1

Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sfha wNsfhda.h ch.ekSu

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk i|yd rdcH m%;sm;a;sh flfia ilia úh hq;= o @

ud¾la fí%

hqfkiaflda m%ldYkhls' IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixioh

2

Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sfha wNsfhda.h ch.ekSu'

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk i|yd rdcH m%;sm;a;sh flfia ilia úh hq;= o @

(Confronting the Shadow Education System.

What Government Policies for What Private Tutoring?)

mrsj¾;kh (- ta' weï' nKavdrkdhl wfír;ak

Translation into Sinhala by: A. M. Bandaranayake Abeyratne

3

Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sfha

wNsfhda.h ch.ekSu'

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk i|yd

rdcH m%;sm;a;sh flfia ilia úh hq;= o @

ud¾la fí%

mrsj¾;kh (- ta' weï' nKavdrkdhl wfír;ak

Translation into Sinhala by: A. M. Bandaranayake Abeyratne.

4

fuu .%ka:fha m%ldYlr we;s woyia iy ks.uk ish,a, .%ka: l¾;Djrhdf.a u jk w;r tajd lsisu

wdldrhlska UNESCO fyda IIEP woyia ksfhdackh fkdlrhs' fuysoS Wmfhda.s lr.kakd moú

kduhka iy fmd; uqM,af,a u bosrsm;a lrkq ,nk ldrKd lsisu wdldrhlska UNESCO fyda IIEP wdh;k u.ska bosrsm;a m%ldYk iy u;jdohka fkdjk w;r tfiau" `lsisu rgl ffk;sl ;;a;ajhka" foaYiSudjka" n,Odrska wdosh ms<sn|jo tfia wod, fkdjk njo m%ldY l<hq;=hs'

fuu fmdf;a uqøK jeh wdjrKh lr .;af;a UNESCO wdh;kh úiska ,nd fok ,o Wmldr

oSukdjlA u.ska yd UNESCO wdh;kfha idudcsl rgj,a lsysmhlska ,ndÿka iafõÉPd mrs;Hd. oSukd yrydhs' fuu .%ka:fha w. olajd we;s f,aLkhl wod, úia;r we;'

m%ldYkh(

wOHdmkh ie<iqïlrKh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r wdh;kh"

International Institute for Educational Planning,

7-9 rue Eugène Delacroix, 75116 Paris, France

info@iiep.unesco.org

www.iiep.unesco.org

Cover Design: IIEP

Year of Publication: 2011(Sinhala Translation)

5

mgqk ia;+;sh

flá fhÿï

ixLHd f,aLk j.=

fldgq lr oelaùfï f,aLkh

1. ye|skaùu

Pdhdj ms<sn| rEmlh

.%ka:fha jHqyh

2. ksodk mÍlaIdj

mrsudj" ;Sj%;djh iy wdldrh

wd¾Ól" iudchsl iy wOHdmksl n,mEu'

isoaê wOHhk ;s%;ajh

3. m%;sm;a;s u`.ska m%;spdr oelaùu

ixo¾Nhka" wNsu;d¾:hka iy jHqyhka is;shïlrKh

WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a ug m%;spdr oelaùu

WmfoaYk iemhqug m%;spdr oelaùu

fj<|fmd, iïnkaO lr.ekSu

md,k jHqyhka Yla;su;a lsrSu

4. kshdukh iy we.hSu

cd;sl iy m%dfoaYSh miq fmdaIK ikaêia:dk

cd;Hka;r m%ñ;slrKh

5. iudma;sh

keUqre;djhka y÷kd .ekSu

Pdhdj wkqidrfhka bf.k .ekSu

6

ia;+;sh

fuu m%ldYkh ilia lsÍu yd wdY%s; lghq;= j,g iy th t<s oelaùug fndfyda fokdf.a wdOdr

,eìKs' thska lemS fmfkk msßi jkafka 2007 cQ,s 5 - 6 meÍisfha§ le|jk ,o IIEP m%;sm;a;s

ixiohg iyNd.S jQ msßihs' fuu lD;sfha fndfyda oE tlS ixiofha idlÉPd u; r|d mj;S' úúO

miqìï .Kkdjlska meñKs iyNd.Sjkakka 37 fofkla ixiofha lghq;= j,g iusnkaO jQy' ta wh

w;f¾ we;sjQ idlÉPd u.ska m%fhdackj;a úYaf,aIKhla we;s úh' fuu wjia:djg IIEP lKavdhfï

iyfhda.h ,enqK w;r Florence Appéré iy Emmanuelle Suso f.a odhl;ajh ia;+;s mQ¾jlj

úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;=h' fuu fmd; i|yd jeo.;a f;dr;=re /ila ,ndoqkafka úúO rgj,

ie,iqïlrejka" ms<sfj;a ilikakka iy È.= ld,hla ;siafia úúO .Kfha m¾fhaIK isoql<

fndfyda rgj,a j, m¾fhaIlhska úisks' w;a msgm;a ilia lsÍfï§ iy woyia oelaùfï§ fuka u ;j;a

fkdfhl=;a wdOdr ,nd §fï§ úfYaI odhl;ajhla ÿka Karl Heinz Gruber, Ora Kwo, Izumi Mori,

Steven Obeegadoo, Armoogum Parsuramen, Laura Paviot, Neville Postlethwaite, Iveta

Silova, Shin‟ichi Suzuki iy Alexandre Ventura g o ia;+;sjka; fjñ'

7

mrsj¾;lf.ka jokla;

w;sf¾l WmfoaYk ixialD;sh wm rfgyso oYl .Kkdjla ;=< m%n,j mj;S' tneúka tu ixisoaêh .ek úYd, m¾fhaIK wOHhk rdYshlska wk;=rej ,shk ,o Wiia .Kfha .%ka:hla isxy, nig mrsj¾;kh lsrSug ,enqK wjia:dj w.h lrñ' wE; tmsg miqìï .Kkdjl w;aoelSï úfoaY NdIdjlska wm rgg f.k tafï oS" iEu mrsj¾;lfhl=g u uqyqK mEug isÿjk NdIduh .eg`M fuu .%ka: mrsj¾;kfhaoS o we;súh' fjk;a miqìuloS w¾:j;a jk ixl,amhla fyda w;aoelSula mrsj¾;s; NdIdfõoS ksis whqre oelaùu i|yd jeämqr jEhula oeßh hq;= fõ' tjeks wjia:djl§ uq,a fmdf;a olajd we;s ixlaIsma; fhÿu fyda jelsh jeämqr jpk fhdod lshjkakdg w¾:j;a jk wdldrfhka

mßj¾;kh lsÍug isÿfõ' kso¾Ykhla f,i “Bench Mark“ hkafkys w¾:h hïlsis ld¾hhla i|yd we;s m%ñ;sfha mrudo¾YS ;;a;ajhhs' isxy,hg mßj¾;kh lsÍfï§ fuh yqfola nxl= i,l=K jYfhka oelaùfuka ksjerÈ w¾:h fndfyda mdGlhskag fkd,eìh yel' ;jo" fmdÿfõ bx.%Sisfhka ,shefjk §¾> jdlH fudaia;r mßj¾;kfha§ o yels muK tfiau mßj¾;kh lrkakg lghq;= l<;a iuyr ;ekaj,§ jelsh fldgia lr isxy, jels lsysmhlska wre; ikaksfõokh lr we;' .%ka: uqøKfha§ uq,a .%ka:fha msgq yd iudk jk mßÈ msgq ilia lsÍfï§ o we;s jk .eg`M yels ;rï ÿrg je<elaùug lghq;= lr ;sfí'

fuu ld¾hh bgq lsÍu i|yd uqo,a fldñifï wOHdmk WmfoaYl iy cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ysgmq ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaIl fckrd,a wdpd¾h ví,sõ' ví,sõ' fÊ' fmf¾rd uy;df.ka ,enqKq u. fmkaùu .ek lD;{;djh m< lrñ' w;a msgm;a ilia lsÍfï§ iydh ,nd ÿka wfkdaId ùrfialr fukúhg o ia;+;sh m< lrñ' w;a msgm; lshjd n,d ksfodia lr .ekSfï§ iydh ,nd ÿka wdpd¾h uyskao fudrf.d,a, uy;dg o uf.a ia;+;sh ysñfõ' ;jo fidaÿ m;a msrslaiSu i|yd Woõ l< ud,kS ,shkf.a iy iqñ;%d ú;drK uy;aókag o lD;{ fjñ'

fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh" fuu .%ka:fha we;s fndfyda iajrEm j,ska wm rg ;=< o mj;S' fuys olajd we;s hym;a yd whym;a n,mEï wm rgg o úfYaIfhkaa idOdrK fõ' fuu .%ka:h mßYS,kh lrk wOHdmk n,OdÍka fuu ldrKd .ek .eUqfrka is;d lsishï hdul mshjrla .ekSug W;aiql jkafka kï th cd;sfha hym; i|yd lrk i;ald¾hhla jkq we;'

nKavdrkdhl wfír;ak"

^úY%dñl wOHdmk wOHlaIl- SLEAS-1&

wxl 65" ú,af;r Whk"

jej rjqu" l=reKE.,'

YS% ,xldj'

8

flá fhÿï

ADEA - Association for the Development of Education in Africa

wm%sldfõ wOHdmkh ixj¾Okh i|yd jQ ix.uh

CLAP - Community Learning Assistance Project

m%cd bf.kqï wdOdrl jHdmD;sh

CPE - Certificate of Primary Education

m%d:ñl wOHdmk iy;slh

CPS - Chicago Public Schools

Ñldf.da m%isoaO mdi,a

CSAT - College Scholastic Ability Test

úÿy,a Ydia;%Sh olaI;d mÍlaIKh

DST - Department of Science and Technology

úoHd iy ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j

GCSE - General Certificate of Secondary Education

oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ms<sn| fmdÿ iy;slh

GDP - Gross Domestic Product

o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h

GNP - Gross National Product

o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;h

GPA - Grade Point Average

fYa%Ks ,laIs; idudkHh

IEA - International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement

wOHdmk idOkh we.hSu i|yd we;s cd;Hka;r ix.uh

IIEP - International Institute for Educational Planning

wOHdmk ie,iqïlrKh i|yd jQ cd;Hka;r wdh;kh

INRP - Institut national de recherche pédagogique

.=rejre mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd jk cd;sl wdh;kh

ICT - Information and Communication Technology

f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

HCEC - Haut Conseil à l‟évaluation de l‟école

mdi,a we.hSu i|yd we;s Wiia iNdj

MENDAKI - Council on Education for Malay/Muslim Children

uef,a $ uqia,sï orejkaf.a wOHdmkh i|yd jQ iNdj

NCLB - No Child Left Behind

lsisu orefjla w;a yersh hq;= ke;'^ jev igyk &

NGO - non – governmental organization

rdcH fkdjk ixúOdkh

9

OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;djh iy ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ixúOdkh

OSI - Open Society Institute

újD; iudc wdh;kh

PISA - Programme for International Student Assessment

cd;Hka;r YsIH we.hSfï jevigyk

QTS - Qualified Teacher Status

iqÿiqlï ,;a .=re iy;slh

SACMAQ - Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality

wOHdmk .=K;ajh kshdukh i|yd jQ ol=Kq iy kef`.kysr wm%sldkq ix.uh

SES - Socio-economic Status

iudc wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh

SINDA - Singapore Indian Development Association

isx.mamQre bkaÈhdkq ixj¾Ok ix.uh

SPH - Special Purpose High [School]

iqúfYaI ld¾hh Wiia mdi,a

SPL - School Pilot Leader

mdi,a kshuq kdhl

TIMSS - Third International Mathematics and Science Study/ Trends in International

Mathematics and Science Study

;=kafjks cd;Hka;r .Ks; iy úoHd wOHhkh $ cd;Hka;r úoHd yd .Ks; keUqre;d ms<sn| wOHhkh

UNESCO - United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wOHdmksl" úoHd;aul iy ixialD;sl ixúOdkh

UNICEF - United Nations Children‟s Fund

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a <ud wruqo,

USA - United Status of America

weußld tlai;a ckmoh

ZEP - Zone d‟ éducation Prioritaire

wOHdmk m%uqL;d l,dm

10

ixLHd f,aLk j.= - List of Tables

1. fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl b.ekaùu ^WmfoaYk& ms<sn| rgj,a yryd Èfjk o¾Yl

2. kef.kysr hqfrdamfha iy wdishdfõ f;ard.;a rgj, mqoa.,sl b.ekaùï mßudKh

3. kef.kysr iy ol=Kq wm%sldfõ 6 fYa%Ksfha isiqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl b.ekaùï m%;sY;hka

(1995 iy 2000 jirj,&

4. fY%aKs wkqj bkaÈhdfõ m%dka; 04 l fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl b.ekaùï ,nd .kakd isiqkaf.a

m%;sY;hka

5. 2005-2006 j¾Ihkays mD;=.d,fha úoHd, lsysmhl 12 fY%aKsfha isiqka w;f¾ Wmldrl WmfoaYk

;Sj%;djh

6. 2005 jif¾ bkaÈhdfõ YsIHhska w;r úúO úIhhka i|yd WmfoaYk ,nd .kakd YsIH m%;sY;hka

7. úúO úIhh Odrdjkays bf.kqu ,nk by< oaú;Shsl ;,fha bf.k .kakd bkaÈhdkq isiqkaf.a

w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,nd .kakd m%;sY;hka

8. kef.kysr hqfrdamfha iy wdishdfõ .%dóh yd kd.ßl jYfhka fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl

WmfoaYkfha Wmfhdack fjkialï

9. bkaÈhdkq m%dka; 04 l my< oaú;Shsl ;,fha isiqka w;=frka .%dóh iy kd.ßl jYfhka

fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,nd .kakd YsIH m%;sY;hka

10. wOHdmkfha m%Odk m%jdyhg mqoa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkfha n,mEu

11. 1980-2007 ld,h ;=<§ fldßhdfõ mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd .;a YsIH m%udKh m%;sY;hla

jYfhka

12. m%xYfha we;s m%Odk WmfoaYk wdh;k

13. fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh j¾.SlrKh i|yd l%shd ms<sfj<la

14. tx.,ka;fha Making Good Progress - fyd| m%.;shla we;s lruq jevms<sfjf<a§ i,ld ,nk

,o WmfoaYk wdo¾Ylhla

15. wdishdfõ iy hqfrdamfha rgj,a 06 l fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh md,kh lrk ffk;sl jHqyhka

16. tx.,ka;fha Making Good Progress jevigyfka kshdul jHdmD;sh i|yd fhdod.;a l%ufõoh

11

fldgq lr oelaùfï f,aLkh - List of Boxes

1. fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl b.ekaùï rgdjka j¾.SlrKh

2. we.hSï iys; ;SrK .ekSu

3. mSvk l<ukdlrKh

4. uqreisfha mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh fu;rï Yla;su;a wehs @

5. m%xYfha fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha uQ,H .Kkh

6. cmdkfha cql+ WmfoaYk uOHia:dk m%fNao y÷kd .ekSu

7. Bðma;=fõ .=re WmfoaYljrfhla

8. taldêldrh + wiSñ; wNsu;h – j.ùu

12

1. ye`oskaùu - (Introduction)

f,dj mqrd isák wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhka iy ie,iqï lrejkaf.a m%Odk wjOdkh njg m;aj we;af;a nd,dxY mka;sfhka werö" m%d:ñl oaù;shsl ;,hka yryd úYaj úoHd, wOHdmkh olajd osfjk úêu;a wOHdmk moaO;ska h' fuu wOHdmk moaO;ska j,g we;=<;a jk wdh;k" iïm;a úYd, m%udKhla Wmfhda.s lr.kakd w;r tlS wdh;khkaf.a fiajh ,nk m%cdj flfrys jeo.;a iudc yd wd¾Ól N+ñldjla o bgqlrhs'

m%Odk úêu;a wOHdmk m%jdyhg iudka;rj mj;skafka" fuu .%ka:fha fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh fyj;a Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;Ska jYfhka y`oqkajkq ,nk wOHdmk iïm%odhka h' fuu moaO;Ska úúO mrdihka ;=< l%ufhka j¾Okh fjhs' fï Pdhd moaO;Ska j,g jeo.;a iudc yd wd¾Ól iïnkaO;d we;;a ta ms<sn`oj b;d wvq wjOdkhla fhduqj we;s nj lsjyel' fuu .%ka:fha ;d¾lsl bosrsm;a lsrSu jkafka Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sh flfrys wOHdmk ie,iqï lrejkaf.a iy m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhkaf.a fkdu`o wjOdkh fhduq lrùu w;HjYH njhs' úfYaIfhka cmdkfha o kef.kysr wdishdfõ iuyr m%foaYhkays o Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sfha meje;au os.= ld,hl mgka u meyeos,sj oelsh yels úh' uE; ld,hloS fjk;a ia:dk j, o" tys iajrEmh iy n,mEu fkdfhla wdldrfhka úldYkh fjñka jHdma;sh yd oshqKqj ,nd we;' ;jo oeka oeka fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYk wOHdmk ld¾hh jeä jYfhka ixúOdkh jkqfha wm%isoaO wúêu;a ls%hdj,shla jYfhka fkdj ixúê; moaO;Ska jYfhks' fulS fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYk moaO;ska w;r wkafkdakH jYfhka iïnkaO;d we;súh yels w;r tu in`o;d rgj,a yryd o meje;sh yel'

j¾I 1999 oS fuu .%ka:fha l;=jrhd úiska u rÑ;" rgj,a yryd úysÿk fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYk ms<sn`oj jeo.;a wOHhk .%ka:hla hqfkiaflda wOHdmk ie,iqïlrKh ms<sn`o cd;Hka;r

wdh;kh ^IIEP) úiska m<lrk ,oS (Bray, 1999a). jD;a;sl yd Ydia;S%h idys;Hfha fkdu`o wjOdkh fuu .%ka:h flfrys fhduq úh' tfukau wod, .eg`M ms<sn`o jeäoqr úu¾Ykhka ys wjYH;djh

fuu .%ka:h u.ska yqjd olajk ,oS ^p.87&'

j¾I 1999 oS fï .%ka:h m<ùfuka wk;=rej t<ô ld,fha oS fuu ud;Dldj flfrys jeäoqr

úu¾Ykhka o we;súh' fmd;a fmf<a fojekak tu l¾;D;ajfhka u IIEP wdh;kh u`.ska m<lrk ,o w;r tu`.skao idlÉPd lrk ,oafoa fï úIh lreKq yd ine`os wdpdrO¾u iy úIudpdr iïnkaOjhs'

(Bray,2003). fjk;a fndfyda f,aLlhska o fuu f;audj hgf;a woyia olajk ,o w;r ta whj`Mkaf.ka iuyrl= .ek i|ykla fuu .%ka:fha wdY%s; .%ka: f,aLkfhao igykaj we;' nyq md¾Yùh yd rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk u`.ska m<lrk ,o m%;sm;a;s osYdk;shla we;s lD;Skays o fuu

ud;Dldj iy IIEP lD;sh ms<sn`oj o i|yka úh' ^Wod( f,dal nexl=j 2004, 2005; OECD, 2006a;

ADEA, 2008 ; újD; iudc wdh;kh" 2008; UNESCO, 2004, 2007, 2008; UNICEF, 2007;

g%dkaiafmarkais bkagkeIk,a wdh;kh 2009)' fujeks úúO úYaf,aIK u`.ska meyeos,s jQfha fuu

13

ixisoaêfha jeo.;a lu ms<sn`oj mj;sk ye`.Suhs' ;jo fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkfha m%idrKh u.ska o fuu ;;a;ajh meyeos,s flf¾'

l%ufhka m%j¾Okh fjñka mj;sk fm!oa.,sl b.ekaùï flfrys m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhskaa iy ie,iqïlrejka flfia m%;spdr olajkafka o hk .eg`Mj ms<sn|j jeämqr ie,ls,a,la fï ksid

we;súh' j¾I 1999 § (Bray, 1999a, pp. 74-77) u`.skao fuu ldrKh .ek woyia olajd we;' fm!oa.,sl b.ekaùï ;ykï lsÍfï m%h;akhkaf.a isg th fkdi,ld yeÍfï wjia:djka olajd osfjk mrdihl úúO rgdjka f,dj mqrd olskakg we;s nj tys i|yka úh' fkdfhla ld, iSudjkays§ yd úúO miqìñ hgf;a úúO m%;spdr WÑ; jk nj fuu .%ka:fhka jeäÿrg;a olajd we;' ;jo w;aoelSï wkqidrfhka ,nd .kakd ,o oekSu wLKavj úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï yd kshdukh lsÍfï wjYH;djh tu`.ska fmkajd § ;sfí' fmdf;a m%ldYk Èkfha mgka fï olajd we;sù ;sfnk wjia:duh fjkiaùï rdYSh" jvd;a .eUqre úu¾Ykhlg hdfï wjYH;djho ;Sj% lr we;'

j¾I 2007 oS mersia k.rfha msysá IIEP uQ,ia:dkh u.ska meje;ajQ iuqMjla u.ska fuu f;audj .ek h,s i,ld n,k ,oS' fï foosk iuqMfõ idlÉPdjg NdckhjQ lreKq iy wjidkfhaoS ieliqk f,aLkhl lreKq wm .%ka:fha olajd we;s woyia j,g mdol fõ' fulS m%;sm;a;s iuq`Mjo y`oqkajk ,oafoa fuu .%ka:hg oS we;s kdufhks' fkdfhl=;a miqìïj, mj;akd úúO Pdhd b.ekaùï l%u ms<snoj idlÉPd l, iuqM idudcslhska úiska fï ms<sn`oj WÑ; úh yels m%;sm;a;shla .ek o l;dny lrk ,oS' wod, f;audj yd ne`oS ;sfnk úúO miqìïj, we;s wia:djr nj .ek;a tneúka ta .ek lrkq ,nk ks¾foaYhka .ek b;d ie<ls,su;a úh hq;= nj ms<sn|j;a fuu idudcsl;ajh wjfndaOfhka isáhy' flfia jqjo iuqMj u.ska f;audj .ek ixl,amuh m%fõYhla we;s lsrSu b;d jeo.;a jk nj lsjukdh'

W;=r ol=K iy kef.kysr niakdysr hk iosYdfõ u msysá rgj,g idOdrK jk f;audjka

.ek m%;sm;a;suh idlÉPd we;s lsrSu IIEP wdh;kfha iïm%odhhs' fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ^b.ekaùu& fuu Wmudkhg ióm úh' fuysoS ÿr neyer msysá ´iafÜ%,shdj fndÜiajdkd m%xYh fldrshdj jeks rgj, mj;sk b.ekaùfï rgd ms<sn`oj iei`oSula isÿúh' m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska"

ie,iqïlrejka" m¾fhaIlhska iy .=rejreka hk ish¨ md¾Yjhka tlalr .ekSula IIEP m%;sm;a;s ieis u.ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjhs' fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh .eko fuu ;;a;ajh idOdrK úh' fuu lKavdhï w;r jeo.;a f;dr;=re yqjudrejla we;s úh' lKavdhug" ish orejkg fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYl fiajh ,nd .kakjd o ke;s o hk fo.sähdjg uqK mE fo.=rekao we;=<;aùu ksid fjk;a udkhla o ks¾udKh úh' fuu ieisj, we;sjQ idlÉPd" bosrsm;ajQ f,aLk" w;sf¾l fmd;a m;a iy Bg miq.dój we;sjQ Ydia;S%h yd jD;a;sl idlÉPd wdosh mdol lrf.k fuu .%ka:h iïmdokh lruq'

14

Pdhdj ms<sn`o rEmlh

j¾I 1999 oS ,shejqk .%ka:fha (Bray, 1999a) i`oyka lrk ,o Pdhd wOHdmkh hk rEmlh

2007 oS meje;ajQ m%;sm;a;s ieish yeoskaùug o fhdod.kakd ,oS' uq,ska fuh fhdod .ekSug fya;= jQfha

Marimuthu, Singh et al. (1991), Stevenson and Baker (1992) George (1992) f,aLlhskaf.a

f,aLkj, we;s lreKq úldYkh lsrSfuks' by; i`oyka 1999 .%ka:fha i`oyka jk mrsos (p. 17) Pdhdj hk rEmlh WÑ; ùug fya;= lsysmhla u we;' m<uqj- w;sf¾l Wmldrl wOHdmk moaO;shla mj;skafka úêu;a wOHdmk moaO;shla mj;sk ksid u neúks' fofjkqj- úêu;a wOHdmk moaO;sfha yevhg yd mrsudjg wkqrEmSj u w;sf¾l b.ekaùfïo fjkiaùï we;sjk neúks' f;fjkqj- yeu rglu mdfya m%Odk wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka úêu;a wOHdmk moaO;shg jk neúks' isõfjkqj- m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha .;s,laIK ;rï Pdhd wOHdmkfha .;s,laIK meyeos,s fkdjk neúks'

fuu fmdf;a 17-18 msgq fufiao olajd we;'

“Pdhdj jkdys m%fhdackj;a úh yels fohls' ysre ;eáhla u`.ska tys Pdhdj ksrSlaIKh lrk wmg ld,fha .ukh fmkajkafka flfiao" ta whqrskau Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sh o wmg idudch ;=< isÿjk mrsj¾;kh fmkajd fohs' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh" isiqkf.a iy Tjqkf.a mjq,aj,g n,mdk wdldrh ms<sn`oj iuyr rgj, fo.=rekaf.ao wOHdmk{hskaf.ao foaYmd,lhskaf.ao m%n, úfõpkhla mj;S' fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh m%Odk jYfhka iudc wiudk;d we;s lsrSug iy os.gu mj;ajdf.k hEug bjy,afõ' ;jo úl,am jYfhka jvd;a WÑ; jk úl,am m%fhdack ,nd.; yels udkj yd uQ,H iïm;a /ila .s, ouhs' m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha úIh ks¾foaY wjq,a lsrSug iy .=rejreka wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk b.ekaùfï wkqms<sfj< úkdY lrñka mx;s ldurh ;=, we;s úÑ;%Ndjh ke;slr oeóug fuh fya;=jk njgo úfõplfhda woyia olaj;s' fufia fjk;a Pdhdjka yd ii`ok l," fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh keu;s Pdhdj wl¾uKH Ndjhla fkdj ;uka Pdhdjla yeáhg wkqlrKh lrk uq,a

jia;=j fj; RKd;aul n,mEula we;s lrkakls' "

fuu .%%ka:fha kduh Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sfha wNsfhda.h ch .ekSu jYfhka f;dardf.k we;af;a tu`.ska fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkfha wNsfhda.h ch.; hq;= njg lreKq f.kyer olajk neúks' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha iEu wx.hlau idjoH jk njla fuhska .uH fkdfõ' fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ieneúkau isiqkg bf.k.ekSug WmldrS fjhs' tu.ska Tjqka udkj m%d.aOk j¾Okh we;s lrf.k rfÜ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i`oyd kshe,Sug wjldY w;am;a lr.ks;s' ;ukaf.a iudkhska iy fjk;a wh iu. jevodhl iïnkaO;d we;slr .ekSfï idudÔh M,h o Tjqkag ,efí' W.kajk msrsig wdodhï ud¾.hla ,nd.ekSug wjiaa:dj o w;sf¾l fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ksid we;sfõ' fï yryd m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha .=rejrekag o Woõjla ,efí' ta" ;uka W.kajk mdvï .ek fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd.ekSfï oS" isiqkg tajd jvd;a fyd`oska wjfndaO jk neúks' tfia jqjo fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ksid m%n, .eg`M o u;=fõ' fï u.ska iudc wd¾Ól wiudk;d WoaoSmkh lrkq we;' ;jo fï ksid u <ud osúfha oS wjYHjk úfõlh yd

15

úfkdaoh iSudjk neúka" Tjqkg bf.kSu flfrys whym;a úhyels udkisl .eg`M o we;súh yel' wOHdmkh flfrys mj;sk iudc úYajdih m`MoqjkakdjQ hï wdldrhl úIu ls%hdjla yeáhg o fuh úoHudk fõ'

fujeks Okd;aul yd RKd;aul jdis yd wjdis iy.; ;;a;ajhka" fndfyda rgj, ixlS¾K;d ks¾udKh lrhs' fuu .eg`M ch.ekSug ;rï oshqKq hdka;%Khla lsisu rgl fkdue;' fndfyda m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhka iy ie,iqïlrejka fï ms<sn|j .; hq;= jk wiSre ;srK .ekSfuka je<lS" ish,a, fj<`ofmd< n,fõ. j,g mjrd we;' tfia jqjo fndfyda wjia:dj,oS fujeks jkakdgjdoS ms<sfj;la wkq.ukh lsrSu ;j ;j;a .eg`M we;s lrhs' tneúka Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sh we;af;ka u wNsfhda.hg ,la l< hq;=hs' ta ioyd fln`oq ls%hd ud¾.hla WÑ; fõ o hkak ;SrKh lsrSu wiSre úh yel' tfy;a m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhka iy ie,iqïlrejka wju ;rulska fyda fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh mj;sk wdldrh yd tu.ska we;sjk .eg`M ms<sn`oj y÷kdf.k miq úh hq;=hs' fuu fmd; u.ska f,dj jgd we;s w;aoelSï .Kkdjla bosrsm;a lrk w;r ;uka jdih lrk mrsirfha we;s wNsfhda. y÷kdf.k WÑ; mshjr .ekSug tu w;aoelSï" wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhkag iy ie,iqïlrejkg WmldrS jkq we;'

.%ka:fha jHqyh

lsishï ixisoaêhl m%;sm;a;suh .eg`M y`oqkd .ekSug kï th werôh hq;af;a ixisoaêh iúia;r lsrSfuka iy ta ms<sn`oj m%;sm;a;s ;SrK .ekSu ioyd wjYHjk iSudjka y`oqkd .ekSfuka wk;=rejhs' fuu ldrKh is;e;sj" .%ka:fha uq,a fldgi werfUkqfha fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkfha we;s mrsudj iy yevh .ek úia;r bosrsm;a lSrSfuks' tneúkau f,dalfha úúO rgj, yd l,dmhkays iy úúO ;,hkays mj;sk wOHdmk rgdjka .ek igykla o we;' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha we;s úúO;ajhka .eko olajd ;sfí' idudkH mx;shl tla wfhl= ne.ska jk .=re YsIH mrsudjl isg mx;sh uy foaYk Yd,d wdoS jYfhka úYd,;ajfhka fjkiaa fjhs' wNsuqLj o ksnkaOk wkqidrfhka o ÿrl:k yd wka;¾ cd, myiqlï u`.ska o WmfoaYkh isÿúh yel' WmfoaYk ls%hdj,sh hï lsis ld, iSudjka wkqj wvq jeä jk w;r iuyr rgj, th <uhskaf.a ffoksl cSú;fha fldgila njg u m;aj we;'

fuu ixisoaêh úia;r lsrSfuka miqj fï .%ka:h iudc wd¾Ól yd wOHdmksl ldrKd .eko ú.%y lrkq we;' by; lS yeu lafIa;%hloS u w;sf¾l b.ekaùfï m%fhdack mej;sh yel' kuq;a tys iajNdjh yd mrsudj wkqj .eg`M o mej;sh yel' rdcH wxYfha m%;sm;a;s u; fmdaIKh fjñka ÿn, m%dma;s we;s wh ioyd ixúOdkh jk WmfoaYkh" fj<`ofmd, n,fõ. u; r`ok WmfoaYkhg jvd yd;amiskau fjkia fjhs' ta fj<`ofmd, u; r`ok WmfoaYkfha mdßfNda.slhska jkafka jvd;a iqN. isiqka jk ksidh' tfiau úYaj úoHd, isiqka wúêu;a wdldrhg ,ndfok WmfoaYkhg jvd jD;a;slhska iy jdKsc iud.ï j,ska ,ndfok WmfoaYkh fjkia fõ' úêu;a wOHdmk m%jdyfha isiqka Wmldrl WmfoaYkh i`oyd n,mEulg m;ajkafka Tjqkaf.a iudkhska ish,a,u mdfya

16

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk mka;s j,g iïnkaO jk fyhsks' ;jo Tjqkaf.a m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha .=rejreka WmfoaYkfha wdl¾IKSh;ajh wjOdrKh lrk neúks' Tjqkaf.a mjq,aj, who fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh wOHdmksl iy wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj lrd <`.d ùfï ud¾.hla f,i i,l;s' b;d mqM,a f,i n,k l, ish,a, r|d mj;skafka wod, iudchkaf.a we;s ixialD;sl fjkialï u; hs' fjkia lsÍfï yelshdj we;af;a ixialD;shg hs' iuyr rgj,aj, fmr mej;s m%udKhg jvd fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ckm%sh ùug idOl ixialD;sl fjkialñ yrydo we;s lrk nj fmfka'

fuys§ ksodk mrSlaIdj yryd u;=jk m%Yakh jkafka Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sfha wNsfhda.h ch .ekSu i|yd ie,iqïlrejka iy m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska úiska l=ula l< hq;= o@ l=ula l< yels o@ hk m%Yakhs' Tjqka úiska wNsu;d¾:hka" ikao¾Nhka iy jHqyhka ms<sn|j ,ehsia;= ilia lsßfuka fuu ldrKh wdrïN l< hq;= nj .%ka:fhka fhdackd flf¾' tu`.ska b,a ug iy iemhqug uQK fok wdldrh Tjqkg ;SrKh l< yel' ie,iqïlrejka iy m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska fj<|fmd< l%shdj,sh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSfï wdldrh wjfndaO lr.kakd w;r ta wkqj kshduk jHqyhkao ixj¾Okh flfrkq we;' mdi,a m%jdyfhka ndysr j flfrk WmfoaYkhg oelafjk m%;spdrhkag jvd m%Odk m%jdyfha mdi,a .=rejreka úiska yr mdi,a úIhh i|yd mj;ajkq ,nk w;sf¾l WmfoaYk mka;s i|yd f.ùug n, flfrk wjia:djka j,g oelafjk m%;spdrh fndfyda fihska fjkia jkq we;' fulS m%;spdrhka" Tjqkaf.a ld¾hhka bgq lsÍfï§ m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska uqyqK mdk uq,H" udkj yd fjk;a iïm;a W!K;d m%udKhka u; o r|d mj;skq we;' tfuka u fï ms<sn|j ixialD;sl" mßmd,kuh yd fjk;a idOlhka o n,mdhs' ld,h Tiafia WmfoaYk rgdj flfia fjkia jkafka o hkak we.hSu iy kshdukh lsÍu msKsi úúO hdka;%Khka o m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska iy ie,iqïlrejkag wjYH jkq we;'

wjidk jYfhka" fuu .%ka:fha ixl,ams; mrsiSudjka y÷kd.ekSu o wjYH fõ' m%:ufhka" wm ie,ls,su;a jkafka mdi,a j, m%d:ñl iy oaù;shsl uÜgï j, /£ isák isiqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl b.ekaùï ms<sn|j hs' mQ¾j m%d:ñl iy mYapd;a oaù;shsl uÜgï j,o WmfoaYkh mj;sk kuq;a ta ms<sn|j mek k`.skqfha fjk;a .eg`M iy fjk;a kshuhkah' fojkqj" fuu .%ka:fha ie,ls,a,g Ndckh lrkqfha uqo,a f.jd ,nd .kakd WmfoaYkhhs' .=rejreka" {d;Ska iy fjk;a mqoa.,hska úiska fkdñf,a ,nd fokq ,nk WmfoaYkh fuhg we;=,;a fkdfõ' fujka w;sf¾l WmfoaYk flfryso m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhskaf.a iy ie,iqïlrejkaf.a fkdu| wjOdkh fhduqfõ' tfia jqjo ta i|yd n,mdkafka .dia;=jla i|yd flfrk WmfoaYkhg jvd fjkia jk .;s,laIK iy fjk;a .eg`M h' f;jkqj" fuu .%ka:h ie,ls,su;a jkafka m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha b.ekafjk Ydia;%Sh úIhhka ms<sn|j muKs' tneúka uqød kdgH mka;s" mdmkaÿ" wd.ñl wOHdmkh" iqM cd;Skaf.a NdIdjka jeks mdie,a yr úIhh ;=< fkd b.ekafjk úIhhka flfrys ie,ls,a, olajkafka ke;' fuu f;audjkaf.a jeo.;alu ms<s.kakd w;r fuu fmdf;a iSudfjka ndysr j ta ms<sn|j o ie<ls,a, oelaùu iqÿiq nj i|yka l< hq;= h'

17

2. ksodk mrSlaIdj - ^Diagnosis)

mßudj" ;Sj%;djh iy wdldrh

fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkfha mßudj iy yevh ms<sn| b;d ksjerÈ o;a; ,nd .ekSu wiSreh' fuhg fya;= ù we;af;a fiajd imhkakka iy fiajd ,nkakka ms<sn| my; i|yka lreKq fya;=fjks'

idudkHfhka WmfoaYlhska ish fiajd imhkq ,nkafka wka whf.a wjOdkh fhduq fkdjk wúêu;a wdldrhghs' tu`.ska Tjqkg wdodhï nÿ f.ùug isÿ fkdfõ'

WmfoaYkh ,nd .eksu ksid Tjqka fiiq isiqkag jvd whq;= jdis ,nd .kakd njg we;súh yels ye`.Su je<elaùu i|yd isiqka ish w;sf¾l Wmldrl bf.k .ekSï flfrys wjOdkh wfmalaId fkdflf¾' úêu;a wOHdmk moaO;sfha .=rejreka úiska Wmldrl fiajd ,nd .kakd isiqka w{dk njg i,lkq we;ehs hk NS;sh ksid o fï flfrys ie,ls,a, fkdolajhs'

ish orejka i|yd whq;= jdis w;sf¾l Wmldrl b.ekaùï yryd ,nd .ekSu .ek we;súh yels u;h ke;s lsÍu i|yd fo.=reka o fuu b.ekaùï flfrys wjOdkh fhduq fkdlr;a' ;jo tu`.ska Tjqkaf.a orejka w{dk nj is;Su fyda m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyh .ek úYajdihla ke;s njla fmkaùu je<elaùu i|yd o Wmldrl b.ekaùï ms<sn| fy<sorõ fkdlr;s'

úúO ld,hka j,§ Wmldrl b.ekaùïys ;Sj%;djh" iajrEmh iy ld, iSudj fjkia jk neúka th uek ne,Su wiSre fõ' fndfyda Wmldrl b.ekaùï wNsuqLj isÿfõ' kuq;a th mqoa.,sl wjOdkfha isg úYd, mka;s olajd mrdihl mej;sh yel' th ;eme,a ud¾.sl mdGud,d jYfhka fyda Bg;a jeä m%udKhlska wka;¾cd,h u`.skao isÿúh yel' ;jo iuyr isiqka fndfyda úIhhka i|yd fkdlvjd §¾> ld,hlg Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,nd .kakd w;r iuyfrla jßka jr iuyr úIhhkag muKla WmfoaYkh ,nd .ks;s' fufia jqjo fï ms<sn|j o< Ñ;%hla ks¾udKh lsÍu i|yd wjYH jk wOHhkhka fï jk úg imqrd we;' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha jeo.;alu ms<sn|j iudc" wd¾Ól oekqj;aNdjh ksid fuu Ñ;%h jvd;a mrsmQ¾K njg m;afjhs' tfukau jD;a;sl wdh;k iy iajdëk m¾fhaIlhska fuu ixisoaêh ms<sn|j jeäÿrg;a wOHhkh lsÍug fhduq ùu ksid o tu ld¾hh isÿù we;'

mßudj wkqj fjkialï

wxl 1 j.=j úúO miqìï Tiafia ,nd.;a o;a; bosrsm;a lrhs' fï i|yd lrk ,o wOHhk taldldrS fkdjqjo" ixLHdf,aLk iïu; wdlD;shl fkdmej;sh o" tu`.ska m%Odk rgd meyeos,sj oelsh yel' bka m<uq wdl¾YKSh ksrSlaIKh jkqfha w;sf¾l b.ekaùu f,dj mqrdu mj;sk njhs' lekvdj cmdkh jeks Wiia wdodhï uÜgï we;s rgj,a fukau ldïfndach" flkahdj jeks wvq wdodhï ,nk rgj,a o fuu lKavdhug wh;a fõ' WmfoaYkh jvd;a m%p,s;j oelsh yelafla

18

msáir m%foaYj, fkdj kd.rsl m%foaYj,hs' iuyr ixialD;Sl miqìï j, .eyekq <uhskag jvd msrsñ <uhs fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk wjia:d ,n;s'

wxl 1 j.=j- fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ms<sn| rgj,a yryd osfjk o¾Yl

msysàu rgdj

nx.a,dfoaYh j¾I 2005 oS ksjdi 16,400 lska ,nd.kakd ,o cd;sl ix.Kk o;a;hka 1998 oS ksjdi 33,229 lska ,nd.kakd ,o tjeksu o;a; yd ixikaokh lrk ,oS' o;a;hka úiska fmkajd fok ,oafoa w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh fkdkj;ajd mej;s w;r ld,h mqrdu j¾Okhla o jQ njls' m%d:ñl YsIH ixLHdfjka 31% la ^fuhska 28.2%la msáirnojo" 51.7% kd.rsljo& WmfoaYkh ,nd we;' kuq;a 1998 oS fuu ixLHdj ^msáir 18.1% lajo" kd.rslj 44.3% jYfhka& 21.4% ls'

ldïfndach j¾I 1997/98 oS m%d:ñl mdi,a 77 l iólaIKhl oS m%;spdr oelajQ msrsfika 31.2] l m%udKhl isiqka WmfoaYkh ,nk nj ;yjqre lr we;' fï i`oyd m%d:ñl wOHdmk jefhka 6.6] l m%udKhla úhoï lr ;sfì' j¾I 2004 oS lrk ,o wkq.dó wOHhkhla u.ska fmkajd fok ,oafoa oAù;shsl uÜgfï oS fuu m%udKh ie<lsh hq;= f,ig j¾Okh jQ njls' oaù;shsl fY%aKsj, by< mka;sj, idudkH .Dyia: jeh m%d:ñl mka;sj, jeh fuka isõ .=Khla jk njls'

lekvdj j¾I 1997 oS mj;ajk ,o oqrl:k iólaIKhl oS mdi,a hk jhfia orejka bkakd fo.=reka 501 lska 9.4 ] l f.ka m%ldYjQfha ish orejka mdi,a fõ,dfjka ndysrj w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,nd.kakd njhs' ;jo 8.4 ] m%udKhla w;S;fhaoS o tu fiajdj ,nd we;s nj ;yjqre lrhs'

Ökh j¾I 1994 oS mjq,a 4,773 l mj;ajk ,o kd.rsl .Dyia: wOHdmkh iy /lshd ms<sn| iólaIKfhaoS fuu mrsudjka tu WmfoaYk ,nd.kakd nj meyeos,s úh' ta m%d:ñl mka;sj, 73.8] lao my< oaù;shsl fY%aKsj, 65.6] lao by< oaù;Shsl mka;sj, 53.5] lao jYfhks'

ihsm%ih úoHd, isiqka 1,120 la f.k 2003 j¾IfhaoS lrk ,o wOHhkhlg wkqj 86.4] l m%udKhla oaù;Shsl mdi,a iufhaoS Wmldrl fiajd ,nd we;'

Bcsma;=j l=gqïNhla úiska lrk wOHdmk wdodhñka 61] m%udKhla jeh jkafka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ioyd nj 2004 oS lrk ,o wOHhkhlska .Kka n,d ;sfí' j¾I 1997 wOHhkhla u.ska .Kkh lr we;af;a fmdÿfõ ish`Mu mka;s j, fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l fiajd i`oyd o< cd;sl ksIAmdos;fhka 1.6] l m%udKhla jeh jk njhs' l=gqïN 4,729 la i`oyd 1994 oS lrk ,o iólaIKhla u.ska wkdjrKh jQfha kd.rsl m%foaYj, isiqka 64] jYfhka o .%dóh m%foaYj, 52] jYfhka o w;sf¾l Wmldrl wOHdmk fiajd ,nk fihls'

fydxfldx rdcH ixLHd f,aLk u.ska fmkajd oS we;af;a 2006 jif¾oS m%d:ñl iy oaù;shsl YsIH ixLHdfjka 34] la w;sf¾l Wmldrl wOHdmk fiajd ,nd we;s njhs' l=gqïNhka 13,600 l 2004 - 2005 jir j,oS mj;ajk ,o iólaIKhl oS olakg ,enqfka tu fiajd ,nk m%udKh m%d:ñl mka;sj, 36] lao mYapd;a m%d:ñl mka;sj, 33.6] iy oAù;shsl mka;sj, 48.1 ] jYfhka njhs'

cmdkh j¾I 2007 oS isÿl< iólaIKhla fmkajd ÿkafka cql+ kñka ye|skafjk Wmldrl wOHdmk wdh;k j, 15.9] m%d:ñl 1 wxYfha orejka mqoa.,sl bf.kqu ,nk njhs' fuu wkqmd;hka l%ul%ufhka j¾Okh ù ;sfí ' lKsIaG wxYfhaoS 6.8] lajq fuu m%udKhg wu;rj oaù;shsl wxYfha oS yeu isiqka 3 lska u tla wfhl= jYfhka 65.2] l wkqmd;hla fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,n;a' 15] m%udKhla ;eme,a ud¾.sl mdGud,d yodr;s'

19

flkahdj cd;sl ksheoshla jYfhka f;dard .kakd ,o 6 fY%aKsfha isiqka 3,233 lska 68.6] l m%udKhla w;sf¾l Wmldrl wOHdmk fiajd ,nd.kakd nj ;yjqre úh' th m<d;a jYfhka Bidk m<df;kaa 39] iy kHdkaid m<df;ka 74.4] la f,igh' iqúfYaIS N+f.da,Sh m%foaY ;=kl fuhg iudka;rj mj;ajk ,o iólaIkhlska wkdjrKh jQfha w;sf¾l Wmldrl wOHdmk fiajd jvd m%p,s; jQfha msrsñ <uqka w;r fukau .%dóh m%foaY j,g jvd kd.rsl m%foaYj, njhs'

úhÜkduh mdi,a 3,639 l miafjks fYa%Ksfha isiqka 72,660 fhdodf.k lrk ,o ksheos iólaIKhloS 38] m%udKhla Tjqka Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,nd.kakd nj mjik ,oS' j¾I 2002 oS l=gqïNhl wOHdmk jefhka 20] úhoï lr we;af;a fï i|ydhs' úYaj úoHd, m%fõY úNd. i|yd iQodkï jk wh w;r fuu wkqmd;h 29] olajd j¾Okh ù we;' ;jo fuu ixLHdjka uOHu l\qrfÜ iy ksrs;os. m%foaYj, o úfYaIfhka kd.rsl m%foaY j, o by< w.hla .kS'

uQ,dY% ( Bray 2006 jd¾;dlr ;sfnk úúO wOHhkhka ^2006, pp. 517-518& nx.a,dfoaYh .ek hdj;ald,Sk lsrSï -Nath, (2008, p. 57&( f,dal nexl=fõ Bcsma;= igyka (2008, p. 190& ( Kwok fydxfldx ^2009, p.106) iy Ng (2009, p.1& ( cmdkh-úoHdj ixialD;s lS%vd yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYh (2008, p. 13& ( Xue and Ding –

Ökh ms<n| o;a; ^2009, p. 119& ( f,dal nexl= iólaIKh 2001- úhÜkduh .ek o;a;- (2004, p.81)'

j¾I 2007 IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixioh ;jÿrg;a kso¾Yk olajk ,oS' Silova - isf,dajd (2007)

rgj,a 12 l fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl b.ekaùu ms<n| ixLHd f,aLk imhhs' kef`.kysr hqfrdamfha iy wdishdfõ o fidaúhÜ ix.uh iu. ft;sydisl in|;d we;s rgj,a o fï w;f¾ úh^wxl 2 j.=j&' weh olajkafka ^p. 3& uq,a ld,hl fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh idudkH m%udKhl mej;sh o j¾I

1990 ka miq hq.fha th úYd, jHdmdrhla njg m;aj we;s j.hs' wmf.a ixLHd f,aLk ,ndf.k

we;af;a (Open Society Institute) újD; iudc wdh;kh u`.ska 2004-2005 iy 2005-2006 oS isoq

lrk ,o wOHhk folla wkqqidrfhks' ;jo fï ms<sn|ju Silova, Budiene & Bray 2006 iy

Silova 2009 wdY%s;hka we; ^n,kak&' b,lal lKavdhula jYfhka úYaj úoHd,fha m%:u jir Wmdê wfmalaIlhska f;dard f.k" ish mdi,a ld,fha oaù;shsl hq.fha wjidk jif¾ oS Tjqka ,enQ fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ms<sn| w;aoelSï wdj¾ckh lsrSug i,iajk ,oS' win¾cdkh" fcda¾cshdj iy fl%dtaIshdj hk rgj, m¾fhaIlhska oaù;shsl mdi,a isiqka w<,d iólaIKhla lrk ,oS' tu`.ska ms<s;=re ,ndfok whf.a ixLHdj iy úIh m:h o m<,a úh' m<fjks wOHhk jgfhaoS ms<s;=re

,ndfok whf.a ixLHdj 8,713 la jQ w;r fofjks jgh ioyd ms<s;=re ,ndÿka whf.a ixLHdj 3,101 la úh' m¾fhaIKh u.ska m%Odk jYfhka fohdldrhl fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkhka .ek wkdjrKh lr.kakd ,oS' ta" mqoa.,hska úiska fm!oa.,slj u ,ndfok WmfoaYkh iy wdh;k u.ska úYaj úoHd, m%fõYh ioyd bosrsm;a lrk m%drïNl WmfoaYk mdGud,djka h' fmr fidaúhÜ reishdjg wh;ajQ winrscdkh" fcda¾cshdj iy ,s;=fõkshdj jeks rgj, fuka u fudkaf.da,shdfõ o fm!oa.,slj mdvï ,ndoSu iq,Nj oelsh yel' fmr hqf.diaf,daúhd rdcHhg wh;ajQ fl%dtaIshdj" iaf,dfõlshdj" fndiakshdj iy y¾If.dakshdj jeks ixj¾ê; yd jvd hym;a fj<|fmd<la we;s rdcHj, m%drïNl mdGud,djka jeämqr oelsh yelsúh' jvd;a lemS fmfkk ixLHd f,aLk

yuqjkafka win¾cdkfhks' tys úYaj úoHd, YsIHhskaf.ka 90% la u mejiqfõ ;uka mdif,a wjidk fYa%Ksj,oS fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYk j, msysg ,nd we;s njls'

20

j.=j wxl 2 - kef.kysr hqfrdamfha iy wdishdfõ f;dard.;a rgj, mqoa.,sl b.ekaùï mrsudKh'

Source; Silova (2007), p.5.

fjk;a ixo¾Nhl msysgd Paviot (2007) jd¾;d lf<a m%Yakdj,s wdlD;sh .ek h' ta ol=Kq iy

kef.kysr wms%ldfõ rgj,a 15 lska iukaú; wOHdmk wud;HdxY tl;=j mj;ajk ,o -SACMEQ-

wOHdmk .=Kd;auh kshdukh i`oydjq ol=Kq iy kef.kysr wms%ldkq ix.ufha oSh' ixikaokh

l<yels o;a;hka /ila 1995 oS iy 2000 oS tla/ia lr.kakd ,oS^j.=j 3&' fuu o;a;hka b;d

ksrjq,a fkdùh' fya;=j jQfha fuhg" uqo,g flfrk fm!oa.,sl Wmldr b.ekaùu fuka u .=re

fo.=reka fyda mjqf,a wh úiska fkdñ,fha lrk ,o b.ekaùï o we;=,;a ùuh' tfia jqjo fï u`.ska

iuyr rgj, úYd, f,ig flfrk fm!oa.,sl b.ekaùu m%udKh úoyd fmkajk ,oS' tfukau tys

j¾Okh ùu o meyeos,s lrk ,oS' j¾I 1995 oS 6 fY%aKsfha idudkH jYfhka 49] m%udKhla jd¾;djQ

w;r tu m%udKh 2000 oS 68.3] olajd jeäù ;sìK'

fuu ksrSlaIK" Eilor (2007) úiska W.kavdjg wod,j úia;r lrk ,o rgdj yd iudk;ajhla olajhs' Tyq ^thsf,da& lkiai`M jQfha fY%aKs yryd osfjk ixLHd f,aLk iys;jQ f;dr;=re W!K;djh ms<sn|jhs' kuq;a fï jk úg fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh yeu m%Odk kd.rsl mrsirhlu uq,A nei.;a idudkH fohla yeáhg Tyq ksrSlaIKh lr we;' .%dóh m%foaYj,oS fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l

b.ekaùu" isiqka úNd. ioyd fmkS isá jir j,g muKla iSudúh' Eilor (2007, p.14& fufia olajhs'

„b.ekaùfï ;Sj%;djh úúO m%foaY wkqj fjkia jqjo fuu ixisoaêh w;s úYd, f,i" uqM rfÜu úúO

wxY yryd" miq.sh oYl fol ;=, m%n, j j¾Okhù mj;S‟. j¾I 2000 SACMEQ iólaIKh

fmkajd ÿkafka ksheosh jYfhka .;a W.kavdfõ 6 fYa%Ksh isiqka w;=frka 81.8% la u mdi,a fõ,dfjka

21

ndysrj lsishï w;sf¾l b.ekaùulg fhduqjQ njhs' fuu wkqmd;fhka isiqka 51.4% m%udKhla ;u

w;sf¾l mka;s i|yd uqo,a jehlr ;sfí (Byamugisha and Ssenabulya, 2005, pp. 71-72).

j.=j 3 - kef.kysr iy ol=Kq wms%ldfõ 6 fY%aKsfha isiqkaf.a fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl b.ekaùï

m%;sY;hka - 1995 iy 2000 j¾Ihka

SACMEQ I (1995) SACMEQ II (2000)

m%;sY;h ksheÈfha úIu;d m%;sY;h ksheÈfha úIu;d

flkahdj 68.6 2.53 87.7 1.91 u,dú 22.1 1.96 79.7 3.47 uqreis ÿm; 77.5 1.44 86.6 1.07 keóìhdj 34.7 2.08 44.7 2.33 ieïìhdj 44.8 2.35 55.1 3.56

gekazidkshd$iekaisnd¾ 46.1 1.26 55.9 0.95 idudkHh 49.0 1.94 68.3 2.22 Source: Paviot, Heinsohn and Korkman (2008), p. 152.

fuhg jvd fjk;a mrsirhla jQ bkaoshdfõ m%dka; y;rlg iqcd;df.a Sujatha (2007, p. 3&

wjOdkh fhduq úh' wehf.a ksheosh jQfha mka;s IX-XII (9 fYa%Ksfha isg 12 fYa%Ksh& ;=< isiqka 6,948 ls' fuysoS m%dka; iy fY%aKs yryd hï fjkialï olajk kuq;a iuia;hla yeáhg oelaúh yelafla

idudkH jYfhka 41.3% l m%udKhla fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,nd .kakd njh ^j.=j 4&'

iuyr úg .eyekq <uhskag jvd msrsñ <uhska WmfoaYkhg fhduq jk nj fuu wkqmd;" msrsñ 54.9%

la jYfhkao .eyekq 39.6% jYfhka o ùfuka fmfka' j¾I 2007 § Jalaluddin (2007, p. 1) úiska lrk ,o m¾fhaIKh wkdjrKh ùu iu`. fuu f;dr;=re yd iudk;ajh meyeos,s úh' tu`.ska olajd we;af;a ngysr fnx.d,fha l=gqïNhka m%d:ñl wOHdmk wjia:dfõoS u fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh

i|yd wdfhdackhla lr we;s njhs' tu m%udKh mjq,l wOHdmk jefhka 1/3 la blaujhs'

j.=j 4- fY%aKs wkqj bkaÈhdfõ m%dka; 04 l fm!oa.,sl Wmldr b.ekaùï ,nd .kakd isiqkaf.a m%;sY;hka

IX X IX-X XI XII XI-XII IX-XII

wdkaød m%foaYa 11.3 52.7 32.3 - - - -

flar< 43.0 71.6 55.0 31.5 36.0 33.5 43.7

uydrdIag% 43.2 56.0 49.3 41.0 38.5 40.0 44.7

W;a;¾ m%foaYa 31.4 62.0 45.7 31.4 38.6 34.9 40.7

idudkHh 32.0 58.8 44.6 36.0 53.8 36.8 41.3

Note: The sample in Andra Pradesh covered only Grades IX and X. N= Classes IX-X: 4,031; Classes XI- XII: 2,917 Source: Sujatha (2007), p.3

22

;=¾lsfha fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh b;d by< uÜgul mj;sk nj;a m%idrKh fjñka

mj;sk nj;a jd¾;d ù we;' Tansel and Bircan (2007, pp. 5-6) úiska w;sf¾l WmfoaYkfha uq,sl

m%fNao 03 la y÷kdf.k we;' tla m%fNaohla jqfha fm!oa.,slj .súi.;a uqo,la i|yd b,a ï lrk ,o úIhhlg tlsfkld jYfhka ,ndfok fm!oa.,sl Wmldr WmfoaYk h' fofjks m%fNaoh jqfha m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha .=rejreka úiska úoHd, N+ñh ;=< u mdi,a fõ,dfjka miqj w;sf¾l whlsßula i|yd ,nd fok WmfoaYkh hs' fuu j¾.fha mdvñ ud,djka idudkHfhka wdrïNl ;,fhau mdi,a md,l uKav, úiska ixúOdkh lrkq ,nk w;r ta i|yd wkque;sh iy f.jk uqo,

ms<sn| ;SrKh ,nd fokafka cd;sl wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u`.sks' ;=kajk j¾.h jqfha dersane

jYfhka y÷kajk fm!oa.,sl b.ekaùï uOHia:dkhs' fuys§ wdrïNl yd oaú;Shsl ;,fha isiqka i|yd WmfoaYk fiajd ,ndfok w;r rcfha /lshd j,g m%fõY ùfï Wmldrl mdGud,d o

meje;aúK' j¾I 1960 oYlfhaa uq,a Nd.fha mgka fm!oa.,sl Wmldr b.ekaùï uOHia:dk wdrïN ù

we;s w;r 1965 § tajd ffk;sl rduqjla hg;g f.k tk ,§' ta wkqj tu uOHia:dk cd;sl wOHdmk

wud;HdxYfha ,shdmosxÑ úh hq;= w;r Tjqkaf.a bmhSï i|yd noaola o f.úh hq;= úh' j¾I 1975-

1976 ld,fha§ fujeks uOHia:dk 157 la ;=¾lsh ;=< ,shdmÈxÑ ù ;snqK w;r j¾I 2005-2006 jk

úg tu ixLHdj 3,986 la úh' fuu m%udKh 3,406 la jq oaú;Shsl mdi,a ixLHdj o blaujd we;' fuu

fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l b.ekaùï uOHia:dk j, m%d:ñl isiqka muKla 1,072,000 la jq w;r oaú;Shsl

wxYfha isiqka 2,076,000 la úh (Tansel and Bircan 2007, pp. 16-17).

Tiaá%hdfõ mj;sk rgdj ;rula fjkia h' Gruber (2007, p.3) olajkafka fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ms<sn|j iuia; cd;sl o;a;hka fkdue;s njhs' úúO j¾.fha fiajd iemhqïlrejka ms<sn|j fyda fm!oa.,sl mdi,a fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYk ixisoaêh ms<sn|j tfia ie,ls,su;a jkafka o@ hkak .ek fyda fuu fiajh l=uk fya;= ksid ,nd .kafka o@ hkak .ek o f;dr;=re lsisjla fkdue;s nj jeäÿrg;a m%ldY lrhs' tfia jqjo fiajd kshqla;Ska ms<sn| Tiaá%hdkq uKav,fha mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIK wxYh" fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk i|yd hk jeh .Kka n,d we;'

2006 § cd;sl uÜgfï fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYk i|yd jeh fvd,¾ ñ,shk 140 la nj .Kka n,d we;' fuu jeh m%udKh úhdkd úYaj úoHd,h u`.ska isÿ lrk ,o m¾fhaIK jHdmD;sfha

f;dr;=re yd .e,fma' tu úYaj úoHd,hfha jd¾;d wkqj Tiaá%hdkq oaù;Sh mdi,a isiq .yKfhka 20%

la lsishï j¾.hl fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYk fiajhla ,nd we; (Wagner et al., 2003, quoted

by Gruber, 2007, p.3).

ngysr hqfrdamfha fjk;a ;ekaj, fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYk ixisoaêh jeo.;a fia

i,lk nj fjk;a o;a;hka yryd olakg ,efí' j¾I 2008 § fo.=reka 1500 la fhdodf.k isÿ lrk

,o iólaIKhla u`.ska wkdjrKh jqfha m%d:ñl mdif,a isiqka 12% la iy oaú;Shsl mdif,a isiqka

8% la fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYk fiajh ,nd .kakd njhs (Peters, Carpenter, et al ., 2009, p.2).

j¾I 1992 § m%xYfha lrk ,o wOHhkhlska olakg ,enqfKa tla m<d;l isiqkaf.ka 25% la

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd .;a njhs (Glasman, 2007, p .1). B<`. oYlfha§ fuu wxYfha ie,lsh

23

hq;= m%idrKhla we;s jqfKa m%xY rch úiska .kakd ,o ys;lr mshjr ksidh (Melot, 2007; Anglade,

2008). .%Sisfha j¾I 2000 oS mj;ajk ,o iólaIKhlska fidhd .kq ,enqfha úYaj úoHd, isiqkaf.ka

80% lg jeä m%udKhla frontistirio f,i y÷kajk ;Sj% YSlaIK wdh;k j, iqodkï mdGud,djla

yodrd we;s njhs' ;jo 50% l muK m%udKhla fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd we;s w;r uqM

ixLHdfjka 1/3 la muK fm!oa.,slj iy lKavdhï jYfhka WmfoaYkh ,nd ;sfí

(Psacharopoulos and Papakonstantinou, 2005, p. 105). wh¾,ka;fha 2003 j¾Ifha§ fcHIaG

oaú;Sh wOHdmkh ksu l< isiqka 1496 la wod, lrf.k lrk ,o iólaIKhlska olakg ,enqfKa 45% l m%udKhla Tjqkaf.a wjidk mdi,a jif¾§ uqo,a ,ndf.k lrk fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl fiajd ,nd

.;a njhs' fuu jhia lKavdhu i|yd 1994 § mej;s 32% m%;sY;h foi n,k l, fuh iEfyk

j¾Okhls (Smyth, 2009, p. 9).

weußld tlai;a ckmofha" lekvdfõ iy ´iafÜ%,shdfõ mj;sk rgdjka iu`. ngysr

hqfrdamfha we;s rgdjka ixikaokh l< yel' j¾I 2007 § fjdÜika (Watson, 2007) jd¾;d lf<a ´iafÜ%,shdj ;=< fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh flfrys ,eî we;s wjOdkh b;d wvq njhs' kuq;a

2004 § f*vr,a wdKavqj úiska kshdul jjqp¾ l%uhla y÷kajd fok ,§' ta m%Odk m%jdyfha m%dma;s

W!K;d we;s jir 03 isiqkag fm!oa.,sl b.ekaùï i|yd uqo,a f.ùu msKsihs' fuu jevms<sfj<

2005 jif¾§ isiqka 6200 lg WmldÍ jq w;r tu ixLHdj fujeks wdOdr i|yd iqÿiqlï ,nk

lKavdhfuka 1/3 l m%udKhls' fuu rdcH odhl;ajh ,nk jevms<sfj<g wu;rj fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fujeks m%drïNkhka o j¾Okh úh' fuu úldYkhka tlai;a ckmofha ;j;a lghq;= yd

iudka;rj mej;sK' úfYaI jYfhka 2002 j¾Ifha§ kS;s.; jq No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

mk; u`.ska fm!oa.,sl bf.kqï imhkakka fj; rdcH iïm;a ,nd §u .ek i|yka l< yel

(Ascher, 2006; Burch, Donovan, and Steinberg, 2006; Vergari, 2007). lekvdj ;=< tjeks iudka;r rdcH wKmk;a ke;súh' tfia jqjo WmfoaYkfha iEfyk j¾Okhla rg ;=< oelsh yels

úh' Davis and Aurini (2006, p. 123) Tjqkaf.a m¾fhaIKh wkqj jd¾;d lf<a miq.sh wjqreÿ 30 l

ld,h ;=< fm!oa.,sl Wmldr WmfoaYk wdh;k 200% - 500% la olajd m%udKhlska j¾Okh ù

we;s njhs' TkafÜf.da m%dka;fha mdi,a hk jhfia orejka we;s fo.=reka 24% l m%udKhla úiska

uE;l § WmfoaYlhska uqo,a f.jd ,ndf.k we;' iuia; lefkaähdkq fo.=rekaf.ka 50% la mjid isáfhaa ;ukag uqo,a úhoï lsßfï yelshdj ;snqfKa kï ksielfhka u WmfoaYlhskaf.a fiajh ,nd .kakd njhs'

,;ska weursldfõ fï ldrKh .ek mrSlaIK isoqj we;af;a b;d w,am jYfhks' kuq;a fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYk wjia:d fuu l,dmfha iuyr ;efkl olakg we;' ta úfYaIfhka

kd.rsl m%foaYj, iy by< oaù;shsl bf.kqï ia:rhkays h' kso¾Ykhla jYfhka – n%iS,fha

Mattos, (2007) rsfhda o cekhsfrda k.rfha kj WmfoaYlhskaf.a ls%hdldrs;aj udkhkaa mrSlaId lr

;sfí' Barros (2008) ndyshd m%foaYfha fuu ixisoaêh .ek i`oyka lr ;sfí'

24

1 fldgqj' fm!oa.,sl Wmldr b.ekaùï rgdjka j¾.SlrKh

f,dj jgd we;s rgdjka úu¾Ykh lrK l,g fmkS hkafka mrsudj iy iajrEmh wkqj fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh" rdYs .; l<hq;= wdldrhhs' tjeks lKavdhï .; lsrSulg mdol jk lreKq jkafka ; WmfoaYkh jeo.;a ls%hdj,shla f,i j¾OkhjQ wdldrh ms<sn| ft;sydisl o;a;" WmfoaYkhg ys;lr jk fyda wys;lr jk ixialD;sl idOl" rdcH wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s iy fuu Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sh w;r we;s iïnkaO;d wdoshhs'

cmdkh" fydxfldx"fldrshdj" ;dhsjdkh jeks fmros. wdishdkq rgj, fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh l,l mgka b;d m%n, ls%hdldrluls' oeka th rfÜ ixialD;sh yd wkqnoaOj mj;S' fuu ;;a;ajhg fya;= jYfhka oelaúh yelafla fldkamshqIshia oyfï iïm%odhkah' tu.ska idrO¾u wOHdmkh iy Woafhda.su;a nj wjOdrKh lrhs'

kef`.kysr hqfrdamd rgj, iy fmr fidaúhÜ reishdjg wh;aj ;=nQ rgj,a j, 1990 uq,a Nd.h f;la fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh idudkH ;;a;ajhl mej;sK' wd¾Ólhka ì|jeàu ksid tu rgj, .=rejrekg orsø;djfhka .e,ùu i`oyd jeämqr hula bmhSug fjfyi ùug isoqjQ úg fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh fõ.fhka m%idrKh úh' isiqkaf.a Ydia;S%h oekqfï mej;s wiudk;d o fya;=jla úh'

kef`.kysr wdishdj iy fidaúhÜ ix.ufha iuyr rgj,a iu. ixikaokh lrk l< ngysr hqfrdamfha" W;=re weursldfõ iy ´iag%f,aIshdfõ fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh idudkH uÜgul mj;sk kuq;a wo jk úg m%idrKh fjñka meyeos,s f,ig oelsh yels jk ;;a;ajhl we;' m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska wjOdrKh lrkafka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh fjkqfjka wdfhdackh lsrSfï m%;s,dN fo.=reka yd mdi,a olsk neúka ;r.ldrS ;;a;ajhla we;s njls' iuyr rdcHhka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh osrs .kajkafka th wvq idOk uÜgï we;s isiqkg wdOdr jk ksidh'

wms%ldj ;=, fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh jvd;a oDYHudk fõ' fï kj Wmk;sh .=rejre olskafka fï yryd ;ukag wdodhï Wmojd .ekSu i\yd we;s wjia:djka yeáhgh' fuys wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=, Yla;su;a wëlaIKhla fyda j.ùula we;s lsrSug ;rï m%n, l%ufõo fkdue;' wo ol=Kq wdishdfõ mj;sk ;;a;ajh jkafka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ^úfYaIfhka kd.rsl m%foaYhkays& tosfkod cSú;fha fldgila njg m;aùuhs' wm%sldkq wOHdmk moaO;sh ;=<o fuu ;;a;ajh yd iudk ;;a;ajhla úldYh ùu wdrïN ù ;sfí' fmr fidaúhÜ ix.uhg wh;ajQ rgj, mrsoafoka u wms%ldkq .=rejre o fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh foi n,kafka ;ukaf.a w,amjQ wdodhug m%;smQrlhla yeáhg hs'

by< oaù;shsl wxYfha yer fiiq wjia:dj, fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,;ska weursldj ;=< mj;skafka my< uÜgulh' olskakg ,efnkafka idïm%odhsl wOHdmk moaO;shhs' kuqÿ fuu ;;a;ajh ngysr hqfrdamfha iy W;=re weursldfõ we;sjQ mrsosu fjkiaùug Ndckh ùfï yelshdj we;'

fulS úúO m%fNaohka úúO m%;sm;a;s wjYH;d fhdackd lsrSu i|yd m%fhdackj;a h' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha mrsudj my, uÜgul mej;S muKlska lsishï mshjrla fkd.;hq;= njg" m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska Wml,amkh fkdl< hq;=fõ' fuu wjia:dj lsishï mshjrla .ekSu i|yd b;du;a WÑ; nj is;sh hq;af;a .eg`M wjia:djla we;sùu je<elaùu ioyd l,a;shd mshjr .ekSu" tu ;;a;ajh we;sù m%;sl¾u fiùug jvd fnfyúka hym;a jk neúks'

;Sj%;djh wkqj fjkialï

fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkfha ;Sj%;djh ms<sn| m%Odk úp,Hhka .ek kso¾Yk fmkajdfok

ixLHdf,aLk IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiofhaoS bosrsm;a úh' WodyrK jYfhka (Neto-Mendes and Costa,

2007) ksfgda-fukaäia iy fldia;d (2007) jir ;=kl ld,hla ;siafia mD;=.d,fha k.rhl oaù;Shsl

25

mdie,l o;a; fufia olajk ,oS' Tjqka fuu o;a; ish,a,u ,nd .kakd ,oafoa 12 fY%aKsh isiqkg

wod<jhs' j.=j 5 u.ska fmkajkafka 2005-2006 jir i|yd mdi,a y;rlska ,nd.kakd ,o o;a; jk

w;r tu mdi,a j, wkkH;djh t<sorõ fkdùu msKsi j¾K 4 lska y\qkajd we;' 52% isg 65%

olajd m%udKhla fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,nd we;' fndfyda isiqka i;shlg meh 1 isg 3

olajd ld,hla Wmldrl WmfoaYk ,nd we;s w;r iEfyk isiqka ixLHdjla i;shg meh 4 isg 10

olajd ld,hla tjka WmfoaYk ioyd iyNd.Sj we;' fuu ld,iSudjka iïnkaOh olajd we;af;a

jeh m%udKhka iu.hs'

j.=j 5 - 2005-2006 j¾Ihkays mD;=.d,fha úoHd, lsysmhl 12 fjks fYa%Ksfha isiqka w;f¾ Wmldr WmfoaYk ;Sj%;djh

mdi,a isiqka .Kk

WmfoaYKh ,nk %

WmfoaYk i;s$meh .Kk udisl jeh (Є)

1-3 4-10 10+ NA 70 71-210 210+ NA

ks,a mdi, 161 65% 54% 42% 2% 2% 31% 56% 7% 6%

ly mdi, 97 52% 56% 36% 4% 4% 46% 50% - 4%

fld< mdi, 122 52% 59% 38% - 3% 38% 53% 3% 6%

frdai mdi, 167 63% 54% 45% 1% - 24% 66% 8% 2%

NA = No answer

Source: Neto – Mendes and Costa (2007), p. 7.

mD;=.d,h yd wdY%s; o;a; iïmdokh jQfha wOHdmk wud;HdxYh 2005 jif¾oS cd;sl úYaj

úoHd, m%fõY úNd.hg bosrsm;ajQ 31,035 l wfmalaIlhska yryd lrk ,o iólaIKhla wkqjhs'

(Costa, Neto-Mendes and Ventura, 2008). fuu iólaIKfhka fmkajk ,oafoa fuu ixLHdfjka

54.7] m%udKhla ish mdi,a osúfha 10 isg 12 olajd fY%aKsj, oS fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,nd.;a njhs' fuu ld,h tjeks b.ekaùulg md;% ùug b;d iqÿiq ld,h jQ nj meyeos,s h'

ulaksidoh;a 5 - 6 fY%aKs j,oS fuu m%;sY;h 1.6] la jYfhkao 7-9 fY%aKs j,oS 7.7] jYfhka ;=nQ

neúks' iólaIs; jir mqrdu l%uj;aju WmfoaYkh ,enQ ixLHdj 55.9] úh' ;j;a 27.5] msrsila

jif¾ iuyr ld,hl fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd we;s w;r 16.6] la úNd.hg fmrd;=j muKla Woõ ,nd we;'

úNd. wdikak ld,h fj;a u ta ioyd we;s Wkkaoqj j¾Okh ùu ms<sn| idlaIs fjk;a rgj,a j,o oelsh yel' WodyrK jYfhka uqreisfha b;d jeo.;a úNd. folla jk m%d:ñl mdi,a wjidk mrSlaIKh iy by< oaù;shsl mdi,a wjidk mrSlaIKhg fmrd;=j fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh

ioyd b,a u Wmrsufjhs (Obeegadoo, 2007). keóìhdfõoS fuu ;;a;ajh oelsh yelafla 10 fY%aKsh

iy 12 fY%aKsh úNd.dikakfha oSh (Nghiyoonanye, 2007). isx.mamQrej iy úhÜkdufha fuhg

iudkrEmS jQ j¾Okhla m%d:ñl iy oaù;shsl ;,j, wjidk úNd. wjiA:d wkqj fmkajhs (Dang,

2007; Tan, 2009).

26

Table 6.^j.=j wxl 6'& bkaoshdkq m%dka; myl o;a; bosrsm;a lrhs' fuhska úoyd mdkafka isiqka fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,nd .kakd úIhhka yd tys mrsudKh yd ;Sj%;djhhs' flar,fha fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ms<sn| by<u ixLHd;h mej;s w;r wkaød m%foaYays th my< uÜgul úh' tu m%dka;fha ;Sj%;djh ÿq¾j, ;;a;ajhl úh' by< oaù;shsl ;,fhaoS f,dl= úIh m%udKhlg WmfoaYkh ,nd fkd.efkK w;r fuhg tla fya;=jla jQfha Tjqkg úIh lsysmhlg iSudùug ^úfYaI{ ùug& isoqùuhs' my< oaù;shsl ;,fhaoS úIh ud,dfõ m%Odk úIhhka jQfha uõ NdIdjka" bx.%Sis" yskaos" .Ks;h" idudkH úoHdj iy iudc wOHhkh hs' fuu úIh bf.k .kakd

YsIH ixLdfjka 90] muK w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,nd.;af;a .Ks;h yerek úg úoHdj iy bx.%sis

i`oydhs (Sujatha, 2007, p. 12). flar, m%dka;fha 98.8] m%;sY;hla .Ks;h ioyd Wmldrl

WmfoaYkh ,ndf.k we;' tfia jqjo W;a;r m%foaYfha fuu m%;sY;h 73] mufKls' fuhg fya;=j tu m%dka;fha .Ks;h wksjd¾hh úIhhla fkdùu úh yel' by, oaù;shsl ;,fhaoS úoHdj iy .Ks;h Odrdjkays isiqka fjk;a Odrdj, wOHdmkh ,nk whg jvd fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,nd .ekSu isoqfõ'

j.=j wxl 6 - 2005 jif¾ bkaÈhdfõ YsIHhska w;r úúO úIhhka i|yd WmfoaYk ,nd .kakd YsIH m%;sY;hka

my< oaú;Shsl ;,h by< oaú;Shsl ;,h

1

úIhh 2

úIhh 3

úIhh uq`M

úIhhka 1

úIhh 2

úIhh 3

úIhh uq`M

úIhhka

wdkaød m%foaYa 58.1 36.7 3.4 1.7 - - - -

flar< 7.0 12.9 12.4 67.6 18.8 47.4 13.1 20.7

uydrdIag% 12.0 21.8 55.3 10.9 38.0 55.9 6.1 0.0

W;a;¾ m%foaYa 7.8 21.0 46.8 24.3 35.1 40.6 21.7 2.6

idudkHh 13.3 20.7 39.1 27.0 33.0 49.5 12.4 5.1

Source: Sujatha (2007), p. 11.

j.=j wxl 7 - úúO úIh Odrdjkays bf.kqu ,nk by, oaú;Shsl ;,fha bf.k .kakd bkaoshdkq isiqkaf.a w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,nd.kakd m%;sY;hka'

flar< uydrdIag% W;a;¾ m%foaYa tl;=j

úoHdj iy .Ks;h 45.4 55.7 52.1 52.3

Ñ;% 23.4 19.4 15.0 17.5

jdKscHh 20.1 17.8 47.4 19.8

fjk;a 0.0 1.6 10.0 4.3

Source: Sujatha (2007), p. 13.

mdi,a bf.kqï ld,hg w;sf¾l WmfoaYk ld,h o tl;= l< úg isiqkaf.a bf.kqï oskh b;d

oS¾> úh yel' fuu ldrKh Ökfha ueld´ m%foaYhg wod<j Sou (2007, p.5) u.ska úfYaIfhka

27

yqjd olajd ;sfí' m%d:ñl wxYfha isiqfjl=f.a ks, bf.kqï ld,h meh 5.5 la jqj;a Tjqyq ;j ÿrg;a

meh 2 isg 4 olajd ld,hla bf.k .ks;s' ta wkqj uq`M bf.kqï ld,h meh 7.5 isg 9.5 la olajd oS¾>

fjhs' oaù;shsl ;,fhaoS ks, bf.kqï ld,h meh 7 la jqj;a idudkH jYfhka Tjqka ;j; meh fol

;=kla WmfoaYkh ,nhs' fï wkqj uqM bf.kqï ld,h meh 9 la fyda 10 la jkq we;' Sou (p.5) mjid we;af;a fuu w;sf¾l meh tl;=j u`.ska isÿù we;af;a wOHdmkh i`oyd iïu; ld, m%;smdok wkqmd;hka m%n, f,i W,a,x>kh lsrSulss'

wdldrh wkqj fjkialï'

úúO wdldrhka yryd fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,ndosh yel' fuu l%ufõo kj ;dlaIKh yryd mrsKduh fjñka ixj¾Okhla ,nhs' fndfyda fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh isÿjkafka .=rejrhd wNsuqLjhs' kuq;a ÿrl:kh" rEmjdysksh" wka;¾cd,h wdosh yryd wkNsuqLjo WmfoaYk ls%hdj isÿfõ' fmr ;eme,a ud¾.sl mdGud,d yryd úYd, WmfoaYk ls%hdj,shla isÿjqj;a wo t;ek ,ndf.k we;af;a fjí wvú iy B - fï,a wdoshhs'

wNsuqLj flrk fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh wdlD;sl jYfhka úYd, f,i fjkia úh yel' m%udKj;a wodhï we;s mjq,a ;u orejkag ;ksj u WmfoaYkh ,nd osh yels WmfoaYlhskaf.a fiajh ,nd .ekSug leu;s jkq we;s' isiqka l=vd lKavdhï jYfhkao WmfoaYkh ,nk wjia:d we;' tfiau foaYkd.dr msrS b;srS hk úYd, lKavdhï yeáhg úfgl oDYH udOHh o Wmldrs lrf.k fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk isÿjkq olakg ,efí' fï tla tla udkhka u.ska .=rejrekaag o" mdrsfNda.sl f.ùï j,g iy rdcH m%;sm;a;s j,g o úúO n,mEï we;s lrhs'

iuyr rgj, fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh imhkafka" ;ukag oekgu;a hï YsIH ixLHdjla ms<sn|j j.lSula we;s m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejreka úiskau h' ;uka fyd`Èka okakd isiq msrsilg jeämqr Woõjla ,ndoSu M,odhl njla ne¨ ne,aug fmKqk;a fuu ls%hd ms<sfj,ska f,dl= .eg`M o we;s ùug wjldY we;' b;du;a wjdikdjka; wjia:djl oS" fuh Nh .ekaùula lrd hdfï bvlv mjd ;sìh yel' m%Odk m%jdyfha bf.kqï wjia:djkaysoS ;uka úiska b.ekaúh hq;= iuyr fldgia .=rejre w;miq lsrSfï wjldY we;' ta mdi,a fõ,dfjka miqj flfrk fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ioyd we;s b,a u j¾Okh lsrSu i|ydhs' fndfyda wOHdmk moaO;sj, oS" l=uk isiqka B<. fY%aKshg iu;a jkafkao hk ;SrKh .ekSfï whs;sh .=rejrhd i;=fõ' fuysoS uqo,a jehlr fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,n.ekSfï .eg`Mjlg fo.=reka wiqfõ' ta fuu uqo, jeh fkdlsrSu ksid ;u orejkg tu fYa%Ksfhau ;j jirla isàug isÿùfï oS Bg jvd jeä mdvqjla isÿfjk ksid h'

fldrshdj fyda ol=Kq wms%ldj jeks tl iudk fkdjk rgj, mjd wOHdmkh ,ndoSu ioyd rEmjdysksh fhdod .ekSu olskakg ,efí' ol=Kq wms%ldfõ fmdÿ rEmjdyskS fiajd fukau uqo,a f.jd

,nd .;hq;= rEmjdyskS kd,sld j,o wOHdmk jev igyka mj;S (Reddy, 2007, p. 14). ud;Dldj ,ndfok WmfoaYljrhd mdi, fj; rEmjdyskS iïnkaO;djh we;s lrhs' isiqka Tjqkaf.a .eg`M bosrsm;a lsrSfuka wk;=rej .=rejrhd kso¾Yk wkqidrfhka oekqu ,ndfohs' fuu l%uh u.ska .=rejrhd iy YsIHhd w;r Rcq iïnkaO;djhla fkdmj;sk w;r lsisúfgl fm!oa.,sl nkaOkhla

28

we;s fkdfõ' fuu úldYk u`.ska .=rejre yd isiqka w;r we;s oqria: ùfï ndOl wju lrk kuq;a fndfyda fihska fuu iïnkaOh rfá foaYiSudjg udhsï fõ'

wka;¾cd, WmfoaYkh oqr ms<sn| iSud jvd;a M,odhS wddldrhg ,sys,a lrhs' tu fiajd

cd;sl foaYiSudjka muKla fkdj uydoaùm w;r iSudjkao ch.kS (Ventura 2008a)' B fï,a in`o;d" wka;¾cd," ÿrl:k NdIkh" fjí leurd wdosh u.ska wkq.%dylhskag ;u iqúfYaIS wjYH;djhkag fyd|ska .e,fmk fiajd ,nd .ekaug wjldY ,nd oS we;' ish isiqka fl<ska u uqK.efik WmfoaYlhskag" m%udKj;a wkq.%dylhska ixLdjla ,nd .ekSfïoS ck.ykfha >k;ajho idOlhla fjhs' tneúka Tjqka ;u WmfoaYk uOHia:dk mj;ajdf.k hkafka .ukd.uk uOH,laIhka wdikakjhs' wka;¾cd, WmfoaYkh imhk whg k.rhg fukau .ug o myiqfjka <`.dúh yels w;r myiqjk NdIdjlska o fiajh ,ndosh yel' kso¾Ykhla jYfhka" bkaoshdfõ isák WmfoaYlfhl=g bx.S%is udOHfhka ish fiajh weursld tlai;a ckmofha wkq.%dylfhla fj; ,ndosh yel' tfukau Ökfha isák WmfoaYlfhl=g fydxfldx fyda uef,aishdj fyda isx.mamQrefõ bkakd wkq.%dylfhl= fj; Ök NdId udOHfhka ;u fiajh ,ndoSug wjldY we;'

fuu ksrSlaIK u.ska meyeos,s jkafka WmfoaYkh ,ndoSfï wdldrh uQ¾;su;a jkafka fiajd imhkakka iy wkq.%dylhska hk fomsrsi u yryd njhs' oaù;shsl mdi,a YsIhskaf.a WmfoaYlhska yeáhg fndfyda fihska lghq;= lrkafka w;sf¾l wdodhula wfmalaId lrk úYaj úoHd, YsIHhskah' tu l%uh wkqju" iuyrúg" m%d:ñl isiqkg WmfoaYkh ,ndfokafka oaù;shsl ;,fha isiqka úisks' kuq;a oaù;shsl isiqkag muKla fkdj iriú isiqkg mjd b.ekaùu ms<sn|j lsisu jD;aa;Sh iqÿiqlula fkdue;' tfiajqjo Tjqka ióm jhia iSudjkays miqjk neúka ta wkqj nkaOk we;súh yel'

fuu jhia iSudjkays wks;a wka;fha isákafka úY%dñlhska h' ;j ÿrg;a iudchg lsishï fiajhla ,ndfok w;r w;sf¾l wdodhula ,nd .ekSugo Tjqyq leue;a; olaj;s' Tjqka meñfKkafka fjk;a mrïmrdjlska jk neúka fjk;a bf.kqñ l%u Tjqka úiska fhdod.kakg bv we;' ;jo Tjqka

mrs.Kl wdYS%; f;dr;=re yd ixksfúok ;dlaIKh (ICTs) ms<sn| úfYaI oekqula ^mrsK; njla& fkdue;s wh úh yel' fuu jeäysá WmfoaYlhskaf.ka iuyfrla mdi,a moaO;sfha mQ¾K ld,Sk .=rejreka yeáhg fiajh lr ffk;sl kshuhka mrssos úY%du ,enQ whhs' fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYk fj<|fmdf,a ks, úY%du .ekSfï jhia iSudjka ms<sn| jeämqr ie,ls,a,la ke;s w;r jeä wjOdkh we;af;a ,nd.; yels fiajfha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajh iy ta i|yd f.úhq;= jk .dia;= m%udKfha idOdrK nj .ekhs'

fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh yeu úglu ls%hd;auljQfha wúêu;a mokul jqj;a wo jk úg fuu wxYh jdKsclrKh fjñka iy jHqy.; fjñka mj;S' Pdhd wOHdmkh" moaO;ska yryd ,ndoSu j¾Okh jk njg fuh ;j;a o¾Ylhls' m%udKfhka l=vd m%dfoaYSh iud.ï iy úYd,

nyqcd;sl iud.ï ia:dms; ù we;' iqm%lg nyqcd;sl iud.ï w;r 1954 oS cmdkfha wdrïN jQ

l=fudaka Kumon iud.u we;' th werUqfka tys ks¾ud;D Toru Kumon (1914-1995) fgdare l=fudaka ish orejdf.a .Ks; m%dma;s uÜgï oshqKq lsrSug .;a mshjrl M,hla yeáhghs' wv ishjilg miqj

29

l=fudaka mjikafka ;uka rgj,a 45 l isiqka ñ,shk y;rlg fiajd imhk njhs' Tyqf.a wdh;kh wêldrS n, moaO;shla yryd .Ks;h yd NdId b.ekaùu ms<sn|j úfYaI{ ;djhla ,nd we;'

fjk;a wêldrs n,h iys; wdh;k yeáhg Sylvan, Academy for Mathematics and Science, and

the Oxford Learning Centre ye|skaúh yel' Davis and Aurini (2006, P. 124) i|yka lrk ,oafoa wêldrS n,;, jHdmdrhl j¾Okh i|yd fm<Uùula we;s lrk njhs' Tjqka yqjd oelajQfha lekvdfõ ksnkaOk n,dêldrfha úiauhckl j¾Okhhs'

;dlaIKh úiska iïñY% m%fõYhka osrs .kajhs' kj wdldrhla jk cmdk mdi,a k.rh School

City isiqkg ish ksjfia isg fyda lsishï m%dfoaYSh uOHia:dkhl isg fm!oa.,sl mrs.Klhla yryd

bf.kSug wjia:dj imhhs (Suzuki, 2009). fuu cd, mdif,a fudähq, j¾. ;=kla we;;

(i) rEmjdyskS úoHq;a idlÉPd iy mdvï (ii) wka;¾cd, msgqjla yryd flfrk iajhx wOHhk (iii)

uqøs; uQ,dY% yryd WmfoaYkh wdoshhs' mdi,a k.rhg iSudjQ fjku l<ukdlrK jHqyhla we;' m%Odk m%jdyfha wkqlrKhla fkdù ;ukag wdfúKsl bf.kqï moaO;shla meje;aùu ms<sn| ksoiqkla

jYfhka fuh ie,lsh yel' mdi,a k.rh City iqM k.r Towns yryd ls%hd;aul jqjo tu iqM k.r j,go Tjqkag wdfúKssl mdGud,d" wkq.%dylhska iy N+f.da,Sh m%foaY we;' tu tall j,g m%pdrKh" uDÿldx." we.hSï l%ufõo iy w¾: újrKh ioyd Wmldrl wdh;k o mj;S'

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd rdcH m%;sm;a;s flfia iliaúh hq;= o@ hk .eg`Mjg ms<s;=re jYfhka WÑ; m%;sm;a;s kS¾Kh ioyd Wkkaÿ jk ie,iqïlrejkag iy m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhskag fuys olajd we;s m%ldrh wkqj we;s fjkiaùï w;sYhska jeo.;a jk nj fmfka' tfiau (-

weursldfõ mj;sk “lsisu <ufhla w;a fkdyersh hq;=hs” kSs;sh jeks rdcH m%;sm;a;s yryd w¾O jYfhka fyda mq¾K jYfhka rcfha oSukd we;sj flfrK fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ms<sn|j i,ld ne,sh hq;af;a fj<|fmd, n,fõ. u`.ska md,kh jk WmfoaYkhg jvd fjkia wdldrhlghs'

jdiN+ñ fyda uOHia:dkhkays wkqu; WmfoaYlhska úiska wNsuqLj ,ndfok WmfoaYkhg jvd " wka;¾cd,h yryd" iuyr úg fjk;a foaYhl isg ,efnk WmfoaYkh yryd we;sjk m%;sm;a;suh .eg`M j, iajrEmh fjkia fõ'

;u isiqka .ek oekgu;a mdi,a moaO;sh yryd orkakdjQ wksjd¾h j.lSula .ek ye`.Sula orK .=rejreka ,ndfok WmfoaYkh" fo.=reka úiska ish Wkkaoqj u; ,nd .kakd .=rejrekaf.a WmfoaYkhg fndfyda fihska fjkia fú'

mqyqKq jD;a;sl .=rejrekaf.a WmfoaYkh mqyqKqjla fkdue;s iriú isiqkaf.a fydaa oaù;sh mdie,a isiqkf.a WmfoaYkhg jvd fnfyúka fjkiah'

tla isiqfjl=g muKla fm!oa.,slj u ,ndfok WmfoaYkh úYd, foaYk Yd,dj, ùäfhda o¾Yk o we;sj f,dl= msrsilg ,ndfok WmfoaYkhg jvd fjkia fõ'

30

fuu úúO wdldrhka j¾.SlrKh lrk úg ie,iqïlrejka iy m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska

Tjqkaf.a Ñka;k iajrEmh h:dj;a lr.kS' ta" WmfoaYkh fj; iudc wd¾Ól yd wOHdmksl n,mEï

wjfndaO jk neúks' tneúka fuu .%ka:fha bosrsh fulS udkhka flfrys flakaø .;fõ'

wxl 2 fldgqj - we.ehSï wkqidrfhka ;SrK .ekSu

fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ffki¾.sl jYfhka hym;a fyda whym;a hehs lsj fkdyel' fndfyda foa

r|d mj;skafka WmfoaYkh ,ndfokafka l=uk mrsirhla hgf;a o" flfiao hk ldrKd u;hs' th ,nd fokafka

m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejreka úiska o" ndysr WmfoaYlhska úiska o" fm!oa.,sl uOHia:dkhkays o@ .=rejreka

;ukaf.au isiqkg WmfoaYkh fokjd o ke;skï ;ukaf.a fkdjk isiqkg W.kajkjd o@ fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYk u.ska úêu;a mdif,a b.ekaùug W!KmQrKhla fjhs o@ WmfoaYkh ksid wOHdmk m%Odk m%jdy

moaO;sh lsishï wdldrhg flf,iSulg ,lafõ o@'' hkdoS jYfhks' (Poisson, 2007, P.4)

wd¾Ól" iudchsl iy wOHdmksl n,mEu'

mQ¾j.dó ldKav u.ska fmkajd fokq ,enqfõ WmfoaYkfha mrsudKh" ;Sj%;djh iy wdldrh úúO jk njhs' fuu ldrKh iy wd¾:sl moaO;sj, o ixialD;skays o fjk;a úp,Hhkaf.a o mj;sk wiudk;d ksid WmfoaYkfha n,mEu" wd¾Ól idudcshsl iy wOHdmksl jYfhka l=uk wNsfhda. t,a, lrhs o hkak y\qkd.; hq;=j we;' flfia jqjo fuysoS flfrk ixikaokd;aul úYaf,aIKhla yryd fndfyda foa wOHhkh l<yels fõ'

wd¾:sl n,mEu fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh f,dalfha iuyr m%foaYj, b;d úYd, jHdmdrhla ù we;'

fjk;a lsis ;eklg jvd fldrshdfõ fuh meyeos,sj olskakg mq`Mjk' j¾I 2006 oS fldrshdfú l=gqïnhkays fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ioyd jeh lrk ,o uq`M uqo, wefursldkq fvd,¾

ì,shk 24 ls' fuh o< cd;sl ksYamdos;fhka 2.8% l m%udKhls' (Kim and Lee, 2008, p.3) fldrshdkq fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYk l¾udka;h u.ska WmfoaYlhska yd fuu ld¾hh yd iïnkaO fjk;a fiajlhskag wdodhï ud¾. ,nd fohs' Tjqkaf.a úhoï rgdj rfÜ wd¾:Slfha meyeos,s fjkialï we;s lrhs' fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh i|yd l=gqïN jeh m%udKhka .ek we;s ;j;a kso¾Yk fufiah (

m%xYh ;=, 2006 jif¾ fuu wxYfha weia;fïka;= .; wdodhu mjqï ì,shk 2.21 la jQ w;r

fuu m%udKh 10] lska jd¾Islj j¾Okh úh' (Melot, 2007, p. 50)

.S%isfha fcHIaG oaù;Shsl ;,fha fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk jeh 2000 oS mjqï ì,shk 1.1 jYfhka

jd¾;d úh' fuu jeh m%udKh rch úiska fuu ;,fha wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd jeh lrK

uqo,g;a jeäh' (Psacharopoulos and Tassoulas, 2004, p. 247)

j¾I 2004 oS ;=¾lsfha fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYk uOHia:dk l< jeh weursldkq fvd,¾

ì,shk 2.9 la jYfhka tla weia;fïka;=jla úiska fmkajd fohs' fuh o< cd;sl ksYamdos;fhka

31

0.96] l wkqmd;hls' ;j;a weia;fñka;= óg wvq m%udKhka fmkajk ,oS (Tansel and Bircan,

2007, p. 14).

Bcsma;=fõ l=gqïNhka 2002 oS Bcsma;= mjqï ñ,shk 81 la WmfoaYkh i|yd úhoï lrk ,oS'

^fuh wdikak jYfhka weurslka fvd,¾ ñ,shk 18 ls&' fuh jehlr we;af;a úYaj úoHd,hg

we;=,aùug wdikak wjosfha jk w;r m%udKsl jYfhka o< foaYSh ksYamdos;fhka 1.6 l

m%;sY;hls' (World Bank Report 2002, p.26)

f,dalfha fjk;a ia:dkhkays fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkfha N+ñldj fu;rï n,j;a ke;' tfia jqj o w,am fõ;khla ,nk .=rejrekaf.a wdodhug fuu.ska isÿ jkafka fi;ls' Tjqkag iy tu mjq,a j,g m%udKj;a wdodhula iy;sl lr .ekSu i|yd .=rejre WmfoaYkh flfrys keUqre fj;s' kso¾Ykhla jYfhka" Y%S ,xldfõ rcfhka jegqma ,nk WmdêOdrS .=rejrfhl=f.a udisl

fõ;kh 2007 oS weurslka fvd,¾ 108 isg 135 la w;r mej;sK (Samath, 2007, p.1). fm!oa.,sl wxYh yd ii|k úg fuu jegqm my< uÜgul mj;S' tfy;a fld<U k.rfha .Ks; .=rejrfhl=g

fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh u.ska mehlg weurslka fvd,¾ 10 olajd Wmhkakg mq`Mjk' rcfha

jegqmg iujk uqo,la osk 3 la fyda 4 la ;=, bmhsh yel' ;cslsia:dkfha .=rejrfhl=g 2006 jif¾

Tyqf.a udisl fõ;kh yeáhg ,enqfka weurslka fvd,¾ 24 la muKh' kuq;a mehlg weurslka

fvd,¾ 1 isg 2 olajd uqo,la Tyqg fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh u`.ska ,nd .ekSug mq`Mjk

(Kodirov and Amanov, 2009, p. 144). w¾O ld,Sk WmfoaYlhska yeáhg lghq;= l< úYaj úoHd, YsIHfhda mjd fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh u.ska w;sf¾l wd¾:sl m%;s,dN ,n;s' tu`.ska ish wOHdmksl ld¾hhka fyd|ska bgq lrñka rfÜ wd¾Ól m%.;sh i|yd odhl;ajh ,ndoSug yelsjkq we;'

WmfoaYlhskaf.a wdodhfï isg isiqkaf.a bf.kqu foig yefruq' .Ks;h iy NdIdjka ms<sn| ksmqK;djh ,nd .ekSu jeo.;a udkj iïm;a <`.dlr .ekSula yeáhg wd¾Ól kHdhka u`.ska fmkajd fohs' ta u`.ska rfÜ wd¾Ól m%.;sh ioyd odhl úh yel' mqoa.,fhla bf.k .ekSu fkdlf<a kï Tyq ta ld,h;=, l=ula lrk ,oafoa o hkak wksjd¾hfhkau bosrsm;a lsrSug ms<sjka mekhls' tu`.ska wdjiaÓl msrsjeh .Kkh lsrSug wjldY ,efí' mdi,a moaO;sh ;=, bf.kqu ,nk isiqkaf.a wdjiaÓl msrsjeh wd¾Ól úoHdkql+,j my< uÜgul we;' ta Tjqka ;ju wd¾:sl jYfhka M,odhs ;;a;ajhlg meñK ke;s neúks'

tfiau iuyr úfgl WmfoaYkh u.ska wld¾hlaIu;d j¾Okhla o isÿqúh yelshs' ta iïm;a

fjka lsrSug iqoqiq u`.la yeáhg WmfoaYkh f;dard .ekSu yrydh' Kim and Lee (2008, p.31)

fldrshdj weiqfrka fufia olajhs'

uQ,H fj<|fmd, mrsmQ¾K fkdjk neúka o" fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh i|yd uqo,a jeh lsrSug Yla;sh ke;s neúka o" os<s÷ fo.=reka we;s tfy;a Wiia olaI;d iys; orefjl=g my< m%dma;s uÜgï we;s úYaj úoHd,hlg we;=,aùug isÿfjhs' l=gqïNhka úiska wOHdmkh iy fjk;a NdKav w;r jeh lrkq ,nk wdka;sl uqo,a wkqmd;h yeu mjq,la ioydu taldldrS fkdfõ' tneúka fuu whqla;s iy.; wdldrhg isoqjk fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkfha jHdma;sh" olaI;d fjkqfjka wld¾hlaIu iïm;a wdfhdackhla we;s lrhs'

32

fjk;a ksrSlaIlhska o tjeks wld¾hlaIu wdfhdackhka .ek idlÉPd lrkq ,n;a' ta" fjk;a jvd;a M,odhS fohlg fhdod .;yels iïm;a fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh i|yd fhdod .kakd njg ;¾lhla bosrsm;a lrñka h' iqúfYaIS .eg`Mjla ks¾udKh jkafka m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha .=rejreka ms<sn|jhs' ta Tjqka ;ukaf.a fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ioyd we;s b,a u jeälr .ekSfï wNs,dIh we;sj" is;du;du ish m%Odk j.lSug we;s lemùu wvq lsrSu ksid h' kso¾Ykhla olajk

Sujatha (2007, p. 20) fufia mjihs'

--- fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkhg fhduqjQ .=rejre ish m%Odk mx;s ldurfha b.ekaùu ioyd t;rï ie<ls,su;a fkdfj;s' Tjqyq we;eï úg ;ukaf.a fyda lsishï fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYk uOHia:dkhl fyda WmfoaYk ,nd.kakd f,ig isiqkag n,mEï lr;s'

;j;a wd¾Ól me;slvla jkafka nÿ wh lsrSuhs' fndfyda WmfoaYkhka isÿ jkafka wkshï wdldrhlghs' whnoq tl;= lrk wxYj,g ,`.dúh fkdyels ms<sfj,ghs' rdcH wdodhug nÿ f.úh hq;= mqoa.,hska tfia fkdlrk nj rdcH n,OdrSkag fyd|ska oefkkq we;' whnÿ wdodhu wvqùfï fya;=j ksid rchg ;ukaf.a fjk;a úl,am wd¾:sl yd iqN idOk wNsu;d¾: i`oyd uqo,a fhoùug fkdyels fõ'

iudchSh n,mEu

by< wdodhula we;s mjq,a j,g b;d myiqfjka .=Kd;aulj by< WmfoaYkhla ñ,g .ekSug yelshdj we;s w;r my< wdodhï uágï we;s whg tfia l< fkdyel' tneúka fndfyda fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk u`.ska iudc wiudk;d oeßh fkdyels uÜgulg Woa§mkh lrhs' wefußld tlai;a

ckmofha rdcH wkq.%yh we;sj mj;ajdf.k hk No Child Left Behind (lsisu orefjla w;ayeßh fkdyel& jHdmD;sh jeks WmfoaYk l%shdj,Ska by; lS iudc widOdrKh ms<sn| ixl,amhg wh;a fkdfõ' fulS jHdmD;sh u`.ska idfmalaIj wvq wdodhï we;s mjq,a j, wvq m%dma;s uÜgï we;s orejkag wjYH iïm;a ,nd § WmfoaYkh i|yd fh§ug wjia:d" n,OdÍka úiska imhd fokq ,efí'

mjqf,a mSvkh iy iudc wjldYh

l=gqïNhka w;aolsk iudc mSvk ixisoaêfha tla wx.hls" fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh' Kim

(2007, p.11) úiska ujlf.a joka yeáhg olajk whqre" WmfoaYkh i|yd fo.=reka fhduq ùfï m%Odk

fya;=j Tjqkaf.a iel ixld Ndjhhs- “hïlsis orefjla jeä olaI fkdù isáh§ fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk

wdh;khlg iñnkaO fkdjkafka kï tu orejdf.a uj Wu;= fyda È<s÷ úh hq;=h'” WmfoaYk

l%shdj,sfha m%idrKfhka fmkS hkafka mjq,a j, jHqyh o fjkia jk njls (Kim, 2007, p. 12).

fldßhdkq mjq,l idudkHfhka we;af;a tla orefjla fyda fofofkls' msh mrïmrdfõÈ mjq,l

<uhs m%udKh 3-5 olajd jQy' orejka ixLHdj wvq úu ksid fyd| wOHdmk m%dma;s ,nd §u ;reK fouõmshkaf.a wNsm%dhhs' th Tjqkaf.a iudc uÜgu m%o¾Ykh lrk wx.hla yeáhg Tjqka i,lhs' ta ksid Tjqyq ish orejkaf.a wOHdmk ixj¾Okh .ek fmr mrïmrdfõ

33

fouõmshkag jvd Wkkaÿjla olaj;s' ;reK fouõmsh wfmalaIdj mqoa.,slj ;u orejdf.a ÈhqKqj jqj;a mdi,la orejka .ek i,lkafka lKavdhula jYfhks'

m%xYh ms<sn|jo fuhg ióm jk ksÍlaIKhka oelsh yel' furfÜ o mq¾j mrïmrdjg jvd

mjqf,a m%udKh l=vd ù we;' ;jo orejkaf.a fouõmshka ish fo.=rekag iómj Ôj;aùu;a we;sjkafka

l,d;=rlsks' tneúkau jeäysá mrïmrdfõ Wmldrh ish orejka yodjvd .ekSu i|yd ;reK

fouõmshkag fkd,efí' Glasman (2007, p. 1) fmkajd ÿkafka mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd uqo,a f.úh

yels fo.=rekag th yryd mjq,g iduh ,nd .ekSfï wjia:djlaj we;s njhs' ;u orejdf.a f.or

jev fouõmshkag we;s lrk ÿIalr;djh fufia olajhs'

--- fo.=reka iy orejka w;r wd;;sh we;s lrk ia:dkhla njg m;afõ ^úfYaIfhka ;u

orejka kj fh!jkhska jk úg&' ;u orejd mqoa.,sl WmfoaYk uOHia:dkhlg fyda

WmfoaYljrfhl= fj; heùu mdif,a ld¾hhka yd mqyqKqùï i|yd orejdg Woõjla fõ' ;jo

tu`.ska f.or jev ms<sn| wd;;sfhka ore" fouy,a,ka ñfok w;r mjqf,a idudðlhska w;r

hym;a iïnkaO;d iy iudodkh ;sr fõ' orejka ish f.or jev j,g fhduq ùug wlue;s

fudfyd;l§ f.or jev mgka .ekSu fo.=reka uqyqK mdk tla ÿIalr wjia:djls' uj fyda mshd

lsishï úIhhl Wiia iqÿiqlï ,nd isáh § jqj;a mdif,a úIhhl ÿrdjfndaO fldgila i|yd

kj fh!jkfhl=g Wmldr ùu ÿIalr h' tneúka tu .eg`Mj ndysr ;ekl§ úi|d .ekSug

fhduq ùu jvd;a hym;a h'

fï .ek meyeÈ,s lrk Glasman mejiqfõ fo.=reka yd orejka w;r iudodkh we;s lsÍu

myiq jkqfha mdi, ;=<g jvd mdif,ka msg; we;sjk jHqyhl§ h'

mdif,ka msg; we;sjk jHqyhla lsishï w;rueÈ ia:dkhla f,i ie,lsh yel' ^fuu ia:dkh"

Wiia wfmalaIKhka iy wd;;sh we;s& by; fmkajd we;s mjq, o fkdfõ' tfukau th ^we.hSï

mj;ajk" ,l=Kq ,nd fok& mdi, o fkdfõ' fujeks w;rueÈ ia:dkhl§ isiqkag hï fohla

wjfndaO fkdjq nj fy,sorõ l< yel' tfukau Tjqka ;=< fkd;sìh hq;=" tfy;a mj;sk"

oekSï ysveia mj;sk nj lsj yel' tfukau Tjqka hï hï ld¾hhka w;miq fkdl< hq;= jqjo

tfia lr we;s úfgl ta nj lsj yel' ;jo Tjqkag W;aidy lrñka jerÈ lrñka kej;

W;aidy lrñka áflka ál úIhh .ek wd;au úYajdih jrAOkh lr .; yel' fuu ia:dkh

fo.=rekaf.a fkdbjis,su;a nj fyda mdif,a § fokq ,nk úksYaphka .ek NS;shla fkdue;s

;ekls'

isiqkg mdif,aoS fyda mjq,a mrsirh ;=, ,eìh fkdyels" fjk;a udkhl iudc wjldYhla Wmldrl WmfoaYk wjia:djkays ,nd.kakg mq`Mjk' kso¾Yk jYfhka Bcsma;=fõ oaù;Shsl mdi,a ia;%S mqreI jYfhka fjkalr we;s w;r mqoa.,sl WmfoaYk wjia:djkays wfkla md¾Yjh ^ia;%S fyda

mqreI& iu. iïñY% ù ñ;%;aj f.dvk`.d .ekSug wk.s wjia:djla ,nd fohs' Hartmann (2008,

p.58) mqoa.,sl WmfoaYk uOHia:dkhl l<ukdlrefjl=f.a woyia fufia olajhs" “uu úYajdi lrk

34

mrsos isiqkaf.ka 50] la fuys meñfKkafka bf.kSu i`oydhs' b;srs 50] meñfKkafka Tjqkaf.a ñ;=rka

yuqùughs'”

mqñ;srs nj ^ia;%S-mqreI nj& ms<sn| udkh

mqñ;srs nj ms<sn|j jeä uk;a úia;r lruq' fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh fjk;a n,fõ. iu`. úúO wdldrfhka wka;¾ l%shdldrs;ajhla we;s lrhs' jvd;a m%lgj fmfkkafka n|jd

.ekSfï we;s úIu;djhka h' j¾I 2007 IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiofha oS Tansel and Bircan (2007) úiska fmkajd ÿkafka ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk n|jd .ekSu rgj,aj, .eyekq <uhska m%udKh msrsñ

<uhskag jvd wvq nj mjiñka “;=¾lsh fuu ;;a;ajhg jHd;sf¾Lhla fkdfú” hhs o i|yka fõ' ;=¾lsfha ldka;d wOHdmkh i|yd wd¾:sl fhojqï msrsñkag iu j fyda Bg;a jeä jqj o fo.=rekaf.a leue;a; ;u msrsñ orejka ioyd jeämqr wdfhdackh lsrSughs' ta ;uka úhm;ajQ miqj Tjqkaf.a

m%Odk wdrlaIlhd msrsñ orejd jk njg we;s úYajdih ksid h' Tansel and Bircan (p. 18) fmkajd

fokafka 2005-2006 ld,fha oS fm!oa.,sl Wmldr WmfoaYk mka;sj, mqñ;srs fjki (gender gap)

m%;sY; tall 5 la njhs' ta .Kk ,nd .;a uqM tl;=j 100] la jqfha msrsñ 52.5] la .eyekq 47.5] lao jYfhka .Kkh lrñks' tfia jqj o fuu fjki úêu;a oaù;Sh mdif,a wkqmd;hg jvd wvq

w.hls' tys mqñ;srs fjki m%;sY; tall 9.2] ls' ^msßñ 54.4] iy .eyekq 45.4] jYfhka&' ta wkqj n,k l< mqoa.,sl WmfoaYk uOHia:dkhkays" oaù;shsl mdi,a moaO;shg jvd ia;S% mqreI úIu;djh wvq w.hlska mj;S' fuhg fya;=jla oelaúh yel' by< wdodhï we;s mjq,aj, msrsñ iy .eyekq orejka ish,a,kau fm!oa.,sl Wmldr WmfoaYkh ,nk w;r my< wdodhï we;s whf.a msrsñ orejka muKla tu wjia:dj ,nd.ks;s' tneúka wvq wdodhï we;s mjq,aj, jeämqr mqñ;srs fNaohla fmkajd we;' jeä wdodhï we;s wh w;r ia;S% mqreI iu Ndjh jvd fyd|ska mj;S'

bkaoshdfõ mj;sk mqñ;srs wiu;=,s;;d Sujatha (2007) u`.ska o fmkajd oS ;sfí' tys mj;sk m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyhg msrsñ <uqka jeämqr n|jd .ekSfï wiudk;djh meyeos,s lrkqfha wd¾Ól yd ixialD;sl idOl yryd h' fuu rgdju m%;srdjh lrk fjk;a rgj, o;a; my; olajd we;'

flkahdfõ Buchmann (2002, pp. 142-143) i|yka lrkafka" m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyhg isiqka n|jd .ekSfïoS iudk;ajh we;s lsrSfï ld¾hh jeo.;a m%.;shla ,nd we;s njls' jeäoqrg;a mjikafka “jD;a;sh wjia:d ms<sn|j m%p,s; .;dkq.;sl ia;%S mqreI iudcNdjh ms<sn| woyia mj;sS' .eyekq <uqkaf.ka ksjfia lghq;= i|yd wfmalaId lrk odhl;ajh ,nd.ekSfï mrud¾:h we;sj wvq wdodhï ,nk fo.=reka .eyekq orejkaf.a wOHdmkh i`oyd ;u iSñ; iïm;a fhoSug ue,slula olaj;s ^fuu mjq,a jkafka b;du;a oqmam;a wh iy orejka jeä ksid

mjq,a nr we;s whhs&”' Buchmann fmkajd ÿkafka .eyekq <uhska msrsñ <uqkg jvd jeä jev m%udKhla ksji ;=, bgq lrk njhs' fuu ;;a;ajh Pdhd wOHdmkh iu. Tjqkg iïnkaO ùug we;s wjia:d úfYaI jYfhka u j<ld we;s njhs'

35

fldrshdjg wod,j Kim and Lee (2008, p.25) wOHhkhla yryd wkdjrKh lrk ,oafoa

mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ioyd msrsñ <uqkag 0.51 la iy .eyekq <uqka fjkqfjka 0.57 l wodhï kuH;djhla mj;sk njhs' fuhska fmkajd fokafka msrsñ <uqka ioyd mqoa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh w;HjYH NdKavhla nj;a .eyekq <uqka i|yd th iqfLdamfNda.S NdKavhla jk nj;a h' Tjqka jeäÿrg;a fmkajd ÿkafka msrsñkaf.a Y%u yuqod odhl;ajhg jvd ldka;d odhl;ajh wvq njhs' m%;sm,hla jYfhka msrsñkag ,efnk m%;s,dN by< uÜgul mj;S'

nx.a,dfoaYhg wod,j Nath (2008, p.58) m%d:ñl mdi,a ;,hg wod,j lrk ,o

wOHhkhlska wkdjrKh jqfha msrsñ 33.8] lg .eyekq 28.1] wkqmd;hla Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,nk njhs'

flfia jqj o fuu rgdjka iurEmS fkdfõ' Dang (2007, p.58) úhÜkdufha m%d:ñl fyda oaù;Sh

wxYj, meyeos,s mqñ;srs wiudk;d fkdue;s nj mjihs' flkahdj ms<sn|j SACMEQ o;a;hka

Buchmann (Paviot et al., 2008, p. 153) f.a o;a;hka ikd: fkdlrhs' tfiau Elbadawy,Ahlburg et

al. (2006) Bcsma;=j ;=, ia;S% mqreI wiudk;d fkdolS' mqñ;srs wiudk;d m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyh

;=<o we;' j¾I 1998 oS mj;ajk ,o Bcsma;= Y%u fj<|fmd< iólaIKfhaoS tu .fõIlhska

WmfoaYk lafIa;%fha jvd ksYaÑ; mqñ;srs wiudk;d oelSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh' wOHdmkfha wdêm;H

újdy fj<|fmdf<a we;s nj oeksK' jvd by< wOHdmkhla ,enQ ldka;djkag" jvd fmdfydi;a$W.;a

ieñhka ,enqK w;r iuyr úg n,dfmdfrd;a;= m%udKhg jvd wvqfjka wiudk;d mej;Sug fya;=j

o fuu ;;a;ajh úh yel' fjk;a rgj,a foi n,k l, ls¾.sia:dkfha mqñ;srs wiudk;d jeäfhka

ys;lr jQfha ldka;d md¾Yjhg hs' WodyrKhla jYfhka Bagdasarova and Ivanov (2009, p. 134)

wkdjrKh lf<a fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh i|yd iyNd.s jk isiqka w;=frka 65.4] .eyekq jQ

w;r msrsñ wkqmd;h 34.6] muKla njhs' fuu ;;a;ajh meyeos,s lrk idOlh jQfha YsIH ixLdfjka

;=fkka folla u fyd|ska W.;a mjq,a j,ska ùuhs' fï mjq,aj, fouy,a,ka w;=frka 65] ;a 70] w;r

m%udKhlg" tla wfhl=g fyda úYaj úoHd, Wmdêhla ;snqKs' flfia jqjo fuu idOlh u.ska ;yjqre

jQfha .eyekq <uqkag úfYaI ie<ls,s oelaùula fkdj ia;%S mqreI iudc Ndjh ;yjqre ùu úh yel'

;j;a wdldrhl mqñ;srs udkhla .=rejreka ms<n|j mj;S' iuyr m%cdjka ;=< WmfoaYkh

,ndfokakka jeä jYfhka msrsñ wh ùfï m%jk;djhla we;' ldïfndacfha lrk ,o mrSlaIKhla

wkqj fjkiaùï WoaoSmkh lr ;sfí' f;dard.;a mdi,l 1 isg 3 olajd fY%aKsj, lsisu YsIHfhla

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh fkd,nhs' kuq;a ms<sfj,ska 4, 5, 6 fY%Ksj,oS wkqmd;hka 50%, 25% iy 90]

úh' my fY%aKsfha wkqmd;h wka fYa%Ks folg jvd wvq ùug fya;= úuiQ úg tu fY%aKsfha b.ekajQfha

ldka;djla nj;a wehg ish mjqf,a lghq;= ksid fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh l%uj;aj ,ndosh

fkdyels jQ nj;a m%Odkdpd¾h jrhd úiska mjik ,oS (Bray, 1999b. p. 60). tfiau" Hartmann (2008,

36

p. 68) jd¾;d lf<a Bcsma;=fõ .=rejrshka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ksjdij, oS ,ndÿka w;r fm!oa.,sl

Wmldrl WmfoaYk uOHia:dkhka ish,a,u mdfya msrsñ .=rejrekaf.a .%yKfha ;sfnk njhs' weh

jeäÿrg;a fufia mjihs'

iuyrúg .=rejrshkaf.a fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu wvqùug meyeos,s fya;= we;' m%Odk jYfhkau ish .Dyia: j.lSï ksid Tjqkg ld,h yd cjh fkdue;s ùuhs' úfYaIfhka f,dl= mjq,la we;s úg fufia jkq we;' fï yefrkakg Tjqkg iudc iSudjka o mj;S' úfYaIfhka ;reK wújdyl .eyekq .=rejrshlg ijia jrej ksjiska msgj .; lsrSu fyda isiqkf.a ksfjia j,g meñKSu fyda ;u ksjig isiqka le|jd .ekSu ms<sn| iudc ;yxÑ mej;sh yel' ;jo .=rejrshkaf.a uqo,a wjYH;d i`oyd Tjqkaf.a ieñhka u; o hefmk neúka .=rejreka ;rugu w;sf¾l wdodhï u; fkdr|hs'

f,dalfha fjk;a m%foaYhkays mj;sk ixialD;ska fndfyda fjkia jkq we;' tfy;a ta ish`M ;kays fmdÿ

fjkila mj;S' ta .=rejrshkag jvd .=rejreka Tjqkaf.a m%Odk m%jdyfha isiqkag ish fm!oa.,sl mka;s

j,g meñKSug n, lsrSug;a" ;uka i|yd fj<|fmd,la ^f.da, msrsila& fidhd .ekSug;a W;aiql jk

nj is;sh yel'

.%dóh$kd.rsl msysàï

.%dóh yd kd.rsl msysàu wkqj iudc wiudk;d we;s jk wdldrh .ek o olajd we;' m%Odk

fya;= lsysmhla ksid fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh k.rj, jvd;a m%p,s;j mj;S' bka m<uqjekak

jkqfha" kd.rslhska jvd;a by< wdodhï ,nk ksid WmfoaYkh i`oyd jeh lsrSfï yelshdj Tjqkag

we;sùuhs' fojekak jkqfha" k.rj, we;s ;r.ldrS j;djrKfha m%n,j isák jegqma ,nk Y%u

fj<|fmdf<a msrsia jvd;a n,j;a whqrska wOHdmkfha w.h iy iqÿiqlï wfmalaId lsrSuhs' ;=ka jekak

yeáhg oelsh yelafla kd.rsl ck.ykfha >k;ajh ksid WmfoaYkhg wjYH fj<|fmd< mj;akd

w;r tys we;s b,a ug irs,k mrsos fiajd iemhSug .=rejre Wkkaÿ ùuhs'

m%;sm;a;s ixiofha oS bosrsm;a jQ wkqNdú; idlaIs w;rg kef.kysr hqfrdamfha iy wdishdfõ

lreKq o we;=<;a úh (Silova, p. 7). wxl 8 j.=fõ olajd we;s rgj,a 12 ys u msáirg jvd k.rfha

fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh jeä jYfhka olakg ,eìK' fuhska jeäu fjki olskakg we;af;a

24.2] jk lilia:dkfha h' Sujatha(2007) bkaoshdkq ksheoshla wkqidrfhka ,nd.;a o;a; wkqj

fmkajd fokafka kd.rsl$.%dóh fjki fï wdldrhghs' my< oaù;shsl ;,fha oS" k.rfha WmfoaYkh

,nk isiqka 64] idfmalaIj .fï th 29] njhs ^wxl 9 j.=j n,kak&' fuu rgdj wfkHdakH

jYfhka ;yjqre flf¾' fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh fkdue;s .%dóh orejkag moaO;sh ;=< /|S

isàug fkdyels fõ' tneúka Tjqka moaO;sfhka uq`Mukskau bj;aùug bv lv mj;S'

37

j.= wxl 8- kef`.kysr hqfrdamfha iy wdishdfõ .%dóh yd kd.rsl jYfhka fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkfha Wmfhdack fjkialï m%;sY; jYfhka ] .%dóh kd.rsl

win¾cdkh 87.8 95.0 fndiakshd- y¾if.dakshd 56.9 57.7 fld%taIshdj 50.1 61.6 fcda¾cshdj 76.9 81.2 lilia:dkh 56.6 70.1 ls¾.sia:dkh 37.7 61.9 ,s;=fõkshdj 54.9 69.7 fudkaf.da,shdj 69.9 71.6 fmda,ka;h 59.9 70.1 iaf,dfõlshdj 54.7 58.2 ;cslsia:dkh 41.0 49.9 hqlaf¾kh 77.7 82.0 Source: Silova (2007), p. 7.

j.= wxl 9- bkaoshdkq m%dka; y;rl my, oaù;Shsl ;,fha isiqka w;=frka .%dóh yd kd.rsl jYfhka fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,nd.kakd YsIH m%;sY;hka ]

.%dóh kd.rsl

wkaød m%foaYa 20.7 38.7 flar, 66.5 70.6 uydrdIaG% 29.3 72.7 W;a;¾ m%foaYa 32.0 52.7 tl;=j 29.0 64.0 N = Rural 1,492; Urban 2,539.

Source: Sujatha (2007), p. 5.

fuu f,aLkfha fjk;a ;ekaj, jd¾;d ù ;sfnk ixLHd f,aLk iu. fuu ixLHdjka

iudk;djhla olajhs' WodyrKhla jYfhka Bcsma;=fõ 1998 oS isÿlrk ,o Y%u fj<|fmd< ms<sn|j

iólaIK o;a; .; yel' rfÜ iqM wdKavq tall 27 ka 22 l l=gqïN 4,816 wdYS%;j ,nd.;a o;a;

fufiah' kd.rsl m%foaYj, 52.0 l m%;sY;hg idfmalaIj .%dóh m%foaYj, fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l

WmfoaYkh ,nd .;af;a 39.6 l m%;sY;hls (Elbadawy et al., 2006, p.16). j¾IhloS tla orefjl=

i|yd jeh lrk ,o jeh m%udKfha mr;rh fuhg;a jeä úh' th .%dóh m%foaYhka ys Bcsma;shdkq

mjqï 188.9 lajQ w;r kd.rslj 491.5 la úh' fuhg wkqrEmS f,ig nx.a,dfoaYfha ixLHd f,aLk

wkqidrfhka Nath (2008, p. 58) jd¾;d lr we;af;a m%d:ñl 1 fY%aKsfha .%dóh isiqka 19.6]

fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,nd .kakd w;r ixiokd;aul j kd.rsl m%foaYhka ys th 43.6%

jk njhs' m%d:ñl wjêfha wjidkh jQ 5 fY%aKsfha fuu fjki jvd;a m%n, úh' th .%dóh

m%foaYj, 35.6% la o kd.rslj 62.2% la o jYfhks' fuu ixLHd f,aLk u.ska b,a u yd iemhqu o

38

meyeos,s lrhs' iemhqu yd wod,j ´iafÜ%,shdfõ Watson (2008, p. 10) i|yka lf<a .%dóh m%foaYj,

we;s WmfoaYl iemhqfï W!K;djh" rch u`.ska fokq ,nk WmfoaYk jjqpr l%ufha id¾:l;ajhg o

ndOdjla njhs' fuu m%foaYj, isiqka" fmdÿ cd;sl m%ñ;shg wvq uÜgul idOkhka" m%udKsl mrSlaIK

j,oS ksrka;rfhka u ,nd we;'

ckj¾.h yd cd;sh

;j;a udkhl iudc wiudk;d cd;sh yd ckj¾.h yd iïnkaO ù we;' úhÜkdufha

iólaIKhlska ,nd.; yels kso¾Ykhla wkqj 1997-1998 m%d:ñl ;,fha oS" jeä ckj¾.fha isiqka

37% la WmfoaYkh ,nd we;s w;r iq`M ck j¾.h i`oyd tu m%udKh 7.1] muKls (Dang, 2007, p.

688). my< oaù;shsl ;,fha oS tu wkqmd;hka 60.7] g idfmalaIj 19.0] la úh' ;jo by< oaù;shsl

;,fha oS tu m%udKhka 78.0] iy 55.9] úh'

fuu ;;a;ajhg m%;súreoaO wdldrfhka iqM ckjd¾.sl isiqka jeämqr WmfoaYk wjia:d ,nk

wh njg o m;aúh yel' Ireson and Rushforth (2005, p. 6) tx.,ka;fha fj<|fmd< n,fõ. u;

mj;sk fuu ;;a;ajh fidhd.kS' tx.,ka;fha iq`M ck jd¾.slhska jYfhka we;s ol=Kq wdishdkq Ök

yd lersìhdkq -wm%sldkq" l=vd njg is;sh yels lKavdhï iqÿq hqfrdamShkg jvd WmfoaYkh ,n;s'

lekvdfõ jeämqru WmfoaYkfhaoS fmruqK .kafka fydxfldx" ;dhsjdkh yd Ökfhka ixl%uKsl

msrsia h' weursld tlai;a ckmofha olskakg we;af;a fjk;a ixo¾Nhls' „lsisu orefjla w;ayersh

fkdyel‟ jevigyk hgf;a id¾:lj b,lal .; lr we;af;a wms%ldkq - weurslkajre iy iamd[a[

iïNjh we;s isiqka h (Zimmer et al., 2007; Mori, 2009).

wOHdmksl n,mEu

fjk;a fndfyda Pdhdjka fuka fkdj" Pdhd wOHdmkhg ;uka Pdhdjlaj mj;sk uq,a jia;=jg

n,mEula we;s l< yel' mdi, yd iïnkaO úIh i|yd w;sf¾l m%fõY m:hkaa ks¾udKh lsrSu

u`.ska m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyhg fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh úiska Woõ Wmldr fkdfhla

wjia:dj,oS ,ndfok nj fndfyda fihska Wml,amkh flf¾' tfia jqj o iuyr ;;a;ajhka hgf;a

th m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyh o wNsnjd hk ;eka o mj;S' fj<|fmd< n,fõ. u`.ska fufyhjk

WmfoaYkhg jvd rch u.ska wvq m%dma;Ska we;s isiqka i|yd fufyhjk WmfoaYkh yd;amiska fjkia

wdldrhl ùu wfmalaId flf¾' tfy;a tla tla wdldrhl WmfoaYkh ;=< úúO m%fNao we;s ùuo

n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjhs' Poisson (2007) fuysoS wod,jk mdi,a myiqlï" WmfoaYk ld,iSudj"

b.ekaùfï úIh m:h yd Ys,aml%u" .=re ld¾h idOkh" isiq wjfndaOh" wdoS udkhka .Kkdjla .ek

wjOdrKh lrk ,oS ^jeäÿrg lshjkak Dang and Rogers, 2008, pp. 8-14). B<`. fldgfia kso¾Yk

olajd we;'

39

wvq m%dma;s we;s isiqka i|yd rdcH wkq.%yfhka meje;afjk jevigyka'

IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiohg iyNd.sjQjka w;f¾ tx.,ka;fha" <uhska"mdi,a yd l=gqïNhka ms<sn|

wud;HdxYfha (DCSF) ksfhdacs;fhla o úh' Tyq úiska 2007 oS osh;a lrk ,o jeo.;a kshuq

jHmD;shla .ek lreKq bosrsm;a lrk ,oS (Taylor, 2007) ' “b;d fyd| m%.;shla ks¾udKh lsrSu” hk fhdackd l%uh wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,oafoa tla YsIHfhl=g tla WmfoaYlfhl= jYfhka fhdod b.ekaùuhs' fï kj Wml%uh u.ska wfmalaId lrkq ,enqfõ" <ud YslaIKhg Wmldr fjñka wOHdmk idOk uÜgï w;r we;s wiudk;d wju lsrSu hs' fï jHdmD;sh i|yd iQodkï ùfï oS tys ks¾ud;Dka úiska weursld tlai;a ckmofha" tx.,ka;fha iy TiafÜ%,shdfõ mj;sk WmfoaYk úê yryd we;s lrk n,mEï ms<sn|j o we.hSula lrk ,oS'

bosrsm;a lrk ,o f,aLkfha i|yka jQ tx.,ka;fha o;a; Ireson (2004) iy Rushforth

(2005) hk wh úiska wkdjrKh lrk ,o lreKq u; mdol úh' miqj i|yka jQ whf.a wOHhkfha

oS wkdjrKh jQfha (p. 4) Tjqkaf.a ksheosh jQ 6, 11, 13 fY%aKsj, bkakd isiqkaf.ka 27% la fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,nd .kakd njhs' m¾fhaIlhska úiska m%ldY lrk ,oafoa b;d ckm%sh úIhh

.Ks;h yeáhg;a fofjkqjg bx.%Sis yd úoHdj yeáhg;a h ^bx.S%is úIhfha 6 jir lshùu yd ,sùu

.ek o i|ykla úh&' fuysoS wkdjrKh jQ fjk;a m%Odk ldrKd (-

WmfoaYlfhl= ,nd .ekSug m%Odk fya;=j jQfha ^YsIH ixLHdfjka ;=fkka folla muK isiqkag& jdr úNd. iy fjk;a m%Odk úNd. iu;a ùughs'

oaù;shsl mdi,a isiqka iuyr úg WmfoaYkh ,nd .kafka WmfoaYlhskaf.a Wmldrh ,nñka" wikSm ùfuka fyda fjk;a fya;= ksid Tjqkag w;miq jQ fldgia fyd|ska oek .ekSughs'

YsIH m%dma;s uÜgug fndfyda fihska n,mEfõ WmfoaYkfha .=Kd;aul ;;a;ajhhs' WmfoaYk jev igykaj, M,odhs;djh úúOdldrfhka fjkia úh'

iqÿ iu we;s YsIHhskaf.a „oaù;sh wOHdmkh ms<sn| idudkH iy;slh‟ (GCSE) m%;sm, flfrys WmfoaYkfha n,mEula fkdjQ nj meyeos,s úh' iqM m%udKhla yerek úg fndfyda l`M iu we;s isiqka flfrys WmfoaYkh jeo.;a m%;sm,hla fmkajk ,oS' ixhqla; jYfhka n,k l<" we;sjQ

n,mEu idOkSh tlla úh' .Ks;h úIhfha GCSE úNd.fhaoS WmfoaYkh .eyekq <uhskag jvd msrsï <uhskg m%fhdackj;a úh'

fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh fu;rï úúO wdldr j,ska fjkia jQ fyhska" l=uk mrsirhl oS l=uk wdldrfhka ljqreka i`oyd l=ula l< hq;= o hkak ms<sn|j l%uj;a o;a; m%udKh w,am úh'

Tiafá%,shdj foi n,uq' Taylor (2007, pp. 5-6) u;=lr oelajQfha „jir 3 cd;sl lshùfï fmdoq

iïu; m%.;s uÜgu‟ <`.dùu ioyd isiqkag wdOdr lsrSfï rcfha m%h;akh .ekhs' ´iafÜ%,shdkq

fvd,¾ 700 l jjqpr fouõmshka fj; rch ,ndÿqkafka iqÿiqlï ,;a orejkag tla wfhl=g

WmfoaYlfhla hk mokfï WmfoaYk ,nd.ekau myiq lrùughs (n,kak Watson, 2007, p. 6). miqj fuu jevigyk we.hSug Ndckh lrk ,oS' WmfoaYkhg fmr yd miqj mej;s ;;a;ajhka w;r

40

lrk ,o ixikaokd;aul we.hSula iy we;s jQ fjki .ek WmfoaYl" fouõmsh Ndrlre whf.a

u;h njg m;ajQ o;a; mdol lrf.k fulS we.hSu isÿ lrk ,oS' j¾I 2003 oS isiqka 19,000 la jir ;=k YsIH m%udKhla iïu; m%.;s uÜgug <x fkdùh ^fuh cd;sl jYfhka .;a l< uq`M YsIH

m%udKfhka 7.6] l m%udKhls&' fuu ixLHdfjka 6,200la fuu jev ms<sfj<g iïnkaO ù" thska

5,443 la uqM WmfoaYk jevigykg u iyNd.S ù we;' we.hSu u`.ska wkdjrKh jQfha isiqkag Ñ;a; úlafIamfhka f;drj bf.kSug fuu jevigyk yryd wjia:dj ,enqK w;r ta wkqj Ñ;a; tald.%;djh oshqKq lsrSug yd bf.kSu flfrys fhduq ùug o W.;a njls' tu`.ska Tjqyq NS;sfhka yd pls;fhka f;drj wd;au úYajdih we;sj bf.k .ekSug o fhduqjQy' id¾:l;ajhg fya;=jQ lreKq w;r mdi,a wdYs%; yd l=gqïNh wdYS%; wkqmdkq o fya;= úh' iuyr m%dka;hka i|yd fïjd b;d

jeo.;a wdldrfhka osiaúh' WodyrKhla yeáhg" úlafgdarshd m%dka;fha 89] isiqka m%udKhla

Tjqkaf.a idOkh oshqKq lr.;a w;r lshùfï l=i,;d j¾Okh jirg 1.7 la úh' flfia jqj;a fuh kshuq jHdmD;shla jQ neúka jvd;a mrsmQ¾K ks.uk j,g t<öu msKsi jeämqr w;aoelSï wjYH jkq

we;' Watson (2007, p. 9) i`oyka lf<a wOHdmkh i`oyd ueosy;aùfï fjk;a l%ufõo yd ixikaokh lrñka msrsjeh M,odhs;djh .ek fmkajd oSu i|yd fuu o;a;hka m%udKj;a fkdjk njhs'

Taylor (2007, pp. 6-7) Ñldf.da kqjr we;s „lsisu orefjla w;ayersh fkdyel‟ (NCLB)

m%;sm;a;sfha ;=kafjks fhdackd l%uh .ek i,ld n,hs' j¾I 2005 oS fvd,¾ ñ,shk 50 la jeh lrñka

mdi,a 343 l bkakd isiqka 60,000 l muK msrsilg fiajd ,ndoSu msKsi fm!oa.,sl iud.ï yd

wdh;k 30 la Ñldf.da mí,sla ial+,aia ^Ñldf.da m%isoaO mdi,a& CPS úiska .súiqï.; lr.kakd ,oS' fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,nd ÿkafka ,dNdfmalaIdfjka lghq;= l< wdh;k iy

,dNdfmalaIdfjka f;drj lghq;= lrk ,o wdh;k hk ldKav foj¾.hla úh' fuhg wu;rj CPS

úiska iajlSh jev igykla o ls%hd;aul lrk ,oS' WmfoaYkh ,enQ ixLHdfjka Nd.hla muK wvx.= jQfha fuu jev igykg hs' WmfoaYkh i`oyd iqÿiqlï we;s tfy;a WmfoaYkh fkd,enQ whg jvd WmfoaYkh ,nd.;a wh ;=< lsishï oshqKqjla olskakg ,eìK' tfukau iqÿiqlï we;sj jevigykg iyNd.s jQ wh o wvqu idOk uÜgfï wh w;r úh' j¾Ihlg miqj WmfoaYkh ,enQ isiqkf.a

lshùï úIhfha j¾I 1.09 l m%.;shla o .Ks; úIhfha j¾I 0.94lska m%.;shla we;s úh' WmfoaYk

fkd,enq whf.a m%dma;s óg wvq jqjo tu wh w;f¾ o 1.3 iy 0.92 m%udKhka o ms<sfj<ska olakg

,enqKs' kuq;a fuu ixLHd" k.rh mqrdu ,nd.kakd ,o j¾Ok uÜgu jQ 1.06 iy 1.01 ^ms<sfj<ska&

iu. n,k l< wvq uÜgul we;' Taylor Ñldf.da w;aoelSï wkqidrfhka m%Odk .eg`M y;rla y`ÿkd .kakd ,oS'

fkdñ,fha osjd wdydrh ,eîug we;s iqÿiqlu wkqj WmfoaYkh ,eîfï iqÿiqlï we;s wh f;dard .kakd ,oS' fuu ;;a;ajh uq`Mukskau wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh iu. úkd WmfoaYkh ,eîfï fhda.H;djh u; ine|S ke;' tneúka fuu jev ms<sfj< hgf;a WmfoaYkh ,eìh hq;= iuyr fokd u`.yerS WmfoaYkh wjYH fkdjk wh we;=<;a ùfï wjia:d we;' ish orejka g WmfoaYkh ,eìh hq;= úIhhka f;dard .kq ,nkafka fo.=reka úisks' iuyr úg Tjqkaf.a f;arSu idjoH úh' fo.=reka wdl¾Ykh lrk oekaùï yd WmfoaYk meh jeä m%udKhla iuyr iud.ï úiska bosrsm;a lrk ,oS' kuq;a fuh wOHdmksl jYfhka m%fhdackj;a fkdùh'

41

WmfoaYk lKavdhfï m%udKh úúOdldrhg fjkia úh' tla .=rejrhdg tla isiqjd ne.ska iuyr úfgl WmfoaYkh isÿ jqj;a fndfyduhla lKavdhï yeáhg WmfoaYkh ,enQ w;r iuyr úg lKavdhul isiqka 20 la muK o úh'

iuia; jYfhka we.ehSula fkdùh' fiajh ,nd fokakdf.a j.ùula o fkdùh' j¾Idjidk úNd.fhaoS YsIHhd fyd| idOkhla ,enqfõ kï tu f.!rjh úÿy,g fyda fjk;a md¾Yjhlg fkdj tu .=rejrhdg u ,eìK' mdvï idïm, mQ¾j we.hSulg Ndckh l< lsisu iud.ula fkdùh' tfukau uq,a .=rejrekaf.a yd fo.=rekaf.a wfmalaIK j,g ijkaÿka iud.ï o w,am úh'

isiqkaf.a j;auka .=rejreka u WmfoaYlhska f,i n|jd.;a iud.ï jeämqr n,mEula we;s lsrSug iu;a úh' Tjqka fj; WmfoaYkh msKsi ,ndÿka øjH isiq wjYH;djhkag irs,k mrsos Wmfhda.s lr.kakd ,oS' tjeks WmfoaYlhska fj; YsIH jd¾;d" fyd| fo.=re miq fmdaIKhka iy mdif,a úYajdih o ;snqKs'

fulS wkdjrKhka ie,ls,a,g .ksñka 2007 tx.,ka;fha kshuq jHdmD;sh osh;a lrk ,oS' th

úÿy,a 484 l ^7-11 iy 11-14 jhfia& 2 yd 3 mka;sj, isiqkaf.ka 10% l i|yd tla YsIHhdg tla WmfoaYljrhd mokñka WmfoaYkh ,ndoSfï uq`M msrsjeh m%odkh lsrSug ie,iqï úh' bx.S%is fyda

.Ks;h i`oyd meh 10 l WmfoaYkh iy meh foll tla tla .=re YsIH iïnkaOh tu`.ska we;s flf¾'

fuhg iul< yels jevigykla isx.mamQrefõ o l%shd;aul fjñka mej;sK (Tan, 2009,

p.97). rch 1980 oYlfhaoS wOHdmk idOkhkays mej;=k ckjd¾.sl wiu;=,s;Ndjh .ek lkiai,a,g m;aúh' úfYaIfhka wjOdkh fhduq jQfha Ök yd bkaoshdkqjkag jvd f.da;%sl uef,a cd;slhskaf.a idOkh wvqùu .ekhs' rdcH n,OdrSka úiska" uef,a$uqia,sï orejkg WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu

i`oyd uQ,H wdOdr" (MENDAKI) uef,a$uqia,sï orejkaf.a wOHdmkh i`oyd jQ ljqkais,h fj; ,ndfok ,oS' mdi,a fõ,dfjka miqj fuu Wmldrl mka;s meje;aùu i`oyd rcfha mdi,a o ,nd fok ,oS' wvq .dia;= m%udKhlg fiajh ,ndoSug iQodkï mqyqKqq .=rejreka o ta i|yd ,ndfok ,oS'

m<uqfjka MENDAKI úiska o wk;=rej isx.mamQre bkaoshdkq ixj¾Ok ix.uh (SINDA) úiska o ksnkaOk l%uhla we;s lrk ,oS' fuu wdh;k fol wo jk úg Yla;su;a yd m%lg wdh;k njg

m;aj we;' n,kak -(MENDAKI, 2009; SINDA, 2009).

ol=Kq wms%ldfõ mj;sk idudka;r jevigykla ms<sn|j Reddy, úiska (2007) IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiofha oS bosrsm;a lrk ,oS' oaù;shsl mdi,aj, úoHdj b.ekaùu jeä oshqKq lsrSfï wNsm%dh we;sj

úoHd iy ;dlaIK fomd¾;fïka;=j (DST) úiska WmfoaYk ls%hdj,sh iudf,dapkh lsrSula b,a,d isák ,oS' tu iudf,dapkfhaoS bosrsm;a jQ jd¾;d wkqj fomd¾;fïka;=j wvq wdodhï ,nk mjq,a i`oyd fiajd imhk úoHd, b,lal flfrk jevigykla osh;a lsrSug mshjr .kakd ,oS' WmfoaYkh uqyqKg uqyqK ,d flfrk wdlD;sh wkqj úh' rch fï i|yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha iud.ï fj;

42

wruqo,a ,ndoSu i|yd b,a,Sula lrk ,oS' rdcH wkq.%dyl;ajh u; we;sjQ m%drïNkhla ksid m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyhg o n,mEula we;sjk whqre flfia wiudk;d ch.kafka o hkak ms<sn|j meyeos,s lr fok jev igykl fyd| kso¾Ykhla jYfhka fuh fmkajd osh yel'

fj<|fmd< úiska fufyhjk Wmldrl WmfoaYkh'

fuu .%ka:fha fmr olajd we;s mrsosu wmf.a WmfoaYk ls%hdjka mQ¾K jYfhka r|d mj;skafka fj<|fmd< úiska fufyjkq ,nk jHjidhka jYfhks' tu ls%hd ms<sfj< bf.kqï m%;s,dN ,ndosh hq;= njg wfmalaId lrk w;r tfia fkdjQ úg ls%hdldrlï ue,ù"úkdY ù hkq we;' WmfoaYk m%drïNhka .ek we.hSula lrk úg fmkS hkafka iuyrla we;af;a ixl,amkhka iy m%pdrKhka mdol lrf.k úkd m%o¾Ys; idlaIs u; fkdjk njhs' fndfyda foa r|d mj;skafka WmfoaYkfha iajNdjh iy WmfoaYkfha jdis ,nd.ekSug isiqka ;=< we;s iQodku u;h' tfukau iuyr miqìful fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk jHjidh wOHdmkfha m%Odk m%jdyh flfrys RKd;aul f,ig o n,md we;'

fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyh fjkqjg wdfoaYlhla njg m;aùu ksid we;sjk ;;a;ajh fuysoS u;=úh yels .eg`M j,ska tlls' m%Odk ndysr úNd.hla ióm jk wjia:djl oS iuyr rgj,a j, iuyr isiqka ;u mdi,g" ;ukaf.a úNd. i|yd iqúfYaI jYfhka wjYH jk foa iemhSug fkdyels njg iel ixldjla we;slr .kS' úêu;a mdi,g m<,a mrdihl b,a,Sï bgq lsrSug we;s w;r jvd mD:q, iudc yd foaYmd,ksl wNsu;d¾:hka o we;' ;=¾lsfha isiqka mdi,a fkdmeñKSug ksoyig ldrKd yeáhg uqo,a jeh lr jHdc ffjoH iy;sl ,nd .ekSug Wkkaÿùu fuu ielfha w;Hka; isÿùulaa f,i oelaúh yel' oaù;sshsl yd ;D;Shsl wOHdmk m%fõY úNd.hka meje;afjk wjia:djkays oS Tjqka jeämqr wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka m%Odk m%jdyfha mka;s j,g iyNd.s ùug fyda .Dyia:j úNd.hg iQodkï ùug fkdj" fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkhg

fhduq ùughs' Tansel iy Bircan (2007, p.8) jd¾;d lrkafka fndfyda isiqkg wikSm njg ,nd.ekSug yels jHdc ffjoH iy;sl ksid Tjqkg m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha mka;s u`. yeÍug

bvlv ,efnk njhs' wo fuu ldrKh fndfyda fihska ms<s.ekSug Ndckh jQ ;;a;ajhhs' j¾I 2005

oS ;=¾ls wOHdmk{hskaf.a ix.uh úiska fcHIaG Wiia mdi,a YsIHhska 1,078 la iy Wiia mdGYd,d

WmdêOdrska 1,073 wdYS%;j iólaIKhla mj;ajk ,oS' úNd.hg iQodkï ùu flfia mdie,a .ukg

n,mEfõ o@ hk m%Yakh Tjqka fj; bosrsm;a lrk ,oS' Wiia mdi,a YsIHhskaf.ka 55] la o Wiia

mdi,a WmdêOdÍka f.ka 49] la o ;uka jHdc ffjoH iy;sl ,nd.;a nj mejiQy'

fï yd iudk rgdjla wei¾n¾cdkfha o olskakg mqMjk' Kazimzade (2007) fmkajd oqkafka úfYaIfhka ;u mdi,a ld,fha oaù;shsl ;,fha wjidk fYa%Ksfha oS isiqka idudkHfhka mdi,a

mdvï u`.yer fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh i|yd mdi,a ld,h ;=<oS u fhduqjk njhs (n,kak

Silova and Kazimzade, 2006, p. 128). iuyr isiqka mdi,a n,OdrSkag w,a,ia mjd ,ndoS mdif,ka

43

msgù we;' tu`.ska Tjqka msg; isáh o meñKSfï f,aLkfha ;uka meñKs njg igyka fhdojd f.k

fm!oa.,sl mka;s i|yd iyNd.S ù ;sfí' Obeegadoo (2007) f.a m%ldYh m%;srdjh lrñka

Kazimzade mejiqfõ tjka ld, iSudjka ;=< mdi,a mka;s ldur fndfyda fihska ysia njla olakg ,efnk w;r fï fõ,dfõ oS isiqka fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh mdif,ka msg; oS ,nd .ksñka isák njhs'

fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkfha ;Sj%;djh isiqkaf.a Ñ;a; tald.%;d úh;g n,mEula lrhs'

fldrshdfõ oS Kim (2007, pp. 16-17) fmkajd ÿkafka úfYaI wruqKq iys; Wiia mdi,a i|yd m%fõY úNd.hg WmfoaYkfhka we;sjk n,mEu .ekhs' whÿïldr isiqka m%n,j úYajdi lf<a WmfoaYk uOHia:dk u.ska ,nd fok oekqu úNd.h i|yd jvd;a wod, jk njhs' w;sf¾l WmfoaYk uOHia:dk j,g úYd, b,a ula we;' tys meñK bf.k .kakd isiqyq mdi,a fõ,dfõ§ idudkHfhka

mka;s ldurfha ksod .ks;s' fuu ldrKh isiqka úiska o ms<s.efka (Kim 2007, p. 17).

mdi,a .=rejreka úfYaI wruqKq iys; Wiia mdi,a (SPH) whÿïlrejkag leu;s ke;' tfia ù we;af;a Tjqka mka;sfha jev .ek wjOdkhla fkdolajd ksod .kakd fyhsks' fofjks yd

f;fjks j¾Id¾O ^fifuiagr& j, ,nd .kakd fYa%Ks SPH úNd.hg wod< fkdfõ' tneúka mka;s ldurh ;=< wjq,la we;s lrk fï isiqkag .=rejreka leue;a;la olajkafka ke;'

SPH isiqka by< idOkhlska hqla;hs' mx;sh ;=< Tjqka uykais ù bf.k .kafka ke;' we;a; jYfhkau Tjqkaf.ka iuyfrla ksødYS,S jk w;r ;fjflla fm!oa.,sl mka;sfha f.or

jev fyda fjk;a lghq;a;l fhfohs' bx.%Sis mka;sfha oS ksod.kS' “wms fuu fldgi oekgu;a

bf.kf.k we;' .=rejre ta nj oks;s” - hk woyi Tjqka ;=< mj;S'

by; WoaOD;h u.ska Ñ;a; tald.%;d úh; .ek muKla fkdj m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha mx;s ldurfha wfkalúO;djh .ek o .eg`M u;= lrhs' WmfoaYkh my;a idOkh we;a;jqka flfrys b,lal jk úg mx;sfha ;sìh hq;= wfkalúO;djh wju lrñka tu`.ska m%Odk m%jdyfha .=re ld¾hh myiq lrhs' kuq;a fj<|fmd< u`.ska fufyhjk WmfoaYkh idudkHfhka WmldÍ jkafka by<

idOkhka we;s whghs' uqreisfha Bah-lalya (2006, p. 75) u`.ska meyeos,s lrk wdldrhg ;

iuyr isiqkg fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkh ,efnk w;r ;j;a whg fkd,efnk úg m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha .=rejrekag .eg`M mek k.S' lsisfjl= WmfoaYkh fkd,nk úg tu .eg`M we;sjkafka ke;' l%udkql+, mdvï" WmfoaYkh u`.ska oshqKq lrk kuq;a tu`.ska kshñ; mdi,a ld,h ;=< isÿ lrk bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha w.h o wvq l< yel'

m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejrekaf.a YslaIK l%ufõo fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYl l%ufõo j,g jvd fjkia úhyel' fuh wNsfhda.hls' WodyrKhla jYfhka .Ks;h úIhfha oS hdka;s%lj .eg`Mj úi|Sfï wdldrh WmfoaYkfha oS bf.k .kakd kuq;a ta iu. wkqnoaO jk uQ,O¾uhka .ek

wjfndaOhla fkd,nhs' weursld tlai;a ckmofha “lsisu <ufhla w;ayersh fkdyel” jevigykg t,a,jk úfõpkhla jkafka mx;s ldurfha úIh ud,dj iu`. jev igyk u`.ska ,ndfok fiajd

44

iïnkaëlrKh fkdùuhs' WmfoaYkh ,nd fok whg .=rejreka iu`. ixfoaYkhla meje;aùfï

wjYH;djh ;yjqre lr fkd;sîu .ek úfúplfhda fmkajd fo;s' fï fya;=ju" taldnoaO bf.kqï

jevigykla ixúOdkh lsrSu i|yd mdi,g we;s yelshdj ÿ¾j, lrhs (Sunderman, 2006, p. 118).

isiqka ndysrj WmfoaYkh ,nd .kakd neõ okakd ksid .=rejreka ;u m%Odk m%jdyfha lghq;=

w;miq lsrSug we;s yelshdj ;j;a .eg`M wjia:djls' fndfyda úg fujeks .=rejreka" WmfoaYk mx;s

o Tjqka úiska u mj;ajk wh úh yelshs' Hartmann (2008: 52) jd¾;d lf<a" ;udf.au ridhk úoHd

.=rejrhd ish fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlhd o jQ l,ays Bcsma;=fõ YsIHfhl= ;=< we;s jQ oDIaÀhhs'''

vhskd mjikafka mx;sfhaoS isiqka l:d lsrSu fyda fjk;a úIh .ek lghq;= lrk njls' „lsis

flfkla wjOdkh fhduq fkdlr;s' tneúka iïmQ¾K mdvu b.ekaùug .=rejrhd ie,ls,su;a

fkdfõ' Tyq úIh lreKq" b;d fkd.eUqre wdldrhlska lsisu meyeos,s lsrSula fkdue;sj úia;r

lrkq we;' wms iefjdu mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nk nj Tyq fyd|ska okS' tneúka Tyq lror

jkafka wehs @‟

Hartmann (p. 67) i|yka lrkafka fndfyda WmfoaYlhska Tjqka úiska rÑ; .%ka: wf,ú

lsÍfuka w;sf¾l wdodhula ,nk njhs' fuu fmd;a" fj<|fmdf<a iq,N j we;s kuq;a mdi,a j,

úlsKSSu ;ykï fõ' úIh ud,d ixj¾Ok n,Odßka úiska ks¾foaY lrk bf.kqï l%ufõohka fuu

fmd;a u`.ska fkdi,ld yßk neúka mdi,a ;=< tajd ;ykï lr we;'

my; olajd we;s igyfka fmkajd we;s isoaê wOHhk u`.ska Wmldrl WmfoaYkfha ;j;a

udkhka meyeÈ,s lrhs' tfiau Poisson úiska ixlaIsma;j olajd we;s WmfoaYkh iy m%Odk wOHdmk

m%jdyh w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;d ksÍlaIKh lsÍu o jeo.;ah ^j.=j 10&'

45

j.=j 10 - wOHdmkfha m%Odk m%jdyhg mqoa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYkfha n,mEu

úIhh m:h n,mEfï udos,sh Okd;aul iDKd;aul

wOHdmkh i|yd wruqo,a iemhSu

f,dj mqrd wOHdmkh i|yd jeäfhka uQ,H m%;smdok ,nd §u

m%Odk m%jdyh yiqrjkakka úiska jvd ld¾hlaIu j Wmfhda.S l< yels wruqo,a fjk;a wxY j,g yerùu

.=rejrekaf.ka WmfoaYkh ;ukaf.ka ,nd .; hq;= njg fouúmshkag flfrk n,mEu

rchg ,eìh hq;= nÿ wdodhu fkd,eî hdu

.=re wdodhï ud¾. .=rejreka i|yd w;sf¾l wdodhula

.=re l<ukdlrKh

l<ukdlrK l%shd mámdá úlD;s lsÍu ^jeä uqo,a m%udKhla bmhsh yels /lshd wjia:d fjka lr .ekSug W;aidy lsÍu&

mdi,a myiqlï m%fhdackhg .ekSu

mdi,a fú,dfjka ndysrj mdif,a myiqlï Wmfhda.S;djh j¾Okh lsÍu

fmdÿ myiqlï mqoa.,sl ldrKd i|yd fhdod .ekSu

WmfoaYk ld,h mdi,a fõ,dfjka miq ld,h jvd m%fhdackj;aj .; lsÍu ^wëlaIKh fkdue;s orejka o we;=`Mj&

uq`M bf.kqï ld, m%udKh wvq ù hdu ^.=re fkdmeñKSu&

.=rejreka hgf;a mej;sh hq;= m%;sldÍ b.ekaùñ fjkqjg mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd fhduq ùu

wOHdmk wka;¾.;h iy b.ekaùfï l%u

rdcldÍ ld,h ;=< § úIhh ud,dfõ fldgila muKla b.ekaùu

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlhska úiska wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk lg mdvñ lsÍfï l%ufõoh wkq.ukh lsÍu

.=re ld¾hh idOkh m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejrekaf.a jev m%udKh wvq ùu

isiqka m%udKj;a ;rï iqodkï ù we;s nj iy;sl lsÍu msKsi .=rejreka .kakd W;aidyh wvq ùu

WmfoaYk mdvï ,ndfok .=rejreka wld¾hlaIu iy f;fyÜgq njg m;a ù isàu

WmfoaYk ld¾hh i|yd m%uqL;djh fok ksid m%Odk m%jdyfha b.ekaùï lghq;= meyer yeÍu

46

úIhh m:h n,mEfï udos,sh

Okd;aul iDKd;aul

isiq bf.kqu ffokslj isiqkag W.kajk oE wjfndaO lr .ekSug myiq ùu

jev m%udKh wêl ùu iy isiqkag we;sjk f;fyÜgqj

mka;s ldurfha l%shdldrlï flfrys Wkkaÿj ySk ùu

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk mdvñ j,§ ,enqK fydavqjdjka mdúÉÑ lrñka isiqka hdka;%sl f,i jev lsÍu

YsIH fkdmeñKsfï m%udKh by< hdu

mka;s ldur .;sl;ajh fyñka bf.k .kakkag mka;sfha fjk;a wh iu`. iu ùug Wojq lsÍu

mka;s ldurfha iudfhdacl w;aoelSï j,g jvd fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh jeo.;a ùu

WmfoaYlhska úiska Wmfhda.S lr .kakd b.ekaùfï l%u .=rejrekaf.a bf.kqï b.ekaùfï m%fõYhka iu`. mEySula ke;s ùu

m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejrekag we;s f.!rjh wvq ùu

m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejrekag mka;sh ;=, wêl wiudk;dj,g uqyqK mEug isÿùu

l%shd mámdá f;dard .ekSu iy we.hSu

WmfoaYkh idOdrKShlrKh msKsi úNd. i|yd we;s wjYH;d by< oeóu

úYaj úoHd, m%fõY l%shdj,sh úlD;s lsÍu

YsIH idOkh wvq idOk uÜgï we;s whg jvd fyd| m%;sm, ,eîu

wOHdmk fj<|fmdf<a ;r.ldÍ;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu iy isiq bf.kSu ÈhqKq lsÍu

isiqka w;r we;s iudc wiu;d j¾Okh lsÍu

Wiia m%dma;s uÜgï we;s wh WmfoaYkh ,nd .ekSfï§ we;sjk mr;r fjki

mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd .kakd isiqkag olajk wksis mlaImd;S;ajh

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd meñfKk isiqkag o`vqjï meñKùu ^ys;du;d fmkajk ÿ¾j,;djhls&

fm<fmd;a ksmoùu iy fnod yeÍu

úNd. i|yd iqodkï ùug WmldÍ jk iajhx wOHhkh myiq lrjk kj fuj,ï ksIamdokh Èß .ekaùu

kshñ; fm<fmd;a j,g WmfoaYk l%ufõohka we;=<;a ùu

Source: Poisson (2007), pp. 14-15.

47

isoaê wOHhk ;%s;ajh

tla tla rglg iqúfYaIS jk w;aoelSu mÍlaId lsßfï§ ud;Dldfõ ixlS¾K;djh meyeÈ,s fõ' isoaê wOHhkh i|yd fndfyda rgj,a f;dard .; yelsj ;sìK' tfy;a b,lal .; lsßfï iy

ixlaIsma; ùfï fya;= ksid rgj,a 03 lg iSudù we;' fldßhdj f;dard .kakd ,oafoa uyd mßudK w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ms<sn|j tu rgg §¾> b;sydihla we;s neúks' ms<sfj<ska n,hg m;a rchhka úiska fuu .eg`Mj úi£u i|yd fkdfhl=;a m%;sm;a;Ska l%shd;aul lr we;;a thska w;ajqfha iSñ; id¾:l;ajhls' uqreis Èjhskg o tjeks u b;sydihla we;' kuq;a ck.yKh jvd;a l=vd jk neúka o WmfoaYkhg n,mdk ixialD;sldx. fjkia jk neúka o fldßhdjg jvd wiudk;d tys olakg we;' m%xYh f;dardf.k we;af;a trfÜ rch úiska fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh Èß.ekaùu i|yd jHqyhka ia:dms; lr we;s neúks' ;j o m%xYfha we;sjq fjkialï jvd;a woH;kh'

fldßhdj

Seth (2002, p.1) w¾: oelajqfha fldßhdfõ wOHdmkh cd;sl jYfhka jq oeä weíneysùuls' fldßhdkqjka Tjqkaf.a ^wOHdmk WK& jYfhka iuyr úg i|yka lrk ixisoaêh .ek Tyq úiska lr we;s wOHhkfhka fufia fmkajd fohs' wd¾Ól iy idudÔh fjkila we;s lsÍfï WmlrKhla f,i

wOHdmkh .ek úYajdih ;nk neúka 20 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha mgka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh

wOHdmkfha jeo.;a ixrplhla njg m;aj we;' IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiofha § Kim (2007, p.1) i|yka

l< mßÈ 2007 j¾Ifha§ Wiia mdi,a isiqkaf.ka 63.1% la fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd .kakd njg

weia;fïka;= .; j we;' lKsIaG Wiia mdGYd,d uÜgfï § fuu m%;sY;h 78.4% la jq w;r

wdrïNl ;,fha § th 88.2% la úh' fldßhdkq WmfoaYkh úúO iajrEm .kS' kso¾Yk jYfhka

2007 j¾Ifha uOH mdGYd,d ;,fha § isiqka 45.5% la hakwons hhs ye¢kafjk mqoa.,sl bf.kqï wdh;k j, WmfoaYkh ,nd we;' fm!oa.,slj fyda lKavdhï jYfhka WmfoaYkh ,enq m%;sY;h

25.5% ls' ;j;a 10.4% l m%udKhla WmfoaYk iud.ï u`.ska imhk ,o ld¾hh m;%sldjka yryd bf.kSu bgq lf<a mjqf,a idudðlhska o we;=`M jßka jr meñKs WmfoaYlhkaf.a iydh o we;sjhs'

5% l m%;sY;hla wka;¾cd,h yryd WmfoaYkh ,nd we; ^Kim, 2007, p. 7). j¾I 2006 § mqoa.,sl

WmfoaYkh i|yd l=gqïNhka úiska ork ,o uqM jeh m%udKh weußldkq fvd,¾ ì,shk 24 ls ^Kim

& Lee, 2008, p.3). fuu uqo,a m%udKh o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;fhka 2.8% la jq w;r th rch úiska

m%d:ñl iy oaù;shsl wOHdmkh i|yd jeh lrk uqo,ska 80% la muK úh'

fuu ixLHdjka foi rcfha ks<OdÍka iy uyck;dj n,kafka fo.sähdfjka hq;=jh' Kim

(2007, p.1) fmkajd ÿkafka"

fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl wOHdmkh fldßhdfõ mj;sk tla mSvdldÍ .eg`Mjls' fo.=rekaf.a wd¾Ól ÿIalr;d j¾Okh lrk njg o fpdaokdjla mj;S' tfukau ÿmam;a iy fmdfydi;a wh w;r mj;sk wiudk;djh jeä lrk njg;a mdi,a úIhh ud,dj úlD;s lrk njg;a mdi,a

48

.=rejrhdf.a n,dêldrh ÿ¾j, lrk njg ;a isiqkaf.a iu;=,s; ixj¾Okhg ydks lrk njg

;a jYfhka ;j;a fpdaokd o mj;S'

tfia jqj o l=gqïNhkaf.ka mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a u È.ska È.gu by<

uágul we;' fofjks f,dal ix.%duh wjidkfha § fldßhdj cmdk wêrdcHh md,kfhka ksoyi

,nd .;af;ah' tu wjia:dfõ rfÜ kq.;alu by< uÜgul mej;s w;r rg o b;du;a ÿmam;a úh'

oYl y;rl wejEfuka fldßhdj w;am;a lr.;a l¾udka; ixj¾Okh ksid 1966 j¾Ifha § wd¾Ól

iyfhda.S;djh iy ixj¾Okh ms<sn| ixúOdkhg (OECD) we;=,aùug yelsúh' fuu ixúOdkhg

Wiia wd¾Ólhla iys; fmdfydi;a ñksiqkaf.a iudch hkqfjka WÑ; jq ye¢kaùula o we;' Henry,

Lingard (et al.,2001, p.7) úiska i|yka lrkq ,enqfõ wOHdmk moaO;sh iy fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh

ms<sn| we;s wjOdkh hk lreKq fuu id¾:l;ajfha jeo.;a wx. njhs' ;jo .=re n,dêldßh u;

mejreK wd;;sh iy ;Sj% ;r.ldß;ajh u`.ska o b;d ;r.ldÍ mdi,a m%fõY úNd. ksid o b;d

W.;a iy úkh .rel Y%u n,ldhla ks¾udKh lr we;' fï wkqj ks¾udKh jqfKa ;r.ldÍ ,laIK

iys; Okjd§ ld¾ñl md,k l%uhla i|yd iqodkï jq iudchls'

úNd. wdêm;Hh iy m%;sixialrK mßY%uhka

cmdkh u`.ska hg;a lr .ekSug fmr Y; j¾Ihkays fldßhdjg Yla;su;a isú,a fiajd úNd.

iïm%odhla mej;sK' w;suy;a lS¾;skduhla iys; rcfha fiajhg iqM msßilg we;=<;a ùug yels

jqfha fï mgq oajdrh yrydhs (Zeng, 1999). fuu moaO;sh Ökfha mej;s wdlD;sh wkqj ilia úh'

;jo fuh m%cd N+ñld i|yd YsIH;aj iy úêu;a bf.kSu mokï jk lka*shqishdkq iïm%odhg o

wkqnoaê; h' wo mj;akd úNd. l%uh cmdk wêrdcHjd§ hq.fha 20 jk Y; j¾Ifha§ ks¾udKh

jqjls' iqM fjkialsÍï we;sj ksoyia fldßhdfõ o fuu l%ufõo mj;ajdf.k hhs' j¾I 1950 oYlfha

§ uOH mdi,a" Wiia mdi,a iy úYaj úoHd, wdÈhg m%fõY ùu i|yd úNd. mj;ajk ,§' fuu

úNd. j, wdrïNl tajd úfYaIfhka jeo.;a úh' tu`.ska uq,sl mdi,aj, isiqkag mjd mSvkhla we;s

lrk ,§' iuyr úoHd, úiska i;s wka; yd ikaOHd ld,Sk jYfhka uqo,a wh lrk mka;s ixúOdkh

lrk ,§' mdi,ska miq meje;afjk jkfmd;a lsÍfï ieis o wrUk ,§' fïjd mdi,a j,g fukau

.=rejrekag o w;sf¾l wdodhï ud¾. njg m;aúh'

úIh ndysr jYfhka úNd. i|yd lrk fujka m%h;ak m%isoaO úfõpkhg Ndckh úh' ta

mdi,a isiqka u; we;s l, wd;;sh fo.=reka u; we;s lrk ,o wd¾Ól wiSre;djh iy iudc

wiudk;d m%j¾Okh l< wdldrh ms<sn|jhs' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka ksl=;a flreK ksfhda.hka

/ila u`.ska fuu l%uh kj;ajk f,i wK lrk ,§' j¾I 1955 § ckdêm;s Rhee Syngman úiska

ksl=;a lrk ,o m%ldYhl i|yka jqfha fndfyda .=rejreka iy mdi,a jdis ,nd we;af;a mdi,a i;=

49

Odß;djh iy whÿïlrejka w;r we;s ;=,s;Ndjfha úIu;djh yryd njhs' tneúka ñka bÈßhg

úIh ndysr mka;s iy tjeks Ndú;hka “kS;s u`.ska mq¾K o`vqjï ,eîug fya;= jkq we;” (Seth,

2002, p. 143).

tfia jqjo fuu jdrK ksfhda. u`.ska úYd, n,mEula we;s fkdflßK' tneúka n,OdÍka

w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh wvq lsÍu i|yd ;j;a mshjrla .kakd ,§' ta" wOHdmk ysksuf`.a úúO

wjia:djkaysÈ isiqka f;dard .ekSu i|yd we;s l%ufõoh m%;sixialrKh lsÍu yryd hs' j¾I 1969 §

fida,a k.rfha iy fjk;a m%Odk k.r j, 1970 §;a rfÜ fiiq fldgiaj, 1971 § o" b;d jeo.;a

mshjr .kakd ,§' tajdhska jeo.;a mshjrla jkafka uOH mdi, i|yd jq m%fõY úNd.h fjkqjg

wyUq f,d;/hshla we;s lsÍuhs' fuu m%;sixialrKh u`.ska (Kim, 2004, p. 9) b,lal lrk ,oafoa"

orejkaf.a wd;;sh ,sys,a lrñka Tjqkaf.a mshú j¾Okhg wkqn, §u

uq,sl mdi,a wh:d f,i uOH mdi,a úNd.h i|yd fhduq ùfuka je<elaùu

mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh wffO¾h lsÍu

úúO rcfha úoHd, w;r we;s mr;rh wvq lsÍu

l=gqïNhka u; mejfrk udkisl iy uq,Huh nr ieye,a lsÍu

ish`M isiqka i|yd jir 09 l wksjd¾h wOHdmkh ,nd §fï cd;sl b,lalh idlaId;a lr .ekSu

i|yd by; i|yka mshjr iu`. isiqka n|jd .ekSu o mqM,a lrk ,§'

fï m%;sixialrK w¾O jYfhka id¾:l úh' ;jo ta flá ld,Sk jYfhks' ta ksid fjk;a

.eg`M o we;súh' mdi,a úiska n|jd .kakd isiqka w;r bf.kqï uÜgfï úYd, wiudk;d we;s nj

mdi,a j,g fmksK' uOH mdif,a m%fõY úNd.h wj,x.= lsÍu iy m%fõY wjia:d mqM,a lsÍu u`.ska

fuu .eg`Mj úif|kq fjkqjg fjk;a uÜgulg udre úh' wêIaGdkh iy olaI;djh we;s isiqkag

oekqfka Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d m%udKj;a mßÈ" ñY% olaI;d we;s mka;shlska fkd,efnk njhs' tneúka

Tjqyq by< mdif,a m%fõY úNd.h i|yd mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd .ekSug fm<UqKy' fuu rgdj

t<sorõ ùu;a iu`. 1974 § n,OdÍka úiska Wiia mdi,a wjia:dj ,nd §u i|yd ;j;a f,d;/hs

l%uhla wdrïN lrk ,§' fida,a iy mqidka k.r j, uq,skau wdrïN lrk ,o fuu m%;sm;a;sh miqj

k.r 20 l l%shd;aul lrk ,§' ;jo 2003 jk úg thg by< mdi,aj, isiqkaf.ka 73% la wdjrKh

úh' j¾I 1983 § ;j;a ie,eiaula m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§' ta úoHdj" úfoia NdId" l%Svd iy fjk;a

úIhh lafIa;% j, bf.k .ekSug leu;s jq iqN. YsIHhskag fiajh lsÍu i|ydhs' fufia lrk ,oafoa

f,d;/hs l%uh W!K;d we;s lrk njg we;sjq úfõpkhg m%;spdrhla jYfhks' j¾I 2007 jk úg

fï úfYaI wruqKla we;s Wiia mdi,a ish`M oaù;shsl wxYfha isiqkaf.ka 0.42% lg fiajd imhk ,§

(Kim, 2007, p. 3).

50

by< mdi,a ;,fha m%fõYh i|yd ;r.ldÍ úNd. wj,x.= lsÍfï m%Odk m%;sM,h jqfha wod<

.eg`Mj úYaj úoHd, m%fõY uÜgug ;,a ùuhs' fuu úNd. uÜgu fld;rï jeo.;a fõ o h;a th

my< ;, ish,a,gu n,mEula we;s lf<ah' Seth (2002, p.157) i|yka lrkafka úoHd, m%fõYh

i|yd iqodkï ùfï W;aidyh my< ;,hka fj; ;,a ùfï m%;sM,h jqfha fndfyda isiqka mqoa.,sl

mdvï iy mdi,a fú,dfjka miq Wmldrl mdvï j,g m%d:ñl wjÈfha§ u fhduq ùu njhs' uOH

mdi,a i|yd iy Wiia mdi,a i|yd jq m%fõY úNd. wj,x.= lsÍu ksid lS¾;su;a wOHdmk wdh;k

msysá Èia;%slalhl mÈxÑ ùu b;d jeo.;a idOlhla njg m;aùh' iuyr osia;%slal j, mdGYd,d"

Wiia úoHd, m%fõY úNd. j,ska by< id¾:l;ajhla ,eîu ksid tu m%foaY j, bvï we;=`M foam,

ñ, o by< hdula isÿ úh' fuys§ we;sjk ;;a;ajh iajhx ;Dma;slr úh' l%ul%ufhka Èia;%slalh

fmdfydi;a mjq,aj, jdiia:dkhla njg m;ajk w;r Tjqkg mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd .ekSu lsisu

w;lska ÿIalr fkdùh'

;ykï lsÍu i|yd .kakd ,o kj mßY%uhka

pqx vQ yajeka (Chun Doo Hwan ) 1980 oS kj yuqod rdcH md,kfha kdhlhd f,i n,hg

m;ajQ úg olakg ;snqK ;;a;ajh fufiah' uQ,sl mdif,a 12.9 ] lao uOHu mdif,a 15.3 ] lao Wiia

mdif,a 26.2] o fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nñka issáhy (Kim, 2007, p.1). fuu .eg`Mj md,kh

lsrSfï wêIaGdkh ckdêm;s pqx g we;súh' Tyq úoHd, m%fúY úNd.fha md,kh fm!oa.,sl wdh;k

j,ska fjkalr rdcH md,kh hgf;a msysg jq úoHd, m%fõY idOk mrSlaIKhlg mjrk ,oS' Ydia;%Sh

úIhhka ioyd w;sf¾l Wiia mdi,a WmfoaYk mka;s meje;aùu iy tu úIhhka i|yd w;sf¾l

Wiia fm< mka;s fyda WmfoaYkh meje;aùu Tyq úiska ;ykï lrk ,oS' fuh fï olajd we;s l<

úma,ùh mshjrla nj i|yka l< yel' wjirh ,enqK fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh" u,, lS%vd" ix.S;h"

gelafjdkafvda iy u,a ieris,s hk úIhhka i`oyd iSudúh'

tfia jqjo kej;;a fuu ;yku ls%hd;aul lsrSu ÿIalr úh' Seth (2002, p.186) fufia úia;r lrhs'

fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ;ykï lsrSu je<elaùu i`oyd fo.=reyq fndfyda fjfyi jQy'

isiqkaf.a jdiia:dk fj; iel bmoùulska f;drj <`.dùu ioyd isiqkf.a WmfoaYlfhdaa Wiia

mdif,a ks, we\qfuka ieriS tys .shy' iuyr mjq,a" WmfoaYlhska i|yd l=,S ksjdi ,nd ÿkay'

tu ksjdi Ndrlreg fkdoefkk mrsos tu mjq,a j, orejkag WmfoaYkh ,ndosh yelsùu i`oyd

fuu mshjr .kakd ,oS' ksjdvq ksfla;k" fydag,a" ksjdi ixlS¾K fndfydaúg jkfmd;a ^lg

mdvï lsrSfï& uOHia:dk jYfhka ryis.;j fhdod .kakd ,oS' fmdfydi;=ka ;u orejka

WmfoaYkh ,nd.ekSu i|yd úfoia rgj,g hjk ,oS'

fufia u;=jQ wjodkï ;;a;ajh" WmfoaYk .dia;= by< oeóug fya;=jQ w;r ryis.;j fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu jdis iy.; jHdmdrhla njg m;aúh'

51

iïuq;shlg t<öfï wjYH;djh y\qkd.;a rch" l%ul%ufhka ;yku ,sys,a lsrSug mshjr .kakd

,oS (Yang, 2001). :-

j¾I 1984 oS isisr R;=fõ mdi,a ksjdvq iufha fm!oa.,sl úfoaY NdId b.ekaùfï uOHia:dkhkag we;=<;a ùug wjirh ,eìK' tfukau b;d wvq wOHdmk m%dma;s uÜgï we;s

^my<skau miqjk 20] l m%udKhg& mdif,aoS u tu .=rejrekaf.a fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd .ekSug wjirh ,enqKs'

j¾I 1988 oS" m%Odk m%jdyfha isiqka i|yd mdif,a oS WmfoaYkh uqo,la wh lr ,ndoSu wkqu; lrk ,oS'

j¾I 1989 oS" úYaj úoHd, YsIHhska g mdif,a m%d:ñl yd oaù;Shsl YsIHhska i`oyd WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu wkqu; úh' bf.kqu i`oyd ksmofjk ^má.; l<& frfldavâ bf.kqï wdOdrl fÜma ksmoùug" ñ,g .ekSug o wjirh ,eìK'

j¾I 1991 oS m%d:ñl yd oaù;Shsl isiqkg mqoa.,sl WmfoaYk wdh;khka g mdi,a fõ,dj we;=<;u mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,ndoSug wjirh ,enqKs'

1996 oS úYaj úoHd, Wmdê wfmalaIlh skag m%d:ñl iy oaù;Shsl mdif,a isiqka i|yd WmfoaYkh ,nd oSug wkque;sh ,eìK'

by; i|yka mßÈ iSudjka ,sys,a lsÍfuka fõ.j;a ixj¾Okhla we;s úh' 1993 j¾Ifha§ fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkh i|yd rg mqrd jeh l< uqof,a tl;=j fjdka ì,shk 3,410 la (US Dollars 4.3 billion)

úh' fuu uqo,a m%udKh ;j ÿrg;a j¾Okh fjñka 1994 § fjdka ì,shk 4,996 lao 1995 oS fjdka

ì,shk 9,320 la o úh (Yoon et al., 1997, p.1). 1977 jk úg uq,sl" uOH yd by< úoHd, ;, j, isiqkaf.a jd¾Isl WmfoaYk .dia;=fõ idudkHh .Kka .eKqfka o< cd;sl ksIamdÈ;fha tal mqoa.,

w.fhka 12% isg 16% olajd jk njg hs' fuu uqo,a m%udKh cmdkfha fuka ;=ka .=Khla fyda y;r

.=Khla úh (Kwak, 1999). WmfoaYkh m%n, jYfhkau mej;=fKa uq,sl wOHdmk ;,fha h' fuh k.r j, jvd;a meyeÈ,sj oelsh yels jqj;a .%dóh m%foaYj, o m%p,s;j mj;sk nj oelsh yels úh'

j¾I 1997 jk úg ;ykï lsÍfï .eg`Mj kej;;a foaYmd,k kHdh m;%hg we;=<;a jqfha isÿ

jq YS>% j¾Okh ksid o úh yel' 1988 ckdêm;s lsï vd cqka.a (Kim Dae-Jung) f.a uq,au foaYkfha

§ m%ldY lf<a ;uka “<ud fm< úIh ndysr lghq;= j,ska ksoyia lr .kakd nj;a fo.=reka mqoa.,sl

WmfoaYkfhka we;sù ;sfnk uq,H wmyiq;dfjka uqojd .kakd” nj;ah (quoted by Yi, 2002, p. 2).

rch j¾I 1988 § m%ldYhg m;alf<a fcHIaG oaú;Shsl isiqka i|yd jk w;sf¾l bf.kqï WmfoaYkh

mshjfrka mshjr ;ykï lrk njhs' 1998 jk úg my< oaú;Shsl ;,fha Wiia mdif,a m%:u wjqreoao

i|yd fï ;yku l%shd;aul lsÍug kshu úh' ta wkqj l%ufhka 2001 jir jk úg ish`Mu oaú;Shsl YsIHhskag fuu ;yku l%shd;aul ùug ie,iqï flßK'

tfia fj;;a fuu fhdackdj ms<s.kq ,enqfõ úYd, ielhla iys;j hs' WmfoaYkh ms<sn| .eg`Mj M,odhS f,i ch .; yels jkafka th wkjYH jk ;ekg m;a lsrSug lghq;= lsÍfuka njg fï ms<sn|j úfõplfhda ;¾l bÈßm;a l<y' tfiau WmfoaYkh yryd ,eìh yels jq idfmalaI

52

jdish wvq lsÍfuka iy wOHdmk m%Odk m%jdyfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okhla we;s lsÍfuka o fufia l<

yels njg jeä ÿrg;a ;¾l l<y' úYd, wf,úhla we;s mqj;a m;la (Asiaweek, 1997, p. 20)

fhdackd lf<a"

fldßhdkq n,OdÍka Tjqka f.a W!K;d i`.jd .ekSu i|yd m%d:ñl iy oaú;Shsl wOHdmkfha WmfoaYkh ;ykï lsÍu iujkafka uq`M ck;dj u È<s÷ njg m;a lr fidrlu ;=rka lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu jeks ;;ajhlg hs' YS>%fhka j¾Okh jk ;r.ldÍ ;;ajhl mj;sk wdishdfõ b;d iq`M fmdÿ .=Kdldrh i|yd kS;s iïmdokh lsÍu w¾:j;a fkdfõ'

fufia h<s mK .ekajq ;yku ms<sn|j mßY%uh óg mqfrda.ó jq whf.a W;aidyhg jvd ÿr .uka lf<a ke;' Widúh úiska j¾I 2000 § fuu ;yku jHjia:d úfrdaë nj;a th udkj whs;Ska W,a,x>kh lsÍula nj;a m%ldYhg m;alrk ,§'

úl,am Wmdhud¾. ms<sn| m%h;akhka

fuu isÿùï j,g uqyqK mdk fldßhdkq n,OdrSyq jvd m<,a m%fõYhla .ekSug ;SrKh l<y'

Tjqka úiska 2004 jif¾§ “rdcH wOHdmk moaO;sh m%;sixialrKh lsÍu yryd mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh

msKsi flfrk jeh wju lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh” fia kï l< m%drïNkhla Èh;a lrk ,§' WmfoaYkh

;ykï lsÍug mshjr .ekSu frda. ksodkhg ms<shï lsÍula fkdj frda. ,laIK j,g ms<shï lsÍula

nj fï jkúg n,Odßkag wjfndaO úh' tneúka rdcH wOHdmkh i`oyd iEu ;,hlu uyck m%idoh

we;s lsßug l< hq;= foa fidhd n,k ,§' fï .ek iqúfYaI mshjr 10 la m%ldY úh (Kim, 2004, p.22).

1. wka;¾cd,h iy wOHdmk .=jka úÿ,s fiajh yryd “úoHd,hSh Ydia;% yelshd mÍlaIKhg (CSAT)” iqodkï ùfï mdGud,d bÈßm;a lsÍu fkdfyd;a bf,lafg%dksl Ndú;h yryd b.ekaùfï

jevigyk;

2. Ydia;%Sh idOk uÜgï u; mokï jq" mdi,a fõ,dfjka miq mj;ajk w;sf¾l mka;s mdi,g wjYH

újO ;, j, mj;ajdf.k hdu ;

3. jvd;a iM, úIhh ndysr l%shdldrlï y|qkajd oSu ;

4. ;ukaf.a l=vd orejka <ud wdrlaIl uOHia:dk j,g hjd .ekSug ;rï j;alula ke;s /lshdj,

kshq;= fo.=rekaf.a orejka i|yd mdif,ka miq meje;afjk mka;s we;s lsrSu ;

5. jD;a;sl .=rejreka fiajhg n|jd .ekSu iy úúOdx.SlrKhg ,lajq .=re we.hSï moaO;shla

fhdod .ekSu;

6. b.ekaùfï l%u iy we.hSfï l%u fjkilg Ndckh lsÍu ;

7. Wiia mdi,a tliudk ;;ajhg f.k tafï m%;sm;a;sh fjkia lsÍu yryd isiqka úúO mka;s j,g

f;aÍfï § Tjqkaf.a m%ùK;d uÜgï mdol lrf.k b.ekaùfï l%uhla ks¾udKh lsÍu ;

8. Wiia mdi,a jd¾;d iy úIhh ndysr l%shdldrlï jd¾;d i|yd m%uqL;djh ,ndfoñka CSAT

,l=Kq flfrys we;s wjOdkh wvqlsÍu u`.ska úoHd, m%fõY l%shdud¾. fjkia lsÍu ;

9. wOHdmkfha wju idOk uÜgula ,nd .ekSu iy;sl lsÍu ;

10. iudc iy ixialD;sl W!K;djhg ms<shï fiùu .

53

fï l%shdud¾. j,ska iuyrla ksid fmr mej;s m%;sixialrKhka o" kùlrKhg fyda wdmiq yerùug yels úh' úÿy,a j,ska ,efnk úIhh ndysr l%shdldrlï iys; ks¾foaY u; isiqka we;=<;a lsÍfï l%uh tla kùlrKhls' fuu l%uh fjk;a ;ekaj, mej;s l%uhg jvd m%;súreoaO wdldrhg Èiajkafka tu`.ska uOH.; úNd. l%uhla iy m%ñ;slrKfhka hq;= we.hSï Wmudkhka we;s lrñka

¥IK l%shd o wju lrk neúks (Gorgodze, 2007). kj ie,eiau ;=<g o m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyh i|yd mej;s WmfoaYk l%shdj,sfha iuyr .=Kdx. we;=<;a lsÍug Wkkaÿ úh' tneúka wka;¾cd,h iy pkaøsld ;dlaIK rEmjdysksfha ksoyia mdvñ ud,d fufyhqu i|yd" jkfmd;a mdi,a f,i

iqm%isoaO jq (Cram schools) WmfoaYk wdh;k j, .=rejreka fhdod .kakd ,§' fuys§ ksoyia mdvñ

ud,d ,nd ÿkafka yr úIhhka i|yd muKs (Lee, 2007, p. 1228).

Wiia mdi,a tl iudk ;;a;ajhg f.k tafï m%;sm;a;sfha fjki o meyeÈ,s h' 1974 jif¾§ fuu m%;sm;a;sh y÷kajd ÿka wjia:dfú§ ;¾ldkql+, njla yd wdl¾YkSh njla o fmKqks' ne¨

ne,aug fyda fyd| mshjrla f,i fjk;a rgj,g o fuu m%;sm;a;sh Èia úh' tu ksid Kim & Lee

(2008, p. 29) jeks úfõplhskaf.a m%ldY ydiHhg ,la l< yel' Tjqka mejiqfõ fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s by< b,a u ms<sn|j fl,skau fodaI o¾Ykhg b,lal jkafka fuu m%;sm;a;sh

njhs' fjk;a we.hqïlrejkag (e.g. Byun, 2008) we;af;a óg jvd ishqï f,i fjkia jk woyia h' flfia jqj o fuu m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul ùfï§ fyda m,oeÍfï§ tajd iDcq wdldrfhka isÿù ke;s nj meyeÈ,sh'

j.=j 11 - 1980 - 2007 ld,h ;=<§ fldßhdfõ mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd .;a YsIH m%udKh m%;sY;hla jYfhka

uQ,sl mdi, uOH mdi, Wiia mdi,

1980 12.9 15.3 26.2

1997 72.9 56.0 32.0

2007 88.2 78.4 63.1

Source: Kim (2007), p.1

fuu oiúO l%shdud¾. ,hsia;=fõ fjk;a ldrKd j,g m%;súreoaO jq wxl 10 foi n,uq'

“iudc iy ixialD;sl W!K;djhg ms<shï fiùu” hk lshuk b;d m<,a fukau meyeÈ,s f,i ks¾jpkh lsÍug fyda n,d;aul lsÍug fkdyels ldrKhls' wOHdmkhg we;s f.!rjh iy ;r.ldÍ Ôj .=Kh fldßhdj ;=< .eUqßka ;yjqre ù we;s neúka laIKslj kùlrKh lsÍug fkdyel' tneúka mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh fkdlvjd j¾Okh ù we;af;a wkqms<sfj,ska n,hg m;ajq

rchkaf.a mßY%u o jHj¾: lrñks ^j.=j 11&' WmfoaYk ,nd .ekSfï wdh;k .Kk ^hakwons)

fõ.fhka j¾Okh úh' j¾I 1980 § 381 isg j¾I 2000 jk úg 14,043 la úh' 2007 § tu m%udKh

31,000 la úh ^Kim and Lee, 2008, p. 9). tfia jqjo fldßhdkq wOHdmk n,OdÍka ;u u;h

Yla;su;a j bÈßm;a lsÍug h;ak orhs' fï .ek woyia olajk Lee and Jang (2008, p.15) ksjerÈj wjYH;djh fmkajd fohs' fuu .eg`Mj úi£ug yelsjkafka nyq wdxYsl yd mßmQ¾K m%fõYhla u`.ska neúka ta i|yd wkq.ukh l< hq;af;a bjiSfuka hq;= iy ¥ro¾YS ls%hd ms<sfj;ls'

54

fldgqj 3 - mSvk l<ukdlrKh mdi,a tl iudk ;;ajhg f.k tafï m%;sm;a;shg jHd;sf¾Lhla jk úfYaI Wiia mdi,a iuqyhla fldßhdkq rch u`.ska ks¾udKh lrk ,§' fuu mdi,a j,g we;=<;a ùug we;af;a ;Sj% ;r.hls' ;jo fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkh fuu mdi,a j, w;ayeßh fkdyels wx.hls' Kim (2007) wOHhkh lf<a l=gqïNhkaf.a mSvkh l<ukdlrKh lf<a flfiao hkakhs' vdcqka kue;s .eyekq <uhd iy wef.a ujf.a oelau fuys i|yka lruq' fuu fþofhka úia;r lrkafka vdcqkaf.a Ôú;fha mSvkldÍ ;;ajh ;Sj% jq ld,iSudjla .ekhs' ;Sj%;djfhka wvqj fyda fujeks mSvkhka fldßhdkq orejka ñ,shk .Kklf.a uq`M mdi,a ld,fha§ u tÈfkod Ôú;fha n,mdk ,laIK h'

úfYaI Wiia mdi,l m%fõY úNd.hg udi 02 g fmr vdcqka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk wdh;khl ,shdmÈxÑ úh' tys§ weh bx.%Sis" fldßhka NdIdj iy .Ks;h bf.k .;a;d h' fm!oa.,sl wdh;khg weh mdif,ka miqj

iji 05 g muK f.dia rd;%S 10 muK jk ;=re bf.kSfuys fhÿkd h' ;j o weh rd;%S 02 f;la tu wdh;kfha

iajhx wOHhk ldurfha .; l<d h' bka miqj ksjig meñKs weh kskaog .sfha rd;%S 03 g muKh' weh Wfoa

06 g wjÈ ù kej; wef.a mdi,g meñKshd h' vdcqka f.a uj weh ksod .;a wdldrh fufia úia;r lrhs' ud weh wjÈ l< jydu kskafoka wjÈ fjhs' kuq;a weh wjÈ lsÍu uu leu;s ld¾hhla fkdfõ' weh flfrys we;sjk wkqlñmdj ksid hï fyhlska uu weh wjÈ fkdlf,a kï weh fldam fjhs' weh ug fufia lshhs' Tn óg jvd Yla;su;a úh hq;=hs' ud wjÈ lsÍu Tng wudre úh yels jqj;a Tn tfia l< hq;=hs' Tn th lrkafka ud i|ydh' Tn ud fid,jd fyda tfia ke;skï ug myrla oS fyda ud wjÈ l< hq;=hs'

vdcqkaf.a ujg fuu ld, iSudfõ § ÿjf.a Ôú;h b;d wudre njg ye`.=k;a fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ms<sn|j weh ie,l=fõ wdfhdackhla yeáhghs' fjk;a uõjreka yuqù Tjqkaf.a orejka ,nk fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk .ek idlÉPd lrk úg fuu u;h weh ;=< ;j;a ;yjqre úh' vdcqkag kï ye`.=fka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk wdh;kh wehf.a o¾Ykm:h m<,a lr.ekSug WmldÍ jq njhs' vdcqka ;r.ldÍ;ajh tys § w;aÿgq neúka jeäfhka uykais ù bf.kSug fhduqfjhs' tfia jqjo fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk wdh;kfha bf.kSu ksid wef.a mdi,a wOHdmk wdh;kfha jev meyer yeÍug o isÿúh' weh

mqoa.,sl WmfoaYk wdh;kfha mdkaor 02 jk ;=re bf.kSu l< neúka fndfyda úg mdi,a mka;s ldurfha§ ksod .;a;d h' Source: Kim (2007), pp. 7-8

uqreis osjhsk

fldßhdkq wOHdmk n,OdÍka fukau uqreis wOHdmk n,OdÍka o fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha

.eg`M iys; ldrKd i|yd úi÷ï fiùug W;aiql jqy' kuq;a Tjqka o ,enqfõ iSñ; id¾:l;ajhls'

IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiofha § uqreis Èjhsfka ysgmq wOHdmk weu;sjreka jq wd¾uq.ï m¾iqrduka (1983-

1995) iy iaàjka Tì.dfvda (2000-2005) hk fofokdg tl;= ùug wjia:djla ,eìK' foaYmd,k

lafIa;%fha§ Tjqka fjkia me;sj, isáh uq;a fuu ixiofha § Tjqyq tl;= jQy' Tjqka fofokd tlajkaj

m%ldY lf<a fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk .eg`Mj ch .ekSu i|yd l%shd;aul l< yels m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKh

lsÍfï ÿIalr;djh hs' Tjqka jeäÿrg;a mejiqfõ Tjqka úiska uqyqK mE wNsfhda. ta wdldrfhka u

Tjqkaf.a mqfrda.dóka iy wkq.dóka o w;aú¢k njhs'

55

we;a; jYfhkau" uqreis Èjhsk mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkfha wNsfhda.hka Y; j¾Ihl muK

ld,hl mgka ksÍlaIKh lr we;' Foondun (2002, p. 488) úiska 1901 § Wmqgd oelajQfha tjlg

mej;s tlu rcfha oaú;Sh msßñ mdif,a uq,a .=re úiska l< m%ldYhls' tlS uq,a .=rejrhd úiska

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha ksfIaOkd;aul udkhka y÷kd .;a kuq;a th je<elaùug fkdyels ùu .ek

wirK jq njla m%ldY lr we;' Bg iudk m%ldYhla l=remafma uqreis rdclSh úoHd,hfha uq,a .=re

úiska 1911 § lr ;sfí (quoted in Mauritius, 1994, pp. 1-2). Tyq mejiqfõ Tyqf.a .=re uKav,fha

12 fofkla fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i;shlg meh 13 - 33 olajd ,nd fok njhs' Tyq fufia mjid

we;'

m%udKj;a jkaÈhla ,nd fkdfokafka kï fuu Ndú;h mq¾K jYfhka ;ykï lsÍug fkdyel' uu tjeks mshjrla hym;a nj o fkdis;ñ' fï uy;=kag úÿy,ska msg Tjqkaf.a úfõl ld,h Tjqkag iqÿiq jk mßÈ m%fhdackhg .ekSug mqMjk' th keje;aúh yelafla ljqrekag o lshd uu fkdolsñ' iSudjka mekùu o l< fkdyels nj uf.a woyihs' tfia kï tjeks ;ykula n,d;aul lrkafka flfiao@ tu .=rejreka m%n,j lshkq we;af;a rdcldÍ fõ,dfjka miqj Tjqkaf.a l%shdjka md,kh l< fkdyels njhs' uu we;s jro ms<s.ksñ' kuq;a i;=gqodhl úi÷ula ,nd§ug wfmdfydi;a fjñ'

oYl ;=klg miq 1941 wOHdmk jd¾;dfõ l¾;D ;¾l lf<a .=rejreka i÷od isg isl=rdod olajd iEu rd;%shlu w;sf¾l b.ekaùfï fhfokafka kï Tjqkaf.a kshñ; ld¾hfha § ld¾hlaIu úh fkdyels njhs' tu jd¾;dj (quoted in Mauritius, 1994, p. 2) olajd we;af;a"

jev lrk Èkh m%udKj;a fkdfõ kï th §¾> l< yel' mka;sfha /ilg mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh wkjYHhs' tjeks b.ekaùula wjYH jkafka miqng msßñ <uhska lsysm fofkl=ghs' wjYH jk wdldrhg th l< hq;af;a mka;s Ndr .=rejreka úiska u" ;uka ,nd .kakd jegqm yd iïnkaO rdcldßhla yeáhghs'

wdreuq.ï mriqrduka f.a (Armoogum Parsuramen) kdhl;ajh (1983-1995)

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ms<sn| Wkkaÿj j¾Okh fjñka meje;s wjoshl wdreuq.ï mriqrduka

n,fha isáfha h' fï .eg`Mj úi|Sug mshjr .ekSfï wêIaGdkhla Tyq ;=< ;sìK' Tyqf.a ld,iSudj

wdrïNfha oS t<sÿgq Oj, m;s%ldj u.ska fufia olajd we; (Mauritius, 1984, p.15)'

“fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha we;s úIu ls%hd ms<sn|j rcfha ie<ls,a, fhduqj ;sfí' úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqj we;af;a m%d:ñl mdi,a .ekhs' WmfoaYkh i|yd uqo,a f.ùug fkdyels mjq,aj, orefjda Tjqkaf.a mdi,a osúfha wdrïNfha mgka u wjdis ;;a;ajhl isá;s' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha mrsudKh iy tu.ska úÿy,a j,g we;s jk m%;súmdl .ek mQ¾K úu¾Ykhla meje;aùu rcfha fhdackdjhs' wOHhkfha m%;sm, wkqj meyeos,s ks¾Kdhlhka ;SrKh flfrKq we;' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha wk¾: m%;súmdl uev,Su i|yd m%Odk wjOdkh fhduqjkafka mdi,a ;=< flfrk b.ekaùfï .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh flfrys h' .=rejreka ;ukaf.a tosfkod

56

ld¾hhka idOdrK wdldrhg;a is;g tl`.j;a isÿ lrkafka kï m%d:ñl úoHd,hka ys mqoa.,sl

WmfoaYkhg we;s b,a u iEfyk m%udKhlska wvqfjkq we;'”

uqrsis úYaj úoHd,fha lKavdhula úiska fï úu¾Ykh isÿ lrk ,oS' thska wkdjrKh jQfha

1986 oS wkqmd;h jeä jQ wdldrhhs' m<uqfjks fY%aKsfhaoS 11.2] jQ th yhfjks fY%aKsh jk úg 72.7]

la úh' y;ajk fY%aKsh jk úg fuu wkqmd;h 37.3] olajd wvq jQ w;r 10 fY%aKsh jk úg 87.2]

olajd jeä úh (Joynathsing, Manzoor, et al., 1988, p.31 and p.43). m%d:ñl wxYfha w. jk úg

we;s jQ jeãfuka fmkajd fokafka m%d:ñl wOHdmk iy;slfha (CPE) ys we;s w.hhs' tu iy;slh

oaù;sh wOHdmkhg msúiSfï fodrgqjhs' fuu oajdrh miq l<úg WmfoaYkh ,nk .Kk my< hhs'

mdGYd,d iy;sl m;%h iy Wiia mdGYd,d iy;sl m;%h hk úNd. wdikak fj;a u WmfoaYk

wkqmd; j¾Okh fjhs' uqrsis ¥m;aj, oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh tlsfkl u; /÷k moaO;shls' m%d:ñl

wOHdmk moaO;sfha WmfoaYk ;Sj%;djh jeäjkafka Foondun (1992) i`oyka lrk wdldrhg “;re

mfya oaú;Shsl mdif,a ia:dkhla ,nd .ekSfï úldr ;r.h” ksidh' jeäfhka Ydia;S%h olaI;d we;s

isiqka úiska WmfoaYkh o jeäfhka ,nd .ekSfï yelshdjla mj;S'

WmfoaYkh meje;afjk ia:dk úúOhs' m%d:ñl wxYfha fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh meje;afjkafka

mdif,a .=rejreka úiska mdif,aoSu hs' isiqkag WmfoaYkh ,nd .ekau i|yd Tjqkaf.ka oeä mSvkhla

isÿúh yel' oaú;Shsl ;,fhaoS idudkHfhka WmfoaYljreka jQfha úIhh Ndr .=rejrekah' Tjqka

YsIHhdf.a mdif,ka u úhhq;= fkdfõ' WmfoaYkh .=rejrekaf.a f.or oS l=vd lKavdhï jYfhka

,ndoSug mqMjk' úYd, lKavdhï jk úg l=,shg ,nd.;a bvlv we;s ;ekl meje;afõ'

fldrshdfõ ylajQka jeks wdh;k uqrsisfha fkdue;s úh'

uqrsis úYaj úoHd,h meyeos,s fhdackd bosrsm;a lf<a ke;' kuq;a ksrSlaIK bosrsm;a úh (Joynathsing

et al., 1988, pp. 64-66).

fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh jkdys iajhx iú n,.ekaùu we;s lsrSfï moaO;shls' fmdoq

úYajdih jQfha mx;s ldurfha b.ekaùu úNd. iu;a ùug m%udKj;a fkdjk njg hs' fï

fya;=j ksid isiqyq WmfoaYkh fidhd .shy' ish isiqka WmfoaYkh ;=<ska fmdaIKh ,nk nj

okakd iuyr .=rejre mx;s ldurh ;=< ;u isiqkag úNd.h iu;a ùug ;rï m%udKj;a jk

b.ekaùula lsrSug mrsY%uhla fkd.ks;s' tneúka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i`oyd we;s

wjYH;djh iajd¾:h i,iajk iqNdrxÑhls'

fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh wOHdmk moaO;shl ia:dms; jQ úg thska jdis ,nk wh th mj;ajdf.k hdug Wkkaÿ fj;s' WmfoaYkh fo.=reka olskafka ;ukaf.a orejkag wd¾Ól yd iudcSh oshqKqj ,nd .ekSfï taldhk ud¾.h yeáhg hs' .=rejreka th olskafka nÿ f.ùug isÿ fkdjk wdodhula jYfhkqhs' idudkH uy ck;dj th olskafka nÿ f.jkakdg w;sf¾l

57

jehla fkdue;sj wOHdmkfha m%.;shg <`.dùfï ud¾.hla yeáhghs' mdi, ;=< b.ekaùu oshqKq lsrSug úma,ùh wdldrfha mshjr fkd.kafka kï úkd" fï fya;= lsysmh u ksid fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh iSud lsrSug fkdyels jkq we;'

wOHdmk moaO;sh ls%hd;aul jk mrdñ;sh fjkia lsrSfuka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a u wvq lsrSug mqMjka úh yel' Wod(-tla/ia lr.;a oekqu uekSu i|yd fkdj yelshdj uek ne,Su i|yd úNd. ilia lr .ekSu u`.ska; wOHdmk iqoqiqlï u; fkdr|d wNsfhda.;d mrSlaIK wkqidrfhka fiajlhska n|jd .eksSug fiajdfhdaclhska Wkkaÿ lsrSfuka wdoS jYfhka-' tfia jqjo" m%;sixialrKhka id¾:l jkafka wd¾:sl yd iudcSh h:d¾:hka mokï lr.;a úghs' Y%u fj<|fmdf<a mj;sk h:d¾:hka iy fo.=re isiq wfmalaIdjka iu. mEfyk úghs' fï ldrKd .ek fkdie,ls,su;aj" n,mEï iys;j mgjk úi÷ï fjf;d;a tajd wid¾:l ùu ksh;h'

mriqrduka wOHdmk weu;s yeáhg md¾,sfïka;=j bosrshg by; lS úYaj úoHd, wOHhkh

f.k taug iu;a úh' j¾I 1988 oS bosrsm;a jQ fuu jd¾;dj m%n, újdohlg Ndckh úh' YsIHhskag

we;s oS¾> bf.kqï ld,h Tyq úiska fmkajd fok ,oS' .=rejrekaf.a .rdc jeks WmfoaYkh ,ndÿka

fkdiqÿiq ia:dkj, ;=nQ whym;a fN!;sl mrsirh .ek fmkajdfok ,oS' wvq wdodhï,dNS mjq,a j,g

jk ydksh .ek úia;r lrk ,oS' w.%dud;H jrhd o tu f;audj Tiafia woyia olajk ,oS' isiqkaf.a

wNsjDoaêh .ek i<ld .=re fo.=re ix.ï (PTAs) jvd ;=,s; m%fõYhla lrd t<ôh hq;= njg Tyq

woyia oelaùh' oaú;Shsl wOHdmk wjia:d m<,a lsrSu u.ska m%d:ñl wxYfha wjidkfha mj;sk wjysr

bj;a lsrSug o fhdackd lrk ,oS' m%d:ñl wxYfha ;=kafjks m%udKh olajd isiqkg WmfoaYkh

iïmQ¾Kfhkau ;ykï lsrSfï yelshdj .ek o Tyq woyia oelaùh' fï ms<sn|j fyd|u wdo¾Yh

foaYmd,k{hska úiska fmkajd foñka ;u orejka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkhg fhduq fkdl< hq;= nj o

mjik ,oS'

idudkH ck;dj i|yd rch úiska fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ms<sn| jevuqM mj;ajk ,oS'

uqreis ÿm;a oY ,laIhl muK ck;djla jdih lrk l=vd rgls' tneúka jevuqM i|yd fo.=reka"

.=rejreka" ix.ï idudðlhska wd§ jYfhka ksfhdað;hska úYd, ixLHdjl iyNd.S;ajh ,nd .;

yels úh' tfiau fuu isoaêfhka fmkS .sfha fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh fld;rï ia:dms; ù we;a o hk

ldrKhhs' fï lreKq ie,ls,a,g .ksñka 1989 § weu;sjrhd fr.=,dis ud,djla ilia lrk ,§'

(Parsuramen, 2007)

nd, orejkaf.a fi!LHh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd ;=kafjks mka;sh olajd WmfoaYkh ;ykï lsÍug

lshùu" ks¾udKd;aul iy ixp,k wOHdmkh" m%cdpdrh wd§ úIhhkag jeämqr ld,h ,nd

foñka my< mka;s j, ld, igyka iudf,dapkh lsÍug

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mdif,aoSu 4, 5, 6 mka;s ldur j, WmfoaYk mka;s meje;aùu i|yd wjir ,nd §ug'- tu`.ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka .=rejrekaf.a ksjdi jeks ckdlS¾K ;;ajhkaf.ka ñ§ jvd;a WÑ; mßirhl bf.kqï l%shdj,sh mj;ajd .ekSuhs'

WmfoaYk mka;shl Wmßuh isiqka 40 olajd iSud lsÍug iy i;shlg ,eìh hq;= WmfoaYk ld,h

meh 10 g iSud lsÍug

fuu fr.=,disj, B<`. mshjr jqfha tajd kS;s.; lsÍuhs' 1991 fuu mk; md¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a lsßfï § m¾iqrduka fufia mjid we;' uqo,a f.ùug fkdyels jk isiqka o ;ukaf.a mka;s j,g we;=<;a lsÍug .=rejrekag n, l< hq;=h' fuu l%shdud¾.hg iyfhda.h ,nd .ekSu msKsi .=rejreka i|yd wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla o .=re iNd o ks¾udKh l< hq;=h' újdo wjia:dfú§ úreoaO

mlaIfha uka;%Sjreka úiska wjodkï .ek woyia olajk ,§' 1 - 3 olajd mka;s j, .=rejrekag

WmfoaYk wjia:d wysñ lrñka 4 - 6 olajd mka;s j, .=rejrekag WmfoaYk wjia:d ,nd § fjk;a

j¾.hl .=rejreka we;s lsÍu wjodkula nj Tjqyq mejiQy' Tjqka fmkajd ÿkafka ;j ÿrg;a 4 , 6 mka;s j, WmfoaYkh mj;ajd f.k hdu fy<doelsh hq;= lreKla njhs' ta" tu ksido iudka;r wOHdmk moaO;shla ;j ÿrg;a kv;a;= jk ksid h' weu;sjrhd Tyqf.a u;fha u fkdfjkiaj

t,anf.k isáfha h' újdofhka wk;=rej mk; iïu; úh (Parsuramen, 2007).

fuhg iudka;rj we;sjQ isÿùuls fï wjqreoafoa u t<sÿgq m%d:ñl mdi,a idOkh ms<sn|

jd¾;dj' fuys CPE úNd.h .ek úfYaI i|yka lsrSula ;snqKs (Manrakhan, Vasishtha et al.,

1991). WmfoaYkh fndfyda fo.=rekag wd¾Ól jYfhka nrla jqj;a iEfyk fo.=re m%udKhla WmfoaYkh me;+y' ta ;u orejkag fyd| oaú;Shsl mdi,l ;ekla ,nd.ekSu i|ydhs' i;shlg osk

2 isg 5 olajd jdr .Kkla whÿïlrejkaf.ka 70] WmfoaYkh ,nd.;a nj jd¾;dfjka fy<súh'

fuu ixLHdfjka o 88] tla WmfoaYl jrfhl=f.ka W.;a w;r 9] .=rejreka fofofkl=f.ka o 3]

.=rejre ;=ka fofkl= fj;ska o WmfoaYkh ,nd ;sfí' fuu úNd.h iu;a ixLHdfjka 90] m%udKhla mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,enQjka h' wiu;a jQ ixLHdfjka o wvlg WmfoaYkh ,eî fkdue;'

fï wdldrfha o;a; ksid" iy weu;sjrhdf.a b,a,Sfuka miqj" fouõmshka ixfõoS lsrSu msKsi

rch u.ska fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha m%fhdack iy wksis mdúÉÑh hk uefhka w;am;s%ldjla m%isoaêhg

m;alrk ,oS (Mauritius, 1994). fuu m;%sldj u`.ska ixlaIsm;aj olajk ,oafoa fr.=,dis" iqidOHlrK

ms<sfj;a iy b,a,Sï ud,djls' fuu fr.=,disj, fldgila jQfha I-III m%udK i|ydjQ WmfoaYk

;yku" i;shlg meje;aúh yels WmfoaYk ld,iSudj iy mx;shl Wmrsu isiq m%udKh hk lreKq

h' iqidOHlrKh hgf;a oelajQfha WmfoaYk lghq;= i|yd mdi,a iïm;a ,ndoSfï wjirhhs' fuu

myiqlu ksid isiqka wOHdmkh i|yd WÑ; fkdjk mrsirhkays .eyeg ú|Su kej;sK' ;jo

fr.=,dis ms<smosk nj fidhd ne,Sfï myiqlu ks,OdrSkag ,enqKs' fuu w;am;s%ldfõ wdhdpkhla

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bosrsm;a jQfha .=rejrekaf.ka h' wvq wodhï iys; mjq,aj, orejkag widOdrKhla jk whqrska

fjkalr fkdie,lsh hq;= nj tu b,a,Suhs'

fuhg wu;r mshjrla yeáhg m%d:ñl iy CPE úNd. úIh ks¾foaYhka m%;sfYdaOkh lrk

,oS' isiqka tla .=rejrfhl= u; u hemSu je<elaùu i|yd úIh wkqj fnod fjkalr b.ekaùu 4 mka;sfhaoS wdrïN lrk ,oS' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkhg fhduq fkdjk isiqkg ks.re lr i,lk .=rejreka .ek jd¾;d lsrSug uq,a .=rejrekag iy ks,OdÍkag Wmfoia fok ,oS' oaú;shsl mdi,a w;r meje;s wiudk;d wju lsrSug o mshjr .kakd ,oS' fuh Tjqka w;r mej;s ;remfya iqmsrs uÜgu mj;ajd .ekSfï ;r.hg o ksudjla úh'

fuu fr.=,dis jeäfhkau n,mEfõ m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha fiajh lrñka ;uka W.kajk isiqkg u mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,ndfok .=rejrekag hs' tjeks ;ykï kS;s f.k tau myiq úh yel'

kuq;a Wkkaÿ fo.=reka úiska I-III m%udKj, isiqka i|yd mqoa.,sl WmfoaYl fiajd ,nd.ekSu

fkdkj;ajd u isÿúh' iuyr md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Ska oelajQ wdldrhg u I-III m%udKhkays lrk ,o iSudjka ksid mdi,a ;=< ;;a;ajh jvd;a W.% lrñka tu wdh;k w;r ia:r jYfhka fjkaùula

we;súh' fuu ldrKh .ek i|yka lrk uqreishdkq mqj;am;la (L’Express, 20 June 1993, quoted by

Foondun, 2002, p.506) jd¾;d lrkafka my< fY%aKsj, W.kajk .=rejrekag fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh kue;s rij;a flala tfla fldgila wysñ lr we;s njhs' fuys m%;sm,h jqfha mdif,a by< fY%aKsj,

W.kajk .=rejreka njg m;aùug we;s wjldYh ,nd .ekSug mdi, ;=< flfrk n,mEïh' 1994 §

UNICEF jd¾;dj fufia olajhs'

;ukaf.a isiqka yryd fyda ;uka úiska u hjk l=vd ,smshlska fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh mgka .kakd njg y;rfjks m%udKfha .=rejreka jir wdrïNfha§ u fouúmshkag oekaùu mqreoaola njg m;aj we;' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd jeäfhka u b,a u we;af;a YsIH;aj ks¾udKh lrkakka faiseurs de boursiers f,i ye¢kafjk .=rejreka i|ydhs' w;ñg ire fo.=rekag ish orejka i|yd ;ksju fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlhska ,nd .kakg mqMjk' tfia fyhska wOHdmkh m%cd;dka;%jd§ iudchl we;s iudkd;au;djh mj;sk ksoyia moaO;shla fkdfõ' th m%dfhda.slj mj;skafka by< .=K;ajfhka hq;= b.ekaùu by< uqo,lg úlsfKk ro,jd§ iudc l%uhla jYfhks'

wOHdmk weu;s yeáhg m¾iqrdukaf.a §¾> ld,h 1995 § wjidk úh' Tyqf.a mßY%ufha

m%;sm, fï olajd mej;=K o jir 02 lg miq Tyq fkdi;=g m%ldY lf<a “fuu .eg`Mj ;ju;a we;

lshd“h (Parsuramen, 1997, p. 51). Tyq n,dfmdfrd;a;= jqfha Tyqf.ka miqj meñKs wOHdmk weu;s fuu ixlS¾K .eg`Mj flfia úi|kafka o lshdh'

leâria wd¾ Ñoïnrï ms,af,a fmruqK .kS' (1997 – 2000)

m¾iqrdukaf.a wkqm%dma;slhd jqfha fÊïia n¾á fâúâ h' Tyq ks,h ork ,oafoa jir tl yudrla muKla neúka WmfoaYkh ms<sn| .eg`Mj .ek hula lf<a ke;' kuq;a Tyqf.a wkqm%dma;slhd

60

tfia lf<ah' wOHdmkfhys ia:r jYfhka wiudk;d we;s ùu yd fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh .ek È.gu

ie,ls,a, oelajq fudyqf.a ku leâria wd¾' Ñoïnrï ms,af,a úh' Tyq È.=ld,Sk jHqyuh fjkialï

.ek Wkkaÿ úh' iuyr ;re mfya hehs lshd .kakd mdi,a iy wfkla mdi,a w;r we;s wiu;djh

ke;s lsÍug mshjr .kakd ,§' thg iu.dój Tyq W;aidy .;af;a m%d:ñl mdi,a w;r we;s

wiudk;d o wju lsÍughs' tu`.ska isiqkag CPE iu;aùug we;s wjia:d jeä lsÍug n,dfmdfrd;a;=

úh' fuu mshjr ms<sn|j m%ldY jqfha 1997 Oj, m;%sldj u`.skah' tys oelajqfha mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh

jkdyS" “wOHdmk moaO;sfha iqmsß ;r.ldÍ;ajfha iDcq M,hls ; WÑ; .=re ixj¾Ok jevigykl

W!K;djhls; rfÜ mj;sk fyd|u olaIhska wdl¾IKh lsÍug .=re fiajhg fkdyels ùuhs;

.=Kd;auh iy;sl lsÍfï l%ufõohl meyeos,s W!K;djhhs”. fuu Oj, m;%sldj W.% úi÷ï ,nd §u

fkdlrk ,§' ta fjkqjg jvd m<,a wOHdmk ixo¾Nhla ;==< fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ke;sù hkq

we;ehs i,lk ,o neúks (pp. 28-29).

mdi,a N+ñh ;=< mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ;ykï lsÍu

ia:dkh" fõ,dj" ld, iSudj" YsIH ixLHdj" meh .Kk wdÈh i|yka lrñka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ms<sn| jd¾;d bÈßm;a lsÍu .=rejrekag w;HdjYH lsÍu

i;s wka;fha iy m%isoaO ksjdvq Èkj, WmfoaYkh ;ykï lsÍu

wvq m%dma;s we;s isiqka i|yd m%;sldÍ b.ekaùu mdi,ska miq .=rejreka úiska lrkq we;ehs n,dfmdfrd;a;= ùu

.=rejrekaf.a fiajd ;;a;ajh ixialrKh lsÍu

kshñ; b,lal yd m%ñ;Ska ,nd .ekSu iy;sl lsÍu i|yd mÍlaIljreka fj; .=re ld¾hlaIu;djh we.hSfï n,;, mejÍu

mka;s ldur bf.kqï l%shdj,sh W!KmQrKh i|yd B - fï,a yd tjeks udOH f,aLk j¾Okh lrñka fo.=rekag Wmldrl wjia:d iemhSu

fo.=reka iy m%cdjg fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha we;s ksfYaOd;aul n,mEï yqjdoelaùu

.=re Wiiaùï wjia:djkays § fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ms<sn| fr.=,dis W,a,x>Kh ms<sn|j i,ld ne,Su

kj YsIH whs;Ska ms<sn| m%{ma;shg oeä f.!rjfhka hq;=j ie,lSu

fmr meje;s m%;sm;a;sh yd fkdiujk ldrKh jkafka mdi,a N+ñh mdúÉÑ lsrSuhs' fmr

n,fha isá wh fuu ldrKhg wjir oSug fya;= ;sìK' ta úYd, mka;s m%udKj;a fkdjk f.j,a

jeks ia:dk j, meje;aùfï wk;=r je<elaùug iy mdif,a mka;s meje;aùu ksid tu lghq;a;

újD;j meje;aùug;a fya;=jk neúks' wfkla wruqK jQfha l=vd <uqka mdif,a isg fjk;a WmfoaYk

ia:dk fj; wkdrlaIs;j .uka lsrSu je<elaùu hs' ms,af,a úiska fuu m%;sm;a;sh wd msg yerùug

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mrsY%uhla .kakd ,oS' Tyqf.a ;¾lhka jQfha fï u`.ska uyck iïm;a wjNdú;hla jk nj;a mdif,a

.=rejreka ish isiqkg WmfoaYkh i|yd n,flfrk nj;a túg Tjqkag .e,ùula fkdjk nj;ah'

ms,af,ag jegyS .sfha fuu mrsY%u flfrys rcfhka mjd úfrdaO;d we;s l< njls' Tyqg oekqfka WmfoaYkh i|yd uyck b,a ug m%;spdr olajk fjk;a weu;sjre iy fcHIaGhska ;ukag tfrys jk njls' ms,af,a ráka neyer jQ wjia:djl fuu m%;sm;a;sh lKmsg yrjk ,oS'

iaàjka Tì.dfvda 2000-2005 hgf;a w`M;a jQ mrsY%u

iaàjka Tì.dfvdaf.a Oqr ld,h o wdrïN jQfha Tyqf.a mqfrda.dñhdf.a ;=nQ woyia j,g iudk

jQ is;sú,s iys;jhs' fuu iudk;ajfha o¾Ylhls" ^Ending the Rat Race in Primary Education)

(Mauritius, 2001) “m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha whym;a ;r.ldrSNdjh wjika lsrSu” hk m%;sm;a;s

f,aLkh' fuu f,aLkfha wjOdkh o fhduqjQfha lS¾;su;a mdi,a i|yd m%fõY wjia:d msKsi mj;sk

;r.h ms<sn|jhs' fï .ek woyia oelajQfha „isiqka yd fo.=reka hk md¾Yj fol u; udkisl

mSvkhla we;s lrñka úêu;a mdi,a meje;aùfï mrud¾:h o ksfYaOkh lrk‟ jev ms<sfj,la

jYfhks' fï wkqj m%;sixialrK fhdackdj,shla t<s olsk ,oS (Obeegadoo, 2007, p. 4).

oaú;Shsl mdi,a m%udKh fo.=K úh' iqmsrs oaú;Shsl mdi,a VI m%udKfha isg werfUk mdi,a njg m;a lrk ,oS' oaú;Shsl mdi,a m%fõYh mosxÑfha ÿr m%udK mdolj ilia úh' ta wkqj m%d:ñl wjêfha wjidkfha meje;s ;r.ldrS m%fõY úNd.h o wfydais úh' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s ld,h iSud flfrk whqre mdi,a mj;ajk ld,h o oS¾> lrk ,os' .=rejreka i|yd úfYaI jegqma oSukdjla ,ndfok ,oS' wvq wdodhï ,nk mjq,aj, miqng orejka i|yd ksoyia w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,ndfok l%shdldrS wOHdmk l,dm l%uhla o y|qkajd fok ,oS'

fuu ls%hdj,sfhaoS o rchg úfrdaO;d iy wl¾uKH;djhkag uqKoSug isÿqúh' IIEP m%;sm;a;s

flakaøfhaoS Obeegadoo fï .ek kS;s moaO;sh yd ne|qk kso¾Ykhla bosrsm;a lrk ,oS' Tyq

jD;a;sfhka kS;s{fhl= jQ neúka kS;s moaO;sfha m%fhdack o ,nd .ekSug Wkkaÿ úh' Tyq fj;

.=rejrekag tfrys meñKs,s ,eî ;sìK' fï w;r .=rejrhdg tfrysj Widú ls%hdud¾. .ekSug

iQodkï fo.=reka f.ka flfkla o yuqúh' tfia jqj;a fuu kvqj wjqreÿ folla muK ld,hla meje;s

w;r wjidkfhaoS rcfha kS;s wxYfha wOHlaIg fuys ms<s;=rla wjYHjk kvqjla fkdmj;sk nj

ms<s.ekSug isÿqúh'

wl¾uKH;djh ms<sn| ;j;a wjia:djla Obeegadoo f.a i.hska ms<sn|j o osiaúh'

WmfoaYkh keje;aùug mshjr .ekSu i|yd fu;rï fjfyi ù lghq;= lrk ,o kuq;a tys m%.;sh

b;d ukao.dó ùfï fya;=j Tyqg fkdjegysKs' wjidkfhaoS Tyqg fmkS.sfha wOHdmk yd úoHd;aul

m¾fhaIK wud;HdxYfha Tyqf.a WmfoaYlhska mjd WmfoaYkh ,ndfok whj`Mka njhs' mj;akd l%uh

hgf;a WmfoaYk ls%hdj,sh yryd Tjqkag jdis w;aúh' fï WmfoaYlhska o moaO;sfha .=rejreka

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yeáhg fiajh lr ta yryd úÿy,am;ska ù fyda wOHdmk ks,Odrska ù by<g meñKs wh hs' fuu

lS¾;skduh ksid Tjqkag fiiq WmfoaYlhskag jvd f,dl= uqo,lg fiajh ,ndoSug mqMjka úh'

Obeegadoo úiska IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiofhaoS olajk ,o m%;súreoaO isoaêhla jQfha WmfoaYkh

,ndoSug wlue;s jQ .=rejrfhl= ms<sn|jhs' Tyq ;ukag ish úfõl ld,fhaoS jvd hym;a foa lsrSug

we;s nj mjihs' ish orejkag WmfoaYkh w;HjYHj ;sìhoS;a fuu .=rejrhd úiska th m%;slafIam

lsrSu j.lSu meyer yersula fia i<ld fo.=reyq Tyqg tfrys jQy' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka fuu

.=rejrhd fjk;a mdi,lg udre lsrSug isÿúh' tjeks isÿùï o fndfyda fihska olakg ,efnk nj o

Obeegadoo úiska fmkajd fok ,oS' Obeegadoo m%ldY lf<a ;ukaf.a m%;sixialrK fya;=fjka

m%d:ñl ;,fha WmfoaYkh wvqjQ njls' tfy;a fï .ek ixLHd;aul o;a; fkdue;' olskakg we;af;a

WmfoaYkh by< uÜgul we;s njhs' wOHdmk l%uh .ek úu¾Yk jd¾;djla fufia olajhs…(Bah-

lalya, 2006, p. 75):

;uka yeuúg u úYajdi lf<a ish orejka mqoa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh fkd,n;ayq kï Tjqkag úIh ks¾foaYfha fldgia w; yefrk njls" hkak m%Yak i|yd ms<s;=re ÿka fo.=reyq mji;s' jvd ckms%h .=rejreka Tjqkaf.a oekqu m%ldY lrk .%ka: m< lrñka tajd ñ,oS .ekSug isiqkag n,lrk nj o olakg ,efí' tu fmd;a ish WmfoaYkfha fldgila jk nj mji;s' fuu fmd;a yryd iy fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh yryd ,nk wdodhu u.ska Tjqyq ish jegqm lsysm .=Khlska jeälr .ks;s' fuys whym;a M,hla ù we;af;a fuu .=rejreka mdif,ka miqj flfrk .=re fo.=re /iaùï" fiajdia: ieis jeks ld¾hhka i`oyd iyNd.s lrjd .ekSu úÿy,a m%OdkSkag fkdyels ùuhs' ;ukaf.a mqoa.,sl WmfoaYk lghq;= j,g ndOdjla jk wdldrfhka iliajk kùlrK yd m%;sixialrK j,g .=rejre ;rfha úreoaO;ajh m%ldY lr;s' isiqka o mdif,ka miqj flfrk lghq;= i|yd iyNd.sùug wlue;sh' fláfhka fufia mejish yel' w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh" fjk;a ld¾hhka ioyd jvd M,odhs f,i fhdod.; yels iïm;a úkdY lrñka" moaO;sh u; mrfmdaI;sfhla j njg m;aj we;'

fuu .eg`M wìhi jqj o Obeegadoo f.a mßY%uhg isá úreoaO jd§kaf.a n,h Yla;su;a úh'

Obeegadoo úiska IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiofha§ bÈßm;a l< wdldrhg Tyqf.a hq.fha § bÈßm;a lrk

,o m%;sixialrKhka újdod;aul jq w;r ta ish,a, wdmiq yrjk ,§' fï fya;=j ksid fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkhg jeämqr Ôjhla ,enqKs'

wk;=rej l=uk W;aidyhka .; hq;=o@

Steven Obeegadoo f.ka miqj 2005 § meñKsfha Dharam Gokhool h' Tyq fjk;a

mlaIhlska meñKs w;r tl, Obeegadoo f.a m%;sm;a;s úfõpkh l< kuq;a Gokhool g ta i|yd

bÈßm;a l< yels lsisu úl,amhla fkdùh' WmfoaYkh i|yd mdi,a ,nd §ug ;SrKh jqj;a ta i|yd

.dia;=jla f.úh hq;= úh' (Bah-lalya, 2006, p.94). Gokhool y÷kd.;af;a (2006, pp. 4-5) fm!oa.,sl

63

WmfoaYkh u`.ska wOHdmk l%shdj,sh ksYam%Nd lrk nj;a wOHdmkfha uqM uy;a mrud¾: úkdY

lrk nj;ah' Tyqf.a ms<shu jqfha kej;;a úIh ks¾foaYh fukau CPE úNd.h fjkia lsÍuhs' fï

.ek uyck;djf.ka iuyrla (e.g Mahadeo, 2008) m%Yak lrkq ,enqfõ úi÷ï ,nd §fï l%shdj,sh

fu;rï m%udo jkafka l=ula ksid o hkakhs' wruqKq lrd myiqfjka <`.d ùula ;sfíoehs ydiHfhka

hq;=j úuik ,o ’'

fuu fmdf;a f;audjg úfYaIfhka wod< jk mqj;am;a ,smshla uqreishdkq mqj;am;l m<úh'

tys i|yka jqfha IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixioh ;=< mj;sk m%drïNkhka ms<sn|j we;s wjOdkhhs (Etienne,

2007). IIEP .ek jd¾;d lrk fuu mqj;am;a ,smsh i|yka lf,a wOHdmk úfYaI{hska .Kkdjla

meßia k.rhg /ia ù we;s nj;a fndfyda ñksiqka úiska “wY=N wjYH;djhla” yeáhg i,lk

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh .ek ta wh idlÉPd mj;ajk nj;a h' fuu ixiofha f;audj “uqreishdkq

ixo¾Nhg úfYaIfhka wod< jk” neõ tys i|yka jqfha fï jk úg;a WmfoaYkh wd¾Ól iy

bf.kqï Ys,am l%u ms<sn| .eg`M we;s lrk jix.;hla njg m;aj we;s ksidh' fuu ,smsh ;jÿrg;a

i|yka lrkq ,enqfha;

uqreis Èjhsfka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha we;s .eg`Mj jkafka tys fjk;a fndfyda foa wvx.=j we;;a fm!oa.,sl;ajh olakg fkd,eîu hs' mka;sfha b.ekajq oE ms<sn|j l:d lrk l=vd <ud lKavdhï we;s ia:dkhla iy wjia:djla fjkqjg tys mj;skafka" úYd, <uqka ixLHdjla .=rejrfhl=f.a .rdchlg isr lrñka lrkq ,nk WmfoaYkhls' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ilia úh hq;af;a iqúfYaI úIh lreKq ms<sn|j ÿIalr;d we;s isiqka lsysm fofkl=g WmldÍ ùu i|ydhs' tu Wmldrh ie,ish hq;af;a jrlg isiqka fo;=ka fofkla i|yd Wmfoia §fï úfõlh iy bjiSu we;s .=rejrfhl= úisks' kuq;a uqreis Èjhska j, WmfoaYkh mj;skafka fï wdlD;sfhka .õ .Kkla wE;lh' j¾;udkfha we;s fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk iajrEmh ;ykï fyda wvq lsÍug kï fuu moaO;sh iïmQ¾Kfhka kùlrKh l< hq;=hs' wo fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh úIu pl%hl mj;S' fjk;a fouõmsfhda Tjqkaf.a orejka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd mqyqKq lr;s' tneúka wfma orejka o fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd iïnkaO fkdlsÍug ;rï tä;r fkdúh hq;=hs' tfia WmfoaYkh fkd,nk orejdg wjdishla isÿfõ' fuu is;=ú,s ud,dj ta úIu pl%hhs' tfukau iuyr .==rejre úêu;a mka;s ldurh ;=< b;d fyd¢ka ;u lghq;a; fkdlr;s' ta isiqka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh yryd tu úIh fyd¢ka bf.k .kakd njg we;s úYajdih ksidh'

tjeks w`M;ajeähdjlg ie,eiau ilia lrk ,oafoa Gokhool f.a wkqm%dma;sl Vasant

Bunwaree úisks (Mauritius, 2008). fuu f,aLkfha (p. 39) olajd we;af;a wOHdmk wxYfha mj;sk

oreKq ;r.ldÍ;ajhhs' wOHdmkfha iajNdjh iy we.hSï wdldr ms<sn| ixl,amuh fjkialï j,

wjYH;djh o wjOdrKh lrk ,§' fuu jd¾;dfõ wNsu;d¾: o olajd we; (p. 12). fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkfha wjYH;dj l%ul%ufhka neyer lsÍug mshjr .; hq;=h' fuu ld¾hh l< yels jkafka

64

m%d:ñl wxYfha ;=ka jk mshjf¾§ h ^5-6 m%udKh&' Zones d’ éducation prioritaires (ZEPs) hkqfjka

i|yka lrk moaO;sh yryd lsishï ÈhqKqjla ,nd we;' jvd fkdÈhqKq m%foaYj, iún, .ekaùï

we;s lsÍu ;=<ska iudc wiudk;d msgq oelSug tu jevigyk u`.ska mshjr f.k we;' úNd. m%;sm,

wkqj YsIH idOkh wkqidrfhka ixj¾Okh .ek ks.uk j,g meñKSu jd¾;dfjka isÿ úh' tfukau

tu`.ska il%Sh fo.=re ueÈy;aùï" m%cd iïnkaO;d iy iuia; m%fõYhka wd§ hym;a mßphka biau;=

lr olajk ,§' .=rejrekaf.a jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh u`.ska o úIh ks¾foaYfha m%;sixialrK yryd o

WmfoaYkh u; r|d mej;Sfï wjYH;djh wvq lsÍug mshjr .efka' ta wkqj mdi,a i;H jYfhkau

b.ekaùfï wdh;k njg m;ajkq we;'

fuu f,aLkh wkq.ukh lrñka weu;s Bunwaree 2009 § m%ldY lf<a y;rfjks m%udKfha

isg my< isiqkg WmfoaYkh ;ykï jk njhs' fuu ksfhda.h B<`. jif¾§ l%shd;aul ùug ;SrKh

úh (Meetarbhan, 2009). fuu m%;sm;a;sh ;=< m¾iqrduka úiska jir 18 lg fmr bÈßm;a lrk ,o

fhdackd kej; m%;srdjhla úh' tfia jqjo .=re ix.ñ úiska laIKslju n,j;a úfrdaO;djh m%ldY

lrk ,§ (Hilbert, 2009). fmdÿ uyck;djf.a m%;sl%shdjka j,ska fmkS .sfha fuu m%;sm;a;sfha

b,lal <`.d lr .ekSu o miq.sh ld,fha fukau ÿIalr jk njhs' mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkfha fya;= iy

úfYaI ,laIK ch .ekSu i|yd mshjr .ekSu .ek uqreishdjg §¾> b;sydihla we;' kuq;a

m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhskag tu oYlfha§ u jdf.a olakg ,enqfKa mqoa.,sl WmfoaYk ixialD;sh b;d

.eUqßka ;ekam;a ù we;s neúka th f,fyisfhka ixfYdaOkh lsÍu fyda fjkia lsÍu ÿIalr njh'

fldgqj 4 - uqreisfha mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh fu;rï Yla;su;a wehs@

b;sydih mqrdu uqreis wOHdmk moaO;sh my; lafIa;%hkays § yeuúgu ;r.ldÍ iy jrKd;aul úh' (i). iqmsß mdi,a j,g m%fõY ùfï§ ^oaú;Shsl ;,fha§ fuu u;h ñ:Hdjla njg m;aù we;'& (ii). msgrg úYaj úoHd, i|yd rcfhka ,efnk YsIH;aj ,nd.ekSu msKsi

j¾;udk ld,fha§ WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a u ;ju md,kh lrkq ,nkafka wOHdmkh i;H jYfhkau jdrKh ms<sn| jHdhduhla jk neúks' fuh r|d mj;skafka wêl f,i nrmegjQ úIh ks¾foaYhla iy fndfyda ;r.ldrS úNd. /ila u;h' fï úNd. u`.ska b;d fyd| .Khg jefgk whg úYaj úoHd, m%fõYh ,efí' WmfoaYkh jkdys fuu ;r`.fhaoS f;aÍï uÜgug meñKSfï Wml%uhhs' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a u fld;rï n,j;a o hk ldrKh meyeos,s jkafka kd.rsl m%foaYhl .=rejrfhla WmfoaYkh ,ndoSug wlue;s jqjfyd;a ta whg lsishï ;¾ck j,g uqyqKmEug isÿùu ksidh'

iemhqï me;a; .ek n,uq' .=rejrekag f.jk wvq jegqm úiska Tjqkag w;sf¾l wdodhula ,ndfok WmfoaYkfha fhoSu osrs .kajhs' j¾I 2002 oS m%d:ñl .=rejrfhl=f.a wdrïNl jegqfma uq`M .Kk o< cd;sl ksIaamdos;fha tal mqoa., wkqmd;h 0.8 la muK úh' fuu wkqmd;h OECD rgj,aj, 1.7 la jk w;r uqreish yd Bg iudk rgj,a j, o tal mqoa., wdodhu 2.0 la jQ neõ mjihs' WmfoaYkh ;=<ska m%d:ñl .=rejreka ish wdodhu fo.=k f;.=k lr.kS'

Source; Obeegadoo (2007), p. 2.

65

m%xYh

fldrshdfõ uqrsisfha fuka iudc wd¾Ól n,fõ. j,ska muKla fkdj" m%xYfha§ WmfoaYk l¾udka;hg" rch úiska .kq ,nk mshjr u`.ska o fufyhùula isÿfõ' w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ioyd fhduqjk mjq,a j,g ta i|yd jeh lrk uqo,g whnÿ jdis o ,efí' fujeks m%drïNkhka ;=<ska n,OdrSka wfmalaId lrkafka wOHdmk m%dma;s uÜgï ixj¾Okh lrñka ta i|yd flfrk úhofï fldgialdrs;ajhla oerSughs'

m%xYfha fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ms<sn`o m%:u wOHhkh isÿlr we;af;a 1994 oS

Glasman and Collonges úisks' tu rfÜ fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha b;sydih miq.sh Y; j¾Ih lrd

osfjk nj Tjqkaf.a .%ka:h i|yka lrk w;r fuu ld,h ;=< wOHdmk jHdma;sfha oshqKqj iu.

úYd, jYfhka th fjkiaù we;s njla o olajhs' Glasman and Collonges ia:r jYfhkajQ fnoSï iy

iudcfha we;s ;r.ldrS jgmsgdj hgf;a fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkhg wh;a jQ N+ñldj iy tys iajdNdjh

.ek úYaf,aIkhla isÿlr ;sfí' Tjqkaf.a o;a;hka mdol lrf.k we;af;a frdaka-we,amaia (Rhône-

Alps) m%foaYfha ,hsiSia f,i y÷kajk mYapd;a oaú;Shsl mdi,a 12 l bf.kSu ,nk isiqka 9400 l

m%udKhla u;hs' isiqka 15] l m%udKhla fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nk w;r ;j;a 10] la

wkd.;fhaoS WmfoaYkh ioyd fhduqùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fjhs' fuu isiqka w;=frka 36] la ish

oaú;Shsl mdi,a osúfha ljr ld,hloS fyda WmfoaYkh ,nd we; (Glasman and Collonges, 1994, p.30).

b;du ckm%sh úIhhka jQfha .Ks;h ^57%)" fN!;sl úoHdj iy ridhk úoHdj ^20%&" bx.S%is ^9%&

iy m%xY NdIdj ^5%& jYfhks' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkhg" msáir mdi,a isiqkg jvd kd.rsl mdie,a

isiqka fhduqj we;' rcfha mdi,a isiqkg jvd fm!oa.,sl úÿy,a isiqka WmfoaYkh ,nd ;sfí'

fulS wOHhkfhka wk;=rej t<ô ld,fha oS WmfoaYkh m%udKfhka iy úúO;ajfhka

j¾Okh ù ;sfí' oYlhlska miqj Glasman (2004), – cd;sl wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk iy

m¾fhaIK wud;HdxYh fjkqfjka High Council for School Evaluation - HCEC (Haut Conseil à l’

évaluation de l’ école) mdi,a we.hSu i|yd jQ Wiia uKav,h u`.ska ilia lrk ,o jd¾;djla yryd

fuu f;audj .ek woyia olajhs' fuu jd¾;dfõ (p. 51) f.or jev" <ud wdrlaIdj iy fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkh msKsi flfrk jeh ioyd wdodhï nÿ iyk ,ndoSfï rdcH ;SrKh wkqj we;sjQ n,mEu

i|yka lrhs' fuu ;SrKh wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd úiska fkdj iudc taldnoaO;djh ms<sn|

wud;Hjrhd úiska .kakd ,oaols' lsishï wdldrhl jD;a;Ska i|yd wkqn, oSu iy tla fouy,af,la

we;s mjq,a j,g Wmldr ùu Tyqf.a woyi úh' iuyr mjq,aj,g ish wd¾:sl ;;a;ajh u;

WmfoaYkh ,nd.ekSfï ÿIalr;d we;sjqj;a tjeks lghq;a;la i|yd lsishï lem lsrSulg iQodkula

;sìK' tfia fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ioyd wdfhdackhla lsrSu .ek fo.sähdfjka isá mjq,a j,g fuu

;SrKh osrs.kajk iqM úh' fuu kS;suh m%;smodkfhka jdis ,nd.ekSug wdh;k /ila bosrsm;a úh'

66

fj<|fmd< m%uqLhd jQfha zwelvñhdZ kue;s iud.uhs' m%lg wdfhdack wdh;khla jQ fï iud.u

nÿ iykh WoaoSmkh flfrk fj<| oekaùï yryd ish WmfoaYk fiajd .ek ;r.ldrS wdldrhg

m%pdrKhla f.khk ,oS'

B<`. wjqreoafoa HCEC .a,diaukaf.a jd¾;dj ms<sn| woyia bosrsm;a lrk ,oS ^Forrestier,

2005). fuhg m%;spdr jYfhka rch" fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh .ek yd iudk wjia:d ,eîfïoS mj;akd iudc úIu;djhka ms<sn| cd;sl iïuka;%Khla ixúOdkh lrk ,oS' fuh f;dr;=re iy ixksfõok

;dlaIK lafIa;%h (ICT) u.ska m%p,s; lrk ,oafoa wka;¾cd,fha o iydh we;sjhs' m%;sm,h jQfha

ks¾Kdhl olajk m%;sm;a;s f,aLkhla we;sùuhs (Bassy et al., 2006).

tu jif¾u Cavet (2006) úiska National Institute of Pedagogical Research- INRP (Institut

national de recherche pédagogique) b.ekaùï l%ufõo ms<sn| m¾fhaIK ms<sn| cd;sl wdh;kh i|yd"

wkqnoaê; wdYs%; .%ka: uQ,dY% o i|yka lrñka" mrsmQ¾K úYaf,aIK jd¾;djla bosrsm;a lrk ,oS'

fuu f,aLkfha 2003 oS isÿlrk ,o ks, iólaIK jd¾;dfõ lreKq Wmqgd olajk ,oS' tys olajd

we;af;a fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd.kafka jeä jYfhkau oaú;Shsl ;,fha oS nj;a by< ;,j,g

.uka lrk úg WmfoaYkfha ;Sj%;djh jeäjk nj;a h' ;jo lKsIaG by< mdif,aoS fujeks

Wmldrhla ,enqfõ lsishï úIhhla wudre jk úg ^úfYaIfhka .Ks;h jeks& njhs' fyd|ska úIhh

yodrk 25] muK whj`Mkao úYsIag;ajh lrd <`.dùu i|yd WmfoaYkh ,n;s (Cavet, 2006,p. 2).

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd.ekSug lrkq ,nk ;SrKfhaoS .=rejreka ueosy;a jQfha b;d l,d;=rlsks'

fï i|yd fm<Uùu" lKsIaG Wiia mdif,a oS 23] la iy fcHIaG oaú;shsl mdif,a oS 40] la muK

m%udKhlska fo.=reka úiska flrek w;r YsIHhska ;uka úiskau Wkkaÿ jQ wjia:d o mj;S' fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkh i|yd wdfhdackh l< fndfyda fo.=reka iudcfha jrm%ido ,;a mka;sfha whhs' ta Tjqkg

úIhh ud,dj iu. lghq;= lsrSug fkdyels ksid fyda ta i|yd ld,h fkdue;s ùu ksidhs' fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkh idudkH .=rejreka úiska ,ndÿkafka b;d l,d;=rlsks' ta fjkqjg ;u .=rejrhd yd tla

<ufhl= jYfhka 34] la o" fjk;a .=rejrfhl= yd <uhd jYfhka 31] o" fjk;a wdh;khla

jYfhka 21] o" Cavet (p.4) WmfoaYkh isÿfõ' iuyr úg fo.=reka úiska fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlhskaf.a

fiajh ,nd.kafka ish orejkaf.a udkisl wd;;sh ke;s lsrSug hs' bf.kSu ms<sn|j ld¾hhka

fo.=reka" fjk;a ndysr md¾Yjhlg mejrSu u.ska mjqf,a iduh iy iyfhda.S;djh /flkq we;'

fj<|fmd< úYaf,aIKh lrk iud.ula úiska 2007 j¾Ifha oS ;j;a f,aLkhla imhk ,oS' fuu jd¾;djg wkqj (Melot, 2007. p. 104) fuu l¾udka;h m%n, f,ig j¾Okh jQfha mdi,a moaO;sfha we;s ÿ¾j,;d ms<sn|j fo.=reka flfrys ;=nQ NS;sh ksid h' b;du;a ys;lr ffk;sl

67

wdjrKhla we;s mrsirhl fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh jd¾Islj 15] l j¾Ok fõ.hlska 2006 jk úg

jir yhla ;=< jeäfjñka mej;sK' fu,Ü i|yka lf<a o lKsIaG oaú;Shsl wxYfha isiqkaf.ka 25] la o" fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wxYfha isiqkaf.ka 33% la o WmfoaYkh ,nk njhs' fuu ixLHdjkays m%dfoaYSh jYfhka fjkia ùula o olakg we;' fu,Ü mejiqfõ mersia k.rfha f,dl= ,hsiS mdi,Aj,

isiqkaf.ka (p.105) ishhg 75 la WmfoaYkh ,nk nj „wfldfvdñhd‟ u`.ska weia;fïka;= lr we;s

njls' j¾I 2008 oS u qM rfÜu oY ,laIhlg jvd isiqka ixLHdjla WmfoaYkh ,nk nj weia;fïka;=

ù we; (Pech, 2008).

WmfoaYk fj<|fmdf<a m%Odk jYfhka foj¾.hl iemhqïlrejka olakg ,eìK'

;ks ;ksj jev lrk mqoa.,sl .=rejre

.=rejreka yd fo.=reka tlsfkld w;r iïnkaO;d we;s lr.kakd ,oafoa fjk;a whf.a ks¾foaY u;" oekaùï m%pdrKh ;=<ska fyda jeä jYfhka" wka;¾cd,h yryd h' Rcqj iïnkaO ùu fmdÿqfõ jeä jYfhka isÿfjk l%uh hs' idudkH jYfhka fuu md¾Yjhka w;r we;sjk .Kqfokq wm%ldYs; h' tfia jqjo wdodhï nÿ iykh ksid j;auka .=rejre ;u wdodhu m%ldY lsrSug Wkkaÿ úh hq;=hs' tu`.ska o Tjqkg wdl¾IKhla ,efnk neúks' .=rejrekaf.ka iuyrla oekgu;a fiajfha /|S isák fyda úY%du ,enQ fyd| m<mqreÿ .=rejrekah' wfkla msrsi úYaj úoHd, Wmdê wfmalaIlhska fyda fcHIaG YsIHhska h'

mdif,ka miqj ls%hd;aul jk WmfoaYk iud.ï

fuu iud.ï úúO wdldrhg ls%hd;aul úh'

- iud.u úiska imhk .=rejreka ksjig meñK ,ndfok fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh fyda wdh;kfha ia:dkhl l=vd lKavdhï i|yd WmfoaYkh'- fuu fofjks l%uh jvd;a ckms%h fukau oshqKqj ,nñka mj;sk l%uhhs'

- ksjdvq ld,h ;=< l=vd lKavdhï i|yd ixúOdkh jk läkï mdvï ud,d- fïjdfha j¾Okh fiñka isÿqfõ'

- bf.kSu" úfúlh" <ud ixj¾Okh wdosh .ek we;=<;ajk ixhqla; jevigyk - oeka t<solsñka mj;S'

- wk;¾cd,fhka ^ud¾..;j& isÿflfrk b.ekaùu ;ju ixj¾Okh ù ke;;a me;sfrñka mj;S'

- mdi,a fm< .eiSï$mqyqKqj yqfola úIh oekqug jvd Tíng hk jeo.;a lafIa;% fj; hhs- Wod( wd;au úYajdih" wNsfm%arKh" ixúOdk yelshd we;=`Mj bf.kSfï lghq;= wd§' oekg fuu lafIa;%h jrm%ido ,;a iq`M msrsilg újD;j we;'

fuu iud.ï w;r o ls%hd;aul jk l%ufõofha fjkialï úoHdudk fõ' iuyfrl= ish isiq lKavdhï j,g ish mrsY%hkays oS WmfoaYkh ,nd ÿks' ;jflla ksjdi j,g f.dia WmfoaYkh ,ndoSug .=rejreka iemhQy' iuyr iud.ï fkdfhl=;a úIhh i|yd úfYaI{;djhla oelaùh' iuyfrl= mdi,a ;,hka .ek úfYaI{;djh oelajQ w;r iuyrla idudkH úIhh ud,dj u b.ekajQy' fï w;r tla iud.ï iuqyhla ,ndÿka fiajdj jvd;a mD:q, úh' b.ekaùug wu;rj <ud

ixj¾Okh" f.or jev (Home work) i|yd iydh wdosh o we;=`Mj b.ekaùu fuhg we;=<;a úh'

j.=j wxl 12 u`.ska ksrEmKh lrkafka fj<|fmd< m%uqLhska ms<sn| ixLHd f,aLkhs' fuu wdh;k

68

j,ska iuyfrl= m%xYfha iqúfYaI m%foaY flakaø lr.kakd ,oS' iuyr wfhl= yeu m%Odk k.rhla u

b,lal lr we;' hg;a msrsfihska folla fyda nyq cd;sl iud.ï yeáhg ls%hd;aul úh' 2Amath

iud.ug lekvdfú o fudfrdlafldafõ o YdLd we;' Keepschool wdh;khg c¾uksfha iy

tx.,ka;fha o YdLd ;snqKs' fï w;r Sylvan iud.fï uQ,ia:dkh weursld tlai;a ckmofha jQ w;r th m%xY fj<|fmd< wdl%uKh lsrSug o meñK we;'

j.=j wxl 12 - m%xYfha we;s m%Odk WmfoaYk wdh;k'

jHdmdrh f,aLk.; ixLHdj m%xYfha we;s ld¾hd, .Kk

m%ldYs; wdodhï m%udKh

^hqfrda ñ,shk jYfhka& wefldfvdñhd 100,000 97 87 fldaia f,ckafâ% 30,000 9 16 fldïmaf,Ühqâ 23,000 34 23 is,ajdka oS ke; 18 8 wekdfldaia 16,000 50 5 2ta ud;a 10,000 72 12 lSmaial+,a 8,000 80 5 fvdñfldaia 6,500 20 5 Source: Melot (2007).

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk fiajh imhk wh ish fiajd bosrsm;a lrk wdldrh o jeä oshqKq lr we;' Glasman (quoted in Cavet, 2006, p.11) fmkajd ÿkafka fuu iud.ïj, kï fjkia jQ wdldrh .ekhs'

j¾I 1960 iy 1970 oYlfha oS fuu iud.ï y÷kajd we;af;a m%;sldrS lghq;= lrk

wdh;k jYfhks' tneúka Tjqka" Math-Asistance, Math-Secours, Ortho-Math wdoS jYfhka .Ks; WmldrS wdh;k nj y`.jk kï j,ska y÷kajk ,oS'

j¾I 1980 ueo Nd.fhaoS fï iud.ï ;r.ldrs;ajhg msúisfhdah' bka miqj tu ;;a;ajh

w¾:j;a jk" Études Plus, Performance, Stud Avenir, Progress System jeks kduhka fhdod f.k ;sfí'

j¾;udk wdh;k jvd;a ,sys,ajQ o idudkHjQ o kduhka Ndú;d lrhs' idudkH kduhka jQfha Domicours, Keepschool, Complétude, Après la Classe jeks tajdh'

fm!oa.,sl wdh;k úiska fmkajkq ,enQ Ydka;Ndjh ksid Tjqkg fuu ls%hdj,sfha Woafú.lr

nj we;=`M Y%u fj<|fmdf<a ;;a;ajhkg uqyqK osh yels úh' m%xYfha iudc wd¾:sl jgmsgdj

fldrshdjg uqreishg fyda fjk;a ;eka j,g jvd fjkia h' m%xYh we;=<; mjd iudc wd¾:sl

lKavdhïj, msysàu wkqj fjkialï olakg we;' ^úfYaIfhka f,dl= k.r" l=vd k.r iy .ïno

m%foaY wdoS jYfhka&' fuu ksrSlaIKh fmkajd fokafka mj;sk ixo¾Nh wdYS%;j WmfoaYkh .ek

69

i<ld ne,sh hq;= njhs' ;jo WmfoaYk fiajhg jdis ,ndfok ;j;a idOl mj;S' mdi, ;=< mj;sk

;r.ldrS ;;a;ajh j¾Okh lrjk Ydia;%Sh ;r.ldrs;ajh" wúksYaÑ; nj" mdi,a w;r we;s ;r.h"

fm!oa.,SlrKh iy mdi,a moaO;sfha mrsydksh fïjdhska iuyfrls'

fufia jqj o fuu wdh;k u`.ska iemfhk fiajdjkays .=Kd;aul Ndjh .ek m%Yak lrk

úfõplhska o we;' m%xY fg,súIkfha 2009 jif¾ jd¾;djl (Bendall and Tourte, 2009) fmkajd

ÿkafka fndfyda WmfoaYl$.=rejreka f.a wdOqksl iajNdjhhs' fï wh fiajfha fhdojk iud.ï u`.ska

Tjqka .ek lrk m%pdr .ek o úuis,su;a úh' Melot (2007, p. 99) wkqj olajd we;af;a fuu wxYh

jeämqru ryiH wdldrfhka yeisfrk nj;a WmfoaYk fj<|fmd< wúksYaÑ; fukau mdroDYH

fkdjkakd jQ LKavkh jQ tlla njhs (p. 119).

fldgqj wxl 5 - m%xYfha fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha uq,H .Kkh'

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk iud.ï j,g f.jk uqof,ka 50] l uqo,la i|yd nÿ iyk ,ndoSug m%xY rch u.ska bv oS ;sfí' wefldfvdñhd jkdys fuu iykfhka jeäu jdis ,nk iud.ï w;=frka tlls' fuu iud.u fo.=reka iy WmfoaYlhska uqK .iajhs' túg fo.=reka úiska u WmfoaYl jrhdg uqo,a f.jd ,efnk nÿ ksoyi i`oyd b,a,Su lrhs'

ish orejd ,shdmosxÑ lsrSu msKsi uQ,sl ,shdmosxÑ .dia;=j yeáhg hqfrda 75 l .dia;=jla f.úh hq;= w;r fuh noaog hg;a fkdfõ' tneúka hula wvqjkafka ke;' bkamiq tla mehlg hqfrda 32 ne.ska whlrk w;r thska hqfrda 14 .=rejrhdg f.jkq ,nhs' iuyrúg fuu uqo, óg jvd wvq ùug o bv we;' ;j;a hqfrda 5 la fiajl .dia;= jYfhka o hqfrda 13 la wdh;kfha .sKqug o nerfõ' ta wkqj hqfrda 32 la jk .dia;=fjka hqfrda 16 la fo.=rekaf.a nÿ iykhg we;=,;a h' wjidkfha oS mehl WmfoaYk úhou hqfrda 16 ls' wefldfvdñhd wdh;khg f.jk hqfrda 13 o .=rejrhd ,nd.kakd hqfrda 14 o jYfhka hqfrda 27 la i|yd .=rejrhd úiska wdodhï m%ldYhla l< hq;=j we;' kuq;a thska o wdh;khg f.jk uqo, jk hqfrda 13 .=rejrhdf.a hqfrda 27ka úhoñ jYfhka wvq lr b;srshg nÿ iyk me;Suhs fuysoS isÿjkafka'

Source: Cavet, 2006, p. 12

m%xYfha mj;sk m%;sm;A;sh iu. fldrshdkq yd uqrsis ;;a;ajhka fjkia fjkafka" whnÿ l%uh yryd WmfoaYkh i|yd mjq,a j, wdfhdackh osrsu;a lsrSu msKsi orK odhl;ajhhs' fï u`.ska iudc wiudk;d we;sjk njg flfrk úfõpk i|yd m%xY n,OdrSyq fowdldrhlska m%;spdr olaj;s' m<uq úi|qu f,i olajkafkaa rch u`.ska ls%hd;aul lrk f.or jev i|yd Wmldr ,ndoSfï l%uh fkdñ,fha u ;j;a m<,alr mj;ajdf.k hdu u`.ska wiudk;d wju jk njhs' rch u`.ska l%shd;aul lrk fuu jevigyk 1980 oYlfha oS wud;HdxY y;rl wkq.%yh ,nd ;sfí' ^wOHdmk" /lshd ixj¾Ok" fi!LH yd iudc wdrlaIdj hk wud;HdxYhs&' rdcH yd w¾O rdcH wdh;k 2000 l

cd,hla yryd (Cavet, 2006, p. 4), fmdaIKh ,nhs' ;j o tu jevigyk" 2000 la muK jQ rdcH fyda w¾O rdcH uÜgfï wdh;k iy iudc u; r|d mj; S (Cavet, 2006, p.4). fojkqj" rch úiska mdi,a cd,h yryd WmfoaYkh ixj¾Okh lsrSfï ms<sfj;a m%ldYhg m;alr we;' fuys wruqK jQfha ish`M iudc-wd¾:sl ;,j, isiqkg Wmldr tldldrj u ,ndoSuhs' wdrïNfhaoS fuu jevms<sfj, iuyr mdie,aj, wksjd¾hh jYfhka ls%hd;aul lrk ,oS' tfy;a iuyr mdi,a j,g fuu jevigykg iïnkaOùu iafúÉPdfjka ;SrKh lsrSug wjir ,eìK' miq ld,hloS n,OdÍka ;SrKh lf<a ish`M

70

mdi,a fuu jevigykg we;=<;a jk njhs' f.or jev i|yd Wmldr jevigyk" ixialD;sl

jevigyka" l%Svd wdos lreKq o wvx.= fuu WmfoAYkh i;shlg osk y;rla miajre 4 isg 6 olajd

ls%hd;aul úh' fuu m%;sm;a;sh ls%hd;aul lsrSug rch hqfrda ñ,shk 140 la jeh lrk ,oS (Ventura,

2008b, p.9).

71

3. m%;sm;a;s u`.ska m%;spdr oelaùu - ^Policy Responses)

m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhskaf.a m%;spdr wjYH lrk" fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl WmfoaYk moaO;sfha

,laIK iy n,mEï y|qkd .ekSu i|yd fjka lrk ,o mQ¾j mrsÉfþoh" ksodk mrSlaIdj f,ig

kï lrk ,oS' fldrshdj" uqreis osjhska yd m%xYh ms<sn|j lrk ,o isoaê wOHhkfha oS tu rgj,a

úiska .;a ms<sfj;a m%;spdrhka fuys§ i|yka lr ;sfí' j;auka fldgfia úúO mrsirhka ys olajd

we;s úúO m%;spdr iúia;r j fmkajd oS ;sfnkafka m%;sm;a;s ie<iqï lrejka ta ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;a

úh hq;= neúks' úúO ixo¾Nhkays id¾:l;ajhg m;a ms<sfj;a fuka u id¾:l fkdjQ mshjr o fuys

i|yka j we;'

yeu mrsirhla u iqúfYaI jk fyhska o ks¾udKh lrKq ,nk m%;sm;a;s tu miqìug fyd|ska

iqoqiq úh hq;= neúka o fuu mrsÉfþoh bosrsm;a lr we;af;a is;shïlrKh ms<sn| ye`.Sula o

iys;jhs' bka miqj WmfoaYkhg we;s b,a¨u yd ta wkqj we;s iemhqu .ek o ie,ls,a, fhduqlr

we;' m<,a wruqKq idlaId;a lr.ekSug iy fj<|fmd< n,fõ. fu,a, lsrSu i|yd m%;sm;a;s

ks¾udmlhska úiska wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= wxY ms<sn|j o woyia olajd ;sfí' isÿl< yels ffk;sl

jHqyhkaf.a iajdNdjh fln÷ úh hq;= o hk ldrKh .ek o i|ykaj we;'

ixo¾Nhka" wNsu;d¾:hka iy jHqyhka is;shïlrKh

lsishï wdldrhl is;shïlrKhlg t<fUk m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska uq,ska m%fhdackj;a m%Yak folla weish hq;=h'

Pdhd wOHdmkh" iudchSh wd¾Ól yd wOHdmksl wNsu;d¾:hkag fld;rï m%udKhl ydkslr .eg`Mjla njg m;aj we;af;a o@ ^m%Yakhla njg m;aúh yelsfõ o@& ta i`oyd fld;rï ÿrlg md,khla l< hq;= o@

fld;rï ÿrlg Pdhd wOHdmkh Yla;su;a j;alï m%Njhla fõ o@ fuh fï olajd mq¾K jYfhka Wmfhda.S lrf.k we;af;a o iy ta i|yd l=uk wkqn,hla ,ndosh hq;= o@

fuu fmdf;a fmr fldgfia fmkajd oS we;af;a fndfyda mrsirhkays oS Pdhd wOHdmkh foi

fo.sähdfjka hq;=j nef,k njls' rchg fyda nÿf.jkakdg msrsjehla fkdue;sj wOHdmk b,lalhka

fj; <.dùug tu`.ska wjldY ,efí' m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfhka ;uka wfmalaId lrk ish,a,

fkd,efnk nj úYajdi lrk yd Pdhd wOHdmkh i|yd uqo,a f.ùug Yla;sh we;s fo.=rekaf.ka

t,a,jk mSvkhg ms<shula jYfhka o th l%shd lr;s' flfia jqjo yqfola fj<|fmd< n,fõ. u`.ska

Odjkh jk WmfoaYkh ksid iudc wiudk;d ;j;a W.% njg m;afõ' ;j o tu`.ska m%Odk wOHdmk

m%jdyh fj; wksis n,mEï o we;sfõ' tlu mdrsfNda.sl msrsilg" rch u`.ska fkdñ,fha imhk

iudk fiajdjka u fm!oa.,sl wxYh u.ska uqo,la whlr iemhSfï l%uoajhl meje;au ksid

jHdl+,;ajhla we;sùug bv ;sfí'

72

isiqkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhka iy ixialD;sl yd fjk;a idOl wdosh" ms<sfj;a ilik

wh úiska ish wjOdkhg ,la l< hq;=fõ' TiafÜ%,shdfõ iy weursldfõ miqng isiqkg WmfoaYkh

oSu myiq lrjk ,o w;r fuu ;;a;ajh fldrshdfõ fyda cmdkfha mj;sk rgdjg jvd fjkia fõ'

fldrshdfõ iy cmdkfha fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nkafkda by< m%dma;Ska we;s isiqyq h' isx.mamQrefõ

m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha .=rejrekag ;ukaf.a m%Odk m%jdyfha isiqka ù we;s whg fm!oa.,slj

WmfoaYkh oSu ;ykïh' fuh uqreis osjhskays mj;akd rgdjg fjkia jkafka uqreisfha tjeks

;ykula m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejrekag fkdue;sùu ksidh' WmfoaYl .=rejreka ms<sn|j o ms<sfj;a

idokakka w;r fjkia jQ woyia mj;S' ta Tjqka .=rejreka" úY%dñlhska" úYaj úoHd, Wmdê

wfmalaIlhska" oaú;Shsl ;,fha YsIHhska" jeks ljqreka o@ l=uk ;,hka i|yd úhhq;= o@ tu msrsfika

l=uk wh iqÿiaika o@ l=uk wh bj;a úh hq;= o@...... wdoS ldrKd ms<sn|jhs' WmfoaYkh ,ndfok

m%ldrh ms<sn|j o u;fNao we;' tla wfhla ;j tla wfhl=g jYfhka o" lKavdhï jYfhka o"

úYd, foaYk Yd,dj, wêl msrsilg o" wka;¾cd,fhka o" ''' wdoS jYfhks'

;uka isák mrsirfha mj;sk fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk rgd j¾.SlrKhg m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska

leue;a; olajkq we;' tu`.ska Tjqka úiska wkqu;lrk yd fkdlrk j¾. y|qkd.kq we;' j.=j wxl

13 jeks igyk Wmldr lrf.k fuh l< yel' tu igyfka úia;r fufiaa olajd we;' ta WmfoaYk

j¾.h" m%ldrh" oekg mj;sk iq,N;djh" wkd.;fha fld;rï ÿrlg meje;sh hq;= o wdoshhs' fuu

;lafiarej jvd;a iqúfYaIs ùu i|yd my; i`oyka ldKav j,g fldgia l< yel'

wdodhu wkqj lKavdhï ( iuyr .Khl WmfoaYkhg iuyr wdodhï uÜgïj, bkakd mjq,a j,g m%fõYúh yels fõ o@ ms<sfj;a ilik wh ;j;a jeä msrsilg m%fõYh ilia lrkafka o@

mqñ;srs nj ^ia;S% mqreI Ndjh&( msrsñ <uqkg jvd .eyekq <uhskag wjdis ;;a;ajhka fõ o@ ^fyda fuys úreoaO ;;a;ajh&' ;jÿrg;a iudkd;au;djh j¾Okh l< hq;= o@

ckjd¾.sl nj( WmfoaYkh jeämqr lsishï ckj¾.hkag muKla ,efí o@ fjk;a whg wvqùu ksid we;sjk .eg`M fln÷ o@

msysàu ( lsishï m%foaY fyda kd.rsl$msáir fldÜGdY j,g jdis ;sfí o@ wjdis we;af;a o@ N+f.da,Sh jYfhka ;=,s; njla j¾Okh l< hq;= o@

fuh jvd;a úÑ;% lsrSu ioyd we;=,a l<yels w;sf¾l idOl we;' tajd fufia oelaùug mqMjk (

;Sj%;djh( l=uk fY%aKs$;,j,oS o@ l=uk ld, iSudjkaysoS o@ l=uk úIhhka i`oyd WmfoaYkh ;Sj% úh hq;= o@

.=Kd;auh( WmfoaYkfha .=Kd;aul nj fln÷ o@ úNd. j,oS muKla fkdj fjk;a wOHdmk udkhkaysoS th bf.kSfï M, ,nd.ekSug WmldrS fõ o@

73

msrsjeh ( úúO WmfoaYk j¾.j, tall msrsjeh fln÷ o@ tu msrsjeh fld;rï ÿrlg l=gqïNhg nrla fõ o@

wd¾Ól m%;sudkhka ( /lshd wfmalaId lrk fyda w;sf¾l wdodhï m;k whg WmfoaYkh fld;rï m%fhdackj;a o@ rch úiska WmfoaYk ld¾hh i|yd noao ;j ÿrg by< ouhs o@ úúO wdldrfha WmfoaYkhg n,mdk fjk;a wd¾Ól m%;sudkhka ;sfí o@

j.=j wxl 13 - fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh j¾.SlrKh i`oyd ls%hd ms<sfj,la'

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh iemhqïlrejka wdldrh

oekg tys fmdÿ jHdma;sh ^wdodhï uágñ" mqñ;sß

nj" ck j¾.h iy msysàu wdÈh we;s fjkialï wkqj&

wkd.;fha§ WÑ; jkakdjq jHdma;sh

^wdodhï uágñ" mqñ;sß nj" ck j¾.h iy msysàu wdÈh we;s fjkialï wkqj&

;ukaf.au isiqkagu WmfoaYkh imhk .=rejreka

tlsfkld l=vd lKavdhï úYd, lKavdhñ

fjk;a .=rejrekaf.a isiqka i|yd WmfoaYkh imhk .=rejreka

tlsfkld l=vd lKavdhï úYd, lKavdhñ

^oaaú;Shsl fyda úYaj úoHd,& isiqka

tlsfkld l=vd lKavdhï

fjk;a wh ^jD;a;slhska" úY%dñlhska iy .DyKshka jeks&

tlsfkld l=vd lKavdhï úYd, lKavdhñ

WmfoaYk iud.ï^m%dfoaYSh" cd;sl iy n,h,;a wka;¾cd,&

tlsfkld l=vd lKavdhï úYd, lKavdhñ foaYk Yd,d jkfmd;a lrkakka uDÿldx. wdOdrfhka

wka;¾cd, yryd imhkakka

tlsfkld

o;a;hka idudkHfhka ÿ,n jk neúka ms<sfj;a ilik whg ;ukaf.a wjfndaOh wkqj

weia;fïka;= ilia lsÍug iy ;SrK .ekSug isÿù we;' fuys§ ;udf.a rfÜ fyda tjeks fjk;a

rgj, tl;= lrk ,o o;a;hka o Wmfhda.S lr.kq ,efí' ish`Mu mßirhka wdY%s;j tl;= lr.kakd

o;a; ish,a,g úYd, wjOdkhla ,nd Èh hq;= nj fuu .%ka:fhkao IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiofhka o

ks¾foaY lr we;'

74

fldgqj wxl 6 – cmdkfha cql+ WmfoaYk uOHia:dk m%fNao y÷kd .ekSu

úfYaIfhka cmdk cd;slhska fkdjk úpdrlhska cql+ wdh;kh .ek i`oyka lr we;af;a idudkH

wdldrfhks' Tjqka (Cram School) jk fmd;a lsÍfï mdi, hk jpkh fkd.eUqre f,i mßj¾;kh lrñka cql+ w;r we;s wiudklï iy j¾.hka .ek fkdi,ld yer we;' jvd;a mÍlaIdldÍ jQ úYaf,aIlhska cql+ uOHia:dk úúO j¾. rdYshla y÷kdf.k we;s w;r tu úúO;ajh m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhskag úúO w¾: ,nd fokq we;'

bx.%Sis l:kh" ld¾ñl mqyqKqj iy l,d i|yd b,lal jQ cql+ iy Ydia;%Sh wxYhg nrjQ .l=Iq cql+

(Gakushú juku) w;r m<,a fjkila Roesgaard (2006, p.32) úiska olakd ,§';jo .l=Iq cql+ wdh;k

w;r úfYaI{;d wkqj fjkiaùula .ek Tjqka i|yka lr we;' fydIq cql+ (Hoshú juku) ,nd fokafka

m%;sldrS b.ekaùï h' *ql=Iq cql+ (Fukushú juku) ,nd fokafka w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh hs' fhdIq cql+ (Yoshú

juku) ,nd fokafka m%drïNl b.ekaùï h' Iska.l= cql+ (Shingaku juku) l%shd;aul jkafka by< idOk

uÜgï we;s ;jÿrg;a ÈhqKq ùug woyia lrk isiqka i|yd h' lafhdidhs cql+ (Kyõsai juku) iy fvdrsre

cql+ (Doriru juku) hk j¾. folu ;r.ldÍ jHdhduhka iy irU ms<sn| lghq;= lr;;a lafhdidhs cql+

(Kyõsai juku) jvd;a kuHYS,s fõ' iuyr j¾. l%shd;aul jkafka ñ;%hska yuqfjk ia:dk (deai no ba or

idokoro) fyda Wjgeka uOHia:dk (takujijo) jYfhks'

Roesgaard fï .ek jeäÿrg;a .fõIKh lrñka" úp,Hhka wgla we;s wdldr jdohla f.dv kxjd we;'

- jd;djrKh( wdh;kh ;r.ldrSo@ Wkkaÿj j¾Okh lrjk iqM o@ WmldrS o@ úfõl iqjhla ;sfí o@

- mdvï ud,dj, b,lalh ( mdGud,dj mdi,a moaO;sfha idudkH ldrKd ms<sn|j o ke;skï úNd. b,lal lrf.k o@

- mdi, yd we;s iïnkaO;d ( m%Odk m%jdyfha jev i|yd WmldrSfõ o ke;skï tu wdh;kfhau b,lal i|yd jev lrhs o @

- YsIH m%cdj ( Tjqkaf.a iajNdjh iy Ydia;S%h lghq;= j,oS ,nk idOk uÜgï

- bf.kqï Wmldrl ( mdif,a u we;s" ñ,g ,nd.kakd iy ksfjiaj,oS idok bf.kqï øjH

- úYd,;ajh ( we;s wkq.%dylhska m%udKh iy cql+ wdh;kh úYd, oïje,l mqrella o nj

- we;=,;aùu ( b,a ïlrejka m%fõY mrSlaIKhla yryd f;dard .kakjd o ke;skï wdh;kfha bvlv wkqj n|jd .;yels m%udKh o@

- m%pdrKh ( n|jd.ekSu lgjpkfhka flfrk oekaùï wkqj o ke;skï fj<| oekaùï yryd o@ úYaj úoHd, m%fúYh id¾:l jQ .Kk fyda Wiia b.ekaùï Ys,am wdosh .ek wjOdrKh flfrhs o @

75

cql+ j¾. iy idokq ,nk úp,Hhka oelafjk WmfoaYk wdlD;sh (

Shingaku juku Iska.l= cql+

Hoshú juku fydIq cql+

Kyõsai juku lafhdidhs cql+

Doriru juku fvdrsre cql+

jd;djrKh ;r.ldÍ$ W;af;ac ckl úfõlS $ WmldÍ fmdaIl$ iyfhda.S;d úfõlS ^.Dyia: o úh

yel& mdGud,dfõ wruqK m%fõY úNd.

mdie,a úNd. iy W!K mQrKh uq,sl bf.kqu uq,sl ksmqK;d

mdi,g iïnkaOhs lsisjla ke; mka;sfha jevj,g

miq.dój iy iómj b;d iaj,amhls' lsisjla ke;'

isiqka Wiia idOk we;s wh idudkH idOk uÜgula we;s wh

ÿ¾j, idOk uÜgula we;s wh

ish`M ;, j,§

bf.kqï WmlrK ;udf.a u fm<fmd;a

ksjfiaoS idok ,o fyda fj<|fmdf<ka ,efnk fm< fmd;a

ksjfiaoS idok ,o fyda fj<|fmdf<ka ,efnk fm< fmd;a

;udf.au fm<fmd;a

m%udKh > 200 isiqka iuyrla"n,h,;a

< 200 isiqka < 100 isiqka oyia .Kkla

m%fõYh mÍlaIKhl fyda m%fõY úNd.hla

fN!;sl iSudjka muKs

fN!;sl iSudjka muKs iSudjla ke;'

m%pdrKh jdKsc' ^úYaj úoHd, m%fõYh wjYHhs'&

lg jpkh iy .=re Ys,amSh l%u

lg jpkh iy .=re Ys,amSh l%u

fj<| iy .=re m%pdrKh

WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a ug m%;spdr oelaùu – Addressing the Demand for Tutoring

TiafÜ%,shdj" tx.,ka;h" m%xYh" isx.mamQrej iy weursldj úúO wdldrfhka fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkh W;af;ackh lsrSug mshjr f.k we;' j¾I 2004 oS osh;a lrk ,o Tutorial Voucher

Initiative ksnkaOk jjqpr ,ndoSfï mshjr jYfhka y÷kajdfok l%uh u.ska fouõmshkag

TiafÜ%,shdkq fvd,¾ 700 l ^we'fvd,¾ 547& uqo,la ;u orejkaf.a w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh fjkqfjka

jeh lsrSfï myiqj ,ndfok ,oS' j¾I 2007 oS TiafÜ%,shdkq uy wdKavqj An Even Start (Watson,

2008, p.7) jYfhka ye|skajQ miq.dó jevigykla ioyd j¾I y;rl ld,hlg m%;smdok fjkalrk

,oS' weursld tlai;a ckmofha o (Burch et al., 2006) tjeksu jevigykla wdrïN lrk ,oS' tlai;a

ckmo jevigyk iy TiafÜ%,shdkq jevigyk u.ska tx.,ka;h o m%fndaOhla ,eîh' tx.,ka;fha

(Taylor, 2007) ta wkqj jevigykla osh;a úh' isx.mamQre rch" wvq idOkhka we;s wh w;r

WmfoaYkhg b,a ula we;s lsrSu msKsi oSukd iy m%fndaOu;a lsrSï /ila m%cd tall wdYS%;j isÿ

lf<ah' tfia jqj o m%xYfha mj;sk noq iyk ,ndoSfï wdldrh jQ whnÿ iyk l%uh" wjOdkh

fhduqlr ;sfnkafka wvq idOkhka we;s isiqka fj; fyda wvq wdodhï we;s fo.=reka fj; b,lal lr

fkdfõ (Melot, 2007).

fuu yeu wdlD;shlau tu rgj,g iqúfYaI jQ wNsfhda.hka chf.k we;' TiafÜ%,shdfõ"

(Watson, 2007, p.9) jvd;a il%Sh o;a;hkaf.a wjYH;djh .ek i`oyka lrk ,oS' úfYaI jYfhka

76

.%dóh fmfoiaj, WmfoaYkfha id¾:l;ajh iy wod< jk l=i,;d we;s WmfoaYljrekaf.a iemhSu

wdosh .ek o;a; fkdue;s úh' b;d Wiia f,ig kd.rSlrKh ù we;s isx.mamQrefõ fuh wmyiq

fkdùh' fuysoS wNsfhda.h jQfha wvq idOkhka we;s wh flfrka t,a,jk b,a u iemhSuhs' tfiau

fj<|fmd< n,fõ. u.ska md,kh jk miqìful yelshd we;s wh by<u fj<|fmd, b,a ula iys;

Wiia WmfoaYlhska ,nd.ekau ksid we;súh yels wiu;=,s;djh hs (Cheo and Quah, 2005; Tan, 2009).

weursld tlai;a ckmofha (Sunderman, 2006, P.119) úfõpkd;aulj NCLB jHqyh .ek i|yka lf<a

tys M,odhs;djh ms<sn| idOl fkdue;sùu .ekhs' tfukau iuyr WmfoaYlhska wksis l%u mdúÉÑ

lrñka isiqka wdl¾Ykh lr.kakd nj;a" uqM rfÜu WmfoaYkh ,eîug iqÿiqlï we;s whf.ka 20]

l m%udKhla fuu jevigyk g we;=,ajk nj;a h' fujeks w;aoelSï fjk;a rgj, wOHdmk

m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKh lrk msrsif.a wjOdkhg fhduq úh hq;af;a tjeks jevigyka ;u rgj, we;s

lsrSfuka je<lS isàu i|ydhs'

fjk;a rgj,aj, m%Odk wjOdkh jQfha b,a u W;af;ackh lsrSu fkdj th wju lsrSuhs' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd iSud meñKùfï mgka iïmQ¾Kfhka ;ykï lsrSu olajd jQ úúO mshjr fldrshdj úiska f.k we;s nj isoaê wOHhkfha oS meyeos,s úh' tfiau uqreisfha I m%udKfhaa isg III m%udKh olajd WmfoaYkh ;ykï lsrSug .;a mrsY%uh oelsh yels úh' fuu m%;sm;a;s j,g

iudka;rj osfjk ;ykï lsrsï my; whqre f,aLkj, olajd we;; ldïfndach (Bray and Bunly, 2005,

p.75) Bcsma;=j (Hartmann, 2008, p.48) flkahd (Wanyama and Njeru, 2004, p.1) ;=¾lsh (Tansel and

Bircan, 2007, p. 6) W.kavdj (Eilor, 2007, p. 28) iy bkaoshdkq m%dka;hla jk ngysr fnka.d,h

(Jalaluddin, 2007, p. 2). fï ;ykï lsisjla im, fkdùh' kso¾Yk jYfhka Bcsma;=fõ (Hartmann,

2008, p. 48) m%;srdjh lf<a Herrera (1992, p. 75) úiska m%ldY lrk ,o fohuhs' fuys olajd we;af;a fujeks ;ykï iudk l< yelafla" ksjeros mosl udre yryd fkdf.dia is;afia mdr mekSfuka" kS;shla iqMfjka we;;a th ls%hd;aul ke;s ksid isÿjk kS;s leãfï wjia:djg njhs' rch úYd, mrsY%uhla orñka f,dl= m%pdrKhla o we;sj iïu; lr.kakd ,o kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsrSu fldrshdfõ iy uqreisfha ÿIalr úh' m%Odk m%jdyfha mx;sNdr .=rejre úiska ;u isiqkag u fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu .ek m%n, úreoaO;ajhla oelaúh yel' ta Tjqkag oekgu;a ta j.lSu mejrS we;s fyhsks' kuq;a fuu ;yku WmfoaYkh ms<sn|j flfrk iuia; ;ykulg jvd fjkiafõ'

tneúka fmdÿqfõ n,k l<" WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a u flfrys we;sjk ie,ls,a,

fhduqúh hq;=j we;af;a yqfola u;=msg fmfkk frda. ,laIK j,g fkdj frda. uQ,hg ms<shï fhosu

i|yd úh hq;=hs' uQ,sl fya;= ish,a,la u wOHdmk n,OdrSka úiska u muKla úi|Sug m%h;ak oerSu

ksr¾:l jkafka fuhg iudc wd¾Ól lreKq o we;=<;a jk fyhsks' wOHdmk idOkh iudÔh

jYfhka fld;rï f.!rjhg md;% jkafka o hk ldrKh iy ta i|yd fld;rï lemlsÍï l<

hq;af;a o hkak ixialD;sl idOl wkqj ;SrKh fõ' by< wOHdmk uÜgï j,g ,efnk m%;s,dN

wkqmd;h iy WmfoaYkh i|yd flfrk wdfhdackfha M,odhS;djh wd¾Ól idOl fõ' mjq,a

77

ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh iy wd¾:sl ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh u.ska fuu ldrKd ms<sn|j hula l< hq;=

fõ' fldßhdj iy Tiaá%hdj jeks ÿr neyer msysá rgj,aj, mjd fï ms<sn|j iudk wdrïNl mshjr

f.k we;' tajdg uq,a ù we;af;a wOHdmk wxYfha jD;a;slhska fkdj rcfha Wiia ks,OdÍka h'

iqNidOk lKavdhï" wd.ñl wdh;k jeks isú,a iudc ixúOdk;a iu`. rdcH n,OdÍka fuu ldrKd

ms<sn|j iyfhda.fhka l%shd lsÍug leu;s jkq we;' Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sfha m%udKhg iy

iajNdjhg n,mdk fia yeisrúh yels WmlrK .Kkdjla wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha n,OdÍka i;=j

we;' úfYaI jYfhka;

úNd. - fndfyda rgj, fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a u úNd. j, iajNdjh u;

r|d mj;S' fndfyda úNd. by< lvq,a,l iajNdjh .kS' tajd iu;a ùu ;rula ÿIalr jk w;r

fuu úNd. j, m%;sM, whÿïlrejkaf.a Ôú;fha wkd.; wfmalaIdjkag ;Èka n,mdhs' úNd.fha

iajrEmh wkqj úIhh ud;Dld ms<sn| .eUqre wjfndaOhla fkdue;sj jqj o fláld,Sk lgmdvï

lsÍulska fyda m%;s,dN ,eìh yels wdldrhg úNd. wdlD;sh ilia ù we;' tneúka wOHdmk

n,OdÍka úNd.hka ys iajrEmh úu¾Ykh l< hq;=h' tfia jqj o n,OdÍka w¥ro¾YS wdldrhg"

úNd. m%;sixialrKh ir, l%shdjla yeáhg fkdie,lsh hq;=hs' fldßhdfõ iy uqreisfha isoaê

wOHhk fmkajd ÿka wdldrhg fndfyda ;=,s;hka iy whs;Ska ms<sn|j ldrKd ie,ls,a,g .;

hq;=h'

ixl%dka;s wkqmd;h- iuyr rgj,aj, whÿïlrejka iSñ; m%udKhlg muKla B<`. ;,hg iu;a

ùug wjldY we;s nj okakd ksid WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a u m%n, ù we;' fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a u wvq lsÍug yels tla wdldrhla jkafka úNd. j, iu;a ùfï

oajdrh m<,a lr B<`. ;,hg hk m%udKh jeä lsÍu u.skah' iuyr iudchka úúO ia:r wkqj

o Wia my;a yeáhg o fn§ mj;S' ta whf.ka ;uka Wiia njg úYajdi lrk msßi w;r

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a u b;d by< ;,hl mj;S'

idudkH uyck;d úYajdih - wOHdmk m%Odk m%jdyfha moaO;Skaj,g iudÔh wjYH;djhkag

;a orejkaf.a mqoa.,sl wjYH;djhkag ;a hula l< yels njg úYajdihla fkdue;s úgl

fo.=reka ;=< WmfoaYkh i|yd úYd, b,a ula we;sfõ' iudclrKh iy fjk;a mßphka we;s

lsÍu i|yd w;HjYH wdh;k jYfhka mdi,aj,g ms<s.ekSula we;' kuq;a fndfyda fokd

i,lkafka mdi,aj,g lsishï W!KmQrlhla wjYH njhs' iuyr miqìful ixl%dka;s wkqmd;hka

m%idrKh lsÍu u`.ska WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s b,a u my< fy<Sugo woyia lr we;' WmfoaYkh

78

i|yd we;s mSvkh jeäfhka t,a,jkafka my< idOkhka we;s whf.ka fkdj by< idOk uÜgï

we;s whf.ka nj wdKavq úiska wjfndaO lr .; hq;=hs' cd;Hka;r ixikaokhl § fmkS hkafka

WmfoaYkh jvd mD:q,j we;af;a Wiia m%dma;Ska we;s wOHdmk moaO;Ska ;=<h' WodyrKhla

jYfhka" my< m%dma;s uÜgï we;s wm%sldjg jvd by< m%dma;s uÜgï we;s kef`.kysr wdishdj

oelaúh yel'

úúO wdldrfha WmfoaYkhkaf.ka ksYaÑ;ju l=uk fohla n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka oehs

m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska iy ie,iqïlrejka úiska i,ld ne,sh hq;=hs' Tjqka úuid ne,sh hq;af;a

rcfha mdi,l mx;sfha isiqka 35 blaujk úg ueisú,s k.k fo.=reka w;sf¾l WmfoaYk mx;sfha 110

la j we;;a ;u orejd tys heùug ue,s fkdjkafka wehs hk fya;=jhs ^fldgqj 7&' idudkH m%jdyfha§

fkd,nk njg;a" l=vd lKavdhï j, § fyda fm!oa.,slj ,nk WmfoaYkfhka ,nd .kakd njg;a

fo.=reka l=ula olshs o hkakhs' kqmqyqKq úYaj úoHd, isiqjl=f.ka w¾Old,Sk jYfhka ,efnk

WmfoaYkh i|yd jeh lsÍu mqyqKq jD;a;sl oaú;Shsl mdi,a ;,fha .=rejrfhl=f.ka ,nk

WmfoaYkhg jvd iqÿiq wdfhdackhla yeáhg fo.=reka i,lkafka l=ula ksidoehs i,ld ne,sh hq;=h'

fldgqj 7 - Bcsma;=fõ .=re WmfoaYljrfhla

my; oelafjk úia;rh (Hartmann, 2008, p.43) Bcsma;=fõ m%n, lS¾;shlaa iy fj<|fmd< b,a¨ula ;=nQ WmfoaYlfhl= ms<sn|jhs' fuys olajd we;s wdldrfhka Tyq úYd, WmfoaYk mka;sj, o ckms%h flfkls'

ug ridhk úoHdj mka;shlg wdrdOkhla ;sfí' tneúka uu .eyekq <uqka i|yd jk ldurfha

miqfm< fl<jr wdikhl jdäùñ' mdvu wdrïNjk úg uu .Kka lf<a <uqka 110 ls' yeu

fokdu jhi wjqreoq 14 l ;rfï úh' ;reK fiajlfhda ;=ka y;r fofkla Tjqkg ksYaYío ù wjOdkh fhduq lrk fia b,a,Sï lr;s' ysIdï uy;d mka;shg we;=`M jk úg l:dj kj;S' weia

ÿisï 110 la wfmalaId iy.;j .=rejrhd foig fhduqfõ' ysIdï uy;d jhi wjqreÿ 45 l ;ru isyska isrerla we;s wfhls' Tyqg >kg jeã ke;s ysifla iy ;=kS Wvq /jq,la o we;' ye| isákafka idïm%odhsl f,ig lñihla ghs tlla iy lymdg c¾ishls' kuq;a jeä lemS fkdfmfkk fuu ;;a;ajh flfkla rjgk iqMh' ysIdï uy;d w;aoelSï we;s .=rejrfhl= muKla fkdj l=i,;d iys; úcacdldrfhla nj B<`. meh fol ;=< fyd|ska meyeos,s úh' Tyq ish fm%alaIlhska bosrsfha b;d läir f,ig .uka lrhs' fkdfhla iQ;% l`M ,E,af,a ,shñka tajd meyeos,s lrhs' Tyqf.a Yío úldYkh yryd rsoaudkql+, .dhkhl fhfohs' jrska jr Tyq iuyr iQ;% iy mdG .dhkh lrhs' Tjqkg wod< b`.s fyd|ska okakd njla fmkajk isiqyq tajd lsysm jdrhla iuQy jYfhka .dhkh lr;s' m%Yak we;af;a kï tajd fld, lene,a,l ,shd fiajlhska yryd ;ud fj; tjk f,ig b,a,Sï l<;a lsisfjl= m%Yak wikafka ke;'

79

WmfoaYk iemhqug m%;spdr oelaùu - Addressing the Supply for Tutoring

iuyr miqìful iemhqu u`.ska o b,a ula ks¾udKh l< yel' fuu ud;Dldj hgf;a iqúfYaIS

iajdNjhka ;=kla .ek i,ld ne,sh yel'

.=rejre ;ukaf.a u fj<|fmd<la ks¾udKh lr.ekSu - ;uka m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha oS

W.kajk isiqkg jeämqr WmfoaYk mdvï ;uka úiskau meje;aùu iuyr rgj, idudkH isoaêhla

úh' fndfyda wjia:d j,oS isiqkg ;ukaf.a WmfoaYkhg iïnkaOùug n,flfrkqfha" úIhh

ud,dfõ fldgila muKla mx;sfhaoS wdjrKh lrñks' isiqkg oek.ekSug i,iajkafka by<

mka;s j,g Tjqka iu;aùu md,kh lrkafka ;uka úiska u jk njhs' Silova (2007, p. 8) u`.ska

okajk mrsos wksjd¾h fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh"

mdi,a fõ,dfjka miqj ;uka úiska u mj;ajkq ,nk WmfoaYkh ,nd .; hq;= njg

isiqkg mSvkh fyda NS;sh fhduq lrkafka .=rejrhd úiska u hs' tfia meñKSu m%;slafIam

l<fyd;a Tjqkg ,efnkqfha wvq ,l=Kq nj o Tyq mjihs'

Silova úiska wdjrKh lrk ,o m%foaYhka wkqj fuu ;;a;ajh me;sr mj;skafka uOHu

wdishdfõ ^lilia:dkh" lsrs.sia:dkh" ;cslsia:dkh" fudkaf.da,shdj iy fl%dtaIshdj-

win¾cdkh yd fcda¾cshdj rdcHhka o we;=`Mj& nj o i|yka úh'

;ukaf.a iudkhskaf.ka tk mSvkh - wfkla yeuflla u mdfya WmfoaYkh ,nk nj fmfkk úg

wka isiqkag fukau fo.=rekag o ;uka fldka fjk njla oefkkq we;' Kim (2007, p.9) úiska

iïuqL mrSlaIKhg hd lr.;a ujla woyia olajk wdldrh"

yeu ckudOHlska u jd¾;d lrkafka uyckhd fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd.kakd njhs'

uf.a orejkaf.a hy`Mjkaf.a uõjreka mjikafka Tjqkaf.a orejka wij,a úIhh fyda

fï úIhhg WmfoaYkh fm!oa.,sl wdh;k j, oS ,nd.kakd njhs' uu uf.a orejdg

jvd fyd| wkd.;hla m;k fyhska Tyq fjkqfjka ;jÿrg;a wdfhdackh lrñka

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk wdh;k fj;g hjñ '

WmfoaYk iemhqï lrejka úiska lrkq ,nk m%pdrKh' - jdKsc mrsirhl l%shd;aul jk WmfoaYlhska fjk;a jHdmdrslhska yd iufõ' Tõyq o imhkq ,nk fiajhg b,a ula ks¾udKh lsrSug wfmalaId lr;a' iuyr wh ùÓj, oekaùï m%pdrh lr;s' ;j;a iuyre m%isoaO m%jdyk udOHhkays fyda mqj;am;a j, m%pdrKfhys fhfo;s' Tjqkaf.a ld¾hfha .=Kd;aul nj .ek ixLHd f,aLk mokula fkdue;s úh yel' m%Odk m%jdyfha fuh iq,Nj we;s w;r idOkh my< hk úg .=rejrhdg fkdj YsIHhdg jro megùu o isÿfõ' iemhqu ms<sn|j ;=nQ iuyr N+f.da,Sh iSudjka

80

oeka wka;¾cd,h ksid bj;aj we;' iuyr rgj,aj, b,a u ;jÿrg;a m%idrKh lrkafka n,OdrS

;;a;ajhla we;s lrñks' Davies and Aurini (2006, p.124) úia;r lrk wdldrhg"

fuu ieliqu l=vd jHdmdr uOH.; cd,hka yd iïnkaO lrhs' n,h,;a ;;a;ajh taldnoaO oduhkag fjkiafjhs' taldnoaO oduhka f.a tacka;jreka jk m%dfoaYSh jHdmdrslhd odufha wjodku ;rula ÿrg Ndr.kS' m%dfoaYSh jHdmdrslhdg uQ,H wjodkula o we;' tneúka jegqma ,nk l<ukdlrefjla fuka fkdj n,h,;a fiajHhdf.a fiajh jvd;a ld¾hlaIuj ,ndoSug m%dfoaYslhd Wkkaÿ fjhs' fï l=vd wdfhdaclhska ms<s.;a ksIamdokhla wf,ú lsÍu i|yd n,h ,ndf.k we;' tfukau ta i|yd l<ukdlrK mqyqKqj" wf,ú lsÍfï iydh iy ksIamdokh uek ne,Sfï l%ufõoh o Tjqka fj; we;' Tjqka wf,ú lrkafka isiq WmfoaYkh fyda ^fldams úlsKsu" jdyk noaog §u wdÈh jqj;a& ta i|yd mdßfNda.sl o;a; iy meyeÈ,s ksIamdok f;dr;=re j,g m%fõY ùfï wjirh n,h,;a wf,úlrejkag we;'

;ukaf.a j¾;udk isiqkag fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd §fï .eg`Mj foi ne,sh hq;af;a jvd

m<,aj idlÉPd l< yels úIudpdr ud;Dldj hgf;ah (Hallak and Poisson, 2007; Poisson, 2007;

Dawson, 2009). fldgqj wxl 8 ys oelafjkafka fuu .eg`M wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd m%fhdackj;a

jk (Klitgaard) la,sÜ.d¾â f.a iq;%hhs' fuu iQ;%h fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkhg wod< lr ne,sh yelsh'

ta wkqj m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha .=rejrekag úIu ùug we;s bvlv b;d úYd,h' ta Tjqkag ;u

isiqkaf.a bf.kSu ms<sn|j taldêldrhla we;s neúks' tfukau mÍlaIK j, § iu;a jkafka ljqreka

o@ wiu;a jkafka ljqreka o@ hkak ;SrKh lsÍfï n,h o Tjqkag we;s ksidh' ta w;ru Tjqkaf.a

lghq;= flfrys Tjqka moaO;sfha wksla wh fj; j.ùula fkdork neúks' uqreisfha IV - VI m%udKj,

yeu úIhgu fjk;a .=rejrfhla jYfhka .=rejre m;alsÍfï § wfmalaId lf<a mka;s Ndr .=rejrhd

flfrys we;s taldêldrh ke;s lsÍuhs' mdif,a iy moaO;sh ;=< j.ùu jeä lrñka wNsu;sh ms<sn|

n,h wvq lsÍug W;aidy orK ;j;a mshjrj,a we;'

fldgqj 8 - taldêldrh + wiSñ; wNsu;h – j.ùu

úIudpdr j, iajNdjh iy fya;= flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka Klitgaard (1988, p.75) fuu ldrKd iq;%hlg ,>q fldg we;'

úIudpdrh = taldêldrh + wiSñ; wNsu;h – j.ùu

Tyq olajd we;af;a ksfhdað;hskag ish fiajd odhlhska flfrys taldêldÍ n,h we;s ù j.ùu ÿ¾j, jq úg

úIudpdr ms<sfj;a j¾Okh jk njhs' Biswal (1999, p.223) mjikafka fjk;a ÿIK l%shd iy fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh w;r we;s iudka;r Ndjh fuu ixl,amh u.ska fmkajd fok njhs' tfukau ksfhdað;hskaf.a" mdrsfNda.slhd fj; j.ùu ms<sn| ye`.Su ÿ¾j, jk úghs' fuh úfYaIfhka isÿ jkafka m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejre Tjqkaf.a u isiqka i|yd mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,ndfok úghs' ìiajd,a fmkajd ÿkafka Tjqka isiq orejkag fiajd imhd §fï taldêldrh orkakka njhs' Tjqka imhk foa l=ula úh hq;=o hkak ms<sn|j mQ¾K wNsu;hla Tjqkag we;s njhs' tfiao jqj Tjqkf.a l%shdj ms<sn|j Tjqka j.lSulg ne£ ke;s njhs' fuhska u;=jk ;;ajh jkafka" ;ukaf.a mka;sfha j.lSñ meyer yßñka uqo,la i|yd ndysr WmfoaYkfha fh§u u.ska isiqkaf.a mdrsfNda.sl w;sßla;h Wÿrd .ekSuls'

81

fcdkaika Johnson(2008) úiska fuu ixl,amhg j¾Khla ,nd fok ,§' Tyq úiska f.k wd úp,Hhka jqfha" W.kajk úIhh lafIa;%h" isiqkaf.a iudc wd¾Ól ;;ajh iy isiqkaf.a idOk uÜgï wdoS ldrKd h' ls¾.sia:dka foaYhg wdY%s;j Tyqf.a .%ka:fha fufia olajhs' (p. 213)

úIudpdrfha fhfok .=rejreka iy fkdfhfok .=rejreka w;r fjki jd¾;d jkafka Tjqka Ôj;ajk Èia;%slalh" W.kajk úIhh" Tjqkaf.a wOHlaIl ljqreka o hk j." Tjqkaf.a iydhl .=rejreka ljqreka o iy Tjqkaf.a isiqka ljqreka o hk ldrKd weiqfrka úkd Tjqkaf.a mqñ;sß nj" ck j¾.h" jhi iy mßmd,k N+ñldj wdÈ lreKq weiqfrka fkdfõ'

msgqj 219 jvd;a iúia;rj olajhs'

ls¾.sia:dkfha w;sYhska wd;aud¾:ldó .=rejrfhla W.kajk úIhhka úh yelafla Wiia b,a ula we;s .Ks;h" ls¾.sia NdIdj fyda bx.%Sis NdIdjhs' tfukau Tyq m%;slafIam lrkq we;af;a b;sydih jeks wvq b,a ula we;s úIhhka úh yel' isiqka f;dard .ekSfïoS fY%aKsj,

,nd .kakd idudkHh (GPA) by< uÜgul we;s isiqka fukau iudc wd¾Ól uÜgu (SES) by< we;s isiqka f;dard .kakjd úh yel' Tjqka b.ekaùug leu;s jkqfha ckjd¾.sl jYfhkA tldldrS jQ o" W!K ixj¾ê; jQ o m%foaY j,hs' tu m%foaY kd.ßl fyda .%dóh úh yel' ^b;d jeo.;a jkafka& wêl f,i ¥Is; jQ .=rejrfhla fiajh lsÍug leu;s jkafka mdi,a wOHlaIl jrhdf.a jD;a;sl Ndjh iy fjk;a .=rejrekaf.a oeä nj tu .=rejrhdf.a l%shdldÍ;ajhg úfYaI md,k n,mEula fkdlrk úghs'

tneúka fcdkaika mjikafka la,sÜ.d¾âf.a uq,sl bÈßm;a lsÍu ksjerÈ njhs' ulaksido h;a"

tjeks .=rejrekg by< b,a ula we;s wOHdmk NdKav ms<sn|j m%udKj;a taldêldrhla we;s neúks'

;jo tjeks NdKav flfia mßfNdackh flfrkafka o hkak ;SrKh lsÍfï n,hla o tu .=rejreka

fj; mj;S' kuq;a fcdkaika úiska bÈßm;a lr we;s úp,Hhka ;=< my; i|yka ldrKd o ;sfí'

isiqkaf.a ñ,§ .ekSfï yelshdj u.ska il%Sh lrk ,o WmfoaYk b,a u" Tjqkaf.a bf.kSfï

yelshdjka iy úIhhkag we;s úfYaI Wkkaÿj wdÈhhs' fï wkqj n,k l, ¥Is; .=rejreka g ¥Is;

wkq.%dylhska o wjYHhs' m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhskag fï wkqj ,efnk .uHd¾:h jkafka úúO

mßirhkays § ta wkqj fjkia jk úp,Hhka .ek i,ld ne,sh hq;= njhs'

fufia n,k l, fmfkk ldrKhla jkafka iuyr wOHdmk moaO;Ska .=rejrekaf.a wNsu;sh

ms<sn| n,h wvq lrk njh' fuh neÆ ne,aug fmfkk wdldrhg jvd fjkia ;;ajhla úh yel'

úúO mdi,a mdol we.hSï yd iu.dój úNd. we.hSu;a tla ixrplhla njg m;alsrSu u.ska

;r.ldrS úNd. j,ska we;sjk miq.dó n,mEï wvqlsrSug yelsfõ' mdi,a mdol we.hSu u.ska

.=rejrekaf.a we.hSï N+ñldj j¾Okh fõ' tu.ska Tjqkaf.a wNsu;sh ms<sn| n,h o jeäfõ' jeäÿr

úldYkh jQ mdi,a mdol we.hSï" mdi,a moaO;sfha ixj¾Okhla we;s lrhs o ke;fyd;a jeäÿrg;a

.eg`M ks¾udKh lrhs o hk ldrKh m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhskag we;s m%Odk .eg`Mjls' fuhg ms<s;=r

r|d mj;skafka .=re j¾.hd ;=< we;s jD;a;sl Ndjh u; iy Tjqka úiska ms<s.kakd iajhx kshuhka

u;h' tu mshjr ls¾.sia:dkfha iuyrla m%foaYj, oS WÑ; fkdjk w;r tu rfÜ u fjkia

82

m%foaYj,g o fjk;a rgj,g o b;d WÑ; úh yel' fmdÿ wdpdr O¾u moaO;shl j¾Okh iu`.

wkqnoaO flfrk f,dal .=re mej;=ï moaO;shlska cks; jk fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk wdpdr O¾u

moaO;shla ixj¾Okh lsrSu u.ska fuh wod< njg m;al, yel (Poisson, 2007, p.17). fuu

ldrKfhaoS .=re ix.ï m%n, u;hla orkafka kï Tjqka jeo.;a yjq,alrejka njg m;afõ'

tx.,ka;fha oS 2007 ^j.=j 14& osh;a lrk ,o ‘hym;a m%.;shla ks¾udKh lsrSu’ .ek fÜ,¾

úiska (2007, pp.17-18) bosrsm;a lrk ,o wdlD;sh .ek i|yka lsrSu iqÿiqh' tfia lrk ,oafoa

Making Good Progress jevigyk osh;a l< wjia:dfõ oS h ^j.=j 14&' fuu jevigyk u.ska

i,ld n,k ,oafoa mka;s ldur .=rejreka Tjqkaf.a YsIHhska w;sf¾l WmfoaYkhg il%Sh f,i

fhdojd .ekSu ms<sn|jhs' fufia lrk ,oafoa wdpdr O¾u ms<sn| .eg`M fkdjkq we;ehs o iy

wëlaIl l%uhka m%udKj;a nj o i,lñka úh yel' iqÿiqlï ,enq .=re moú we;s (QTS) .=re

WmfoaYlhska jD;a;sl WmfoaYlhska iy fjk;a úoHd,j, .=rejreka WmfoaYkh i|yd fhdod .ekSu

ms<sn|j o i,ld n,k ,oS' iqÿiqlï rys; úYaj úoHd, isiqka .ek i,ld nef,kafka ke;' mqyqKq

jk .=rejre .ek i,ld n,k ,oafoa úfYaI jd;djrKhla hgf;a muKs' ta Tjqka oekgu;a isiqka

bkakd mdi, .ek fyd| oekSula we;s úfglhs' fuu wdlD;Ska fjk;a ;ekaj,oS o m%fhdackj;a úh

yel' tfia jqjo fuu l%uh wkq.ukh l< hq;af;a m%n, uq,H iïm;a iy .=re jD;a;sl Ndjh ms<sn|

m%n, mokula we;s mrsirhl muKs'

j.=j 14 - tx.,ka;fha ‘Making Good Progress’ ^fyd| m%.;shla we;slruq& jevms<sjf,aos i<ld n,k ,o WmfoaYk wdo¾Ylhka

úl,amh m%fhdack iSudjka

mka;s Ndr .=rejrhd YsIH wjYH;d y÷khs'

fo.=reka y÷khs'

mka;sfha flfrk miq.dó jevigyka jvd myiqhs'

;;a;aj iy;slh iqrlaIs;hs'

msgia;r .=rejrhdg ,efnk m%;spdrh u mdif,a WmfoaYlhdg o ,eîu

isiqka jefvys fhdojd .ekSug kj fm!reIhla iy l%ufõohla wjYHhs'

.=rejrhdf.a j;auka jev wêl;ajh

.=rejrhdf.a úÿyf,ka miqj flfrk jevigyka ksid ld,h uÈ ùu

WmfoaYkh .ek fo.=re wdl,amh - mka;s Ndr .=rejrhdg jvd fjkia flfkl=g leu;s úh yel'

83

mdi,g iïnkaO fjk;a .=rejrfhla

mqoa.,hdf.a iy bf.kqï l%ufha fjkila

m<,a jq w;aoelSï

mdi,a moaO;sh iy ms<sfj;a .ek oekqu

hq., jYfhka jev lsÍfï wjia:dj

mka;s Ndr .=rejrhd iy fo.=reka iu. myiq iïnkaO;djh

jd¾;djka iy ie,iqï j,g <`.d ùfï myiqj

oekgu;a isiqka yd fo.=reka okakd wfhla ùu

;;a;aj iy;slh jvd;a iqrlaIs;hs'

fjki ms<sn|j isiqka i;=gq fkdùu

orejkaf.a wjYH;d .ek .=rejrhd fkdoekSu

.=rejrhdg oekgu;a we;s wêl jev m%udKh

mdif,ka miq flfrk jevigyka ksid .=rejrhdf.a ld,h iSud jkq we;'

WmfoaYkh ms<sn| fo.=rekaf.a woyi - WmfoaYlhd okakd .=rejrfhla fkdúh hq;=h'

mdi,a yryd flfrk WmfoaYkh Wod(- fjk;a ifydaor mdi,aj, .=rejreka

kj uqyqKla kj woyia

.=rejrekag kj w;aoelSula

fjkiaùu Yla;su;a ùu yd ixj¾Okh ùu

W.;a mdvï Èia;%slalfha mdi,a yryd yqjudrej

msáka meñfKk .=rejrhdf.a mqyqKq wjYH;d'

.=re udrejg blaukska yqrejk jeäysá isiqkag jvd iqÿiqh'

mdi,a yryd flfrk l%shdj,sh .ek .=rejrekaf.a wkjfndaOh'

.=rejre isiqkaf.a wjYH;d ms<sn| fkdoek isàu'

WmfoaYk ieis j, ;;a;aj md,kh kshdukh lsÍu wmyiqhs'

´kEu .=rejrfhla kj uqyqKla kj woyia

YsIHhdf.a wjYH;d ms<sn| kj oelaula

jevigyka j, .=re iïnkaOh jeä ùu

fujka mßirhkays jev lsÍfuka ,efnk w;aoelSu

uQ,sl wjia:dfõ ;sìh hq;= úIhh oekSu fkdue;s ùu

mdif,a l%u yd úê fkdoekSu

ld,h yd úúO ia:dk ms<sn| .eg`M ksid mka;s Ndr .=rejrhd iu`. iïnkaO ùug we;s ÿIalr;djh

fuu l%shdms<sfjf,a wruqKq .ek fkdoekSu

WmfoaYk ieis j, ;;a;aj md,kh kshdukh lsÍu wmyiqhs'

84

WmfoaYk wdh;kh WmfoaYlhska mqyqKq lrkq ,efí'

f;dard .ekSu i|yd jvd f,dl= msßila isàu

ish`Mu m%dfoaYSh uOHia:dk j, mßmd,khla isÿfõ'

yelshdj iy ld,h .eg`Mjla fkdfõ'

mdi,aj, .=rejrekaf.a ld¾h- Ndrh myiq lrjhs'

hdj;ald,Sk Ys,aml%u .ek fkdoekSu

WmfoaYk ieis j, .=K;auh kshdukh lsÍu wmyiq ùu

WmfoaYlhskaf.a jdiia:dk ÿr neyer ùu

fo.=reka yd isiqka iu. blauka iïnkaO;d

mdi,a moaO;sh .ek wkjfndaOh

ia:dkSh jeh

m%fõYu yd wdrlaIdj ms<sn| .eg`Mj

fjk;a fhdackd ; WmfoaYlhska( m%Odk .=rejre( Wiia wOHdmk .=rejre( .=re jD;a;shg wdmiq meñfKk wh( f;dr;=re iy ikaksfõok ;dlaIK .=rejre $ uq,a .=rejre fuu kshdulfha fkdue;( mjq,a b.ekaùï WmfoaYlhska ^iqÿiqlï ,;a .=re ;;a;aajh ;sìh hq;=hs&( bf.kqï WmfoaYljreka ^iqÿiqlï ,;a .=re ;;a;aajh ;sìh hq;=hs&( mqyqKqjk .=rejreka ^mdi, .ek oekSula we;s wh" úfYaI wjia:dj,§ muKla&

mqoa.,hdf.a iy bf.kqï l%ufha fjkila

m<,a w;aoelSï

oekgu;a isiqka yd fo.=reka fï .ek oek isàu

WÑ; úIhh .ek oekSu ;sîu

WmfoaYk ieis j, .=K;auh kshdukh lsÍu wmyiq ùu

uq,a wjêhg WÑ; jk kùk iy wod< oekqu fkdue;sùu

úIhh uq,sl jYfhka oek.; hq;=foa fkdue;s ùu - jeämqr oekqu iy mqyqKqj wjYH úh yel'

fj<|fmd< iïnkaO lr.ekSu - Harnessing the Market

iuyr m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska f.a u;h jQfha WmfoaYkh oekgu;a mj;sk nj;a" n,OdrSka

fld;rï leu;s jqj;a th bj;a lsrSug fkdyels nj;a úh yel' tn÷ wh úiska iu.s nkaOk we;s

lsrSu i|yd fj<|fmd< iïnkaO lr.; hq;af;a l=uk ud¾. Tiafia o hkak úu¾Ykh l< hq;=fõ'

fï ms<sn| WÑ; jk kso¾Yk by; olajd we;' Wod( Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sh jvd;a meyeos,s f,ig

m%o¾Ykh ùu msKsi uqreisfha WmfoaYlhskag w;sf¾l mka;s mdi,a N+ñfha meje;aùug wjir fok

,oS' tu.ska hï lsis úêhl md,khla we;s lsrSug wfmalaId lrk ,oS' iekaisnd¾ rdcHfha" rcfha

mdi,a j,g fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh i|yd iq`M .dia;=jla wh lsrSug wjirh fok ,oS' fuu w;sf¾l

85

WmfoaYkh mdi,a fõ,dfjka miqj .=rejreka úiska u ,ndoSug;a ta .ek fo.=re wkque;sh we;sj

l%shd;aul lsrSug;a mshjr .kakd ,oS' rcfha f,aLkhl (Zanzibar, 1998, p.18) úia;r lrkafka (

fuu u;h ;rula újdod;aul úh' tfia jqjo fï mshjr u.ska fo.=rekg iafõÉPdfjka u .=rejrekag w;sf¾l odhl;ajhla .=re wdodhug tlalsrSug wjldY ,enqK w;r tu.ska .=re wNsfm%arKhla we;s lsrSug;a Tjqka fjk;a /lshd wdodhï ud¾. ioyd wdl¾Ykh ùu je<elaùug;a yels úh' fuu ldrKh /lshd m%fõYh flfrys o Okd;aul n,mEula we;s lrk ,oafoa ksrka;rfhka jeäjk YsIH we;=<;aùug irs,k fia .=re n|jd .ekSfï ia:sr ;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh ùu ksidh'

fuu m%;sm;a;sfha wk;=reodhl me;a;la o we;' .=rejrekag ish rcldrs j,g wkqrEmS jk jegqmla ,ndoSug wjYHjk jHqyuh fjkialï f.k tau i|yd isÿúh hq;= n,mEï fï ksid ,sys,a jkq we;' ;j o fuh mdi,a fm!oa.,SlrKfha ie`.jqk mshjrla o fõ' fujeks uqo,a wh lsrSula ksid mdi,a ixialD;sfha we;sjk fjkiaùu wdmiq yerùu mjd ÿIalr úh yel' flfia jqj o wo jk úg n,OdrSka úiska WmfoaYkfha meje;au y÷kdf.k we;s w;r WmfoaYkh iy m%Odk m%jdyh yd iu.s nkaOk we;s lsrSug o mshjr f.k we;'

;j;a m%drïNkhka úoHd, ;,fhaoS olskakg fkdyels úh yel' kuq;a osia;s%la fyda Bg by<

uÜgul oS mej;sh yel' fjk;a fndfyda ;ekaj, fukau ldïfndacfha o m%d:ñl wxYfha mrsmd,lhska

fufia oel ;sfí' ta .=rejreka by< fY%aKs j, ckms%h úIhhka b.ekaùug leue;s njls' tu.ska

Tjqkag mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh io`yd iqrlaIs; fj<|fmd<la we;sjk neúks (Bray and Bunly, 2005 ;

Dawson,2009). fuu fya;=j ksid uq,sl fY%aKs yd wfkla úIhhka o fkdi<ld yefrkq we;' tla

¥ro¾YS uq,a .=rejrfhl= úiska f.k we;s nqoaêu;a mshjrls fuh' ta WmfoaYkh yryd ,efnk

ish`Mu uqo,a wruqo,lg ner lr tu tl;=j mdif,a .=re uKav,fha ish,a, fj; iufia fnoS hdug

mshjr .ekSuhs' fuu mshjr wod, uq,a .=rejrhdf.a u uQ,sl;ajfhka .kakd ,o kuq;a uq`M moaO;sh

yryd u osfjk fia ls%hd;aul lsrSfï wjldYhla o mj;S'

rch úiska o WmfoaYlhskag Tjqkaf.a ls%hdldrlï jvd;a jD;a;sl Ndjfhka hq;=j mj;ajd

f.k hdu i|yd osrsu;a l< yel' ;dhsjdkfha WmfoaYk ,ndfok whf.a ix.uhla we;' tu.ska ish

idudcsl;ajfha wOHdmksl yd jHdmdrsl ls%hdldrlï kshdukh lrhs' j¾I 1999 oS ;dhsfma k.rfha

muKla WmfoaYk$ksnkaOk mdi,a 1150 la muK úh' fuys fiajh l< msrsfika wvlg jvd wh

;dhsfma k.rfha ksnkaOk wOHdmkh ,ndoSfï kshq;= jQjkaf.a ix.ufha idudcslhska jqy'

uyckhdf.ka ;u iudcsl mdi,a j,g tfrysj ,efnk meñKs,s tl;= lr mqj;a ,smshl m<lrK

,oS' wo th iajhx md,k wdh;khla njg m;aù we; (Bray, 2003, p.57)' .S%isfha iudka;r ixúOdkh

jQfha 1981 oS ia:dms; jQ “Hellenic Federation of Frontistiria Teachers” wdh;khhs' j¾I 2008 jk úg

tys idudcsl;ajh 3000 la jQ w;r tu msrsi WmfoaYk mdi,a ysñlrefjda jQy' ;j o WmfoaYlfhda

37000 l msrsila o idudcsl;ajh ,nd isáhy ^Hagitegas, 2008a, p. 1; Hagitegas, 2008b o n,kak).

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fulS wdh;k ish,a, u jD;a;sl wdh;k jQ w;r isiqkaf.a fmdÿ iqNidOk lghq;= j, oS rchkag

fuu wdh;k iu. idlÉPd lrñka tlaj jevlsrSug yelshdj mej;sK'

fjk;a WmfoaYk iud.ï o ish lS¾;sh kexùug mshjr .;af;a ;ukaf.a ;;a;aj md,k m%ñ;Ska yryd hs' c¾uksfha úYd, WmfoaYk iud.ula jQ Schuerhilfe.de, m%ldY lf<a ish úIhh ish,a,g mdßfNda.sl ;;a;aj md,k ISO 9001 ,nd we;s njhs' m%xYfha Complétude wdh;kh fjk;a ;r.lrejkaf.ka fjkaùug fujeks Wml%uhla Wmfhda.s lr.kakd ,oS' fuu m%drïNkhka fulS iud.ï úiska u .kakd ,oS' kuq;a cd;sl wdKavq úiska o ndysr fr.=,dis mekùfï ;¾ckhla u.ska fyda fuu iud.ï j,g iajhx md,khla we;s lsrSug osrsu;a l< hq;=hs'

WmfoaYk mdi,aj, fj<|fmd< l%fudamdhka Wmfhda.s lr.ekSu yryd rchkag o úúO ck.yk lKavdhï ;=< wjfndaOh j¾Okh l< yel' fldrshdfõ Kim (2007, P.14) jd¾;d lf<a fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk wdh;k j, WmfoaYlhska by< uOHu mx;sl m%cdjka iy my< mx;sfha m%cdjkaf.a fjki fmdÿ jYfhka y÷kd.;a njhs' ;j o fojk j¾.fha fo.=rekaf.a orejka WmfoaYkhg fhduq lsrSu wvqfjka isÿjk nj o wjOdrKh lr we;' WmfoaYk mdi,a ish fj<|fmd< m%j¾Okh lsrSug W;aaiql jk neúka Tjqyq il%Sh f,ig ñksiqkaf.a iudc ixp,H;djh ms<sn| ye`.Sï wjqiaiñka lghq;= lr;s' fï u.ska my< iudc ;,fha <uqka w;r wOHdmk ls%hdjka ixj¾Okh flfrk neõ fmfka' fï u.ska rcfha wruqKla o iM, fõ' jevigyka u.ska my< iudc ;,fha isiq orejkag lsishï m%fhdackhla w;afõ'

tu wdldrhg u rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iy isú,a iudc wdh;k yryd WmfoaYkh m%j¾Okh lsÍfï yelshdj wdKavq j,g we;' Jalaluddin (2007, p.4) nx.a,dfoaYfha mj;sk m%cd bf.kqï wdOdrl jHdmD;Ska (CLAP) .ek biau;= lrhss' CLAP jHdmD;sh 1998 § Èh;a lrk ,oafoa isiqkag iy m%cdjg Tjqkf.a Odß;d j¾Okh u`.ska bf.kqï j¾Okh i|yd WmldÍ ùughs' fuu jHdmD;sfha tla wx.hla jQfha m%cd mdolj WmfoaYlhska n|jd .ekSuhs' rdcH fkdjk ixúOdk iu. jev lrk tu ixúOdk u.ska mqyqKqj ,nd § we;s úYaj úoHd, YsIHhska iy fjk;a YsIHhska f;dard .ekSu fuu jHdmD;sfha tla wx.hls' WmfoaYlhska mka;s ldurfha .=rejreka iu`. ióm iyfhda.S;djfhka jev lrk kuq;a .=rejre Tjqkag ksfhda. ,nd §ula fkdlrhs'

fuhg iudka;r m%drïNkhla Bcsma;=fõ we;' wOHdmk n,Odrska Pdhd wOHdmkh foi

jm/ilska n,k kuq;a tys iuyr wxY m%j¾Okh lsrSug lghq;= lr;s' iudcfha wvq wdodhï,dNSka

f.a orejkag fkdñ,fha WmfoaYkh ,ndoSug wjirh" mqKH lghq;= lrk wdh;k j,g ,nd oS we;'

fuu ld¾hh uqia,sï m,a,sfha § lf;da,sl m,a,sfha oS fyda fjk;a f.dvke.s,a,l meje;afjkq we;'

Hartmann (2008, p.41 ) jd¾;d lrkafka fuu ks,uh yd ffk;sl n,e;s WmfoaYk iajrEmh o"

mj;akd WmfoaYk rgdjg tl;= lrk ,oafoa" fndfyda fihska m%p,s; jQ wkS;sl WmfoaYkhg

wNsfhda.hla jYfhks' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha ksr;jk iafõÑPd ixúOdk f,aLk.; úh hq;af;a

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh hgf;a fkdj iudcfiajd wud;HdxYh hgf;a h'

87

md,k jHqyhka Yla;su;a lsÍu'- Improving regulatory Structures

Silova (2007) f,aLkh jkdys md,k jHqyhka ms<sn|j idlÉPd lsrSug WÑ; wjia:dj hs' weh

úiska ^msgqj 9& mjik ,oafoa" kef.kysr hqfrdamfha iy wdishdfõ rgj,a j, fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkfha

wys;lr iajNdjhka rdYshla olakg we;;a weh úiska úu¾Ykh lrk ,o rgj,a 12 lska yhl

muKla lsishï wdldrhl md,k jHqyhka meje;s njhs' ta lilia:dkh" ,s;=fõkshdj"

fudkaf.da,shdj" iaf,dfõlshdj" ;cslsia:dkh iy hqlaf¾khhs ^j.=j wxl 15&'

j.=j wxl 15 - wdishdfõ iy hqfrdamfha rgj,a 6 l fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh md,kh lrk ffk;sl jHqyhka' lilia:dkh j¾I 1999 oS mkjk ,o ksfhda.hla u.ska rdcH wOHdmk wdh;k úiska fm!oa.,sl

w;sf¾l wOHdmk fiajd ,ndoSu .ek md,khla we;s lrk ,oS' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh

ks¾jpkh lrk ,oafoa ; „rcfha úIh ks¾foaY u.ska olajd we;s wOHhk ld, iSudjkag

wu;r j" isiqka i|yd fm!oa.,sl uÜgfuka mdi,a úIh ms<sn|j mka;s meje;aùuhs'‟ fuu kshuh u.ska jeäÿrg;a i|yka lrk ,oafoa mdi,a j,g mj;sk wOHdmk iïu;hkag wu;rj w;sf¾l wOHdmk fiajdjka jYfhka bf.kqï fiajdjka ,nd oSug wjldY we;s njhs'

,s;=fõkshdj j¾I 2003 wOHdmk kS;sh u.ska iajdëk .=rejrhd hk ixl,amh y÷qkajd fok ,oS' Tyq$weh ms<sn|j fuys olajd we;af;a fm!oa.,sl jYfhka wOHdmk fiajd ,nd oSug n,m;%,;a wfhla yeáhghs' iajdëk .=rejrfhl=g fkdúêu;a wOHdmkh ,ndoSug mqMjk' fmr mdi,a ks¾foaYhg w;sf¾l jkakd jQ jevigyka fudähq, ls%hd;aul lsrSug mqMjk' úêu;a wOHdmk jevigyka mj;ajdf.k hdug mqMjk' ish fm!oa.,sl jevigykla wkqj lghq;= lsrSug;a" ;udg rsis f,ig l%ufõo iy bf.kqï Ys,am fhdod .ekSug;a" fiajdia: iy WmfoaYk wdOdr iemhSug;a iajdëk .=rejrekag wjldY ;sfí' fuu kS;sh u.ska iajdëk .=rejrekag o j.lSï mejf¾' wdpdr O¾uhkag wkql+,ùu" YsIH wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsrSu" fi!LH kshuhkag wkql+, jk bf.kqï uOHia:dkhla mj;ajdf.k hdu" isiqka iu. .súi.kq ,enQ bf.kqï ls%hdj,sh l%shd;aul lsrSu wdosh óg we;=<;afõ'

fudkaf.da,shdj j¾I 2006 wOHdmk kS;s ixfYdaOkh iy fmrmdi,a" m%d:ñl iy oaú;Shsl mdi,a .=rejreka i`oyd jQ wdpdr O¾u moaO;shla mj;S' ish m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha isiqka jk whg fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh meje;aùu ;ykïj we;' wdpdrO¾u moaO;sfha fofjks fldgfia

i|ykaj we;af;a .=rejreka úiska „isiqkag fmd;a fyda wOHdmk WmlrK wdoS oE ñ,oS .ekSug n, fkdl< hq;=hs' ffk;sl jYfhka wkqoek fkdue;s .dia;= fyda whlsrSï fkdl<

hq;=hs' .=rejrhd úiska Wkkaÿ lrjk ,o WmfoaYk fkdmeje;aúh hq;=hs'‟ fuu wdpdrO¾u W,a,x>kh lrk .=rejrekg ish fiajd iy;slh wj,x.= lsrSfuka yd ov .eiSulska o~qjï lsrSug kshu úh'

iaf,dfõlshdj jdKsc n,m;% mk; u.ska l,djka iy úfoaY NdIdjka ioyd WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu md,kh lrhs' úfoaY NdIdjl WmfoaYlfhla ùu i|yd tu lafIa;%fha Wmdêhla ,eìh hq;= úh' ^úYaj úoHd, iy;slh fyda úfoaY NdId b.ekaùfï iy;sl m;%h&' tfia ke;fyd;a wod, úfoAY NdIdj ks, jYfhka l:dlrk rfÜ jir oyhla mosxÑh o m%udKj;a úh' l,d úIh

88

b.ekaùu i`oyd wod< jk l,dj i|yd jQ wdh;khlska iy;slhla fyda jir oyhl ld,hla tu l,dj m%.=Klr ;sîu wjYH úh' tfia jqj o fjk;a mdi,a úIhhka b.ekaùu i|yd iqÿiqlï kshuhka fkdue;s úh' ;jo m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejreka úiska fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu ms<sn|j o kS;suh ndOdjka fkdùh'

;cslsia:dkh wOHdmk ms<sn| 2004 kS;sh fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlhd ks¾jpkh lrkafka „mdif,a fyda úYaj úoHd,fha ish fiajd ld,fhka mrsndysrj" tlaj fyda iuQy jYfhka isiqkg WmfoaYkh ,ndfok wfhla ‟ jYfhks' mkf;a 24 j.ka;sh wkqj fo.=reka fyda Ndrlrejka úiska rcfha oaú;Shsl mdi,a fj;" uqo,a f.ùula we;s fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkhla i|yd b,a,Sula l< yel' my; olajk lafIa;%hka i|yd we;s mdi,a úIh ks¾foaYhg wu;rj wu;r WmfoaYk meje;aúh yels nj kS;sfha i|ykaj we;' (1) rcfha wOHdmk úIh ks¾foaYh u.ska wdjrKh fkdjk úIhhka iy jevigyka i|yd (2)' wOHdmk wdh;k u.ska wdjrKh fkdlrk úIh lreKq ;Sj% wdldrhg jeäÿr bf.kSu i|yd (3) rdcH wOHdmk fiajdfjka Tíng hkakd jQ fjk;a wOHdmk fiajd ,nd .ekau i|yd'

hqlaf¾kh wOHdmk yd úoHd wud;HdxYh u.ska 2003 jif¾oS mdi,a mrsY%hkays fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ;ykï lrk ,oS' fo.=rekaf.ka wd meñKs,a,la jQ wksjd¾h lrk ,o fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkhla ^mx;s Ndr .=rejre úiska wjYH nj okajd Tjqka úiskau ,ndÿka WmfoaYkhla& ms<sn|j m%;spdr oelajQ rch" 2004 oS .=rejreka úiska ish isiqkag u fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu ;ykï lrk ,oS'

Source: Silova (2007), pp. 10-11.

fuu rgj,a yh w;=frka b;d iúia;r kS;s rduqjla mej;=fka ,s;=fõkshdjg hs' tu rfÜ 2003

wOHdmk kS;sh u.ska fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlhd ms<sn| iúia;r ks¾jpkhla ,nd oS we;' iajdëk

.=rejrhd yeáhg kï lrñka iúia;r ,shdmosxÑ ùfï ls%hdj,shla olajd we;' tfukau tys

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlhska i|yd j.lSï rdYshla o kshu lr ;sfí' tajd w;r .=re wdpdrO¾u

ms<smeoSu" bf.k.kakd whf.a iqrlaIs; nj iy b.ekaùu isÿjk ia:dkh tu ld¾hh i`oyd WÑ;

ùu wdosh o we;' iuyr .=rejreka m%Odk m%jdyfha lghq;= lrk wh u ùug o bv we;s nj fuu

kS;sh úiska ms<sf.k we;' kuq;a ;ukaf.a u isiqkag ;uka úiska u WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu ;ykï lrk

,oS (n,kak" Būdiene and Zabulionis, 2006, p.218).

fuhg fjkia jk ;;a;ajhla jYfhka iaf,dfõlshdj ie,lsh yel' jdKsc n,m;% mk; u.ska

kshu lrk ,oafoa úfoaY NdIdjka iy l,d úIh b.ekaùu i|yd fldkafoais mufKls' fjk;a mdi,a

úIhhka fm!oa.,slj b.ekaùu ms<sn|j fldkafoais fkdue;s jQ fyhska tu WmfoaYlhska jdKsc

n,m;% fkd,nd" nÿ fkdf.jk Pdhd wd¾Ólfha u ls%hd l<y ^n,kak" Kubánová, 2006, p.282). mx;s

ldurfha W.kajk .=rejrekag o fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ms<sn| iSudjka fkdùh' fuu rgj,a w;r

rgj,a ;=kla ^,s;=fõkshdj" fudkaf.da,shdj iy hqlaf¾kh& muKla m%Odk m%jdyfha ish mdi,a isiqka

i|yd u fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu ;ykï lr we;'

isf,dajd (Silova, p.11) i|yka lr we;af;a fuu kS;s mej;sh;a tajd l%shd;Aul ù we;af;a

l,d;=rlska njhs' lilia:dkfha iy ;cslsia:dkfha meje;s ld¾hh mámdá ixlS¾K iy ñ, wêl

úh' fndfyda iúia;r jHqyhla we;s ,s;=fõkshdfõ we;s jqj o kshu jQ wdldrhg ,shdmosxÑ jQfha

89

WmfoaYljre w;f,diails' ,s;=fõkshd wdodhï nÿ mÍlaIlhska mejiqfõ flfkl= fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkh ,nd fokafka o hkak Tmamq lsrSu ÿIalr jQ nj;a tneúka Tjqka WmfoaYkfha fhfoñka

m%ldY fkdl< wdodhï ,nd .kakd nj;a h' lilia:dkfha iy ;cslsia:dkfha kS;sh jQfha w;sf¾l

WmfoaYkh i|yd f.jkq ,nk uqo,a wod, wOHdmk wdh;kfha nexl= .sKqug ner l< hq;= njghs'

lilia:dkfha iy ;cslsia:dkfha m%isoaO mdi,a j,g tjeks nexl= .sKqï mjd fkd;sìK' Silova

(p.12) olajd we;af;a whnÿ whlsrSfï l%ufõohkays W!K;djh hs' ;cslsia:dk wOHdmk kS;sh olajd

we;af;a" „;csla kS;sfha m%ldr" uqo,a whlr ,ndfok wOHdmk fiajd j,ska Wmhk wdodhu whnÿ

f.ùug hg;a fõ'‟ tfy;a fuu kS;sh ls%hd;aul lsrSug hdka;%Kh rch i;= fkdjQ w;r

WmfoaYlhskag iafõÉPdfjka thg wjk; ùug ´kElula fkdùh'

fjk;a rgj,a j,g fjkiajQ ffk;sl jHqyhka iy m%;sudkhka ;sfí' fldrshdj" cmdkh

hgf;a l,la mej;shd kuq;a fldrshdkq iy cmdk kS;s moaO;sSka tlsfklg fjkia h' Kim and Lee

(2008, p.9) mjid we;af;a „ylafjdka ’ mj;ajdf.k hdug rcfhka n,m;% ,nd.; hq;=j we;s njhs'

tys WmfoaYlhska lsishï wOHdmksl uÜgul isáh hq;= w;r mj;sk myiqlï wdrlaIK m%ñ;Ska

imqrd ,sh hq;=h' wh lrk .dia;= m%udKhka o" m%dfoaYsh wOHdmk n,OdrSka úiska m;alrkq ,nk

lñgqj u.ska kshñ; m%udK fkdblauúh hq;=fõ' Kim and Lee ( p. 9) fufia o i|yka lr;s'

cmdkfha cql+ fj; mj;sk „jkakdg jdoS‟ m%;sm;a;shg jvd f,dl= fjkila fuu Yla;su;a kS;sfhys mj;S' cmdk rch cql+ foi n,kafkaa fjk;a l=vd jHdmdr foi n,k wdldrhghs' tneúka tajd md,kh fkdlrhs' tneõka cql+ úúO iajrEm j,ska yd úúO jQ fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk wdldrhkaf.ka hq;=j b;d kuHYS,S wdldrhg wOHdmkfha we;s b,a ug uqyqK fohs' tfy;a ylafjdka b;d ishqï wdldrfhka ks¾pjkh fjñka úêu;a mdif,a wdldrhg u mdfya ls%hd;aul fj;s'

fujeksu woyia ;j;a l;=jre fofofkla o olaj;s (Dierkes, 2008, and Mori, 2008,). IIEP

m%;sm;a;s ixiofha oS bosrsm;a jQ kso¾Yk lsysmhla o olajuq'

Tiaá%hdfõ fndfyda fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh mj;skafka tlsfkldg jQ mokfï „.Dy l¾udka;hla‟ jYfhks' WmfoaYlhska jkafka úYaj úoHd, YsIHhska" úY%dñl iy ls%hdldrs .=rejreka h' rcfha fiajlhska i`oyd we;s fr.=,dis wkqj .=rejrekg ;uka W.kajk mdif,a u isiqkg fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu ;ykïh (Gruber, 2007, p.3: see also Gruber, 2008).

bkaoshdjg WmfoaYkh md,kh lsrSu i|yd cd;sl m%;sm;a;shla ke;' kuq;a iuyr m%dka;hkays (Sujatha, 2007, pp. 29-30) m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejrekag fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ;ykï lr we;' iuyr m%dka;j, m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejrekag iSñ; WmfoaYkhg wjir ;sfí' b;d W.% wd¾:sl ÿIalr;d we;s úfgl mdif,a uq,a .=rejrhdf.a wjir ,nd tfia lrkakg iSñ; wjldY we;'

iqcd;d mejiqfõ ^p.29) „wiSsñ; wdldrhg .=rejreka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,nd fok nj ljqre;a

90

okakd fohla‟ njhs' uydrdIaG% m%dka;fha WmfoaYk uOHia:dk" rcfha wdodhï fomd¾;fïka;= fj<| mk; hgf;a ,shdmosxÑ ù we;' WmfoaYkh ,ndfok iud.ï ,shdmosxÑj isákafka mqKHd;k fldñiï mk; hgf;ah' ,shdmosxÑh iEu jir ;=klg jrla w`M;a l< hq;= jqjo th tfia isÿfkdfõ' thg fya;=j wod< fomd¾;fïka;=j, iy n,OdÍkaf.a WodiSk;ajh ksidh

(Sujatha, 2007, p. 30).

keóìhdfõ „w;sf¾l WmfoaYkhg ud¾f.damfoaYkh imhk lsisu fr.=,dishla we;s njla

fkdfmfka ‟(Nghiyoonnanye, 2007, p. 2). tfia jqj o fuu ld¾hh jeä oshqKq fjñka mj;S'

mD;=.d,fha n,OdÍka úiska 1999 oS „fmdÿ ld¾hhka ;=< fm!oa.,sl l%shdldrlï rdYs.;ùu‟

hkqfjka kï lrk ,o mk;la wOHdmk lafIa;%fha iïu; úh (Neto-Mendis and Costa, 2007,

p. 3). ld¾hhka rdYs.; lsrSug wjirh ,nd osh yelafla „Wla; fm!oa.,sl ls%hdj" whÿïlre úiska isÿlrkq ,nk uyck fiajhg iudkqrEmS fyda iudkjk wka;¾.;hla ke;sjQ o"

^.=rejrhdf.a m%Odk /lshdfõ isák& isiqka fj; u fhduq fkdjkakdjQ o"‟ wjia:djloS h' j¾I

2005 oS f.ktk ,o fr.=,disfhka" rcfha mdi,l .=rejrfhl= fm!oa.,sl ls%hdldrlï fkdl< hq;= hs jYfhka ir,j olajd ;sfí' ;ukaf.au mdif,a isiqka we;=<;a jk úg fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l

WmfoaYkh ,nd fkdosh hq;= nj fuys,d i|ykaj we;' tfia jqj o Neto-Mendis and Costa

(2007, p. 3) fufia o olaj;s'

ffk;sl f,aLk u.ska olajd we;s iSudjkaf.a jákdlula ke;s ;rï h' tajdfha we;s jákdlu

jkqfha foaYmd,k n,OdÍka iudchg hjk ix{djls' tu.ska iSudjka ;ykï lsrSï wdosh we;' ta

iu. wkq.dó úh hq;= w;sf¾l m%;smdok fkdue;s neúka fïjdfha M,odhs;djh .ek m%Yak u;=fõ'

fuu wKmk;a ioyd mQ¾K foaYmd,k wNsu;sh yd talu;sl lemùu iy wjYHjk oeä nj yd

md,khla ke;slu o .eg`M we;s lrhs'

isx.mamqrej m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejreka ;uka i;shlg meh 6 lg jvd WmfoaYkfha fhfokafka

kï wjir ,nd.; hq;=h' Tjqka fiajh lrk úoHd,fha isiqkg WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu ;ykïh'

tfia jqj o fuu fr.=,dis oeä wdldrhg l%shd;aul fkdfõ' b.ekaùfï .=Kd;aul nj md,kh

lsrSu i|yd lsisÿ fr.=,dishla ke; (Tan, 2007, see also Tan, 2009. p. 100).

ueld´ ys 1998 oS iïu; lr.;a kS;shlska" WmfoaYk uOHia:dk n,m;% ,nd.; hq;= nj lshhs'

tfukau fi!LHh yd wdrlaIdj ms<sn| iy;sl jk ia:dk i|yd n,m;% ksl=;a jk nj o okajhs

(Sou,2007, p.3). n,m;%,dNshd úiska wmrdO ls%hdjlg jrolre fkdjQ njg iy;slhla o bosrsm;a

l< hq;=hs' fuu uOHia:dkfha ffoksl lghq;= Ndrlre o lKsIaG mdGYd,d fyda bka by<

91

iy;slhla ,nd isáh hq;=h' WmfoaYljrekag o" mka;s ms<sfj<ska m%d:ñl wxYfha WmfoaYlhskag

lKsIaG oaú;Shsl iy;slh o" lKsIaG oaú;Shsl whg fcHIaG oaõ;Shsl iy;slh o" bka by< whg

Wiia wOHdmk iqÿiqlï o ;sìh hq;=fõ' WmfoaYk uOHia:dk n,m;% jd¾Islj w`M;a l< hq;=h'

wOHdmk yd ;reK lghq;= ld¾hdxYhg n,m;a ke;s uOHia:dk jeiSfï n,h we;' n,m;%

,nd.ekSfï l%uh ÿIalr jqj o tys m%;s,dN mj;sk neúka n,m;% ,nd.kakd wh n,m;% fkdue;s

wh .ek meñKs,s bosrsm;a lsrSug o ue,s fkdfõ'

W.kavdfõ wOHdmk yd lS%vd wud;HdxYhg WmfoaYkh ms<sn| meyeos,s m%;sm;a;shla ke; (Eilor,

2007, p.33). j.lSu meyer yerSï iy WmfoaYkh yd iïnkaO fjk;a ldrKd u; fuu

wud;HdxYh" .=rejreka iy uq,a .=rejrekaf.a fiajh wjika lsrSug o" ta ms<sn|j úúO pl%f,aL

ksl=;a lsrSug o lghq;= lr ;sfí' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ke;s lsrSfï jHdhduhg iyfhda.h

,ndfok yeáhg fo.=rekaf.ka fkdfhla jr b,a,Sï lr we;' „flfia jqjo fuu ldrKh

l<ukdlrKh lrk msrsi úiska wNsfhda.h Ndr .kakd iajNdjfha iy Tjqka i;= úúO

N+ñldjkaf.a wmyeos,s;djhla o úoHdudk fõ' tneúka WmfoaYkh yiqrejk M,odhS hdka;%Khla

mj;sk njla fkdfmfka ‟ (Eilor, 2007, p. 33).

tx.,ka;fha mj;sk iajNdjh o iúia;rj oelaùu jà' f,aLl Ireson (2007a, p.5)

fj<|fmdf<a olakg we;s iajrEm wkqj „´kEu flfkl=g" wod, jk iqÿiqlï fyda w;aoelSula

fkdue;sj WmfoaYlfhl= jYfhka bosrsm;a ùug mqMjk’' tfia jqjo rcfha Making Good Progress

jevigyk u.ska thg iïnkaO lr.kafka ljqreka o WmfoaYl .dia;= fln÷ o wdosh ms<sn| mqM,a fr.=,dis mkjd we;' ydÜ*âIh¾ m%dfoaYSh n,OdrSka úiska tl;= lr fmdÿ ck;dj fj; bosrsm;a

lrk ,o o;a; jd¾;djlg wkqj (2009) fuu jevms<sfj< hgf;a fiajhg n|jd .kakd

WmfoaYlfhl=g ;

.=rejrfhla jYfhka fiajfha isàu wksjd¾h fkdue;s jqj;a QTS iqÿiqlï iys; .=re

;;a;ajh ;sîu; fyda

miq.sh .sïydkfha non-QTS ù bka miqj QTS ,nd.ekSfï wfmalaIdfjka isàu; fyda

tx.,ka;fha mdi,aj, b.ekaaùug iqÿiqlï we;s úfoaY .=rejrfhl= ùu; fyda

wod, úIh ms<sn| Wiia wOHdmk fyda jeäÿr wOHdmk mqyqKq .=rejrfhl= ùu- wjYH fõ'

fiajhg n|jd .kakd ish`Mu WmfoaYlhska wmrdO jd¾;d ld¾hdxYh u`.ska msrslaid n,hs' mdi,a

md,l uKav, fyda m%dfoaYSh mrsmd,k wdh;k u.ska fiajfha ksr; lrjk WmfoaYlhskag úY%du

jegqma o iys; kshñ; jegqma ta wdh;k u.ska ,nd osh hq;=h' Sharma (2009) olajd we;af;a fujeks

jQ jev ms<sfj,la u.ska (

92

rfÜ ie`.jqk fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlfhda rdYshla isá;s' iuyfrla fokd l< t<s jQ wh fkdfj;s'

fuu msrsi rcfha mdi,a i|yd jQ „fm!oa.,sl;ajhg m;a bf.kqu‟ wruqK lrd hEu msKsi jákd

iïm;a jYfhka Wmfhda.s lr.ekSug wjia:dj ,efí'

fï w;r Tanner, Day et al. (2009, p. 47) úiska lrk ,o" idudkH fj<|fmdf<a bkakd WmfoaYl

wdh;k .ekjQ iólaIKhlska wkdjrKh jQfha tu wdh;khkaf.ka 43% la muKla WmfoaYlhska

i|yd QTS fyda tjeks iqÿiqlï wjYH fia i<lk njhs' kuq;a tu wdh;k j, WmfoaYlhska 79% l

m%udKhla wmrdO jd¾;d ld¾hdxYfha úu¾Ykhg Ndckh lr we;'

w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh md,kh lsrSu i|yd we;s ffk;sl jHqyhka ms<sn| iels,a, foi n,k

l, fmkS hkafka iuyr wdKavq fuu ldrKhg fkdu| wjOdkh fhduq lrk w;r ;j;a wdKavq

i|yd tjeks md,k jHdhduhka fkdue;s njhs' ;j;a iuyr wdKavq j,g fkdmeyeos,s fr.=,dis

we;;a ;j;a ;efkl mj;akd fr.=,dis mjd Wkkaÿfjka ls%hd;aul fkdflf¾' fuu úIh lafIa;%h

i|yd jvd;a meyeos,sjQ;a" cd;Ska w;r ixikaokd;aulj úu¾Ykh l<yels jQ;a m%;sm;a;s wjYH nj

meyeos,sh' m%Odk m%jdyfha .=rejreka i|yd" oekgu;a ;u isiqka yeáhg bkakd" ta msrsi .ek ;uka

j.lSula ork YsIHhskag fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ,ndoSu ;ykï lsrSu .ek m%n, W;aidyhla fndfyda

rgj,aj, we;' tx.,ka;fha iy TiafÜ%,shdfõ tjeks WmfoaYkh wkqu; lr we;s w;r m%xY rch

we;=`M iuyr rdcHhka o fuu ;;a;ajhg wjir oS ;sfí' kuq;a úIu ls%hdjkag fï u.ska we;sjk

bvlv w;s úYd, ksid fulS WmfoaYkh ;ykï lsrSug mlaIj lsjyels fndfyda fya;= mj;S'

rdcHhka .=rejreka i|yd m%udKj;a fõ;khla ,ndfoñka ta whg w;sf¾l wdodhï ud¾. fidhd

hEfï wjYH;djh ke;s l<fyd;a tjeks ;ykï lsrSula ÿIalr fkdfjkq we;s'

93

4' kshdukh iy we.hSu - (Monitoring and Evaluation)

ie,iqï.; iy ie,iqï .; fkdjk iajrEmhka y÷kd.ekSu msKsi" m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska

úiska ish wkil ;=< mj;sk iEu wdldrhl u wOHdmk ls%hd úu¾Ykh l< hq;= fõ' iqúfYaI

m%;sm;a;s ks¾foaYhka f.ktaug kï oekg mj;sk we.hSï hdka;%Kh .ek o fidhd ne,sh hq;=h'

my; oelafjkafka fuu ldrKd iu. wdY%s; jk fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk w;aoelSï iuQyhls' we;af;ka

u úúO ;,hkays oS o;a; wjYH fõ' ta tla tla mdi,a jYfhka" tla tla osia;s%lal jYfhka" rgj,a

yeáhg fyda cd;Hka;r jYfhka úh yel' fuu mrsÉfþofha m%:u fldgfia oS rg ;=<g wjOdkh

fhduq lrjk w;r fojk fldgfia oS rgj,a yryd we;s ;;a;ajhka .ek i,ld n,uq'

cd;sl iy m%dfoaYSh miq fmdaIK ikaêia:dk

ksodk mrSlaIdj ms<sn| fldgi wdrïNfhaoS u i|yka lf<a Wmldrl WmfoaYkfha m%udKh

iy wdldrh ms<sn| ishqï jQ o;a; fidhd .ekSu wmyiq jk njhs' fkdfhl=;a fya;+ka ksid

WmfoaYlhska isiqka fo.=reka hk wh ,ndfok fyda ,nd.kakd fyda ñ,g .kakd WmfoaYkfha wdldrh

iy m%udKh mejiSug ue,s jkq we;' iuyr R;= wkqj o" ,ndfok WmfoaYkfha ld,h iy

;Sj%;djh fjkia fõ' fujeks úp,Hhka /ila mj;sk úg WmfoaYkfhka we;sjk n,mEu uek ne,Su

ÿIalr fõ'

tfia jqjo" WmfoaYkh kshdukh lsrsug yelshdj mj;sk nj fuu .%ka:fha i|ykaj we;s

m¾fhaIK wOHhk u.ska Tmamqfõ' Ireson (2007a p. 3) mjikafka fyd|u f;dr;=re uQ,dY%h jkafka

wOHdmk wdh;k j, isákd isiqka njhs' fï msrsig m%Yakdj,s ,ndoS m%;spdr ,nd.ekau jvd myiqh'

weh jeäÿrg;a fufia o mejiSh'

isiqka iïnkaO lrf.k lrkq ,nk iólaIK u.ska WmfoaYkfha iajNdjh iy m%udKh ms<sn|j

jeo.;a úia;rdul f;dr;=re ,efí' úIh wkqj we;s ckms%h;djh yd ;Sj%;djh iy mdi,a jir

wkqj we;s rgdj .ek o lreKq ,nd .ekSug mq`Mjk' fuu iólaIK yryd jeäÿrg;a ckúldY

f;dr;=re o ,efí' ;jo isiqka WmfoaYkh ms<sn|j orK woyia iy .=rejreka fhdod .ekSu

.ek lreKq o jeäÿrg;a ,efnk f;dr;=re fõ'

m%udKd;aul lreKq ms<sn|j flfrk iólaIK m%Yakdj,sSkag wu;rj .=Kd;aul ;;a;aj

mÍlaIdj i|yd iïuqL idlÉPdjka o meje;aúh yel' ta yryd WmfoaYk udos,s y÷kd .ekSug;a

j¾. lr.ekSug;a bv ,efí' wyUq fkdjk ksheos yryd m%fhdackj;a f;dr;=re ,efnk kuq;a

tu.ska wkdjrKh jk ldrKd ;=<ska rgj,a yryd mj;sk wkqmd;hka iy WmfoaYkfha ld,dkqrEm

keUqreùï wdosh ixikaokh lsrSu i|yd jeo.;a hula fkd,eìh yel'

94

Ireson (2007a) m%ldY lf<aa iólaIK m%Yakdj,s fndfyda úg úYajdih ;nkafka m%;spdr olajk

whf.a u;lh u; njhs' ^Wod( iólaIKh i|yd jeh jQ uqM uqo, .ek f;dr;=re u;l we;s whqre

úh yel&' w;S;fha ,enQ WmfoaYk f;dr;=re j,g jvd" j¾;udkfha mj;sk ;;a;ajhka .ek wikq

,nk m%Yak i|yd ,efnk ms<s;=re jvd ksjeros fõ' WmfoaYk msrsjeh ms<sn|j isiqkaf.ka wikq ,nk

m%Yak i`oyd n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ksjeros ms<s;=re fkd,efí' tu msrsjeh ord we;af;a Tjqka fkdj

fo.=reka jk fyhsks' ;jo isiqka uqo,a f.jd flfrk WmfoaYk yd fkdñ,fha ,efnk mx;s

.Kkdjlg iyNd.sjk úg Tjqkg meyeos,s f,ig tfia fjkialr oelaùug wmyiq úh yel'

wm fj; we;s úl,amhka ish,a, y÷kdf.k" wikq ,nk m%Yak ksjeros wdldrhg jpk fhdod

ilid f.k" j,x.= m%;spdr ,nd.ekSu msKsi wjYH jkafka .eUqre oekSuls' l=vd orejka i|yd

iajhx jd¾;d ,efnk m%Yak ks¾udKfha oS jvd;a ie,ls,su;a ùu wjYH fõ' Ireson (2007a, p. 5)

fufia o mjihs'

oskfmd;a l%uh u.ska isiqkaf.ka ,efnk f;dr;=re jvd ksjeros fõ' tysoS j;auka u;lh úkd

miq.sh foa u;lalr ,sùula Wjukd fkdjk ksidh' tfia jqj o oskfmd;a wiïmQ¾K úh yel'

ke;sùug o bv ;sfí' tneúka M, wkqmd;slh iy weia;fïka;= j, ksrjoH;djh wvq úh yel'

úYd, m%udKfha iólaIK i|yd fuu l%uh iqqÿiq fkdfõ' isiqka úiska imhd we;s iuyr

f;dr;=re j, ksrjoH;djh uek ne,Su o WÑ; úh yel'

úl,am f;dr;=re uq,dY%hla jkafka fo.=reka h' iuyr úg iqúfYaI isiqka lKavdhula Wfoid

mdif,a oS meje;afjk w;sf¾l mka;s .ek Tjqka fkdokakjd úh yel' kuq;a idudkH WmfoaYkfha oS

Tjqkaf.a orejka i|yd fm!oa.,sl mka;s ixúOdkh lrkafka ;a tajd i|yd hk msrsjeh .ek okafka

;a fo.=rekah' tneúka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh me;sr we;s m%udKh .ek úYajdiodhl f;dr;=re

uQ,dY%h jkafka fo.=rekaa fõ' bx.S%is mdi,a ish fo.=rekaf.a kï iy ,smskh fy<s fkdlrk neúka

Ireson f.a l%fudamdh jQfha orejka w; fo.=reka fj; m%Yakdj,s heùuhs' th úYajdiS fnodoSfï

l%uhla fkdjQj;a Tyqg oekqfka idOdrK m%;spdrhla ,enqK njhs' jir 6 isiqkf.a fo.=rekaf.a

m%;spdr ishhg 38 lajQ w;r jir 9 iy 11 mx;sj, fo.=reka f.ka ishhg 29 la úh' fjk;a

rgj,aj, mj;sk kS;s fu;rï ndOl iys; fkdjkq we;' tneúka fl<ska u fo.=reka yuqùu jeks

m%fõYhka myiqfjkq we;'

.Dyia:j flfrk iólaIKhka u.ska fufia o;a; ,nd.ekSu ;j;a ud¾.hls' ix.Kk

m%Yak j,oS WmfoaYkh tla wx.hla úh yel' úhÜkdufha cSjk ;;a;ajh ms<sn| iólaIKhl

(Dang, 2007) oS fufia lrk ,oS' fndfyda rchka ;ukaf.a u m%Yak we;=,a lsrSug we;s ;r.h ;=<

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh flfrys Tjqkg m%uqL;d fkd;sìh yel' tneúka b;du;a ir, m%Yakhlg jvd

95

hula ix.Kkhl we;=,aùug wjldY ke;' fydxfldx rdcHfha fjk;a úl,am m%fõYhla .ek

kso¾Yk we;' fydxfldx ys (Bray and Kwok, 2003, p. 614) iy tx.,ka;fha (Peters et al.,2009, p. 2) o

wyUq f,i ÿrl:k u.ska lrk iólaIKhla .ek olajd we;' m%;spdr olajk wh ;u fm!oa.,sl

cSú;hg lrorhla yeáhg i,ld fmkajk kqreiakd njla fyda msrsjeh .ek f;dr;=re u;lfha ke;s

njla ksid fuu l%ufha o iSudjka mj;S' tfy;a fuh m%fhdackj;a o;a; ,eîfï ud¾.hla jYfhka

ie,lsh yel'

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlhska o" WmfoaYk mdi,a o" WmfoaYk iud.ï o f;dr;=re ,nd.ekSfï

jeo.;a uQ,dY%hka h' jkfmd;a mdi,a iy WmfoaYk iud.ï Tjqka úiska lrk oekaùï m%pdr yryd

f,fyisfhka y÷kd.ekSug mqMjk' Tjqkaf.a oekaùï mjd lsishï f;dr;=rla imhhs' ta iy;sl lrkq

,nk m%;s,dN .ek lrk w;sYfhdala;s m%pdrK yryd hs' iuyr iud.ïj, m%pdrKh ia:dk

lsysmhl we;s YdLd .Kkdjla i|yd fõ' l=vd wdh;k N+f.da,Sh jYfhka iSud jQ m%foaYhla i|ydhs'

fï ksid cd;sl jYfhka me;sr mj;sk mQ¾K Ñ;%hla olskakg fkdyel' fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlhska o

iuyrúg m%pdrKfha fhfo;s' tfy;a jeämqr isiqka n|jd .efkkafka fm!oa.,sl ks¾foaYhka yryd

neúka Tjqka woDYHudk nj lsj yel'

Ireson (2007a, p. 5) fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh .ek wjOdkh fhduq lrk mqj;a jd¾;dlrejka idudkHfhka iïuqL idlÉPd mj;ajkafka f,dl= iud.ï iu.ska fyda fm!oa.,slj bkakd m%lg WmfoaYlhska iu.hs' tjeks wh Tjqkaf.a ld¾hh .ek fyd|ska oek isáh hq;=hs' tfia jqj o m%fõYï ùfï wjYH;djhla mj;S'

m<uqfjka u" mqj;a jd¾;dlrefjl=g l:d lsrSug leu;s jk fyd|ska iud.ula fufyhjk wOHlaIjrfhla .ksuq' wdh;k fuu wdldrfha m%pdrKhg leu;a;la olajkafka th fkdñ,fha ,efnk neúks' tfukau fo.=reka WmfoaYl fiajh ,nd .ekSug leu;s jkafka th iïu;h f,ig ms<s.kakd ksidh' WmfoaYl jHdmdrslhskaf.a wNsreÑh jkafka Tjqkaf.a jHdmdrfha oshqKqj yqjd oelaùuhs'

WmfoaYk jHdmdr fld;rï uOHia: jqj o tajdg uq`M lafIa;%h wdjrKh lsrSug ;rï ksfhdacH;ajhla

,nd oSu wmyiq fõ'

kshdukfha isg we.hSu foig yefruq' Taylor (2007, p.11) úiska tx.,ka;fha 2007 oS osh;a

lrk ,o Making Good Progress jevigyfka iels,a, idok ,oS' weh meyeos,s lf<a WmfoaYk

ie,iqï iy WmfoaYk ieis ksheos jYfhka f.k ta yryd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh we.hSug

md;% jk njhs' ish`M mdi,a j, isiqkag mdGud,dj wdrïNfha oS fukau wjidkfhaoS o we.hSï

mj;ajd m%dma;s o;a; ,nd osh hq;=hs' WmfoaYkh wjidk jk úg .kq ,nk úksYaph mx;s Ndr

.=rejrhd úiska o ;yjqre l< hq;=hs' WmfoaYkh ,enQ isiqka .ek os.ska os.gu fidhd n,ñka fjk;a

whg idfmalaIj Tjqka ,nd we;s idOkh uek ne,Su msKsi úúO jQ mrSlaIK yd .=re ;lafiare o;a;

96

ie,iqï lrk ,oS' wk;=rej kshdul jHdmD;sh we.hSu i`oyd WmfoaYk iud.ula f;dard .kakd ,oS'

PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008) iud.u u.ska fuu we.hSu m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl mdi,a 450 la o

m%dfoaYSh n,OdrS wdh;k 10 la o weiqfrka isÿ lrk ,oS' we.hqïlrejkaf.a m%d:ñl m¾fhaIKh

fuys my; olajd ;sfnk ld¾hOdrd wkqj isÿúh ^j.=j 16)'

j.=j 16' tx.,ka;fha Making Good Progress jevigyfka kshdul jHdmD;sh i|yd fhdod.;a l%ufõoh'

mdi,a ksheÈh l%shdldrlu

.eUqfrka l%shd;aul jk mdi,a tla m%dfoaYSh n, m%foaYhla i|yd oaú;Shsl mdi,a 4 lska iy m%d:ñl mdi,a 6 lska iukaú; tla mdi,la

tla mdi,lg meñKsh hq;af;a: - uq,a .=rejrhd we;=`M .=re uKav,h yuqù idlÉPd lsÍug" mdif,a kshdul

kdhl (SPL)" .Ks;h yd bx.%Sis wxY m%OdkSka" wdKavqlrKfha idudðlhska" úfYaI wOHdmk wjYH;d iïnkaëldrl"m%.;s WmfoaYl iy fjk;a .=rejreka - oaú;Shsl mdif,a isiqka i|yd iólaIKhla ,nd §u ^tla mdi,lska isiqka 8

fofkl= ne.ska jirlg isiqka 100la& fyda m%d:ñl mdif,a flakaø.;jQ

lKavdhula ^8-10 jir j,ska tla úÿy,lska isiqka 5 la& - flá ^ffjl,amsl& .=re iólaIKhla meje;aùu

wdikak jYfhka isiqka 100 lf.a fo.=reka i|yd iólaIKhla meje;aùu .eUqfrka l%shd;aul jk mdif,a wdOdr we;sj uqøs; msgm; ,nd foa'

fuh mdol lr.kafka udi 8 g fmr bgq lrk ,o fujeksu ld¾hhla iy

m%Odkdpd¾h fyda mdi,a kshdul m%Odk .=rejreka 4 la iu. udi 4 g fmr lrk ,o ÿrl:k idlÉPdjla u;hs'

ir,j l%shd;aul jk mdi,a tla m%dfoaYSh n, m%foaYhl m%d:ñl mdi,a 20 la iy oaú;’Shsl mdi,a 20 la iys;j úÿy,a 4 la

iEu mdi,lu uq,a .=rejrhd fyda mdif,a kshdul kdhl (SPL) iu. lrk ÿrl:k idlÉPd

wdikak jYfhka isiqka 100 lf.a fo.=reka i|yd iólaIKhla meje;aùu ir,j l%shd;aul jk mdif,a wdOdr we;sj uqøs; msgm; ,nd foa'

fuh mdol lr.kafka fujeksu udi 8 g fmr bgq lrk ,o ld¾hhls' uq,a .=rejrhd" mdi,a kshdul kdhl iy m%dfoaYSh n,OdÍ iys; flakaø.;jQ lKavdhula - ÿrl:k iïuqL idlÉPdjla'

ck .yKh fjk;a kshduk mdi,a

ish`M uq,a .=rejreka iu. flfrk e- idlÉPdj ^udi 8 g fmr lrk ,o idlÉPdjla wdY%s;j&

m%dfoaYSh n,OdÍkaf.ka kshduk kdhlhska 10 la iu. flfrk iïuqL

idlÉPdj ^udi 8 g iy udi 4 g fmr lrk ,o idlÉPdj mdol lrf.k& iEu m%dfoaYSh iNdjl u we;s yeu úoHd,hl u m<,a w;aoelSï yiqlr.ekSu i|yd

Source: PricewaterhouseCoopers (2008), p. 6

fjk;a rgj,a j, wdKavq j,g fujeks w;s kùk m%fõYhka wkq.ukh lsrSug fkdyels jkq

we;s' ta Tjqkg l=i,;d we;s wh fkdue;sùu ksid fyda wjYH uq,H iïm;a ke;sùu ksid úh yel'

kuq;a mj;akd rdcH hdka;%Kh yryd o fndfyda foa idlaId;a lr.; yel' mD;=.d,fha wOHdmk

97

wud;HdxYh j¾I 2005 oS ;SrKh lf<a isiqka úYaj úoHd, m%fõY úNd.h i|yd ,shdmosxÑ jk

wjia:dfõ oS ir, m%Yakdj,shla ,ndoSughs (Costa et al., 2008). tu.ska úuik ,oafoa fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkh i|yd fhduqjQ úIhh" meñKs ia:dk" msrsjeh iy ta i|yd jeh l< ld,h wdosh .ekhs'

th iSñ; ksheoshla úh' wdjrKh lf,a uqM uy;a fcHIaG oaú;Shsl isiq .Kh fkdj úYAj úoHd,hg

we;=,a jk iSñ; msrsila úh' tfia jqjo th f;dr;=re j,ska msrS mej;sK' fuu m%Yakdj,sh lvodis

u; ,shd msrùug fyda wka;¾cd, ud¾..;j o msrùug yels úh' fuu m%Yakdj,sh o m%fõY ls%hd

ud¾.fha u fldgila yeáhg iuyr isiqka is;kakg we;s' W;a;r iemhQ wh úYaj úoHd, m%fõY

n,dfmdfrd;a;=j ksid by< wNsfm%arKhlska isáhy' tneúka fuhg b;d Wiia m%;spdr uÜgula

,enqKs'

rdcHhka úiska kshdukh yd we.hSu mj;ajdf.k hEug .;yels úl,am ls%hd ud¾.hla jkafka ish we.hSï Odrs;djh ixj¾Okh lsrsu i`oyd úYaj úoHd, iy m¾fhaIK wdh;k iu. yjq,a in|;d we;slr .ekSuhs' fuhg fmr olajd we;s uqrsis rfÜ isoaê wOHhkh i|yka lf<a rch úiska mjrK ,o uqreis úYaj úoHd,hfha m¾fhaIl iïnkaO;djhla yryd njhs (Joynathsing et al.,

1998). tfiau 2007 j¾IfhaoS ueld´ rch WmfoaYk ls%hdjka iy fo.=re woyia ms<sn| iólaIKhla i|yd fydxfldx Ök úYaj úoHd,fha m¾fhaIl msrsila fhdod .kakd ,oS (Ho, 2008). újD; iudc wdh;kh" m%dfoaYSh m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| nqoaêu;=ka iu`. tl;=jqfha" fmr fidaúhÜ foaYh jYfhka ;=nQ rgj,a j, WmfoaYkh ms<sn| úu¾Ykhla i|ydhs (Silova et al., 2006: Silova, 2009). úYaj úoHd,

m¾fhaIlhska úiska lrkq ,nk fidhd .ekSï u.ska o cd;Hka;r ixúOdk (see e.g. UNESCO, 2000:

World Bank, 2004) u.ska lrk ,o wOHhkhka u.ska o rdcHhkag m%fhdack w;aúh yel'

IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiofha W;af;ackh yryd W.kavdfõ iy fndÜiajdkdfõ (Eilor, 2007:

Makgothi, 2007) isÿ lrk ,o uQ,sl is;shïlrKh .ek i|yka lsrSu fuys oS WÑ;h' IIEP wdh;k bosrs jev i|yd o WmldrS ùug leue;a; olajhs'

cd;Hka;r m%ñ;slrKh - International Benchmarking

cd;Ska yryd isÿ flfrk iólaIK u.ska o ie,iqïlrejkg iy m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhskg

Woõ ,efí' ta ish rfÜ mj;sk iqúfYaIS o;a; yryd muKla fkdj cd;Hka;r jYfhka ms<s.;a by<

u iïu;h jk ^„nxl= i,l=K jYfhka‟ bx.S%isfhka y÷kajk& by< u m%ñ;s ;;a;ajh u.ska o ta

yryd ,efí' my; olajk iólaIK y;r úfYaI wjOdkhg iqÿiqhs'

„;=kafjks cd;Hka;r .Ks; yd úoHd wOHhk wdh;kh‟ iy tys wkqm%dma;slhd jQ „fg%kaâia

cd;Hka;r .Ks; yd úoHd wOHhk wdh;kh‟ (TIMSS) úiska lrk ,o wOHhkhka „wOHdmk ld¾h

idOkh we.hSu ms<sn| cd;Hka;r wdh;kh‟ (IEA) fhys wkq.%yh we;sj isÿúh' TIMSS wdh;kfha

m%:u mrSlaIK jgfhaoS (1995) .Ks; yd úoHd isiqka 500,000 lska muK o;a; tl;= lr.kakd ,oS'

98

fudõyq 5 fY%aKs uÜgfï miqjQy' fuu ixLHdjg rgj,a 45 l Tjqkaf.a .=rejreka iy uq,a .=rejre o

we;=<;a jQy (Martin, 1996, p. 1-2). fojk jgh 1999 oS meje;aùh' fujr wjOdkh fhduqjQfha rgj,a 38 l 8 fY%aKsfha (Robitaille and Beaton, 2002, p. 11) isiqka fj;hs' ;=kafjks jgh 2003 oS rgj,a 49 l (Mullis, Martin et al., 2005, pp. 3-4) 4 iy 8 fY%aKs j, isiqka yryd ixikaokSh o;a; tla /ia lrk ,oS'

fuu wOHhkhka úiska Pdhd wOHdmkh ms<sn| fndfyda WmfoaYd;aul o;a; bosrsm;a lrk ,oS

(Baker, Akiba, et al., 2001; Wolf, 2002; Baker and Le Tendre, 2005). fï iólaIKh nyq wdxYSh jQ

fyhska úYaf,aIlhskag úúO úp,Hhka yryd nyqúO iynkaOkhka fj; t<öug yels úh' flfia

jqj o Tjqkg l%ufõohka ms<sn| wNsfhda. olakg ,eìK' 1995 iólaIKfhaoS 7 iy 8 fY%aKs j,

isiqkaf.ka weiQ m%Yak jQfha - mdi,a fõ,dfjka fmr fyda miqj i;shg fld;rï meh .Kkla Tn

w;sf¾l mdvï ,nd .kafka o@ .Ks; fyda jkfmd;a mx;s j,g iyNd.s jkafka o@ hkdoshhs ^TIMSS,

1998, p. SQ 2-3). tjeksu m%Yak úoHd úIhg o t,a, úh' ,enqK m%;spdr yqfola fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh

.ek muKla fkdùh'fjk;a .=rejreka úiska flfrk ixLHd;aulj jd¾;d fkdjk w;sf¾l b.ekaùu

o isiqkaf.a idudkH jevNdrhg tl;= úh'„i;sh ;=<oS flfrk w;sf¾l jev‟ hk m%Yakfhka ld,Sk

fjkialï .ek woyia jQfha ke;' 2003 j¾Ifha mj;ajk ,o iólaIKfha § 8 jk fY%aKsfha isiqkag

fuu m%Yakh ixfYdaê;j ,nd fok ,§' „fuu mdi,a j¾Ih we;=<; my; oelafjk úIhhka i|yd

Tnf.a idudkH mka;s j,g wu;rj fld;rï w;sf¾l mka;s meje;ajqfha o@„ (TIMSS, 2003, p. 27)

m%Yak i|yd W;a;r iemhQ isiqkaf.ka .Ks;h" Ôj úoHdj" N+ úoHdj" ridhk úoHdj iy fN!;sl

úoHdj .ek m%Yak lrk ,oS' nyqjrK W;a;r yeáhg ,enqfKa „yeu Èklu mdfya‟" „i;shlg jrla

yda fojrla‟, „iuyr úg‟, „lsis Èkl ke; ‟wd§ jYfhks' uqM mdi,a jir flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l<

úg R;= wkqj isÿ jk fjkiaùï ixLHdj wvqúh' WmfoaYkh i|yd jeh jq uqo, WÉp yd wju f,i

fkdj j¾Ifha idudkHh yeáhg m%;spdr ,enqfka kï R;= wkqj fjkiaùï ixLHdj fkdfjkiaj

mj;S' tfukau fuu W;a;rh ñ, whlrk iy ñ, wh fkdlrk WmfoaYkh w;r fjkila fkdolS'

wOHdmk .=Kd;auh kshdukh i|yd jQ ol=Kq iy kef`.kysr wm%sldkq ix.uh (Southern and

Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality – SACMEQ) u.ska lrk ,o fofjks iólaIKh flfrys ie,ls,a, fhduq lruq' j¾I 1995 iy 2000 § SACMEQ u.ska jir 06 isiqka flfrka ,nd .kakd w;sf¾l mka;s .ek o;a; tl;= lrk ,§' fuh wOHdmk moaO;Ska 06 lg wod<j

isÿ úh ^j.=j wxl 03 n,kak&' iuyr m%;spdr olajkakka úiska ksoyia mka;s iy uqo,a f.jk mka;s w;r meg,Sula we;s lr .;a neúka kej;;a fuu o;a;hkays WNhd¾:hka we;s úh' j¾I 2007 § fuu úYaf,aIKh ;j ÿrg;a ksjerÈ lsÍu i|yd m%Yakdj,sh ixfYdaOkh lrk ,§' fuys§ rgj, a 15

g wod< jvd;a ishqï jq m%Yak we;=<;a lrk ,o w;r tajd mQ¾j mÍlaIdjlg o ,la lr ;sìK' Paviot

(2007; 2009) nyqjrK ms<s;=re iu.ska m%Yak 13 la bÈßm;a lrk ,§:

99

1. fuu mdi,a j¾Ih we;=<; mdi,a fú,dfjka ndysrj mdi,a úIhh i|yd Tn w;sf¾l WmfoaYk

,nd .;af;a o@

2. fuu mdi,a j¾Ih ;=< Tn l=uk mdi,a úIhh i|yd w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,nd .;af;a o@

3. fuu mdi,a j¾Ifha § l=uk ld,hla ;=< Tn úiska fuu w;sf¾l mdvï ,nd .;af;a o@

4. mdi,a j¾Ih ;=<§ fldmuK ld, wka;rhka ;=< Tn WmfoaYkh ,nd .;af;a o@

5. miq.sh j¾Ih ;=< § Tn o we;=`Mj isiqka fldmuK ixLHdjla tu WmfoaYk mka;s j,g iyNd.S

jQfha o@

6. i;shlg meh lShla fuu mdi,a j¾Ih ;=< § WmfoaYkh i|yd .; lf<a o@

7. mdi,a jif¾ § w;sf¾l WmfoaYk mka;s j,§ Tn úiska lrk ,o ld¾hhka fln÷ o@

8. wod< mdi,a j¾Ifha§ Tng fuu WmfoaYk ,nd ÿkafka ljqreka úiska o@

9. fuu w;sf¾l mka;s fuu mdi,a j¾Ih ;=<§ Tn ,nd .;af;a l=uk ia:dkhl§ o@

10. fuu w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,nd .ekSug Tng n, lf,a ljqreka o@

11. Tn fuu w;sf¾l WmfoaYkhg iyNd.S jqfha l=uk fya;=jla ksido@

12. Tn úiska ,nd .kakd ,o w;sf¾l mdvñ .ek Tfí woyia fln÷ o@

13. fuu w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh ,nd .;a whg lsishï .dia;=jla f.jk ,oafoa o@

mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh o m%isoaO fyda iafõÉPd WmfoaYkh o jYfhkA j¾.SlrKh lsrSu

wjidkfha § .eg`Mjla úh' m¾fhaIlfhda flfia jqj o fujeks WNhd¾:hka mej;sh yels njg oek

isáhy' jir 6 YsIHfhda ;udg ,efnk l=uk WmfoaYkh i|yd f.úh hq;= o@ f.úh hq;= keoa o@

hkak .ek fyd| wjfndaOhlska fkdisáhy' tfukau f.ùï mßudKh .ek m%Yak weiSug o fkdyels

úh' WmfoaYkh i|yd f.ùï l< hq;= nj oek isá isiqkaf.ka tu f.ùï uqo,a j,ska o øjH j,ska o

fyda ta foj¾.fhkau o hk m%Yakh wik ,§ (Paviot, 2007, p. 15). tfy;a SACMEQ úoHd lñgqj

fuhg jvd hula weish hq;= ke;s nj ms<s.ksñka m%ldY lr isáfha f.ùï ms<sn| ldrKh b;d

ixfõ§ iy újdod;aul ud;Dldjla jk njhs' cd;Ska w;r flfrk wOHhkhka ys m%Odk wNsfhda.hla

jkafka nyq cd;sl ixfõ§;djhka i`oyd wkql+, ùuhs' tfia fkdue;s jqjfyd;a wOHhkh i|yd

Wmfhda.S lr .kakd fuj,ï úlD;s jkq we;'

Open Society Institute – OSI újD; iudc wdh;kh úiska rgj,a 09 la yryd lrk ,o

wOHhkhlg oekgu;a wmf.a wjOdkh fhduqj we; 2004 - 2005 (Silova et al., 2006)' fuu l%uh u

wkq.ukh l< ;j;a rgj,a 03 la o úh 2005 - 2006 (Silova, 2009). j¾I 2007 § OSI úiska tu

wOHhkh u h<s meje;aùug ;SrKh lrk ,oafoa rgj,a w;r mj;sk o;a; h<s oek .ekSughs'

100

m%d:ñl yd my< oaú;Shsl isiqka ms<sn|j flfrk TIMSS iy SACMEQ wOHhkhg m%;súreoaOj fuu

wOHhkh wjOdkh fhduq lf<a úYaj úoHd,fha m<uq jif¾ isiqka fj;hs' Tjqkaf.a oaú;Shsl mdif,a

wjika jif¾ ,nd .kakd ,o WmfoaYk ms<sn|j u;lh wjÈ lrk ,§' fuu lKavdhu jvd;a

úhm;a wh jq neúka Tjqkaf.a m%;spdr iuyr wxY j,ska jvd ksjerÈ úh' f;dard .;a rgj,a 12 ka

TIMSS wdh;khg wdjrKh l< yels jqfha rgj,a 02 la muKs' tajd kñka ,s;=fõkshdj iy

iaf,dafõlshdjhs' kuq;a fuu fidhd .ekSï ixikaokh lr wOHdmk moaO;sfha úúO ia:dk ms<sn`oj

woyila fï yryd ,nd .; yels úh'

m%Odk cd;Ska yryd flrek y;rfjks jeo.;a jQ wOHhkh jqfha „wd¾Ól iyfhda.S;d iy

ixj¾Ok ixúOdkh (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development – OECD)

u.ska (Programme for International Student Assesment – PISA) cd;Hka;r YsIH we.hSï

jevigyk hgf;a lrk ,o wOHhkhhs' fï u.ska wjqreÿ 15 la jhi we;s YsIHhska úúO wOHdmk

moaO;Ska ;=< ,nd we;s bf.kqï idOk mÍlaIdjg Ndckh lrk ,§ (43 in 2000, 41 in 2003, and 58

in 2006). j¾I 2006 § fo.=reka fj; ksl=;a lrk ,o m%Yakdj,sfha o;a;hkays mjqf,a wOHdmk jeh

.ek i|yka j we;' kuq;a úfYaI jYfhka WmfoaYkh i|yd hk úhou fjka lr olajd ke;' isiqka

i|yd ksl=;a lrk ,o m%Yakdj,sh u.ska mdif,ka ndysr jq bf.kqu ms<sn| o;a; /ia lrk ,§' tfia

jqjo fjk;a ndysr bf.kSï iy mqoa.,sl WmfoaYlhska i|yd f.jk ,o uqo, fjka lr olajd ke;

(OECD, 2005, 2006b). wkd.; iólaIK j,§ óg jvd iqúfYaISj o;a; /ia lsÍfï wjYH;djh

ms<sn|j PISA lKavdhu idlÉPd lr we;' kuq;a ta wh wkd.;fha§ we;s úh yels ixl,amkd;aul

iy ixúOdkd;aul wNsfhda.hka ms<sn|j ie,ls,su;aj isà'

101

5. iudma;sh - (Conclusions)

wjidk fldgi uq, mqrkafka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh f,dal jHdma; ixisoaêhla yeáhg m;aj

we;s nj wjfndaO lr.ksñks' tf;l=ÿ jqj;a" th fï jk úg úúO rgj,aj, úúO .;s ,laIK we;s

lrf.k ;sfí' uE; oYlhka ;=< fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh YS>% f,i j¾Okh ù we;' wo jk úg th"

thg u wdfõKsl moaO;shla njg m;aj ;sfí' fuu ldrKd flfrys jeämqr wjOdkhla w;HdjYHhs'

;ukaf.a ixo¾Nhka i|yd jk m%.;sYS,S l%shdud¾. iy WÑ; m%;spdr l=ulaoe hs y÷kd.ekSu msKsi

m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska iy ie,iqïlrejka Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sfha wNsfhda.hg uqyqK Èh hq;=h'

keUqre;djhka y÷kd .ekSu

j¾I 2007 IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiofha§ ish foaYkh ksud lrñka Obeegadoo (2007, p.6)

mejiqfõ „fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh foaY iSud" ixialD;Ska iy kef.kysr-ngysr jeks ÈYd" wkq ÈYd

iy ÿmam;a - fmdfydi;a wd§ iSud wNsnjd hñka me;sfrñka mj;sk w;r wOHdmkh fm!oa.,SlrKh

ùfï iy jdKsclrKh ùfï m%jK;djhla o we;s lrk‟ njhs' fuu m%ldYh iyNd.S jq wfkla wh

úiska o m%;srdjh lrk ,§' fndfyda ÿrlg fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh l%shd;aul jkafka ie`.jqK

fj<|fmd<lhs (Silova et al., 2006). kuq;a ld,hdf.a wejEfuka fuu fj<|fmd< jvd t<sorú fjñka

mj;S' wod< rEmlh jk Pdhdj wo g wkqrEm lr.kafka kï meyeos,sj fmfkkafka fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYkh fmr lS Pdhdfõ isg wdf,dalh lrd wj;S¾K jk njhs'

ngysr hqfrdamfha isg kef.kysr wdishdj jeks l,dmhka ys fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh fndfyda

ixialD;Ska ;=< uq,a neif.k we;' úisfjks Y; j¾Ifha w. Nd.h jk f;la th mej;sfha wvq

m%udKhlhs' bkamiq cmdkh" fldrsshdj jeks rgj, th m%n, ixisoaêhla njg m;aúh' tu

Y;j¾Ifha w. jk úg win¾cdkh" ldïfndach" uqrsish iy YS% ,xldj jeks rgj, o tfiau jHdma;

úh' úis tlafjks ishjfia wdrïNfha isg u kef.kysr hqfrdamfha yd uOHu wdishdfõ o iy Bg;a

jeä m%udKhlska ngysr hqfrdamfha" W;=re weursldfõ" Tiag%f,aIshdfõ yd wms%ldfõ o meyeos,sj

olskakg mqMjk' ,;ska weursldfõ rgj,a j, o oeka u;= fjñka mj;S'

fuu j¾Okhg wkq.%yh olajk n,fõ." úúO msysàï mrsirhka wkqj úúO fõ' kso¾Ykhla

yeáhg( fcda¾ðhdfõ" ls¾.sia:dkfha iy ;cslsia:dkfha m%Odk idOlhla ù we;af;a m%Odk m%jdyfha

.=rejrekag ,efnk wvq jegqmhs' tu .=rejrekag ish mjq,a kv;a;= lsrSu msKsi w;sf¾l wdodhula

,nd.ekSug n,lsrSula mj;S' fuhg idfmalaIj fydxfldx" fldrshdj" cmdkh iy isx.mamQrej jeks

rgj,aj, .=rejrekag jvd fyd| jegqmla ,efí' tys m%Odk idOlh njg m;ajkafka iudcfha we;s

;r.ldÍNdjh hs' B,`.g fmkS hkafka" kjmrmqr fjkqfjka wdfhdackhla yeáhg WmfoaYkh

102

fjkqfjka jeh lsrSfuka wkd.;fha w;afjk ^wfmalaIs;& m%;s,dN ms<sn| we;s úYajdihhs' weursldfõ

iy tx.,ka;fha WmfoaYkh mj;skafka rch úiska ta i|yd olajk Wkkaÿjg m%;spdr jYfhks' fulS

wdKavq h;ak orkafka wvq m%dma;s uÜgï we;s isiqkaf.a ;;a;ajh jeäoshqKq lsrSug iy mdi,a jvd;a

;r.ldrS njg m;alsrSughs' W.kavdfõ iy ud,dú rdcHfha WmfoaYkh wkqnoaO jkafka fkdoshqKq

njg fmfkk wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okhla we;s lsrSfï wNs,dIh iu.hs'

wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul mrsydksh ms<sn|j we;s W;am%dihla jkafka iuyr mrsirhl oS mrsydksh isoaO jkqfha rch úiska m%d:ñl yd lKsIaG oaú;Shsl wxYhkays ksoyia wOHdmkh oshqKq lsrSug .kakd W;aidyh ;=<u ùuhs' fuysoS neÆ ne,aug fmfkkafka rdcH wOHdmk moaO;sfha ksoyia nfjls' tfy;a mdrsfNda.sl b,a u ksid fuu ;;a;ajh mrhñka ie`.jqk Pdhdj biau;= jkafka mqoa.,sSlrKh .ek o b`.shla o ,nd foñks' fï ksid ;jÿrg;a iudc wiudk;d o os.gu mj;skq we;' IIEP m%;sm;a;s ixiofhaoS Kitaev (2007, p. 3) fuu W;am%di ;;a;ajhg wjOdkh fhduq lrùh' iuyr fo.=rekag ksoyia wOHdmk l%uhla hgf;aoS jqj o ish orejkaf.a wOHdmkh i|yd uqo,a

f.úug wjldYh mej;Su meyeÈ,sj oelsh yel' oeka u;=jk m%Yakh jkafka „ish,a,kag ksoyia

wOHdmkh‟ hk uQ,sl isoaOdka;h ;jÿrg;a j,x.=fõ o hkakhs' fndÜiajdkdys rch fuu ldrKh nrm;, wdldrhlska i<ld n,hs' iuyr fo.=rekag oaú;Shsl wOHdmk i|yd uqo,a f.úh yel' tneúka tu wxYfhka uqo,a whlrñka tu iïm;a jvd;a wjYHjk my< ;, i|yd Wiia M,odhs;djhla we;sjk wdldrhg jehlsrSug yelshdj mj;S (Makgothi, 2007).

j¾I 2007 Obeegadoo f.a m%ldYh t,a,jkafka jeäfjk b,a ug fuka u jeäfjñka mj;sk iemhqu o flfrysh' b,a¨u .ek Tyq fufia i|yka lrhs (

fuh wOHdmkfha hq.hhs' Ydia;%Sh Wkak;sh foi n,kafka cSú;h mqrdjgu mqoa.,fhl=g m%.;sh we;s lr .ekSu i|yd osúfhaoS ,nk tlu wjia:dj f,ighs' th m%cdj ;=< wd¾:sl yd idudcSh wNsjDoaêh o we;s lrhs' Y%u fj<|fmd< fjkia fjñka mj;S' l=i,;d úúOdx.SlrKh" ;dlaIKh u.ska Odjkh flfrk wd¾Ólhlg wjYH fõ' fuu ;;a;ajh mrsj¾;kh jkafka os.ska os.gu j¾Okh jk wOHdmk wjia:d yd uxfm;a ms<sn|j uyck;dj ;=< we;s m%n, wjYH;djh njghs'

WmfoaYkh i|yd we;s iemhqu jeäù ;sfnkafka WmfoaYkh jvd;a úYd, iudc ms<s.ekSulg

md;%j we;s ksid muKla fkdfõ' f.da,ShlrKfha n,fõ. fya;=fjka fiajd i|yd ndysr m%Njhka

foig fhduqùfï fya;=j o ksidh (see e.g. Nanda, 2005; Marlantes and Sunol, 2006; Ventura 2008a).

wo jkúg WmfoaYkh m%dfoaYsh jYfhka o foaYiSud yryd o ,ndosh yel' tfukau meyeos,s f,i

wka;¾cd,.; ùfuka o WmfoaYkh ,eîug mqMjk' Obeegadoo úiska y÷kd .;a ;j;a n,fõ.hla

jQfha mrsfNdack jdohhs' tu.ska „.=rejre ;=< jD;a;sl id¾:l;ajfha ñïula yeáhg jeämqr uqo,a

bmhSfï Wkkaÿjla we;s lrhs' ;jo tu.ska .=re jD;a;sh ;=< jHjidhl ixialD;shla o ks¾udKh

lrhs‟' we;a; jYfhka fndfyda rgj,aj, .=re jD;a;sfha .=K j.dfõ m%n, fjkila olskakg mqMjk'

fufia ù we;af;a rdcHhka úiska wOHdmk moaO;sh jvd;a ;r.ldÍ njg m;alsrSug .kakd W;aidyfha

n,mEula yeáhg fyda .=rejreka yd l=gqïNhka fj<|fmd< mKsjqv j,g olajk m%;spdr yeáhghs'

103

fujeks jgmsgdjloS fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ir, wdldrhlg neyerj fkdhhs' fuu ixisoaêh

iuyr ms<sfj;a idok iy ie,iqï yok wh fkd;ld isàug W;aidy .ks' kuq;a fuh osfkka osk

wmyiq;djhla njg m;afjñka mj;S' fuu ixisoaêh .ek oekqj;a ùul mgka .; hq;= jk iqúfYaI

m%;sm;a;s y÷kd .ekaula olajd m%.ukh ùu Bg;a jvd wmyiq fõ' WmfoaYkh jkdys b;d ixlS¾K

ixisoaêhls' thg n,mdkq ,nkafka ixialD;sl" wd¾Ól" N+f.da,Sh msysàu" iudc mx;sh wdÈh Tiafia

Èfjk úúO idOlhs' oYl lSmhla ;siafia fldßhdkq iy uqreishdkq n,OdÍka fuu ixisoaêhg ms<shï

fh§ug .;a W;aidyh ,nd we;af;a iSñ; id¾:l;ajhla jqj o isÿù we;s m%.;sh jevodhlh' fï

W;aidyhka u.ska fmkajd fokafka bÈßhg o ie,iqï lsÍfï wjYH;djhhs' m%;sm;a;suh mshjr

.ekSug fmrd;=j l< hq;=j we;af;a WmfoaYkh ia:dms; ùug wjldY fkd§ oeka mj;akd ;;a;ajfha

§ u iqÿiq mshjr .ekSuhs' my< idOk uÜgï we;s whg WmldÍ ùfï l%ufõohla yeáhg hym;a

wruqKq we;sj WmfoaaYkh ffO¾hu;a lrjk m%xYh" tx.,ka;h" ´iafÜ%,shdj jeks rdcHhkag

wk;=re we`.ùula l< hq;=hs' ta mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkdjk wk¾:ldÍ fjkialï

WmfoaYkh iúu;a lsÍu ;=<ska isÿúh yels njhss (Obeegadoo, 2007, p. 6). IIEP m%;sm;a;s

ixiofha§ Tì.dfvda iu`. WmfoaYkfha jHdma;sh ms<sn|j tl`.;ajhg meñKsfha;

úêu;a mdif,a we;s W!K;d iy fodaI j,g ms<shï fh§u u.ska WmfoaYkh je<elaùu fyda

wjysr l< hq;=j we;' cd;sl ixo¾Nhka iy h:d¾:hka u; r|d mj;sñka .; hq;=

m%;sm;a;suh úl,amhka mj;S' wê ;r.ldÍ úNd. w;aisg úh hq;=hs' wOHdmk fiajdjka

iemhSfï .=Kd;aul Ndjh jeä ÈhqKq l< hq;=hs' wOHdmk bf.kqï wjia:d i|yd úúO;ajhla

we;s lr jrKSh wjia:djka ,nd Èh hq;=hs' fuhg" fm!oa.,sl wxYfha m%drïNkhka

iqidOHlrKh ùu o we;=<;a úh hq;=hs'

rch úiska wOHdmkh i|yd jeämqr uqo,a jeh lsÍu u.ska wOHdmkh i|yd jeh jk l=gqïN

msßjeh wvqjk nj fkdis;sh hq;=hs' fuhg m%;súreoaO f,i" rdcH l%shdldrlï u.ska m%Odk m%jdyfha

m%idrKhla we;s fõo" ta wkqju Pdhdfõ o m%idrKhla we;súh yel' fuu ;;a;ajh r|d mj;skafka

mjq,lg myiqfjka jeh l< yels uqo,a m%udKh" fmdÿ wOHdmkh ms<sn|j we;s wdl,am iy

fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh ms<sn|j we;s wdl,am u;hs' fndfyda mjq,a i,lkafka ish orejkaf.a

wOHdmkh i|yd yels yeu msßjehla u oeÍfuka Tjqkaf.a wkd.;h id¾:l jk njhs' tneúka tu

b,lalh imqrd .ekSu i|yd yels hula bgq lsÍug Tjqka iQodkï h' iuyr iudchka ;=<" Ydia;%Sh

fkdjk wxY jk uqød kdgH" mshdfkda mdvï" wd.ñl wOHdmkh jeks wxYhkag keUqre ùu jvd;a

m%fhdackj;a fõ' tfy;a iuyr iudchkays m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha úIhhka jk .Ks;h" úoHdj

iy NdIdjka i|yd lrkq ,nk jeh lsÍï b;d fyd| wdfhdackhka jYfhka i,lkq ,nhs'

oekgu;a w;sf¾l fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh b;d fmdÿ ;;a;ajhlg j¾Okh ù we;s iudchka ;=< fmdÿ ;ykula l, fkdyels jkq we;' ish`M wxY wdjrKh jk ;ykula lsisu ;ekl id¾:l

104

fkdfõ' tfy;a m%Odk m%jdyfha W.kajk .=rejreka úiska ish YsIHhskagu WmfoaYkh ,nd §u ;ykï lsÍu WÑ; jkq we;' fndfyda rgj, mqoa.,sl WmfoaYk .eg`Mj úi¢h hq;af;a b;d ishqï iy nyq wdxYsl m%fõYhla yryd h' m%n, iudc wiudk;d iys; jQ oreKq fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkhg m%;spdr oelaúh hq;af;a jHjia:dms; ud¾.hkaf.ka h' rchka úiska o w;sf¾l WmfoaYk ld¾hhg w; .eish hq;=h' ta wvq idOk uÜgï we;s isiqka i|yd fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkhg iydh ,nd§u u.ska h' fufia lsÍfï§ tu rdcHhka fouõmshkaf.a" .=rejrekaf.a iy fjk;a md¾Yjhkaf.a wdl,am j,g o mdi,a moaO;sfha ixialD;shg o we;s úh yels mD:q, n,mEï ms<sn|j o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=h'

Pdhdj wkqidrfhka bf.k .ekSu

m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska iy ie,iqïlrejka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh foi RKd;aul ixisoaêhla

f,i ^fyd| f.j;a;l jefvk j,a me<Eáhla f,ig& ne,sh hq;= fkdfõ' ta fjkqjg Tjqka úiska u;=

l< hq;= m%Yak /ila we;' m<uqjekak jkafka" m%Odk wOHdmkh yryd ,efnk bf.kqug w;sf¾l

jYfhka Wmldrl b.ekaùu i|yd iEfyk uqo,a jeh lsÍug fo.=reka iQodkï jkafka l=ula ksid o@

hk m%Yakhhs' iuyr fouõmshkag tla isiqjdg tl WmfoaYlhd jYfhka ^tlsfkld jYfhka&

WmfoaYkh wjYH jkafka wehs@" ;j;a iuyreka isiqka 100 la fyda iuyr úg 1000 la fyda jk mka;s

j,g ish orejka heùug iQodkï jkafka wehs@" m%Odk m%jdyfha mdi,aj,g iuyr ld, j,§ isiqka

fkdmeñKSu ksid mka;s ldur ysia ùfï ixisoaêfhka úêu;a mdi,a ms<sn| W.; yelafla l=ulao@"

fufia fkdmeñKSu jika lsÍu msKsi isiqka w,a,ia f.ùu jeks wh:d ud¾. j,g hdug mjd iQodkï

ù fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk uOHia:dk j,g iyNd.S jkafka wehs@" oeka oeka b,a u wkqj iemfhk

ùäfhda ksnkaOk mß.Kl j,g fyda wf;a f.k hd yels WmlrK j,g ,ndf.k f.or fyda

mdif,a§ fyda WoHdk.;j fyda ud¾.ia:j bf.k .ekSug wjldY we;' ;dlaIKsl uOHia:dkj,

fuu ksnkaOk ilia lrk WmfoaYlhskaf.ka m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhskag l=ula bf.k .; yels o@

fuu m%Yak j,g Èh yels tla W;a;rhla jkafka iuyr mßirhka ;=< fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlhska" fjk;a .=rejrekag jvd wNsfhda. Ndr .kakd mdßfNda.sl keUqre;djhla we;s wh ùu njhs' Glassman (2007) fmkajd ÿkafka m%xYfha fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYlhska mjikafka ;uka jvd;a mdroDYH jk njhs' ta Tjqka mdi,a j,g jvd fõ.fhka iy iúia;rd;aulj miq fmdaIKhla isiqkag ,ndfok neúks' Tyq jeäÿrg;a mejiqfõ m%Odk m%jdyfha isiqkaf.a m%dma;sh wvq úg ,efnk úi÷u kej; tu fY%aKsfha /£ isàuhs' fuhg m%;súreoaO f,i woyia olajk tla WmfoaYk iud.ula mjikafka Tjqkaf.ka WmfoaYkh ,nk isiqka kshñ; idOkh fkd,nkafka kï fouõmshka úiska f.jk ,o uqo,a wdmiq ,nd .ekSug fyda B<`. jif¾§ ksoyia WmfoaYkh ,nd .ekSug wjldY we;s njhs' fldßhdfõ Kim (2007, p. 12) m%ldY lf<a úfYaI Wiia mdi,a i|yd b,a ï lrk isiqka"

i,lkq ,nkafka yelshd wkqj j¾. lrñka fjkia jQ úIhh ks¾foaY ,nd§u jeämqr jdishla njhs' fuhg idfmalaIj n,k l, mdif,a § ish`M isiqkaf.a bf.kqï yelshdjkaf.a fjki ms<sn|j ;elSula fkdfldg tlu mka;sfha bf.kqug ,lafõ' Tjqkaf.a fo.=rekag wjYHj we;af;a mdi, úiska ;u orejkag mqoa.,sl wjOdkh fhduq lrjkq oelSughs' th Tjqkaf.a

105

yeisÍu ms<sn|j muKla fkdj Ydia;%Sh idOkhka ms<sn|jo úh hq;=hs' mqoa.,sl WmfoaYk wdh;k úiska imhkq ,nk mqoa.,sl ie,ls,a, tu wdh;k j,g jdishls' Tjqka tu jdish yryd mqoa.,hska wdl¾Ykh lr .ksñka tu mqoa.,hskaf.a fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk wdh;k flfrys we;s úYajdih ;yjqre lr .kS'

Kim jeäÿrg;a m%ldY lf<a fuu m%jK;djh fndfyda úg iïnkaO jkafka fldßhdkq l=gqïNhkaf.a mj;sk fjkialï j,g njhs' fldßhdkq mjq,aj, fouy,a,ka /lshdj, ksr;j isák úg fuu ;;a;ajh jvd;a wod< fõ' N+f.da,Sh ixp,k;d .eg`M ksid fo.=rekaf.a fouõmsfhdaa ish uqKqnqrka wdikakfha mÈxÑj fkdisá;s' tneúka mjqf,a idudðlhskag o orejka fj; fm!oa.,sl wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍug fkdyel' iuyr úg mdif,ka o tjeks wjOdkhla fkd,efí' fuu miqìu ;=< fo.=reka olskafka fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk wdh;khg ish orejka yg fm!oa.,sl wjOdkh fhduq lsÍug yelshdjla we;s njghs'

fldßhdfõ mj;sk ;dlaIK ÈhqKqj ksid WmfoaYk mdvï wka;¾cd,fhka nd.; l< yelsh'

fufia ùu o m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska úlaIsma;Ndjhg m;alrk kj ÈYdjla úh yel' Choe (2009, p.

14) fmkajd ÿkafka miq.sh wjqreÿ 05 g jvd oi .=Khlska wka;¾cd,fha fõ.h jeälsÍu i|yd

fldßhdj fvd,¾ ì,shk .Kkla jeh lrk njhs' tfia nd.; lrk ,o jevigyka bÈßhg miqjg

Odjkh lsÍug fyda iuyr fldgia u.yer ne,Sug fyda kej; ne,Sug yelsùu ksid isiqkag uqyqKg

uqyqK,d flfrk b.ekaùfuys ke;s iqkuH;djhla wka;¾cd,h yryd ,eî we;' uqyqKg uqyqK,d

flfrk mdi,a b.ekaùug flfrk wu;r b.ekaùula úÈhg cd,.;j ,efnk fuu Wmldrl

b.ekaùï m%fhdackj;a fjñka mj;S' tjeks ud¾..; yd ud¾. wm.; mdGud,d rcfha n,OdÍka

úiska fuka u mqoa.,sl WmfoaYlhska úiska o iemhsh yel' kuq;a j¾;udkfha § fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYlhska fuu lafIa;%fha o fmruqK f.k we;s nj fmfka' ksnkaOk jHdmdrfha tla wka;¾cd,

uQ,slfhla mjikafka Choe (2009, p.4) úiska o fmkajk mßÈ wkd.;fha § isiqka iuyr úg mdi,a

hkafka i;shg Èkla muK úh yels njhs' th o l%Svd jeks lKavdhï l%shdldrlï i|yd úh yels

njhs' iuyr úg fuh wka;jd§ mqfrdal:khla úh yel' tfy;a lsishï mßirhl § lsishï

isiqfjl=g fuh fhda.H jkq we;' úfYaIfhka Wiia wNsfma%rKhlska hq;= úNd. wdikakfha isák isiqka

fuu ;;a;ajhg wod< jkq we;'

fjk;a mßirhka ;=< WmfoaYk uOHia:dk úiska fjkia wdldrhl fiajhla imhkq ,efí' ta

udkj iïnkaO;d jeäÈhqKq lsÍug odhl ùfuka l=gqïNhka ;=< we;s jk fjkiaùï iajNdjh .ek

Sou (2007, p.4) úiska olajd we;af;a ueld´ foaYh wdY%s;j hs' tu rfÜ jeäfjñka mj;sk fm!oa.,sl

WmfoaYk uOHia:dk ixLHdjla ;=< <ud wdrlaIl myiqlï o tlajr u imhkq ,efí'

mdi,a Èjd úfõlfha§ WmfoaYk uOHia:dkh úiska tys isiqkg Èjd wdydrh ,ndfoa' wdydrfhka miqj mdif,a ijia jrefõ jevigyka i|yd Tjqyq iyNd.S lrj;s' mdi,ska miqj isiqka kej;;a WmfoaYk uOHia:dkh fj; /f.k f.dia Tjqkaf.a fouõmshka Tjqka /f.k hdug meñfKk f;la f.or jev ms<sn|j WmfoaYk fiajhla ,nd fohs'

106

tfy;a mdi,a j,g o fuu fiajd imhd §fï fkdyelshdjla mej;Sug m%n, fya;= fkdue;'

tx.,ka;fha wOHdmk n,OdÍka úiska fm'j 8.00 isg m'j 6.00 olajd Èfjk §¾> mdi,a Èkhla .ek

w;ayod ne,Sul ksr;j isà' fï jk úg fndfyda mdi,a úiska" md,khla iys; Èjd ld, l%shdldrlï

imhkq ,efí (Ireson, 2007b). ueld´ foaYfha rch mdi,a m%cdlrK jevigykla 2002 § wdrïN

lrk ,§' fï u.ska mdif,a myiqlï m%cdj i|yd o újD; lrk ,§' ueld´ rch jvd jeäysá isiqka

i|yd bf.kqï ldur ixúOdkh lrñka tajd kv;a;= lsÍfï j.lSu m%cd ixúOdk fj; mjrd we;'

j¾I 1997 § mgka ueld´ rch úiska ÿrl:k yryd f.or jev WmfoaYkhg WmldÍùfï l%uhla

wrUd we;' mdi, i|yd WmfoaYk uOHia:dkh wdfoaY lsÍu .ek i,ld ne,Sfï§ Bðma;= foaYfha

Hartmann (2008, p.57) jd¾;djla wkqj YsIHdjlf.a ;shqKq úfõpkhla yqjd oelaúh yel' fuh

wehf.a mdif,a§ ,enQ my;a uÜgfï idOkh yd iïnkaOhs' “uu mdi,a hdu kj;ajd mqoa.,sl

WmfoaYkh muKla ,nd .;af;a kï th jvd;a fyd| jkq we;”' fuu YsIHdj .eg`Mj foi n,kafka

wef.au oDIaÀ fldaKfhka úh yel' rdcHhkag mdi,a yryd ,nd .; yels jk m<,a wruqKq we;'

iudcdhkh" cd;sh ixj¾Okh lsrSu iy ;=,s; ixj¾Okh fï w;r fõ' ;jo l%Svd iy Ydia;%Sh

idOkhka iunrj mj;ajdf.k hdu o fuhg we;=<;ah' tfia jqjo wOHdmk n,OdÍka nqoaêu;aj

i,ld ne,sh hq;= fohla we;' ta m%isoaO úNd. j,g fmrd;=j we;s WÉp ld,iSudjl § isiqka ;=<

we;sjk Woafú.lr wjia:d ,sys,a lsÍug mshjr .ekSuhs' fujeks wjia:dj,§ wOHdmkfhaa mD:q,

mßudjka fkdi,ld yefrk nj wOHdmk{hskaf.a ueisú,a, úh yel' kuq;a isiqka yd Tjqkaf.a

fo.=reka nqoaêu;a wdldrhg olskafka moaO;sh úiska ,nd fok jrKSh wjia:d .ekhs' ta wkqj m%Odk

wOHdmk m%jdyfha we;s wvqmdvq fmkajdfok o¾mKhla njg mqoa.,sl WmfoaYkh m;ajkafka kï ta

foi n,d mdi,a j,g ish wjYH;d imhd .ekSu i|yd W;aidy oeßh yel'

iuyr iudchkays we;s mdi,a we;a; jYfhkau mj;sk ;;a;ajhg m%;spdr olaj;s' Tan (2007)

úiska jd¾;d lf<a isx.mamQrefõ WmfoaYk uOHia:dk úIhh ks¾foaY l,a;shd W.kajd rdcH mdi,a

moaO;shg jvd fmrgqj isàu .ekhs' miqj mdi,a o úIh ks¾foaYh o isiqkaf.ka iuyrlg fyda l,a

we;sj b.ekaùug lghq;= fh§u ksid fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk uOHia:dk iy m%Odk wOHdmk m%jdyfha

mdi,a hïlsis ;ekl§ tlg yuq jk ;;a;ajhla we;sfõ' fldßhdfõ mj;sk Wiia mdi,a ish,a,

iudk njg m;alsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh u.ska isÿ lr we;af;a fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkhg we;s b,a u wvq

lsÍu fkdj ;jÿrg;a jeä lsÍuhs' ;jÿrg;a kuHYS,S ùfï wjYH;djh ksid iudk;ajh we;s lsÍfï

m%;sm;a;sfha iajNdjh yd wruqKq j, jvd kuH;djhla wjYH nj fmKqks'

n,OdÍka jvd ielfhka iy wdrlaIdldÍ f,i fkdn,kafka kï Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sh foi

n,d fndfyda foa bf.k .ekSug mqMjk' fuu fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYk ixisoaêh flfrys jeä

wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍfï jákdlu wjOdrKh l< hq;=hs' m%;sm;a;s ks¾udmlhska iy ie,iqïlrejka

107

úiska wkq.ukh l< yels b;du;a wk;=re iys; m%fõYh jkafka Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;s .ek

fkd;ld yeÍuhs' jvd Okd;aulj i,ld n,ñka Pdhdj yryd fndfyda foa bf.k .ekSug m%;sm;a;s

ks¾udmlhska iy ie,iqïlrejka mshjr .; hq;=h' fuys§ Tjqka úiska wOHdmksl" idudðl" wd¾Ól

idOl we;=<;a jk m<,a ixo¾Nh .ek o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;=fõ' úúO rgj,a ,nd we;ss w;aoelSï

j, ixikaokd;aul úYaf,aIKhla u.ska fndfyda foa bf.k .ekSug wjldY we;s nj fuu .%ka:h

u.ska meyeos,s lr § ;sfí'

108

109

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fuu .%ka:fha wjOdkh fhduq jkafka Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;sh jYfhka y|qkajkq ,nk fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl b.ekaùu flfrys h' úfYaIfhka kef`.kysr wdishdfõ fujeks WmfoaYk úYd, ixLHdjla fndfyda ld,hla ;siafia mej;sKs' fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l WmfoaYkh wo jk úg wdishdfõ fukau wm%sldfõ" hqfrdamfha iy W;=re weursldfõ fndfyda ia:dk j, o jeä jeäfhka olskakg mqMjks' YsIHhska fmdoqfõ ksoyia wOHdmkh wdKavqfõ mdi,a j,oS ,nd.ks;s' mdi,a ksjdvq ld,j,oS o" i;s wka;hkaysoS o" oji wjidk jk ld, iSudfõoS o" mdif,aoS bf.k .kakd úIhhka i|yd uqo,a f.jd fm!oa.,sl w;sf¾l Wmldrl b.ekaùu fï isiqkau úiskau ,nd .efk;s'

w;sf¾l fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkhg hym;a M,hka o meje;sh yel' isiqkag úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh lrñka b.kSu iïmQ¾K lsrSug tu.ska myiqlï i<ihs' mdi,a fõ,dfjka miqj ie<iqï.; jQ ld¾hhl ksr;ùug isiqkg wjia:dj ,nd fohs' tfukau WmfoaYlhskag wdodhï ud¾.hla imhhs' fufia jqjo WmfoaYkfha whym;a M,hka o we;' fj<|fmd< n,fõ. u.ska md,kh ùug bv yershfyd;a WmfoaYkh u.ska iudc wiudk;d W.% lrñka isiqka ;j;a wdldrhlska mSvdjg m;alrkq we;' ta wOHdmksl fkdjk fjk;a jeo.;a lghq;= i|yd Tjqkag we;s ld,h ke;s lrñks' úêu;a mdi,a .=rejrekaf.a idudkH rdcldrsh jkafka ish úIhh b.ekaùuhs' fuu j.lSu meyer yrsñka" ;u YsIH msrsigu tu úIhh fm!oa.,sl WmfoaYkh yeáhg W.kajd uqo,a wh lsrSfï wjia:d we;sjQ úg ks¾udKh jkafka m%n, .eg`Mjls'

fuu .%ka:h wdrïN jkafka" úúO miqìï ys mj;sk Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;ska ys mrsudj" iajNdjh iy we;s .eg`M wdosh iudf,dapkh lrñks' bkamiqj flfrkafka fuu ixisoaêh .ek rdcH n,OdrSka úiska .;hq;= m%;spdr y|qkd .ekSuhs' ta i|yd m%.;s.dó m%fõYhka wkq.ukh lsrSug n,OdrSka fmd<Ujhss' l=uk j¾.fha WmfoaYkhka ;u miqìug ys;lr fõ o lskï tajd wys;lr fõoehs ksYaph lrñka n,OdrSka úiska ;ukag b;du;a WÑ; jk m%;sm;a;s ks¾udKfh ys ffO¾hu;a lsrSu .%ka:fha wNs,dIhhs'

l¾;D ms<sn|j ………

ud¾la fí%" fydxfldx úYaj úoHd,fha ;=,kd;aul wOHdmkh ms<sn|j uydpd¾h Oqrh orhs' j¾I 2006 - 2010 olajd UNESCO ys wOHdmk ie<iqïlrKh ms<sn| cd;Hka;r wdh;kfha (IIEP) wOHlaIl jrhd jYfhka lghq;= lr we;' Pdhd wOHdmk moaO;s ms<sn|j 1999 oS Tyq úiska rÑ; .%ka:h IIEP wdh;kh úiska m< lrk ,oS' th fuu ud;Dldj .ek rÑ; uq,au .%ka:h jk w;r fndfyda fihska Wmqgd olaùï j,g md;%j we;' uq,a fmd; m<lsrSfuka wk;=rej Tyq úiska lrk ,o m¾fhaIK ld¾hhka fuu .%ka:h ,sùug uq,a úh' ud¾la fí% ;=,kd;aul wOHdmk lafIa;%h ms<sn|j f,aLk .Kkdjla rpkh lr we;s w;r wOHdmk mrsmd,kh iy wOHdmkh i|yd uQ,H iïm;a Wmfhda.s;djh .ek o lD;s rdYshla bosrsm;a lr ;sfí'