja~ex`x`se+ pegv!

kjdi ~j|`x`jd| y`xb `dxevdgx`jdgk DIJ|+ U$\$

ijsevdaedx giedlè|+ gdh ~v`sgxe fu|`de||e| cjv

erle~x`jdgk Sjkudxeev| ybj bgse lja~kexeh xbvee

pegv| jc |evs`le$

Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx Jcc`le jc ^v`sgxe \elxjv

@d`x`gx`se|=


Gccg`v|=



Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|




6>6


R@!8? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbgx xbe

êgle Ljv~| hesekj~ g vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev ~jvxgk cjv

ljkkelx`di gdh ag`dxg`d`di ljdxglx `dcjvagx`jd gdh

xb`vh ijgk ljdxv`fux`jd|+ g| yekk g| e|xgfk`|b`di

hgxgfg|e| cjv agdgi`di xbe aukx`~ke Jcc`le jc

ûfk`l Edigieaedx ~vjivga|$

Jcc`le jc xbe Lbèc @dcjvagx`jd

Jcc`lev=



Jcc`lev=


\ekelx`jd "SH\ Vehe|ìd

@d CP 6>76

R@!5? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| xbe êgle

Ljv~| hesekj~ gd giedlp!y`he xb`vh ijgk |xvgxeip$

Xbe |xvgxeip |bjukh e|xgfk`|b ijgk| gdh jfoelx`se|

cjv xb`vh ijgk glbèseaedx+ `dlkuh`di gd g||e||aedx

jc xbe c`dgdl`gk ve|juvle| dele||gvp xj à~keaedx

xbe |xvgxeip$

Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx Jcc`le jc xbe H`velxjv=

Jcc`le jc ^v`sgxe \elxjv

@d`x`gx`se|=


Gccg`v|=


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|


R@!3? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx`du`di

xj `dlveg|e xbe ljkkelx`jd jc `dcjvagx`jd veigvh`di

xb`vh ijgk ~gvx`l`~gx`jd gajdi|x Sjkudxeev|+ g| yekkg| fei`dd`di xj ajd`xjv gdh xvglm xbe duafev jc

fedec`l`gvè| veglbeh fp Sjkudxeev|‐ xb`vh ijgk

glx`s`xè| u|`di xbe |xgdhgvh Sjkudxeev Ve~jvx Cjva$

Jcc`le jc ^vjivgaa`di gdh

Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx

Sjkudxeev|=


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=Euvj~e+ Aeh`xevvgdegd+ gdh G|`g

Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|=


@d CP 6>77



6><


R@!9? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| edbgdl`di

xb`vh ijgk veljid`x`jd cvja xbe êgle Ljv~| gdh

e|xgfk`|b`di gygvh| cjv Sjkudxeev| gdh xbe edx`ve

vexuvdeh êgle Ljv~| Sjkudxeev ljaaud`xp

veljid`z`di xb`vh ijgk erlekkedle$

Jcc`le jc ûfk`l Edigieaedx Sjkudxeev|=


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|=


\ekelx`jd “ "Vei`jdgk

Velvu`xaedx Jcc`le|=




Vekgx`jd|


R@!2? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| ljdx`dueh

gdh `dlveg|eh ljaaud`lgx`jd cvja giedlp

keghev|b`~ veigvh`di xbe xb`vh ijgk‐| ~ve|edx hgp

hec`d`x`jd+ g| yekk g| iu`hgdle cjv xbe êgle Ljv~|





gdh \ekelx`jd “ "Vei`jdgk

Velvu`xaedx Jcc`le|=


Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|=





6>8


R@!0? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh|

`d|x`xux`jdgk`z`di xbe xb`vh ijgk `d Sjkudxeev |evs`le

gdh giedlp j~evgx`jd| fp? g E|xgfk`|b`di xb`vh ijgk

~evcjvagdle er~elxgx`jd| gdh xvg`d`di cjv xvg`dee|+

Sjkudxeev|+ gdh vexuvdeh Sjkudxeev|= f \bgv`di

~vja`|`di xb`vh ijgk ~vglx`le| gajdi|x ~j|x|+ g|

yekk g| `d|x`xux`jdgk`z`di xbe aj|x hpdga`l

~vglx`le|= gdh+ l Lbgdi`di xbe dgae jc xbe

giedlp‐| edh!jc!|evs`le ~vjle||+ Lkj|e jc \evs`le+

xj `d|xegh veckelx ljdle~x| |ulb g| ‛Ljdx`dugx`jd jc

\evs`le‑ jv ‛Lkj|e jc Jsev|eg| \evs`le+‑ `dh`lgx`di

xbe giedlp‐| ljaa`xaedx xj xb`vh ijgk eccjvx| jdle

Sjkudxeev| bgse ljdlkuheh xbe`v jsev|eg|

ljaa`xaedx|$

g Jcc`le jc ^ufk`l Edigieaedx=


Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx

f Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|=

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|=


Xvg`d`di \u~~jvx

l Jcc`le jc xbe Iedevgk Ljud|ek

Jsev|eg| \xgcc=

Luvvedxkp |evs`di Sjkudxeev|=

Sjkudxeev Ghs`|jvp Ljaa`xxee|

g @d Wugvxev 8 CP 6>77

f @d Wugvxev < CP 6>77

l @d CP 6>77

R@!7>? Xbe g||e||aedx xega veljaaedh| gd

gdgkp|`| jc xbe kjy Sjkudxeev ~gvx`l`~gx`jd vgxe

y`xb`d xbe Ljvve|~jdhedle Agxlb ~vjivga$

Jcc`le jc ^ufk`l Edigieaedx Jcc`le jc Ikjfgk J~evgx`jd|=

Gcv`lg Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=


Vei`jd=

^j|x|=

@d Wugvxev < CP 6>77

Peace Corps Comprehensive Agency Assessment | June 2010

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Transcript of Peace Corps Comprehensive Agency Assessment | June 2010