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BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON 9:1-149. 1997

An illustrated marine flora of the Pelican Cays, Belize

Diane S. Littler and Mark M. Littler

(DSL, MML) Department of Botany, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C. 20560, V.S.A.

(DSL) Division of Marine Science, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution,5600 V.S. 1 North, Fort Pierce, Florida 34946, V.S.A.

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ABSTRACT.-The Pelican Cays, Belize, Central America, represent a benign and biologicallydiverse environment dominated by sessile photosynthetic and filter-feeding populations. Mostare delicate and particularly susceptible to physical damage and eutrophication. Pelican Cayshas a rich marine flora, totaling 190 taxa, with 86 Rhodophyta (red algae), 23 Phaeophyta(brown algae), 72 Chlorophyta (green algae), 5 Cyanophyta (blue-green algae) and 4 Magnoliophyta (flowering plants). Each species description includes the author citation, original reference, basionym and synonyms when appropriate. The detailed descriptions are accompaniedby line drawings of anatomical and morphological features to aid in identification. Distributions are listed for the Caribbean Basin, along with the habitat where each taxon is typicallyfound, and 73 new seaweed records are added for Belize. The cause of the exceptionally highbiodiversity in such a small area is the unusual convergence of complex mangrove, coral, seagrass and algal biomes under stable oligotrophic conditions. Nearly one-fourth of the macrophyte flora are rare or uncommon species. The long-lived coarse, leathery and calcareous formgroups dominate with 67% of the taxa, indicative of constant, low-nutrient conditions. Few ofthe ephemeral filamentous and sheet-like green algae that predominate under elevated nutrientregimes are present. The preponderance of long-lived red algal taxa (86 of 190 total macrophytetaxa) is a further indication of a relatively pristine environment. Botanical survey and inventory information on the spectacular Pelican Cays ecosystem is provided in the hope of contributing toward a timely conservation plan and responsible management of the resource.

The atoll-like Pelican Cays, located in theCentral Province of the Belize Barrier Reef(Maps 1-3), comprise a pristine, low-energy,mangrove-island ecosystem dominated bysessile photosynthetic and filter-feeding populations. Most are morphologically delicateand vulnerable to damage from boat wakes,physical disturbance and sedimentation, aswell as natural (Lapointe et al. 1993) and anthropogenic (Littler et al. 1993) eutrophication. The predominant algal form groups(67% of taxa are coarsely-branched thickleathery or calcareous forms) indicate constant, low-nutrient conditions with a paucityof the filamentous and sheet-like green algalforms that characterize nearby eutrophicmangrove cays (e.g., Man-of-War Cay, Channel Cay, Douglas Cay).

The macrophyte biodiversity of the Pelican Cays area (190 taxa) is greater than anycomparable system studied in the Caribbean.

In comparison, the treatment "Marine Plantsof the Caribbean and Adjacent Seas" (Littleret al. 1989) contained only 209 taxa obtainedover an8-year period. In the past, we haverecorded rich floras of important undocumented macrophytes in Belizean mangrovesystems such as Twin Cays (Littler et al. 1985)and Tobacco Range (Littler et al. 1995).However, the Pelican Cays' macrophytic diversity far exceeds that of Twin Cays and Tobacco Range combined. The cause of thisunusually high marine plant biodiversity insuch a small geographic area is the uniquejuxtaposition of mangrove, coral, seagrass andalgal biomes under stable oligotrophic conditions (e.g., indicated by consistently "ginclear" waters). The preponderance of longlived red algal taxa (86 out of 190 total macrophyte taxa) is a further indication of a relatively benign, pristine environment (Littler etal. 1987).

2 BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

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Our emphasis is primarily on the largemacrophytic forms that are not ubiquitouslydispersed by birds, wind-aerosols and ships.We cover the three major phyla of marinealgae, Rhodophyta (red algae, 86 taxa), Phaeophyta (brown algae, 23 taxa) and Chlorophyta(green algae, 72 taxa). Also included are Cyanophyta (blue-green algae, 5 taxa), which represent an important macrophytic componentin some habitats, and the flowering plant phylum Magnoliophyta (seagrasses, 4 taxa), eventhough generally omitted from algal florasand texts. The seagrasses play a major role inthe ecology and population dynamics of Pelican Cays' ecosystems and, therefore, must beincorporated in any comprehensive treatment.

The algal biodiversity of the unique Pelican Cays is documented as a first step towardestablishing a baseline of systematic information essential to further research and of use tomanagers of this remarkable resource. Theapproach used is an illustrated flora, wherebyeach taxon is given a general morphologicaldescription followed by a more technical anatomical treatment, and a plate of one to fivediagnostic habit and anatomical line drawings.The product is a fully illustrated floristictreatment that can, also serve as a field guide tothe marine plant life of the Pelican Cays.

A CKNOWLEDGMENTs.-Special thanks forsupport and funding go to Harbor BranchOceanographic Institution (HBOI Contribution No. 1189) and the Smithsonian MarineStation at Link Port, Florida (SMSLP Contribution No. 429). Both organizations wereextremely helpful during all aspects of thiswork. Additional funding was provided byNSF Grant DEB-9400534 and the CaribbeanCoral Reef Ecosystem Program of the National Museum of Natural History (CCREContribution No. 523). We gratefully acknowledge Barrett L. Brooks for his continuing support and assistance throughout all ofour field and laboratory efforts and Michael J.Wynne and Richard B. Searles for their thorough reviews and excellent suggestions, whichimproved the manuscript considerably.David B. Lellinger's excellent review, helpfulsuggestions and editorial assistance made thefinal publication possible.

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Methods and Materials

Collections from the Pelican Cays' mangrove prop roots, seagrass flats and shallowribbon reefs were made from February 1992to May 1995 by hand while snorkeling.SCUBA diving was employed to collect fromthe deeper slopes of seagrass beds and ribbonreefs. During February 1993, we began recording observations of populations and island systems in the Pelican Cays Group usingnames of locations from charts and some ofour own site designations (Maps 2, 3). Ourresearch team has now made multiple seasonal marine plant collections at 43 differentsites from the 11 major islands of the PelicanCays. Manatee Cay was collected at 11 sites,Bird Cays at 6 sites, Fisherman's Cay at 5 sitesand the remaining cays at 3 sites each. A coordinated transect method was used amongthe three divers to facilitate complete systematic and habitat coverage. Specimens forpressing were combined in large mesh bags,while separate plants were placed in individualplastic bags at the time of collection, latertransferred to polycarbonate scintillation vials, fixed in 5% Formalin and finally preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. This resulted in150 identified bulk collections for pressingand 300 separate identified collections preserved in individuallabeled vials. In the laboratory, portions of each species' collectionwere retained in vials with liquid preservative,while the remainder of thalli and bulk materials ~ere dried and pressed as herbariumspeCImens

Dried herbarium collections, wet preservedmaterials and, when at the Carrie Bow Cay(CBC) field station, living specimens wereexamined macroscopically and microscopically, after portions were prepared on glassslides for anatomical study. Thallus sectionswere made by hand (in the field) or by freezing microtome, stained with 1% aniline blueand mounted using a 20% glucose syrup (KaroSyrup, Corn Products, Inc.) solution in distilled water containing a trace of phenol. Allanatomical illustrations were drawn with acamera lucida on a Zeiss Universal Microscope to assure accuracy; internal measurements were made with a calibrated ocularmicrometer. The specimens generated by this


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Map 2. Overview of the atoll-like Pelican Cays and nearby mangrove islands (adapted fromdrawing by M. K. Ryan).

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study are deposited in the Algal Collection ofthe V.S. National Herbarium, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

General Characteristics of Pelican Cays

Cat Cay (Cat Cay Bay), a ribbon reefdominated by the leaf coral Agaricia tenuifoliadelimits the southwest margin of the southwestward-facing embayment (Map 3). Thewestern margin of this bay (from the ribbonreef to the northernmost limit) is one of therichest (greatest biodiversity) sites in the Pelican Cays. As mentioned above, the reason isthe unusual combination of coral, mangrove,algal and seagrass systems related to the stableseawater quality in this compact embayment.The eastern margin of Cat Cay Bay is richerin algal populations and contains relativelyfewer "hanging root" filter-feeding communities than the westward margin. The southerntip of Cat Cay extends as a striking ribbonreef grass flat for several kilometers to thesouth - an especially pristine coral/algal/seagrass system that we have called Five MileFlat (described below) - before returningnorthward to Little Cat Cay to complete theatoll-like perimeter of the system.

Particularly striking dominants of thehanging root communities of the south CatCay embayment are colorful tunicates(Clavelina picta, C. puertosecensis) , sponges(Mycale laxissima, various rope sponges),worms, bivalves and anemones. Algal dominants are the red algae Coelothrix irregularis,Acanthophora spicifera, Spyridia filamentosa,the brown algae Lobophora variegata, Dictyotaspp., Padina sanctae-crucis and the green algaeCaulerpa racemosa, C. sertularioides, C. mexicana, C verticillata, Halimeda opuntia andDictyosphaeria cavernosa.

Such robust macroalgal populations areindicative of constant, stable, low-nutrientconditions. Species that are unusual are foliose fleshy red forms (Gracilaria, Meristiella),epiphytic crustose corallines and the largegreen alga Udotea cf. occidentalis. Threemarkedly different growth forms of Codiumspp. are also present.

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Cat Cay (South Island), the southwestmargin of this small mangrove island (Map 2),just below the mouth of Cat Cay Bay, contains a narrow grass flat (Thalassia testudinum) , except at regular points where"ribbon reefs" of the leaf coral Agaricia tenui-folia form crescents connected at their proximal ends to the mangrove islands. Here thetrees and seagrass flats extend as points ontothe ribbon reefs. Several of these extendedflats contain large populations of the red algaHydropuntia cornea Qocally valued as an aphrodisiac when prepared in porridge, alsocommercially available as "Double TroubleSea Moss" in the Lesser Antilles). The mangrove root systems contain unusually extensive populations and colonies of stony coralsalong with macroalgae, sponges, tunicates andanemones.

Manatee Cay (Map 3), at the westwardfacing lagoon (Tony's Lagoon), was surveyedin considerable detail. This is by far the mostspectacular large habitat in the Pelican Cays in terms of colorful tunicates, sponges, tubeworms, bivalves, anemones and algae. At thenorth and south of the entrance (cut off by ashallow ribbon reef of Agaricia tenuifolia) areuniquely large populations of the redagariphyte Gracilaria mammillaris; severalother commercially valuable Gracilaria spp.are present as well. This system is teemingwith larval fish stages, and the mangrove rootsystems are heavily burdened by plants andmultilayered filter-feeding animals. We routinely have seen large tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) in this lagoon. Many of the sessile rootcommunities have dropped en masse to thelagoon floor and continue to thrive in mostcases at the outer edges of the undercut bank.There is a remarkable hanging population ofextraordinarily large Avrainvillea digitata beginning at the intertidal level of the north sideof Tony's Lagoon. Nearby, to the east, aregigantic Penicillus pyriformis among the Thalassia blades. The entire margin of the lagoonwas surveyed, and all indications are of a delicate long-lived community that has undergonelittle human disturbance, most likely due tothe shallow ribbon reef barrier across themouth (restricting access) and the large volume of the embayment. Most importantly,large patches of recently manatee-grazed Tha-


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Map 3. Enlarged view of the major islands and habitats surveyed during the present study(adapted from drawing by M. K. Ryan).

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lassia testudinum indicated the presence ofmanatees at the time of the study (Feb 1994and May 1995).

Cassiopea Cove (Map 3) has a shallow Thalassia testudinum flat containing a row ofRhizophora mangle islets that demarcates andobscures the eastern-facing entrance. Theouter, northern margin of these have severallarge populations of the agar-producers Gracilaria cervicornis, G. mammillaris and Hydropuntia cornea. This south to north elongatedlagoon is characterized by exceptionally longblades of the seagrasses Syringodium filiformeand T. testudinum (> 1.0 m), as well as abundant populations of Cassiopea xamachana andC. frondosa comprised of several morphological forms. The brown crown conch Melongena melongena was common, and ulvaleanalgal indicators of eutrophication were onlyobserved on the east side. The hanging rootpopulations along the west side, while diverse,contained no unusual algae and were not asspectacular as those of Cat Cay Bay, Tony'sLagoon or Great Bay. The eastern marginwas unremarkable.

A small pond to the south of Tony's Lagoon (Map 3), with a shallow entrance fromthe west, contains several unique features.Foremost is a spectacular population of giantAvrainvillea asarifolia (30 cm x 20 cm blades)at the south entrance. The orange tunicateEcteinascidia turbinata also reaches quite largecolony sizes, dominating entire hanging roots.Bryopsis plumosa is exceptionally robust (15cm long here), and the hanging roots containan interesting form of Caulerpa nummularia(dominant) with convex lower surfaces of theramuli.

Avicennia Cay (Map 2), a small cay just tothe southwest of Manatee Cay, was surveyedfrom the steep reef slope to the edge of themangrove prop roots. This is a mangroveisland resting on an isolated patch reef. Theouter slope is composed of Agaricia tenuifolialeveling off in the shallows to form a gorgonian/seagrass community. The CBC stationmanager (S. Hays) observed a living manateein this habitat during May 1995, while divingwith our group. On the north side of the cay,a shallow crest is present formed mainly bythe fire coral Millepora complanata and the

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finger coral Porites porites. Behind this crest,shallow seagrass beds adjoin the mangroves.There is an abundance of Gracilaria cervicornis, G. mammillaris and Hydropuntia corneaon the seagrass and mangrove root systems.The slight embayment on the south end ofthe cay is sandy and slopes upward to verydense Thalassia testudinum stands; these mangrove root systems are not particularly richand contain algal populations similar to thoseof the west side of Steward Cay to the north.

Frenchy's Ponds, named for the multiplepairs of large French angelfish, on the southwestern region of Fisherman's Cay (Map 3)are rich in sessile invertebrates but tend toward algal domination. Noteworthy algalpopulations are draped masses of Halimedaopuntia suspended from mangrove prop rootsand mound-like colonies of A vrainvillea asari-folia. Communities on mangrove prop rootsindicate little physical disturbance; however,they are not as spectacular as those of Tony'sLagoon, Cat Cay Bay or Great Bay.

Great Bay (Map 3), at the north of Fisherman's Cay, has a north facing entrance andis entered over a broad Thalassia testudinumflat containing isolated coral heads with scattered islets of Rhizophora mangle along thewestern sill. Noteworthy features are abundant standing crops of commercial agarophytes, such as Gracilaria cervicornis, G.mammillaris, Meristiella gelidium and M. echinocarpum, along the northwestern (outer)border of the lagoon, among isolated coloniesof the fire coral Millepora complanata. Vivarigida blades are prevalent on a nearby isletroot beneath a bird roosting site. Sponge,bivalve and tunicate populations are spectacular and surpassed only at Tony's Lagoon andCat Cay Bay. Avrainvillea nigricans forms asparse aggregation on the shallow peat bank atthe southern margin, beneath which are gigantic specimens of Udotea cf. occidentalis, cf.extending in a 10 m x 1.0 m strip. Furtherback among the shallow roots is an extensivepatch of A. digitata. Cassiopea xamachana arecommon and several brown crown conchsMelongena melongena were also observed.Dominant macroalgae on the roots are Acanthophora spicifera and various forms of Caulerpa racemosa. Coelothrix irregularis formsdramatic neon-blue patches on submerged


fallen logs. The benthic community just beneath the mangrove roots lies on a bivalve/Halimeda-hash substrate and is dominated by rhizophytic plants {Thalassia testudinum and Caulerpa racemosa covered by largemats of Ceramium sp., Caulerpa mexicana andCaulerpa sertularioides}. Dominants on thepeat bank among shallow prop roots arePadina gymnospora and Caulerpa verticillata.

Recently, B2 Ponds, the double-pond system of the northeast area of Fisherman's Cay(Map 3), appear to be considerably degraded,mostly by sedimentation and boat damage(physical) relative to our observations in1992-1993. Colorful sponges and algae dominate the mangrove prop roots of both ponds.The western margin is healthy and contains amangrove root community dominated bygorgonians, anemones, stony corals and algaesuch as Lobophora variegata. Adjacent is aseagrass bed with Bryopsidales, red and greenforms of Laurencia, Coelothrix irregularis andCeramium grading into an Agaricia tenuifoliaribbon reef before dropping sharply to lagoondepths (24 m).

Ridge Cay (Map 2) is surrounded by seagrass beds and is the only site in which wecollected the economically important carrageenan producer Eucheuma isiforme (alsoused to make sea-moss porridge). The beddedmangrove prop roots are covered with interesting and colorful populations of small epiphytic clumps of seaweeds such as Botryocladia spinulifera, Anadyomene stellata, Bryopsis plumosa, Laurencia spp. and Codium spp.Some lagoonward hanging roots contain unusually large populations of Caulerpa spp. andHalimeda opuntia.

Northeast Cay, the northernmost island(Map 2), contains a substantial fish camp atthe western tip and serves as a local anchoragefor sailboats. The small coves southeast of thefish camp contain a community similar to theB2 Ponds on Fisherman's Cay, but are relatively depauperate and overgrown by curtainlike masses of a colonial diatom/Ceramiumassociation. The mangrove prop roots outsidethe coves are richer but algal dominated(Laurencia papillosa, Digenia simplex, Acanthophora spicifera). Unattended fish traps insidethe small coves in May 1995 contained dead

and dying French angel fish and gray snapper.The northern margin of this island is especially rich in the elkhorn coral Acropora palmata and gorgonian patch reefs, with anotherfish camp conspicuous along the mangroveshoreline.

The Bird Cays comprise three islands (Map2), the westernmost of which is similar in algal community structure to Co Cat Cay andLittle Cat Cay to the south (described below).The northeastern and southeastern Bird Caysare located in the lagoon and are surroundedby narrow seagrass flats that drop from anAgaricia margin to steep sediment-strewnslopes. Both of these islands contain birdroosting sites, and ulvalean green algae associated with eutrophication are present butminimal.

Co Cat Cay and Little Cat Cay (Map 2),the two westernmost cays in the Pelican Caygroup, are not particularly unique or spectacular. They are interesting in that their algal floras are similar to those of the westerncays of Blue Ground Range and Stewart Cayto the north. The eastern borders of each arecomposed of narrow strips of seagrass bedsthat slope steeply into the lagoon with scattered heads of Millepora complanata at themargins. The mangrove-root epiphytes areheavily sedimented and uninteresting, i.e.,various epiphytic Galaxaura spp., Acanthophora spicifera and Lobophora variegata. Thewestern borders are richer and more interesting, with broad shallow seagrass flats containing large fan and whip gorgonians, Milleporacomplanata, Montastrea and Porites heads. Theroots are rich in Anadyomene stellata, Lobophora variegata, Gracilaria mammillaris, Bryopsis plumosa and many Caulerpa spp., alongwith anemones and corals. Little Cat Bayis a two-parted bay containing several unusually large forms of seaweeds, particularlyUdotea cf. occidentalis, with a shallow seagrassribbon flat across its mouth. The southernportion outside of the mouth is especially richin seaweeds that exhibit "gigantism". Themangrove prop roots on the western tip ofLittle Cat Cay are heavily epiphytized by theweedy red alga Acanthophora spicifera.

The reef at the southeast tip of Cat Cay,just at the start of Five Mile Flat where itjoins the island (Map 2), was surveyed to 30 m

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deep. Below 26 m deep, the monotonoussandy bottom levels off and slopes graduallydeeper. From 20-26 m deep, sand inundatedrubble prevails with sparse biota. From 20 mdeep and upward, Halimeda spp. and Lobophora variegata are abundant. At 8 ln deepand upward, sponges, bryozoans and, in particular, the macroalgae Penicillus pyriformis,Halimeda spp., Udotea spp. and L. variegatadominate among the actively growing Agaricia tenuifolia that extends between 3 and 15m. Many encrusting algae such as Peyssonneliaboergesenii, ]ania adhaerens, crustose Corallinaceae and Amphiroa spp. occur on the deadskeletons of A. tenuifolia. From 7 m deep andupward, the seagrass Thalassia testudinum,large gorgonians (whips and fans) and othercorals such as Porites porites, P. astreoides andMillepora complanata dominate.

Five Mile Flat itself is exceptionally pristine and encloses the vast southern portion ofthe atoll-like Pelican Cays Lagoon (Map 2). Itcontains numerous patch reefs capped withThalassia testudinum. Five Mile Flat and itspatch reefs serve as feeding habitat for abundant schools of permit (Trachinotus falcatus)and bonefish (Albula vulpes).

In summary, the Pelican Cays representspectacular, high-biodiversity, low-energyenvironments dominated by photosyntheticand filter-feeding populations. Most arephysically delicate and highly susceptible todamage from boat wakes, physical contact(e.g., trampling), sedimentation and nutrientenrichment. Few of the ephemeral sheet-likeand filamentous green algae indicative of eutrophic bird islands or anthropogenically polluted systems are present. Survey and inventory information on the Pelican Cays mangrove complex, where coral reef, mangrove,seagrass and macroalgal ecosystems merge, ispresented as a first step toward a holistic conservation/management plan. We stronglysuggest that future scientific studies emphasizeundisturbed sampling methodologies, avoidunnecessary hardware that could serve as substrates for competitively-superior, earlysuccessional fouling organisms and taggingshould be as unobtrusive as possible so as tonot detract from the natural beauty of thisremarkable island ecosystem.

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Format of Descriptions

Within the five phyla treated, species arearranged by order and family following thecurrent taxonomic checklist of Wynne (1986).Genera are arranged alphabetically withineach family, and species are listed alphabetically under each genus. We have incorporatedthe most recent taxonomic literature, thusresulting in substantial departures from Taylor (1960).

The binomial and author(s) of each taxonare given with the reference where the namewas first published. Whenever appropriate,the basionym is listed below the taxon followed by appropriate synonyms. Each description is as short and concise as possible,giving typical shape, size-range, color, bladefeatures, stipe (when present) and holdfastcharacteristics. Dimensions are often given as(20-)30-50(-80) indicating that the normalrange is from 30-50 but individuals may befound with measurements as low as 20 or ashigh as 80. The organism's anatomy, dealingwith the more technical internal structure, isalso detailed. Reproduction is included whenfeatures aid in identification of the species.Abundance, referring to the likelihood ofencountering a given species, is described ascommon (frequently observed), locally abundant (patchy, but abundant when found), uncommon (not normally encountered) or rare(seldom located).

Habitat information is provided describingthe environs where each entity typically occurs, including substrate type and depthrange. The distribution is presented as a listof Caribbean Basin localities (in clockwisegeographical order) in which a given taxonhas been documented, using Taylor (1960) asthe baseline of information, with recent additions accompanied by the appropriate references (when published) or specimen numbers(unpublished). This treatment goes no further north in the United States than Florida;those interested in the more northern florashould consult "Seaweeds of the SoutheasternUnited States" by Schneider and Searles(1991). Where multiple citations occur in asingle reference, these are coded to that reference using symbols (e.g., *, t, +, §, efl, etc.).Abbreviations of herbaria cited throughout


the species treatments are those established byHolmgren et al. (1990). Since efforts to dateto systematically collect throughout the Caribbean are incomplete, many taxa show artificially disjunct distributions.

Anatomical and morphological drawingsare presented to allow the user to visuallyinterpret key diagnostic features. Specifictechnical terminology has been kept to aminimum to facilitate use by colleagues inother disciplines. Technical terms that do nothave a non-technical general-dictionary equivalent, but are necessary for adequate description (e.g., moniliform, cervicorn), are definedand illustrated where they first occur in thetext, or in the glossary at the back. New records for Belize are indicated by double asterisks (>1-)1-) before the binomial, as well as beforethe Pelican Cays' specimen cited.

Keys to the marine plants of Pelican Cays

Both vegetative structure and reproductivedevelopment are important in marine planttaxonomy. However, many reproductivefeatures are rarely found or difficult to see.To make this treatment as user-friendly aspossible, we have constructed an artificial keybased primarily on anatomical and morphological characters that are readily observed.

The key has been designed specifically todistinguish species at Pelican Cays, Belize.The format is that of a typical dichotomouskey. Each number in parentheses followingthe initial number represents the entry whichled to that selection. This double numberingsystem enables the user to utilize the keybackwards as well as the standard method ofkeying forward.

Key to the Phyla

1. Thallus with vascular system, consisting of trueroots, stems and leaves ........................... Magnoliophyta (Seagrasses) p. 191. Plants without vascular system........... 2

2(1). Thallus blue-green, gray, gray-green, to blue-gray; cells without distinct plastids ..................................................... Cyanophyta p. 192(1). Thallus not blue-green, gray, gray-green toblue-gray; cells with distinct plastids 3

3(2). Thallus red, violet, pink, white-pink to bluishgreen (occasionally iridescent); pit connectionsbetween cells present; reproduction by non-motilecells Rhodophyta p. 10

3(2). Thallus generally pale to dark green or oliveto dark brown; pit connections between cells ab-sent; reproduction by motile cells 4

4(3). Thallus predominately pale to dark green;starch present in cells; plants often coenocytic(without cell walls) Chlorophyta p. 16

4(3). Thallus olive to dark brown (occasionallyiridescent blue when living); starch not present incells; plants never coenocytic Phaeophyta p.15

Key to the Rhodophyta

1. Thallus not calcified............................................ 2

1. Thallus calcified................................................ 68

2(1). Thallus uniseriate (one cell wide; finely fila-mentous) 3

2(1). Thallus other than uniseriate throughout 5

3(2). Axial cells > 250 ,."m diam .. 54. Griffithsia heteromorpha

3(2). Axial cells <250 ,."m diam 4

4(3). Branching of erect filaments alternate onevery cell 48. Antithamnion antillanum4(3). Branching generally absent, when present noton every cell 55. Lejolisia exposita

5(2). Thallus mostly unistratose (one cell layerthick; midrib often several cells thick) 6

5(2). Thallus other than unistratose 7

6(5). Main branching pseudodichotomous, secondary branching from midrib; apices generallyforked............................... 60. Caloglossa leprieurii

6(5). Main branching from midrib; apices pointedor rounded, not forked ....................... 61. Hypoglossum cf. heterocystideum

7(5). Main axes of polysiphonous segments (centralcell surrounded by pericentral cells of equal length)................................................................................. 8

7(5). Main axes other than above 15

8(7). Thallus bushy and erect; not having a pros-trate axis.................................................................. 9

8(7). Thallus generally creeping; consisting of aprostrate axis giving rise to similar upright axes .... 11

NUMBER 9

9(8). Thallus with apical filaments (fine hair-liketufts at apices); main axes strongly recurved;branchlets of uniform length ............................ 72. Herposiphonia pecten-veneris

9(8). Thallus with lateral filaments; main axes notrecurved; branchlets of various lengths 10

10(9). Branchlets forming at every joint; basal seg-ment of branchlet uniseriate ........................................... 82. Murrayella periclados

10(9). Branchlets forming at every other joint; basalsegment of branchlet multiseriate ..................................... 66. Heterosiphonia crispella

11(8). Thallus of 8-10 pericentral cells; prostrateapex upcurved; erect branchlets strongly arched;apical filaments tenninal... 71. Herposiphonia parca

11(8). Thallus of four pericentral cells; prostrateapex not upcurved, erect branchlets not stronglyarched; apical filaments spiraling about tip, notsolely terminal...................................................... 12

12(11). Rhizoids not in open connection to parentcell, cut off by cell wall ................................. 84. Polysiphonia flaccidissima12(11). Rhizoids in open connection to parent cell,without cell wall 13

13(12). Branching dichotomous ....................................... 83. Polysiphonia atlantica13(12). Branching irregular to alternate 14

14(13). Branches forming in axis of apical filaments................................... 85. Polysiphonia havanensis14(13). Branches replacing apical filaments ......... 86. Polysiphonia scopulorum

15(7). Blades or thallus with obvious mucilaginouscentral cavity (with or without sparsely scatteredcentral filaments) 16

15(7). Blades or thallus without obvious mucilagi-nous central cavity............................................... 22

16(15). Found in extremely high intertidal [thallusconstricted into oval segments without cross parti-tions] 28. Catenella caespitosa16(15). Found at various depths but not in ex-tremely high intertidal areas 17

17(16). Thallus with bulbous blades on tough stalk,dark red 18

17(16). Thallus of cylindrical or slightly swollen (atintervals) branches, not dark red 19

11

18(17). Bulbous blades forming from stolon(runner); surface covered with minute, microscopicspines 43. Botryocladia spinulifera

18(17). Bulbous blades forming from single hold-fast; surface smooth 42. Botryocladia shanksii

19(17). Thallus firm in texture, not segmented,cavity obscure [branches cylindrical] .......................................... 41. Coelothrix irregularis19(17). Thallus soft in texture, segmented, cavityobvious 20

20(19). Thallus slightly constricted and solid (withtransverse partition) only at base of branches[branches cylindrical ..... 40. Lomentaria baileyana

20(19). Thallus divided into segments by numeroustransverse partitions [segments cylindrical toslightly swollen] 21

21(20). Plants> 2 cm high, erect; attached by basalrhizoids only; branches cylindrical to slightly flat-tened 38. Champia parvula var. parvula21(20). Plants <2 cm high; prostrate; attached bynumerous short bundled rhizoids at or near joints;branches decidedly flattened .. 39. Champia parvula var. prostrata

22(15). Uniseriate axis (central large filament, not achamber filled with mucilaginous gel) surroundedat joints or throughout by one to two layers of cells(basal parts often with thicker cortication) 23

22(15). Central axis of many cells 31

23(22). Erect thallus of uniform constructionthroughout, generally finely filamentous [corticationpresent solely at joints or throughout] 24

23(22). Erect thallus differentiated into mainbranches, branchlets and with ascending or de-scending corticating filaments from joints 28

24(23). Corticated by rectangular cells in longitudi-nal rows; spines present at joints ...................................... 49. Centroceras clavulatum24(23). Corticated by rounded or polygonal cellsnot in longitudinal rows; spines absent................ 25

25(24). Corticating cells completely covering cen-tral filament 53. Ceramium nitens25(24). Corticating cells only at joints 26

26(25). Lower row or rows of joint cells wider thanlong 52. Ceramium flaccidum26(25). Lower row of joint cells not wider thanlong 27


27(26). Branching cervicorn; thallus < 1.5 cm high;tetrasporangia cruciately divided ......................................... 51. Ceramium cruciatum

27(26). Branching evenly dichotomous; thallus> 1.5 cm high; tetrasporangia tetrahedrally divided...... 50. Ceramium brevizonatum vac. caraibicum

28(23). Main axis uniformly corticated; brancWetscorticated at joints only....................................... 29

28(23). Main axis not corticated at apices;branchlets not corticated...................................... 30

29(28). Plants < 10 cm high; branchlets to 60 /lmdiam., sharply tapering ... 56. Spyridia complanata29(28). Plants > 10 cm high; branchlets < 50 /lmdiam., not sharply tapering ........................................... 57. Spyridia filamentosa

30(28). Thallus < 8 cm high; main filaments to 400/lm diam.; uncorticated; branchlet apical cells insets of 2-3, pointed....... 58. Wrangelia bicuspidata30(28). Thallus to 20 cm high; main filaments to200 /lm diam., completely corticated proximally;branchlet apical cells solitary, blunt ...... 59. Wrangelia penicillata

31(22). Thallus having coarse stiff brancWets 32

31(22). Thallus not having coarse stiff branch1ets 34

32(31). Thallus creeping; branching pinnate orfeather-like 68. Bostrychia tenella32(31). Thallus erect; branching radial 33

33(32). Branchlets spine-like or with several spinelike projections per thick brancWet, seldom covered with epiphytes ..... 67. Acanthophora spicifera33(32). Branchlets stiff, simple (not branching)from sparse to crowded, often covered with epi-phytes 70. Digenia simplex

34(31). Thallus with fine branching, lax, hair-likebrancWets either terminal or sheathing branches... 35

34(31). Thallus without finely branching, lax, hair-like brancWets 49

35(34). Axis covered with filamentous, mostly persistent, densely pigmented branchlets (ramuli);tetrasporangia whorled in stichidia 36

35(34). Axis not covered with ramuli but with colorless filaments (trichoblasts) only forming at apexof branches and brancWets; tetrasporangia notwhorled in stichidia.............................................. 39

36(35). Cortication proximal, not present on mostaxes 65. Dasya rigidula36(35). Cortication present on all axes 37

37(36). Mature thallus > 10 cm high [thallus to 90cm high, sparse; branching scant; brancWets 2-14mm long, tapering at base; cortication complete totips]. 62. Dasya baillouviana

37(36). Mature thallus generally < 10 cm high ..... 38

38(37). BrancWets abundant [brancWets whorled atclose intervals (whorls obscure with age), soft,flowing, completely covering all branches] ...... 64. Dasya mollis

38(37). BrancWets sparse, irregularly placed [thallusto 7 cm high; branching dichotomous to irregular;basal branches sparsely covered with brancWets;basal cell of brancWet 18-20 /lm diam.] ............................................... 63. Dasya crouaniana

39(35). Apical cell visible at branch apex; apicespointed; ultimate branches constricted or pinchedat base; stolon having rhizoids in small bundles;spermatangia in exposed sori ............................................. 69. Chondria polyrhiza

39(35). Apical cell not visible but sunken in terminal depression or pit; apices usually blunt, truncate;ultimate branches generally not constricted atbases; thallus not stoloniferous; spermatangiaformed in sori within terminal pits...................... 40

40(39). Distal branches densely covered with short,tough, knobby branchlets 41

40(39). Distal branches not densely covered withshort, tough, knobby branchlets 42

41(40). Thallus yellow-brown; surface cells 40-130/lm diam.; immature cells often with surface pro-jections 76. Laurencia gemmifera (in part)

41(40). Thallus purple-green to olive-brown; surfacecells 8-27 /lm diam.; immature cells never withsurface projections 80. Laurencia papillosa

42(40). Surface cells generally> 40 /lm diam 43

42(40). Surface cells generally <40 /lm diam 46

43(42). Main axes typically encrusted with calcareous red algae [branchlets 1-2 mm diam. thallus to16 cm high; branchlets not closely placed distally] ............................................ 74. Laurencia corallopsis

43(42). Main axes not encrusted with calcareous redalgae 44

44(43). Plants pale green to purple-green, occasionally with rose-pink tips [branching dense, alternateto irregular; branches 0.2-1.2 mm diam.] ... 78. Laurencia microcladia

44(43). Plants other than pale green to purple-green............................................................................... 45

NUMBER 9

45(44). Immature surface cells with minute surfaceprojections in apical areas; yellow-brown occasion-ally with red-brown tips ........................... 76. Laurencia gemmifera (in part)45(44). Immature surface cells without minute surface projections; yellow-green with stubby or peglike branchlets, often rose ... 77. Laurencia intricata

46(42). Dark bright green; branching sparse below,crowded above; branchlets club-shaped; microscopic spot apparent in each surface cell of living orfreshly preserved specimens... 79. Laurencia obtusa46(42). Other than dark bright green; branchingsparse to numerous; branchlets cylindrical, blunt,wart-like; microscopic spot absent in surface cellsof living or freshly preserved specimens.............. 47

47(46). Tetrasporangia 90-130 /lm diam., concentrated just below tips of branchlets; branchingclosely alternate or almost opposite [pale buff tolight pink with red tips] ..... 81. Laurencia poiteaui47(46). Tetrasporangia < 90 /lID diam., branchingnot closely alternate to almost opposite.... 48

48(47). Thallus 1-7 cm high; branches often com-pressed [dark red, red-brown to pink-purple] ........................................... 73. Laurencia caraibica48(47). Thallus to 12 cm high; branches not com-pressed [green-purple] 75. Laurencia flliformis

49(34). Thallus cylindrical (excluding hooked api-ces) 5049(34). Thallus flat or compressed 59

50(49). Thallus large, 16-70 cm high ............................................. 29. Eucheuma isiforme50(49). Thallus generally < 16 CID high 51

51(50). Branch tip of multiple cells.......... 5251(50). Branch tip with solitary apical cell 53

52(50). Thallus to 8 cm high; branches 230-310 /lmdiam., often fusing together ........................................... 44. Gelidiopsis intricata52(50). Thallus to 4 cm high; branches (150) 180-220(-300) /lID diam., never fusing together ......................................... 47. Gelidiopsis variabilis

53(51). Branches <200 /lm diam 5453(51). Branches >200/lmdiam 57

54(53). Branches generally < 120 /lm diam. 5554(53). Branches generally > 120 /lm diam. . 56

55(54). Plants to 1 cm high; surface cells in longitudinal rows.............................. 11. Gelidiella species55(54). Plants to 2 cm high; surface cells not inlongitudinal rows, irregular ........................................ 13. Gelidiella trinitatensis

13

56(54). Branchlets pinched at base; surface cellsnever in longitudinal rows ..... 120 Gelidiella setacea

56(54). Branchlets not pinched at base; surface cellsat least initially in longitudinal rows ........................................... 10. Gelidiella sanctarum

57(53). Thallus tough, stiffly erect; main axes un-branched, bearing short branchlets .................................................. 9. Gelidiella acerosa

57(53). Thallus brittle, not stiffly erect; main axesbranched, bearing spine-like branchlets 58

58(57). Apices terminate in wide, flattened hooks....... 25. Hypnea musciformis

58(57). Apices straight or slightly curved ................. 26. Hypnea spinella

59(49). Blades thin, < 300 p,m thick 60

59(49). Blades thick, > 300 /lm thick 62

60(59). Branch tip with multiple cells; blades 3-15mm wide; margins with small teeth ........................................... 37. Cryptonemia species

60(59). Branch tip with solitary apical cell; bladesnarrowly strap-shaped, < 1.0 mm wide; marginssmooth, not toothed............................................. 61

61 (60). Branching irregular ........................................ 45. Gelidiopsis planicaulis

61(60). Branching dichotomous ............................................ 46. Gelidiopsis scoparia

62(59). Thallus prostrate, creeping, when in calmwater, forming low creeping mounds 63

62(59). Thallus erect 65

63(62). Branches < 2 mm wide [deep red to green-yellow] 30. Meristiella echinocarpum

63(62). Branches 1-2 cm wide 64

64(63). Blades with numerous spine or spur-likeprojections, not fusing to one another; pale yellowto red-brown 31. Meristiella schrammii

64(63). Blades without numerous spines but oftenwith broad, blunt lobes; often fusing with adjacentbranches; mottled red-brown with metallic goldcopper surface sheen ... 35. Hydropuntia crassissima

65(62). Branches thickly strap-shaped [> 5 mmwide, dark red, branching somewhat dichotomous;apices rounded] 33. Gracilaria mammillaris

65(62). Branches only slightly compressed 66


66(65). Iridescent bright blue, red or purple ...................................... 27. Ochtodes secundiramea66(65). Not iridescent bright blue, red or purple ... 67

67(66). Branches often irregular and gnarled,branching irregular, mottled pale yellow, pink orgreen 34. Hydropuntia cornea67(66). Branches not gnarled but smooth and slippery, distal branching distinctly cervicorn (one sideof dichotomy not developing further), red-brownto green-yellow 32. Gracilaria cervicornis

68(1). Thallus forming crusts 6968(1). Thallus branching 72

69(68). Thallus as thick crusts (2-5 mm thick) orforming knobby nodules (5-8 cm diam.); not epi-phytic on other marine plants ...................................... 18. Hydrolithon boergesenii69(68). Thallus as thin crust « 1 mm thick); generally epiphytic on other marine plants................. 70

70(69). Thallus to 350 p,m thick, of three or morecell layers; cells vertically aligned ..................................... 24. Titanderma pustulatum70(69). Thallus <320 p,m thick, generally one totwo cells thick (very old thalli may be to 4 cellsthick); cells horizontally elongated 71

71(70). Thallus radiating from an original 4-celledstructure 17. Fosliella farinosa71(70). Thallus radiating from an original 8-celledstructure 23. Pneophyllum fragile

72(68). Thallus branching with distinct uncalcifiedflexible joints........................................................ 737.2(6~) .. Thallus branching without distinct uncalci-fled Jomts 77

73(72). Reproductive structures axial; joints consisting of one tier of cells; medulla tiers of uniformlength 7473(72). Reproductive structures lateral; joints ofmore than one tier of cells; medulla tiers of variablelength 75

74(73). Delicate, to 1 cm high; segments < 100 p,mdiam 20. ]ania capillacea74(73). Not delicate, to 4 cm high; segments> 100p,m diam 19.]ania adhaerens

75(73). Branches with some portions, generally atthe segments, flattened or compressed [plants inloose clumps; branching strictly dichotomous]. .......................................... 14. Amphiroa beauvoisii75(73). Branches cylindrical throughout 76

76(75). Branches 150-600 p,m diam., swollen atends; joints at dichotomies or trichotomies. 15. Amphiroa fragilissima

76(75). Branches 1-2 mm diam., not swollen atends; joints rarely at dichotomies ......................... 16. Amphiroa rigida var. antillana

77(72). Thallus soft, gooey, slick 78

77(72). Thallus firm to hard 80

78(77). Outer branching dichotomous [thalluscompact; branching tight; medullary filaments to40 p,m diam., cells to 5 diameters long] ................................................ 1. Liagora ceranoides

78(77). Outer branching irregular or alternate .... 79

79(78). Outer branches 1-2 mm diam. [calcificationmostly in outer mucus; cortical filaments 4-7 timesdichotomously branched; surface cells oval, bead-like, 12-20 p,m diam.] .................................. 3. Trichogloeopsis pedicellata

79(78). Outer branches < 1 mm diam. [calcificationlight; medullary filaments 40-80 p,m diam., surfacecells 13-19 p,m diam., without apical "halo"] ............................................... 2. Liagora dendroides

80(77). Thallus rock hard, heavily calcified, branch-ing irregular.......................................................... 81

80(77). Thallus firm but flexible, moderately calcified, branching (when present) generally dichoto-mous 82

81(80). Branches < 1.5 mm diam ..................................... 22. Neogoniolithon strictum

81(80). Branches> 1.5 mm diam .................................. 21. Neogoniolithon spectabile

82(80). Thallus forming crusts ....... 36. Peyssonnelia boergesenii

82(80). Thallus not forming crusts 83

83(82). Surface hair-like filaments absent .............................................. 8. Tricleocarpa fragilis

83(82). Surface hair-like filaments present 84

84(83). Branches flat 5. Galaxaura marginata

84(83). Branches cylindrical 85

85(84). Branches densely but evenly covered byhair-like filaments 86

85(84). Branches other than densely covered byhair-like filaments 87

NUMBER 9

86(85). Short surface filaments 1.0-1.5 mm long;surface filaments 3-5 mm long; medulllary filaments overlapping basal cell of surface filaments .....

............................................... 4. Galaxaura comans86(85). Short surface filaments 30-40 1J.m long; surface filaments to 1.6 mm long; medullary filamentsnot overlapping basal cell of surface filaments ............... 6b. Galaxaura rugosa "tetrasporic stage"

87(85). Distal branches smooth, proximal brancheswith short inconspicuous surface filaments ......... 6a. Galaxaura rugosa "gametophytic stage"87(85). Branches covered with rings (whorls) ofminute hair-like filaments .................................... 7. Galaxaura subverticillata

Key to the Phaeophyta1. Thallus filamentous............................................ 2

1. Thallus not filamentous 3

2(1). Thallus coarsely filamentous (> 100 1J.mdiam.), growing as tangled matted turf ........ 101. CVictyerpa" stage of Padina jamaicensis2(1). Thallus finely filamentous « 100 1J.m diam.),as tufts or scattered in mixed turf communities.... 4

3(1). Filaments uniseriate (single series of cells);plurilocular sporangia cylindrical; lateral hairs ab-sent 87. Feldmannia indica3(1). Filaments multiseriate (several series of cells);propagules broadly triangular; lateral hairs present.......................................... 89. Sphacelaria tribuloides

4(2). Thallus hollow ................................ 88. Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis4(2). Thallus not hollow 5

5(4). Blades flat, thin, only 2-8 cells thick, not arising from a distinct cylindrical stalk; cells arrangedin longitudinal rows; air bladders absent............... 6

5(4). Blades thick, leathery, generally > 10 cellsthick, arising from distinct stalk cells not arrangedin longitudinal rows; air bladders present. 19

6(5). Blades strap-shaped......................................... 76(5). Blades fan-shaped 15

7(6). Blades with distinct but thin midrib ....................................... 90. Dictyopteris delicatula7(6). Blades without midrib 8

8(7). Medulla 2-5 cells thick at margins .............................................. 98. Dilophus alternans8(7). Medulla generally 1 cell thick 9

9(8). Margins toothed 93. Dictyota jamaicensis9(8). Margins smooth 10

15

10(9). Thallus generally prostrate 11

10(9). Thallus mainly erect 12

11(10). Branching irregular to dichotomous; blade75-125 1J.ffi thick, light brown with blue iridescence.............................................. 92. Dictyota humifusa11(10). Branching strictly dichotomous; blade 100-200 1J.m thick, light brown with dark spots .................................................... 96. Dictyota pfaffii

12(10). Blades narrow with each successive division,0.1-0.2 mm wide at apices .... 97. Dictyota pulchella12(10). Blades consistent in width throughout 13

13(12). Outer branching consistently cervicorn ............................................ 91. Dictyota cervicornis13(12). Outer branching other than cervicorn..... 14

14(13). Blades uniformly 0.5-2.0 mm wide, oftentwisted; surface cells 10-20 1J.m diam .................................................. 94. Dictyota linearis14(13). Blades to 15 mm wide, seldom twisted; sur-face cells 20-30 /lm diam. . .. 95. Dictyota menstrualis

15(6). Blades without an inrolled outer margin 16

15(6). Blades with an inrolled outer margin 17

16(15). Thallus prostrate, as slick crust with onlymargins free from substrate .................. 99b. Lobophora variegata crust morph16(15). Thallus as overlapping shelves, in shelf-likelayers; blades free from substrate ... ..... 99a. Lobophora variegata decumbent morph

17(15). Blades generally 2 cells thick near base ... 103. Padina sanctae-crucis

17(15). Blades other than 2 cells thick near base ... 18

18(17). Blades generally 4 cells thick, 2-3 cells thicknear margin, 6-8 near base ........................................... 100. Padina gymnospora18(17). Blades generally 2 cells thick, 3-4 near base................................................ 102. Padina pavonica

19(5). Blades pyramid-shaped, clustered; air bladders embedded or partially embedded in center ofblade 20

19(5). Blades leaf-like; air bladders spherical, form-ing in axial of blade stalk or branch 21

20(19). Blades round to rounded triangular, centerconcave (totally sunken bladders), tapering sharplytowards stalk, ridges often toothed .. 108. Turbinaria tricostata

20(19). Blades roundly to sharply triangular, oftenwith large convex center bulge (partially sunkenbladder), tapering gradually toward stalk, ridgessmooth.......................... 109. Turbinaria turbinata


21(19). Main axes smooth ...................................... 106. Sargassum ramifolium21(19). Main axes with minute spines or knobs,rough 22

22(21). Air bladders with solitary spine near base;bladder stalk flattened, often winged with toothedmargins 104. Sargassum acinarium22(21). Air bladders without basal spines; bladderstalk cylindrical.................................................... 23

23(22). Blade apices rounded to slightly notched; airbladders smooth without cryptostomata ............................................ 107. Sargassum vulgare23 (22). Blade apices slightly rounded to pointed; airbladders roughened with cryptostomata ................................... 105. Sargassum polyceratium

Key to the Chlorophyta

1. Thallus not calcified........................................... 2

1. Thallus calcified................................................ 53

2(1). Thallus hollow, tubular 3

2(1). Thallus other than hollow tubes 4

3(2). Thallus as loose-lying, tangled, aggregation offilaments; filaments 16-50 /lm diam. [1-3 cells intransverse section, only older mature blades tubu-lar]; sparsely branched throughout .................... 112. Enteromorpha chaetomorphoides3(2). Thallus as attached clusters or tufts of distinctly tubular blades; blades 1-10 mm diam., gen-erally unbranched or branched only near base ..................................... 113. Enteromorpha flexuosa

4(2). Thallus as membranous sheets, not net-like.... 54(2). Thallus other than solid membranous sheets 9

5(4). Blade membrane with faintly visible veins 6

5(4). Blade membrane without visible veins 7

6(5). Cells between veins random .................................... 122. Anadyomene saldanhae6(5). Cells between veins parallel ........................................ 123. Anadyomene stellata

7(5). Thallus not epiphytic, > 5 mm diam., notcrust-like 114. VIva rigida7(5). Thallus epiphytic on larger plants, 1-5 mmdiam., crust-like 8

8(7). Thallus one cell thick throughout; surfacehairs present 110. Pringsheimiella scutata8(7). Thallus center often 2-3 cells thick; surfacehairs absent................................... 111. Vlvella lens

9(4). Thallus as mesh or net-like membranes.................................... 124. Microdictyon curtissiae9(4). Thallus other than mesh or net-like mem-branes 10

10(9). Individual cells visibly distinct, bulbous orclub-shaped............................... 11

10(9). Individual cells not visibly distinct 16

11(10). Stipe present 12

11(10). Stipe absent 13

12(11). Branching whorled at apex of parent branch.................................... 120. Ernodesmis verticillata12(11). Branching lateral to parent branch .. 118. Siphonocladus rigidus

13(11). Thallus generally as solitary, large, sphericalcell 14

13(11). Thallus as clusters of large macroscopic cells............................................................................... 15

14(13). Cells shiny dark green, reflective; growingon any substrates; attached by small, distinct cells..................................... 119. Ventricaria ventricosa14(13). Cells translucent green, not reflective; growing on crustose coralline algae; attached by finerhizoids .......... 138. Halicystis stage of Derbesia osterhoutii

15(13). Thallus formed of large (5-15 mm diam., 14 cm long), creeping, round or oval macroscopiccells 121. Valonia macrophysa15(13). Thallus sack-like, hollow, formed of small(0.1-3.0 mm diam.) , crowded, angular or polyhe-dral cells 117. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa

16(10). Thallus loosely filamentous 17

16(10). Thallus other than loosely filamentous 32

17(11). Stipe present; thallus feather-like or plume-like 18

17(11). Stipe absent; thallus not feather-like orplume-like................................................... 20

18(17). BrancWets randomly arranged ............................................ 133. Bryopsis hypnoides

18(17). BrancWets in 1-2 rows 19

19(18). BrancWets to 1.5 cm long, length shorteningtoward apex; main axes < 200 J.lm diam ............................................... 135. Bryopsis plumosa

19(18). BrancWets 2-5 mm long, of uniform length;main axes> 200 J-lm diam..... 134. Bryopsis pennata

NUMBER 9

20(17). Filaments unicellular or with few partition-ing walls................................................................ 21

20(17). Filaments having many regularly spacedpartitioning walls....... 24

21(20). Filaments with microscopic transverse sup-ports or trabeculae 147. Caulerpa fastigiata

21(20). Filaments without microscopic transversesupports. 0 ••• 0 0 0 •••••• 0 •• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 •••• 0 ••••• 00 •• 0.0..... 22

22(21). Thallus generally unbranched, stiff; filaments with no partitioning walls, entirely coeno-cytic; sporangia terminal ................................... 132. Bryobesia cylindrocarpa

22(21). Thallus branched, lax; filaments often withcell wall at point of branching; sporangia terminal................................................................................ 23

23(22). Branching strictly dichotomous o. 0 ••••

........... 136. Derbesia fastigiata

23(22). Branching not strictly dichotomous ............................................... 137. Derbesia marina

24(20). Filaments unbranched or seldom branched................................................................................. 25

24(20). Filaments abundantly branched 27

25(24). Filaments extremely fine (10-30 /-lm diam.),collapsing when removed from water; nuclei one tofew per cell 131. Rhizoclonium riparium

25(24). Filaments coarse (> 80 p.m diam.) , strong,not collapsing when removed from water; cellsmultinucleate 26

26(25). Filaments stiff; cells (80-) 100-375(-400) /-lmdiam., 1-5 diameter long; growing in large mounds. 126. Chaetomorpha linum

26(25). Filcunents lax; cells 300-700(-1000) /-lmdiam., as long as wide; not growing in largemounds 125. Chaetomorpha crassa

27(24). Branching unilateral, distal 28

27(24). Branching abundant, varied 29

28(27). Main filaments 375-460 /-lm ............................. 115. Cladophoropsis macromeres

28(27). Main filaments 150-280 IJ-m ......................... 116. Cladophoropsis membranacea

29(27). Main axes generally < 100 /-lm diam 30

29(27). Main axes > 100 /-lm diam 31

17

30(29). Thallus loosely filamentous, small, 1-3(-30)cm high; main axes obvious ........................ 128. Cladophora montagneana

30(29). Thallus tightly compact, hemispherical tospherical clumps, to 20 cm high; main axes notobvious 127. Cladophora laetevirens

31(29). Thallus often tightly compact; main axialcells 80-140 /-lm diam., 4-12 diameters long; with-out annular constrictions at base .................................... 130. Cladophora vagabunda

31(29). Thallus loosely filamentous; main axial cells240-800 /-lm diam., 7-9 diameters long; short seriesof annular constrictions common where basal cellmeets rhizoid 129. Cladophora prolifera

32(16). Surface or shallow subsurface stolons obvi-ous and abundant 33

32(16). Stolons absent 44

33(32). Frond branchlets flat, midrib flat or com-pressed, appearing flat 34

33(32). Frond midrib and branchlets cylindrical orspherical 35

34(33). Branchlets constricted at base; midrib com-pressed but not flat 155. Caulerpa taxifolia

34(33). Branchlets not constricted at base; midribflat 149. Caulerpa mexicana

35(33). Branchlets in distinct whorls 36

35(33). Branchlets not in distinct whorls 37

36(35). Basal or lower branchlet segments less than5 diameters long; whorls crowded distally ........................................... 144. Caulerpa charoides

36(35). Branchlet segments (including basal orlower branchlet segments) more than 5 diameterslong; whorls crowded along most of erect branch .......................................... 156. Caulerpa verticillata

37(35). Branchlet tips swollen, spherical, oval, discor club-shaped 38

37(35). Branchlet tips cylindrical or conical, notswollen 41

38(37). Branchlets disc-shaped 39

38(37). Branchlets tips swollen, spherical, oval orclub-shaped 40

39(38). Stolons 400-850 Jlm diam., branchlets solelydisc-shaped 150. Caulerpa nummularia

39(38). Stolons 1-2 mm diam.; branchlets disc-shaped to club-shaped ....................... 153. Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata


40(38). Stolons 3.0-4.5 mm diam.; branchlets withmottled or spotted pigmentation, seldom evenlygreen, alternately opposite, often in 4 longitudinally aligned rows or 2 opposite rows at 1800 apart............. 152. Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii40(38). Stolons 2-3 mm diam.; branchlets evenlygreen or often with central star pattern or cat-eye,scattered or in tight clusters ................... 151. Caulerpa racemosa var. racemosa

41 (37). Branchlets long and cylindrical [feather-like,in two opposite ranks] .......................... 154. Caulerpa sertularioides

41(37). Branchlets coarse, tooth-like or cone-shaped, seldom shortly cylindrical 42

42(41). Branchlets and main axes compressed tosomewhat flattened; branchlets marginal, opposite,tough, upcurved .............. 146. Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata42(41). Branchlets and main axes not compressed;branchlets not opposite, not marginal 43

43(42). Branchlets shorter than diameter of mainaxes 147. Caulerpa cupressoides var. turneri43(42). Branchlets equaling or longer than diameterof main axes .......... 145. Caulerpa cupressoides var. cupressoides

44(32). Thallus of cylindrical spongy branches or asprostrate spongy mat, comprised of complex fila-ments with swollen surface apices (utricles) 45

44(32). Thallus not of cylindrical spongy branchesor as prostrate spongy mat, without cortex of utri-cles 49

45(44). Thallus as prostrate, creeping mats, oftenwith overlapping lobes, not with cylindricalbranches 140. Codium intertextum45(44). Thallus erect or decumbent, with cylindri-cal or slightly flattened branches 46

46(45). Thallus decumbent Ooosely following sur-face contour) 142. Codium repens46(45). Thallus erect 47

47(46). Branches cylindrical, rarely flattened atforks; branching dichotomous at tips, irregularbelow 141. Codium isthmocladum47(46). Branches or forks of branches often flattened; branching dichotomous throughout......... 48

48(47). Thallus 25-50(-100) cm high; branches 6-25mm diam.; hairs or hair scars 145-330 p,m belowapex of utricle; wall at apex of utricles 4-8 J.lmthick; gametangia 1-7 per utricle ....................................... 139. Codium decorticatum

48(47). Thallus to 15 cm high; branches 3-8 mmdiam.; hairs or hair scars 50-105 Ilm below apex ofutricles; wall at apex of utricles to 23 J-tm thick;gametangia one or two per utricle ................................................. 143. Codium taylorii

49(44). Thallus of whorled branchlets (cylindrical,finger-like) 178. Dasycladus vermicularis49(44). Blades of fine, tightly interwoven filaments............................................................................... 50

50(49). Blades finger-like or somewhat club-shaped.. 166. Avrainvillea digitata50(49). Blades flattened and expanded, paddle-shaped 51

51(50). Blade siphons moniliform throughout ....................................... 168. Avrainvillea nigricans51 (50). Blade siphons not moniliform throughout .... 52

52(51). Blades medium thick to thick (> 2 mm),without concentric markings; base not deeplylobed...... 167. Avrainvillea longicaulis f. laxa52(51). Blades thin « 2 mm), with concentricmarkings, base deeply lobed ..................................... 165. Avrainvillea asarifolia

53(1). Thallus having distinct calcified segmentsconnected by non-calcified joints 54

53(1). Thallus not distinctly segmented 61

54(53). Outer segments distinctly cylindrical .............................................. 160. Halimeda monile54(53). Outer segments flattened 55

55(54). Branchlets originating at random, oftenattached at various points..................................... 56

55(54). Branchlets originating in one plane, singleattachment apparent 57

56(55). Thallus crowded, in dense clumps ormounds 161. Halimeda opuntia f. opuntia56(55). Thallus sparse, in loose mounds or scatteredchains 162. Halimeda opuntia f. triloba

57(55). Segments < 5 mm wide ............................................. 158. Halimeda goreaui57(55). Segments> 5 mm wide 58

58 (57). Segments distinctly or indistinctly ribbed,often tri-Iobed 59

58(57). Segments essentially rounded, not lobed 60

59(58). Segments generally with distinct ribs; sur-face utricles angular after decalcification ......................................... 159. Halimeda incrassata59(58). Segments generally without distinct ribs;surface utricles spherical after decalcification .. 163. Halimeda simulans

NUMBER 9

60(58). Segments 0.7-1.4 mm thick; up to 14 surface utricles supported by each subsurface utricle............................................. 157. Halimeda discoidea

60(58). Segments 0.3-0.5 mm thick; only 2-4 surface utricles supported by each subsurface utricle ..................................................... 164. Halimeda tuna

61(53). Thallus brush-shaped with coarse fibrouscap 62

61(53). Thallus other than brush-shaped 66

62(61). BrancWet siphons of equal length, not constricted at first dichotomy, fusing laterally to formsmall blades................ 172. Rhipocephalus phoenix

62(61). BrancWet siphons of unequal length, constricted at all dichotomies, not fusing laterally... 63

63 (62). Corticating lateral brancWets of stipe terminate in long, tapering, bluntly pointed apices........ 64

63(62). Corticating lateral brancWets of stipe terminate in short, truncated apices......................... 65

64(63). Cap elongated oval, lightly calcified; capsiphons 400-800 Jlffi diam ......................................... 170. Penicillus dumetosus

64(63). Cap flat topped, heavily calcified; cap si-phons 150-250 p,m diam. . .......................................... 172. Penicillus pyriformis

65(63). Thallus lightly calcified; cap siphons 100-300 p,m diam 169. Penicillus capitatus65(63). Thallus heavily calcified; cap siphons 300-500 p,m diam 171. Penicillus lamourouxii

66(61). Blades fan, cup or paddle-shaped 67

66(61). Blades not fan, cup or paddle-shaped 70

67(66). Blades cup-like, funnel-shaped ......................................... 174. Udotea cyathiformis67(66). Blades flat, fan- or paddle-shaped 68

68(67). Blade often pin-wheel-shaped (of multiplefan-shaped blades radiating from single axis, growing in radial planes); lateral appendages not formingcontinuous cortex 177. Udotea wilsonii

68 (67). Blade of single fan-shaped blades, often withoverlapping lobes but always growing in one plane;lateral appendages forming continuous cortex.... 69

69(68). Plants thick, tough; blade lateral appendagesrandom, sparsely scattered .. 175. Udotea flabellum

69(68). Plants thin, almost brittle; blade lateral appendages abundant, often opposite, closely aligned.................................... 176. Udotea cf. occidentalis

19

70(66). Thallus cylindrical, finger-like .. 179. Neomeris annulata

70(66). Thallus parasol-shaped (delicate stipe withterminal whorl of rays) 71

71(70). Thallus heavily calcified, of 22-80 rays;having corona superior and corona inferior [smallmicroscopic rays above (superior) and below(inferior) major rays]... 180. Acetabularia schenckii

71(70). Thallus lightly calcified between rays, of10-25 rays; lacking corona inferior ..................................... 181. Acetabularia antillana

Key to the Cyanophyta

1. Thallus filamentous, forming large tangledmasses 2

1. Thallus not filamentous 3

2(1). Filaments to 3 cm long, usually curled; cells2-4 p,m long (-10 p,m long prior to cell division);sheath 4-11 p,m thick 182. Lyngbya majuscula

2(1). Filaments to 50 cm long, usually straight; cells4-6 p,m long (-10 p,m long prior to cell division);sheath 5-80 p,m thick 183. Lyngbya polychroa

3(1). Thallus wick-like, forming erect bundles ............................................ 185. Symploca atlantica

3(1). Thallus forming small fuzzy tufts or softpatches 4

4(3). Thallus to 1 cm high, purple-beige to olivegreen 185. Dichothrix bornetiana

4(3). Thallus to 8 mm high, lavender ........................................... 186. Dichothrix fucicola

Key to the Vascular Plants

Magnoliophyta (Seagrasses)

1. Leaves cylindrical 1890 Syringodium filiforme1. Leaves flat 2

2(1). Leaves oval 187. Halophila decipiens

2(1). Leaves strap-shaped 3

3(2). Leaves 0.5-1.5 mm wide .......................................... 190. Halodule beaudettei

3(2). Leaves 4-15 mm wide ........................................ 188. Thalassia testudinum


1. Liagora ceranoides1. Cortical filaments with spherical apical cells. 2. Carposporophyte surrounded by involucral filaments (i).3. Incurved carpogonial branch (c). 4. Typical branch.

3. Trichogloeopsis pedicellata1. Cortical filament showing spherical apical cells.2. Cortical filaments showing swollen tips on surfacehairs. 3. Carposporophyte with descending gonimoblastfilaments (Q. 4. Typical branch.

4. Galaxaura comans1. Cortex of stiff hair-like surface filaments (Q and medullary filaments (m) commonly overlapping bulbous basalcells (b). 2. Cortex with tightly packed bulbous basal cells(b) and intertwined medullary filaments (m). 3. Typicalbranch.

NUMBER 9

Species Treattnents

PHYLUM RHODOPHYTA

Order NEMALIALES

Family LIAGORACEAE

1. ::.::-Liagora ceranoides Lamouroux1816: 239.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus soft, compact,often hemispherical, 3-5{-8) cm high, pinkwhite; proximal branching sparse, irregular;distal branching prolific, widely dichotomous;calcification moderate; basal surface rough.Branches 1-2 mm diam., short; apices taperingto 0.5 mm diam. Medullary filaments longitudinal, 20-40 p,m diam.; cells cylindrical toslightly swollen, to five diameters long. Cortical filaments radial, 4-6 times dichotomouslybranched, seldom extending beyond mucus;basal rhizoids occasionally present, 16-18 p,mdiam.; apical cells spherical to oval, 4-12 p,mdiam., often bearing fine colorless hairs.Holdfast inconspicuous, pad-like. Spermatangia 1-3 p,m diam., in clusters on outer segments. Carpogonial branches incurved, of 3-5cells, 12-24 p,m diam., near middle of corticalfilaments. Carposporophytes spherical,100-500 p,m diam., with basal collar of involucral filaments.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks or coralfragments; to 20 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, ~I-Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Cayman Islands, ~I-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, )I-Puerto Rico,*Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, tBarbuda (tVroman1968), §Antigua, *Saba Bank, St. Kitts (faylor1962b), *Guadeloupe, §Dominica (§Taylor 1969),)I-Grenada, )I-Barbados, *Netherlands Antilles,Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia(Schnetter 1969), *Panama, Costa Rica (Soto &Ballantine 1986), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun1972), )I-Mexico (*Taylor 1960), **Belize; PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30121 (US).

2. ::-::-Liagora dendroidea (P. Crouan &H. Crouan in Maze & Schramm)

Abbott 1990: 317.Helminthora dendroidea P. Crouan & H. Crouan in Maze& Schramm 1878: 178. Liagora mucosa Howe 1920: 556(see Abbott 1990).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gelatinous, soft,gooey, flaccid, to 20 cm high, pink-white

21

(spermatangial plants pink); branching irregular; calcification light. Branches to 1.25 mmdiam. proximally; apices tapering to 0.3-0.6mm diam. Medullary filaments longitudinal,cylindrical, 40-80 p,m diam.; cells to six diameters long; branch apices comprised of 3-4medullary filaments. Cortical filaments radial,clustered, 3-4 times dichotomously branched;basal rhizoids occasionally present; apical cellsspherical to oval, 13-19 p,m diam., 13-24 p,mlong, often initiating fine colorless hairs.Holdfast inconspicuous, pad-like. Spermatangial tufts 25-50 p,m diam., on outer corticalsegments; spermatangia 2-5 p,m diam. Carpogonial branches erect, of four cells, 15-28 p,mdiam., near middle of cortical filaments. Carposporophytes 100-200 p,m diam., terminal onouter cortical filaments; involucral filamentsfew to many.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks or coralfragments; to 15 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba(Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Cayman Islands, Hispaniola(Almodovar & Bonnelly 1977), Puerto Rico(Almodovar & Blomquist 1961), *Guadeloupe,)I-Barbados (*Taylor 1960), Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand 1962), **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 24002 (US).

3. Trichogloeopsis pedicellata (Howe)Abbott & Doty 1960: 638, figs. 18-20.

Liagora pedicellata Howe 1920: 556.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus soft, fleshy, flaccid, lateral branches progressively shorter creating pyramid-like shape, to 16 cm high,white, (spermatangial plants beige-white);branching irregularly alternate; calcificationmoderate, with calcareous granules in outermucus. Branches 1.2-2.5 mm diam. Medullaryfilaments longitudinal, cylindrical, 300-600p,m diam., tapering to 35-104 p,m diam. atapices. Cortical filaments radial, 4-7 timesdichotomously branched; basal rhizoidscommon, 10-16 p,m diam.; apical cells spherical to oval, 12-20 p,m diam., 15-26 p,m long,often bearing fine colorless hairs. Holdfastinconspicuous, pad-like. Spermatangia 13-20p,m diam., in tufts on outer segments. Carpogonial branches erect, of 3-6 cells, 20-25 p,mdiam., terminal or replacing lateral branchlet

22

lOOp,m

BULLETIN OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

lOOp,m

5G Galaxaura marginata1. Tetrasporic plant: transverse section of darkly pigmented surface cells, large and often fused subsurface cellsand connecting internal (medullary) filaments. 2. Tetrasporic plant: surface view. 3. Typical branch.

6b. Galaxaura rugosa tetrasporic stage1. Transverse section of cortex with hair-like surface filaments (f) and medulllary filaments (m) not overlappingbulbous basal cells (b). 2. Transverse section of cortexshowing occasional surface filament (s) without bulbousbasal cell. 3. Typical branch.

6a. Galaxaura rugosa gametophytic stage1. Transverse section of cortex with fused subsurface cells,connecting internal (medullary) filaments and occasionalsurface filament (f). 2. Surface view. 3. Typical branch.

7. Galaxaura subverticillata1. Section of cortex lacking surface filaments. 2. Sectionof cortex with sort surface filaments. 3. Section of cortexwith long surface filaments. 4. Typical branch withwhorled surface filaments.

NUMBER 9

on cortical filament. Carposporophytes 90-215p,m diam., on outer segments; gonimoblastfilaments descending; involucral (enveloping)filaments few to absent.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks or coralfragments, in spur-and-groove areas seawardof reef crests; to 12 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, *Jamaica, tSt. Martin, tSt. Kitts (tVroman1968), *Guadeloupe (*Taylor 1960), Mexico(Huerta et al. 1987), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982,as Trichogloeopsis sp.); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30071 (US).

Family GALAXAURACEAE

4. Galaxaura comans Kjellman 1900: 44,pI. 2, figs. 10-18, pI. 20, fig. 13.

DEscRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, soft, compact, 2-12 cm high, cream-red; branching irregularly alternate, seldom dichotomous; calcification absent or slight. Branches short,crowded, cylindrical, 3-5 mm diam. (to 10mm diam. inclusive of surface filaments),densely but evenly covered by stiff hair-likefilaments. Medullary filaments 10-25 p,mdiam., loosely intertwined, extending intocortex (i.e., overlapping and intertwined withbulbous cortical cells). Cortex not distinct;surface filaments cylindrical, 15-22 p,m diam.,intermixed short (1.0-1.5 mm long) with long(to 3-4 mm long); cells at base of filamentsoften bulbous, 30-55 p,m diam., 50-80 p,mlong, lightly pigmented. Holdfast inconspicuous. Note: Conspecific with Galaxaura lapidescens (herein considered a synonym andtetrasporic stage of G. rugosa). According toPapenfuss et aI. (1982) both have similarlengths of surface filaments and Huisman andBorowitzka (1990, who consider the surfacefilaments too variable to be useful and alsoplaced G. lapidescens into synomony with G.rugosa as the tetrasporic stage in the lifehistory). However, we find only nonintergrading, discrete populations in the Caribbean Basin and, therefore, retain the distinction (see Rhodophyta key #86 for differences).

HABITAT.-Common; on coral fragments,mangrove prop roots or rocks, in protectedsandy areas; to 12 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos,*Cuba, *Jamaica, )I-Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands,*Guadeloupe, )I-Netherlands Antilles (*Taylor

23

1960), Mexico (Huerta 1961), Belize (Tsuda &Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30066(US).

5. :'r:'rGalaxaura marginata (Ellis & Solander)Lamouroux 1816: 264.

Corallina marginata Ellis & Solander 1786: 115, pI. 22, fig.6. Galaxaura stupocaulon Kjellman 1900: 75, pI. 14, figs.1-9, pI. 20, fig. 28. Probably G. /rutescens Kjellman 1900:75, pI. 13, figs. 14-27, pI. 20, fig. 31 (see Papenfuss et al.1982).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, hemispherical, 5-14(-20) cm high, dull chalkypink-red; branching dichotomous; calcification moderate. Blades 1.0-2.5(-3.0) mm wide,300-500 Jlm thick, flat, smooth, often withfaint cross banding near apices; marginsslightly thickened. Medullary filaments 8-15pm diam., sparse, intermixed with gelatinousmucilage. Cortex 2-3 cells thick; innermostcells 25-65 pm thick, 50-100 pm wide, lightlypigmented; surface cells of tetrasporic plants(tetrasporophytes) stalked, oval or spherical,22-40 pm diam., 30-60 /lm long, thick walled,laterally free, with apex rarely pointed; subsurface cells bearing 1-3 surface cells; surfacecells of sexual plants (gametophytes) narrowlyoval or columnar, 10-16 /lm diam., 25-45 /lmlong, with blunt apex; subsurface cells triangular, compressed, colorless, laterally adherent, bearing one surface cell; surface hair-likefilaments rare. Holdfast disc-like, inconspicuous.

HABITAT.-Common; in tide pools, onshallow reef flats or mangrove prop roots, inprotected locations; to 10 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, *Cuba,'I-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, *Antigua, tSt. Eustatius(tVroman 1968), §St. Kitts, )I-Guadeloupe,§Dominica, )I-Martinique, §St. Lucia, §Bequia,§Grenada (§Taylor 1969), *Barbados, *Tobago,Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Cura~ao (Diaz-Piferrer1964b), *Venezuela, Colombia (Schnetter 1969),)I-panama, )I-Costa Rica (*Taylor 1960), **Belize;Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30070 (US).

6. Galaxaura rugosa (Ellis & Solander)Lamouroux 1816: 263.

6a. gametophytic stage

Corallina rugosa Ellis & Solander 1786: 115, pI. 22, fig. 3.Galaxaura squalida Kjellman 1900: 55, pI. 6, figs. 1-12, pI.20, fig. 9 (see Papenfuss et al. 1982).


DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, stiff, compact, loosely dome-shaped, to 12 cm high,cream-red to rose-red; branching dichotomous; calcification heavy. Branches cylindrical, 1-2 mm diam.; joints flexible, uncalcified,generally at base of dichotomies. Medullaryfilaments 8-20 p,m diam., sparse, colorless,intermixed with gelatinous mucilage. Cortex3-4 cells thick; innermost cells 30-40(-60) J.Lmdiam., 25-30(-40) p,m thick, colorless, oftenlaterally fused; surface cells short, 18-30 p,mdiam., 10-15 p,m thick, 4-7 sided in surfaceview; surface filaments 10-18 p,m diam., to 1mm long, absent distally, abundant near base.Holdfast inconspicuous. Note: See Huismanand Borowitzka (1990) for details on life history.

HABITAT.-Common; on coral fragments,rocks or mangrove prop roots, in protectedareas; to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, *Cuba, §Cayman Islands, *Jamaica,)I-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands,tAnguilla, tSt. Martin, )I-St . Barthelemy, §Antigua,tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), :t:St. Kitts,§Nevis, *Guadeloupe, §Dominica, :t:St. Lucia(:f:Taylor 1962b), §Bequia (§Taylor 1969),*Grenada, *Barbados, cQBonaire, cQ Cura~ao(cQDiaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Venezuela, *Colombia,*Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Isla de SanAndres (Kapraun 1972), *Isla de Providencia, GreatSwan Island (faylor 1975), *Mexico, *Belize(*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30128 (US).

6b. tetrasporic stage

Galaxaura lapidescens (Ellis & Solander) Lamouroux 1816:264. Corallina lapidescens Ellis & Solander 1786: 112, pI.21, fig. g, pI. 22, fig. 9. G. liebmannii (Areschoug) Kjellman 1900: 46, pI. 1, figs. 1-10, pI. 20, fig. 41. G. flagelliformis Kjellman 1900: 47, pI. 3, figs. 2-11, pI. 20, fig. 16;(see Papenfuss et al. 1982).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, stiff, compact, dome-shaped, 8-12 cm high, cream-red;branching irregularly alternate; calcificationslight. Branches short, crowded, cylindrical,1-3 mm diam., densely but evenly covered bystiff hair-like filaments. Medullary filaments10-16 p,m diam., loosely intertwined, not extending into cortex. Cortex not distinct; surface filaments cylindrical, 15-22 J-tm diam.,intermixed short (30-40 J-tm long) with long(to 1.6 mm long); cells at base of filamentsoften bulbous, 30-55 p,m diam., 50-80(-100)

J-tm long, pigmentation light or lacking, occasionally bulbous cells lacking. Holdfast inconspicuous. Note: Conspecific with Galaxaurasubverticillata according to Huisman and Borowitzka (1990), who consider the whorled vs.evenly distributed cortical filaments too variable to be used; however, we find only nonintergrading, discrete populations in the fieldand therefore retain the distinction.

HABITAT.-Common; on coral fragments,mangrove prop roots or rocks, in protectedsandy areas; to 12 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Plorida, )I-Bahamas, )I-Cuba,*Jamaica, Hispaniola (Almodovar & Bonnelly1977), )I-Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, *Guadeloupe,*Martinique, St. Lucia (faylor 1969), *Grenada,*Barbados, Cura~ao (Diaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Dfaz-Piferrer 1970b), *Colombia, *Panama,Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), *Isla de Providencia,*Mexico (*Taylor 1960), Belize (Norris & Bucher1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30086 (US).

7. Galaxaura subverticillata Kjellman 1900:48, pI. 3, figs. 12-14; pI. 20, fig. 17.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, stiff, compact, forming hemispherical mounds, 4-7(-9)cm high, dark red; branching irregularly dichotomous; calcification moderate. Branchescylindrical, 1.0-1.5 mm diam., fuzzy, ringed(whorled) with minute hair-like filaments.Medullary filaments 7-28 J-tm diam., colorless.Cortex two cells thick; subsurface cells oval,40-60 J-tm diam.; surface cells tightly packed,oval, 25-50 J-tm diam., 40-76 J-tm thick, oftentopped by single filament; surface filaments18-25(-36) J-tm diam., cells 1-3 diameters long;surface whorled with short (100-200 J-tm)filaments alternating with long [300-500(-900)J-tm] filaments in younger parts, whorls becoming obscure with age. Holdfast inconspicuous. Note: Huisman and Borowitzka(1990) consider this species conspecific withG. lapidescens (tetrasporic phase of G. rugosa),stating that the whorled vs. evenly distributedcortical filaments are too variable to be used;however, we find only non-intergrading, discrete populations in the field and thereforeretain the distinction.

HABITAT.-Common; on coral fragmentsor rocks, often in areas of moderate wavesurge; to 10 m deep.

NUMBER 9

DISTRIBUTION.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, )I-Turks &Caicos, *Cuba, *Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Yirgin Islands, t Anguilla,tSt. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, §Antigua tSaba, tSt.Eustatius (tYroman 1968), *Guadeloupe, §Dominica (§Taylor 1969), )I-Martinique, St. Lucia(Taylor 1962b), *Barbados, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer1964b), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia(Schnetter 1969), Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975),Mexico (Huerta 1958), *Belize (*Taylor 1960);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30146 (US).

8. Tricleocarpa tragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman& Townsend 1993: 100, table 2.

Eschara fragilis Linnaeus 1758:·805. Corallina oblongataEllis & Solander 1786: 114, pI. 22, fig. 1. Galaxaura oblongata (Ellis and Solander) Lamouroux 1816: 262. Tricleocarpa oblongata (Ellis & Solander) Huisman & Borowitzka 1990: 168, figs. 46-49, 53-56 (see Silva et al. 1996).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy to sparse,stiff, 7-15 cm high, cream-red; branching dichotomous; calcification slight. Branches cylindrical, 1-2 mm diam., smooth, tapered atapices; joints flexible, uncalcified. Medullaryfilaments sparse, 10-20 /lm diam., dichotomously branched, intermixed in gelatinousmucilage. Cortex 3-4 cells thick; innermostcells broadly oval, 35-60 /lm diam., colorless;subsurface cells spherical to broadly oval, 2540 /lm diam., pigmented or colorless; surfacecells considerably compressed, 8-17 /lm diam.,heavily pigmented. Holdfast inconspicuous.

HABITAT.-Common; on coral fragmentsor rocks, in protected sandy areas; to 30 mdeep.

DISTRmUTION.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, )I-Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *PuertoRico, *Yirgin Islands, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tYroman 1968), §Antigua, §St. Kitts, *Guadeloupe,§Dominica, *Martinique, St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b),§Bequia (§Taylor 1969), Grenada (Taylor 1980),*Barbados, *Trinidad, Colombia (Schnetter 1969),*Panama, *Costa Rica (*Taylor 1960), Great SwanIsland (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand 1962), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30063 (US).

Order GELIDIALES

Family GELIDIELLACEAE

9. Gelidiella acerosa (ForsskaI) J. Feldmann& G. Hame11934: 533.

Fucus acerosus ForsskaI 1775: 190.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus solitary or gregarious, tough, wiry, to 8{-15) cm high,

25

green-yellow to dark brown; branchingsparse, alternate or opposite; basal parts creeping; growth from single apical cell. Branchescylindrical to slightly flattened; branchlets 2-6mm long, scattered or in two opposite rows;apices often recurved or arched. Medullarycells 30-40 p,m diam., thick walled, gradingsmaller toward surface. Surface cells sphericalto oval, 8-10 p,m. Rhizoids tough, pad-like,ventral on creeping stolon. Tetrasporangialbranchlets often club-shaped; tetrasporangiadevelop at apices. Cystocarps as swollen areason branchlets.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates,often principal components of mixed turfs;intertidal to 7 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Plorida, )I-Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, *Cay Sal Banks, *Cuba, *Cayman Islands,*Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Yirgin Islands, tAnguilla, tSt. Martin, tBarbuda, §Antigua,tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tYroman 1968), §Nevis,*Guadeloupe, §Dominica, *Martinique, St. Lucia(Taylor 1962b), §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), *Grenada,*Barbados, *Tobago, *Trinidad, *NetherlandsAntilles, *Yenezuela, )I-panama, *Costa Rica,*Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30158 (US).

10. :~:~Gelidiella sanctarum J. Feldmann& G. Hame11934: 539, figs. 6-7.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, bristle-like,tufted or erect, 2-3{-5) cm high, dark pink topurple; branching sparse, irregular; basal partscreeping; growth from single apical cell.Branches cylindrical to slightly compressed,100-200 p,m diam., not pinched at base; apicespointed. Medullary cells 10-15 p,m diam.,thick walled, grading only slightly smallertoward surface. Surface cells roundedrectangular, 8-10 /lm diam., in longitudinalrows, losing linear arrangement with age.Rhizoids tough, ventral on creeping stolon.Tetrasporangial stichidia 130-150 p,m diam., to450 p,m long, terminal on branch; tetrasporangia spherical to oval, 30-40 p,m diam., irregularly divided.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; onhard surfaces or mangrove prop roots; intertidal to 1 m deep.

Distribution.-Guadeloupe (Taylor 1960), Mexico (Huerta et al. 1987), **Belize; Pelican Cays: D.& M. Littler 24003 (US).


CD

8. Tricleocarpa fragilis1. Transverse section of cortex showing compressed surface cells, spherical subsurface cells and broad inner cellsconnected by medullary filaments. 2. Surface view.3. Typical branch.

10. Gelidiella sanctarum1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of branch. 3. Branch apexshowing single apical cell.

2mm

I:-t'

CD Q.'C~;{0Cr n ()t")')~ :..

C'Ccr nn'rJ1[re (' OOI)0J:rhrrr~~[rn~1")0f:9)

f:'c~(IcC0j 3//JrT)('FLee en ");y/ /j~c::: re cC C'",:)5 S"'<~_()

50JLm 50p,m

9. Gelidiella acerosa1. Habit showing several fertile branchlets (f). 2. Transverse section of branch. 3. Branch apex showing singleapical cell.

11. Gelidiella species.1. Habit. 2. Branch apex showing single apical cell.3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Stolon with ventralrhizoids.

NUMBER 9

11. :z.:~ Gelidiella species.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, bristle-like,erect, 0.5-1.0 cm high, dark pink to purple;branching uncommon, sparse, irregular; basalparts creeping; growth from single apical cell.Branches cylindrical to slightly compressed,40-120 p,m diam., not pinched at base; apicespointed. Medullary cells 10-15 p,m diam.,thick walled; pericentral cells 6. Surface cellsrounded-rectangular, 8-10 p,m diam., in longitudinal rows, not losing linear arrangementwith age. Rhizoids occasionally terminating inattachment pad, ventral on creeping stolon.Tetrasporangial branch swollen at apex; tetrasporangial stichidia 50-60 p,m diam., 120140 p,m long, terminal on branch; tetr~spo

rangia oval to club-shaped, 10-15 p,m dIam.,15-20 p,m long.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous;on hard surfaces or mangrove prop roots;intertidal to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30242 {US).

12. :~'J~Gelidiella setacea (Feldmann)Feldmann & Hame11934: 533.

Echinocaulon setaceum Feldmann 1931: 163.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, stiff, tuft-like,to 2(-5) cm high, dark pink; branching sparse,irregular; basal parts creeping; growth fromsingle apical cell. Branches slightly compressed, 120-200 p,m diam., occasionallypinched at base; apices ~ointed. Medull~ry

cells 10-15 p,m diam., thIck walled, gradIngslightly smaller toward surface. Surface cellsrounded-rectangular, irregular, 4-10 p,m diam.,not in longitudinal rows. Rhizoids pad-like,tough, ventral on creeping stolons.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous;on hard surfaces or mangrove prop roots,often in mixed turfs; to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTIoN.-Guadeloupe (TayIor 1960),Trinidad (Richardson 1975), )I-*Belize; PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 42004 {US).

13. :Z.'JZ.Gelidiella trinitatensis Taylor1943: 150, pI. I, fig. 1.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, soft, tuft-like,to 2(-5) cm high, light pink; branching sparse,irregular; basal parts creeping or forming thincrust; growth from single apical cell. Branches

27

cylindrical to slightly compressed, 55-110 p,mdiam., occasionally pinched at base; apicespointed. Medullary cells 10-15 p,m diam.,thick walled, grading slightly smaller towardsurface. Surface cells rounded to irregular, 510 p,m diam. Rhizoids to 10 p,m diam., clustered, ventral on creeping stolon. Tetrasporangia near apices, in V-shaped parallel rows.

HABITAT.-Common, but inconspicuous;on hard surfaces or mangrove prop roots,often principal component of mixed turfs; to1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTIoN.-§Cayman Islands, §Bequia(§TayIor 1969), *Trinidad, *Costa Rica (*Taylor1960), Mexico (Garza-Barrientos 1976), )")I-Belize;Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30134 (US).

Order CORALLINALES

Family CORALLINACEAE

14. :Z.:Z.Amphiroa beauvoisii Lamouroux1816: 299.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fragile, calcareous,in sparse to dense clumps, to 5 cm high,white-pink; branching widely dichotomous,primarily at joints, generally in one plane.Branches brittle, flattened to cylindrical; segments 1-5 mm long; lower segments cylindrical, 400-500 p,m diam.; outer segments flattened, 500-650 p,m wide, often laterally fusingwith adjacent branches. Medulla tiered; 6-7(others reporting 2-4) transverse rows of longcells (70-80 p,m long) alternating with onerow of short cells (15-25 p,m long). Cortexseveral layers of short cells increasing in number and thickness with age; cells rounded angular, 10-20 p,m diam. Joints flexible, uncalcified; surface cells 8-16 p,m diam.; medullarycells in 2-5 bands. Holdfast crust-like, inconspicuous. Conceptacles lateral, conspicuous,hemispherical, 270-850 p,m diam. with solitary terminal pore. Tetrasporangia or bisporangia oval, 17-25 p,m diam., 38-63 pm long,zonately divided. Note: Schneider and Searles(1991) reported this species from the Southeastern United States; however, their anatomical measurements are slightly different.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; lightly attachedon hard substrates, often mangrove proproots; to 2 m deep.

DISTRffiUTION.-)I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30271 {US).


3mm

13. Gelidiella trinitatensis1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of branch. 3. Branch apexshowing single apical cell.

.......~~ .....~

"/~~~3~~\

r /c-~S~c::>ooo~ \/r;(68c:fb8~ ;

..... cc~ao~<:so0.JJ i...... ~Od~O()~c£,3 ;

~"" //~v<:>CloQg~~ao~{):=~ ,.' \0 0 0 '-/a;, ~J.'~ .... re' cPoQ=.-,<::J!0'O&o).:

..... <. cCoo o<>o0~~:I ...,"jA(b~og06~Q\)<:J0(I)"i

--------.,;,..- ")() 0 oOOs:>O-J 2100 p,m.:'(!'(~~f>'b~p~o~OI:0QVJ

100p,m

12. Gelidiella setacea1. Habit with regrowth from blunt apices after grazing.2. Branch apex showing single apical cell. 3. Transversesection of branch.

lOOp,m100p,m

14. Amphiroa beauvoisii1. Typical branch. 2. Segment showing six tiers of longcells Q) alternating with one tier of short cells (s). 3. Longitudinal section of branch showing tiered medullary cellswith small cortical cells (c). 4. Surface of joint composedof small spherical cells.

15. Amphiroa fragilissima1. Mature branch with conceptacles. 2. Immature branchhaving swollen segment ends. 3. Longitudinal section ofbranch showing five long tiers alternating with one shorttier.

NUMBER 9

15. Amphiroa fragilissima (Linnaeus)Lamouroux 1816: 298.

Corallina fragilissima Linnaeus 1758: 806.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tangled, fragile,calcareous, in dense clumps or mats, to 8 cmthick, yellow-green to white-pink; branchingwidely dichotomous, occasionally trichotomous, primarily at joints. Branches thin, brittle, cylindrical, often swollen at segment ends;lower segments 150-600 p,m diam., 8-20 diameters long. Medulla tiered; 4-8 transverserows of long cells [55-90(-120) p,m long] alternating with 1-2 rows of short cells (15-35p,m long). Cortex several layers of short cellsincreasing in number and thickness with age.Joints flexible, uncalcified; surface cells 8-10p,m diam. Holdfast crust-like, inconspicuous.Conceptacles conspicuous, hemispherical, 300340 p,m diam., lateral on segment, with solitary terminal pore. Tetrasporangia to 25 p,mdiam., 50 p,m long.

HABITAT.-Common; lightly attached onhard substrates, often intermixed with otherspecies among seagrasses or in rock crevices;to 60 m deep.

DISTRmUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), *Florida, )I-Bahamas, )I-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )}Virgin Islands, t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, :f:Antigua, tBarbuda, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), §Nevis, *Guadeloupe, *Dominica,*Martinique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), §Bequia(§Taylor 1969), Grenadines (Taylor 1980), *Grenada, )I-Barbados, *Tobago, Trinidad (Richardson1975), )I-Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, *Colombia, *Panama, *Costa Rica, Great Swan Island(Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta 1960), )I-Belize(*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30060 (US).

16. Amphiroa rigida var. antillana B0rgesen1917: 182, figs. 171-173.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus open, brittle, heavily calcified, forming clumps, 10-15 cm diam.,light ivory; branching widely dichotomous.Branches unequal in length, cylindrical, 1-2mm diam.; apices tapered slightly or bluntlyrounded. Medulla tiered; two transverse rowsof long cells (80-100 p,m long) alternatingwith one row of short cells (15-20 p,m long),aligned in longitudinal rows (not offset) withblunt apices. Cortex several layers of shortcells increasing in number and thickness with

29

age. Joints abundant, conspicuous, seldom atforks, flexible, uncalcified; cells in two transverse rows, thick walled, aligned obliquely(offset) with pointed apices. Holdfast crustlike, inconspicuous. Conceptacles hemispherical, 250-400 p.m diam., conspicuous, lateralon segments, with central pore.

HABITAT.-Common; loosely attached torock or dead coral fragments, often in seagrassbeds; to 1 m deep.

Distribution. *Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba (DlazPiferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico(Almodovar & Blomquist 1961), *Virgin Islands,St. Martin (Yroman 1968), §Antigua, *Guadeloupe,§Dominica (§Taylor 1969), St. Lucia (Taylor1962b), Grenada (Taylor 1980), *Barbados, Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Colombia(Schnetter 1969), *Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson1962), Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), Mexico(Huerta 1960), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 24005 (US).

17. Fosliella farinosa (Lamouroux)Howe 1920: 587.

Melobesiafarinosa Lamouroux 1816: 315, pI. 12, fig. 3.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus prostrate, fragile,thin, forming lightly calcified crusts, to 20 p,mthick, 5 mm diam. (thalli commonly overlapone another covering larger areas), white topale pink. Crust developing from initial fourcelled structure surrounded by 12 cells; generally one cell thick, except for small cap cellsand increased cell layers around conceptacles(all with central pores), attached by lower cellsurfaces. Cells 5-17 p.m wide, 14-30 p.m long;cap cells 3-10 p,m diam., 7-14 p.m long.Trichocysts 8-20(-30) p.m wide, 11-44 p.mlong, terminal in filament rows, scattered,seldom with hair attached. Tetrasporangialconceptacles hemispherical, 65-94 p.m internaldiam.; tetrasporangia elongated, zonately divided, (20-)23-39(-50) p.m diam., 36-65(-90)p.m long, with up to eight tetrasporangia perconceptacle. Bisporangial conceptacles hemispherical, 166-208 p.m internal diam.; bisporangia oval, 26-42 p.m diam., 54-78 p.m long,with up to 20 bisporangia per conceptacle.Cystocarpic conceptacles hemispherical, 62-100p,m internal diam. Spermatangial conceptacleshemispherical, 33-91 p,m internal diam. Note:Penrose and Chamberlain (1993) transferredthis species to Hydrolithon; considering the


16. Amphiroa rigida vac. antillana1. Branch showing joints generally not at forks. 2. Mature branch with hemispherical conceptacles. 3. Longitudinal section of branch showing two transverse rows oflong cells alternating with one row of short cells andcortex of small cells.

lOOp,m

17. Fosliella farinosa1. Organization of young thallus showing initial four celland secondary 12 cell arrangement (both shaded}t trichocyst (t) and cap cells (c).

lOOp,mCD

§. ~ooao 8

.~liB!g .. ~~~...-J'--,/----

5 mm b lOOp,m

18. Hydrolithon boergesenii1. Transverse section of tetrasporangial conceptacle withtetrasporangia (t). 2. Transverse section of crust.3. Transverse section of upper surface showing surfacecap cells (c) and trichocysts (t). 4. Transverse section oflower layers with the basal row of cells (b) distinctlysquarish and older medullary cells often fusing laterally (1).

19.]ania adhaerens1. Dichotomous branching with bluntly pointed apices.2. Holdfast (h) and creeping basal filament. 3. Transversesection of branch. 4. Longitudinal section at joint(shaded) showing absence of cortex.

NUMBER 9

distinct visible differences, with Fosliella beingsmall, thin and delicate while Hydrolithon islarge, thick, massive and epilithic, we chose toretain Fosliella.

HABITAT.-Common, inconspicuous; epiphytic on larger marine algae or seagrasses,shells or other hard surfaces; to 15 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Baca et al. 1979), *Florida, *Bahamas, *Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola,)f-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, t Angui1la, tSt. Martin, tBarbuda, tSt. Kitts (tVroman 1968), )I-Guadeloupe, *Barbados, *Tobago, *Netherlands Antilles,)I-Venezuela, *Colombia, )I-panama, *Costa Rica,*Isla de Providencia, Great Swan Island (Taylor,1975), Mexico Oordan et al. 1978), *Belize (*Taylor1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30075 (US).

18. Hydrolithon boergesenii (Foslie)Foslie 1909: 56.

Goniolithon boergesenii Foslie 1901: 19.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as heavily calcifiedcrusts 2-5 mm thick or forming knobby nodules (5-8 cm diam.) covering indeterminateareas, purple-lavender; surface rough, chalky,granular; nodules wart-like, irregular, 3-5 mmhigh. Cells of lower layer 8-12 p,m diam., 718 p,m thick; cap cells 6-18 p,m diam., 4-10p,m thick; sub-surface cells in ill-defined rows,8-12(-20) p,m diam., 7-15(-30) p,m thick, often vertically elongated, fusing laterally withage. Trichocysts rare, solitary, seldom in smallclusters, 9-25 p,m diam., 12-30 p,m thick.Conceptacles hemispherical, 300-400 p,m diam.with central pore.

HABITAT.-Common; behind reef crestjust below low-tide line as a nodule-rubblezone or on seaward portions of shallow reefflats; to 67 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), *Florida, *Bahamas, *Hispaniola, *VirginIslands, )I-Barbados, Colombia (Bula-Meyer 1987),)f-Costa Rica el-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Mateo-Cid &Mendoza-GonzaIez 1991), Belize (Norris & Bucher1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30204 (US).

19. :~:1ania adhaerens Lamouroux 1816: 270.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect but creeping,tangled, dense, in brittle clumps, to 4 cm high,pink; branching widely dichotomous (angles> 50°). Branches cylindrical, 90-200 /lmdiam., tapering slightly toward blunt apices.Segments heavily calcified, 0.4-1.0 mm long;medullary cells tiered, parallel, elongated, 60-

31

75(-88) p,m long; cortical cells roundly rectangular, 6-8 p,m diam., densely pigmented.Joints flexible, uncalcified, occurring at base ofbranch and at regular intervals betweenbranches; cells elongated, 7-10 p,m diam.,(40-)65-100(-125) p,m long, parallel, in onetier; cortex lacking. Holdfast crustose or padlike; secondarily attached by lateral holdfastson branches. Tetrasporangial conceptacles solitary, vase-shaped, 240-300 p,m diam., 300-340p,m long, with central pore, formed in swollenterminal segments, eventually initiating newbranchlets; tetrasporangia oval, 60-70 /lmdiam., 80-100 p,m long.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfaces orepiphytic on other marine plants; to 18(-35)m deep.

DISTRffiUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), )I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, Cuba (Dfaz-Piferrer1964a), §Cayman Islands, )I-Jamaica, )I-Rispaniola,)I-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, )I-St.Barthelemy, tBarbuda, §Antigua, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), *Aves, )I-Guadeloupe el-Taylor1960), tSt. Lucia (tTaylor 1962b), §Barbados(§Taylor 1969), Bonaire (van den Roek et al. 1972),Cura~ao (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), Isla de Aves (Taylor1976), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica (Soto& Ballantine 1986), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun1972), Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), )I-*Belize;Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30120 (US).

20. ]ania capillacea Harvey 1853: 84.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus delicate, as tightlypacked clumps or small cushions, 4-10 mmhigh, rose-red; branching widely dichotomous(angles 30-45°). Branches cylindrical, 45-100p,m diam., often recurved; apices pointed tooccasionally rounded. Segments calcified, 300600 p,m long; medullary cells tiered, parallel,elongated, 26-42 p,m long; cortical cellsroundly rectangular, 5-8 p,m diam., denselypigmented. Joints flexible, uncalcified; occurring at base of branches and at regular intervals between branches; cells elongated, 42-77p,m long, parallel, in one tier; cortex lacking.Holdfast crust-like or disc-like. Tetrasporangial conceptacles solitary, vase-shaped, withcentral pore, formed in swollen apical segments, eventually initiating new branchlets;tetrasporangia oval, 25-38 p,m diam., 80-105p,m long. Note: Cribb (1983) placed Jania capillacea in synonymy with J. adhaerens; how-


100p,m

20. Jania capillacea1. Longitudinal section of tetrasporangial conceptaclecontaining tetrasporangia. 2. Branching pattern withtetrasporangial segments (t) often initiating branchlets.

22. Neogoniolithon strictum1. Tetrasporangial conceptacle with zonately dividedtetrasporangia (z). 2. Longitudinal section showing several lateral fusions (f). 3. Transverse section showing cellarrangement with trichocysts (t). 4. Surface cells withlarge trichocysts (t). 5. Typical branch.

21. Neogoniolithon spectabile1. Longitudinal section showing several lateral fusions (f)and trichocyst (t). 2. Surface view. 3. Basal view of lowest cell layer at lateral margin.

l00J.Lm

23. Pneophyllum fragile1. Organization of cells from original 8-celled cluster(shaded).

NUMBER 9

ever, we recognize both entities due to consistent size differences observed in the field.

HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on othermarine plants, in calm waters; to 15 m deep.

DISTRmUTION.-*Texas, )I-Plorida, *Bahamas,)}Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (DlazPiferrer 1963), )I-Virgin Islands, §St. Kitts, §St. Lucia(§Taylor 1962b), )I-Barbados, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer1964b), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), *Colombia, )}Panama, *Costa Rica, Great Swan Island(Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand1962), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30168 (US).

21. 'J~'J~Neogoniolithon spectabile (Foslie)Setchell & Mason 1943: 92.

Goniolithon spectabile Foslie 1901: 16.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stony, heavilycalcified, forming knobby hemisphericalclumps (rhodoliths), to 15 cm diam., palepink; branching abundant, irregular todichotomous. Branches cylindrical, rigid, 1.55.0 mm diam., tapered, often fusing with adjacent branches; outer branches erect, 1.5-2.0mm diam.; older surfaces roughened withreproductive conceptacles. Cells of surfacelayer (cap cells) lens-shaped or oval, 12-20 p,mdiam.; subsurface stratum of many layers,gently curving to medulla, lateral pit connections absent, lateral fusions common; medullary cells thick walled, rectangular, tiered,15-20 p,m wide, 20-40 p,m long. Trichocytes(megacells, former hair cells) large, thickwalled, solitary or embedded in vertical clusters, scattered in surface layer. Holdfast crustlike. Tetrasporangial conceptacles hemispherical, oval in section with central pore; tetrasporangia zonately divided, formed peripherally in chamber.

HABITAT.-Common; tightly adhering torock or coral, or when broken free, accumulating as rubble nodules (rhodoliths) on backreefs; to 8 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, )I-Turks &Caicos, *Puerto Rico, *Netherlands Antillesel-Taylor 1960), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Mexico(Huerta et al. 1987), )I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30136 (US).

22. Neogoniolithon strictum (Foslie)Setchell & Mason 1943: 92.

Goniolithon strictum Foslie 1901: 14.

DESCRIPTION.-1ballus stony, heavily calcified, forming brittle clumps or nodules, to

33

14(-20) cm diam., chalky rose-pink; branchingabundant, irregular, often cervicorn. Branchescylindrical, rigid, to 1.5 mm diam., tapered,roughened with reproductive structures whenfertile. Cells of surface layer (cap cells) lensshaped or oval, 15-20 p,m diam.; subsurfacestratum of many layers, gently curving tomedulla, lateral pit connections absent, lateralfusions common; medullary cells thickwalled, rectangular, tiered, 15-20 p,m wide,20-40 p,m long. Trichocytes (hair cells) large,thick walled, solitary or in vertical clusters,scattered in surface layer. Holdfast crust-like,inconspicuous. Tetrasporangial conceptacleshemispherical, cavity oval in section withsingle pore when mature; tetrasporangia to 50p,m diam., 150 p,m long, zonately divided,formed peripherally in chamber,

HABITAT.-Common; often lying free inshallow seagrass beds on reef flats, occasionally fusing to create reef structures on turbulent fore reefs; to 3 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Plorida, *Bahamas, )I-Cuba,)'Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands (*Taylor 1960), Bonaire (van den Hoek et al.1972), Mexico (Huerta 1960), Belize (Norris &Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30148(US).

23. 'J~'J~Pneophyllum fragile Kiitzing 1843: 385.Melobesia lejolisii Rosanoff 1866: 62, pI. I, figs. 4, 10, 12,pI. VII, figs. 9-11. Fosliella lejolisii (Rosanoff) Howe 1920:588. Pneophyllum lejolisii (Rosanoff) Chamberlain 1983:359, figs. 28-32 (see Penrose & Woelkerling 1991).

DESCRIPTION.-1ballus prostrate, fragile,forming thin calcified crusts, 0.5-2.0 mmdiam., 15-30 p,m thick, rose, pale pink towhite, with older thalli often running together or merging; attached by lower cell surfaces. Cells square to rectangular, 5-10 p,mwide, 5-20 p,m long, radiating from original8-celled structure; most commonly one cellthick, older crusts up to four cells thick; surface cells squarish, 6.5-12.0 p,m wide, 3.5-11.5p,m long, 17-20 p,m thick; cap cells wider thanlong, 3.4-8.0 p,m wide, 1.5-3.5 p,m long, 2-3p,m thick, at distal ends of surface cells.Trichocytes Qarge clear cells) intercalary, rare,8.5-13.5 p,m diam., 11-16 p,m long. Conceptacles flat or raised with single pore; cystocarpicand sporangial conceptacles (60-)150-250(300) p,m diam.; spermatangial conceptacles(13-)75-100 p,m diam. Tetrasporangia elon-


lOOp,m

lOOp,m

24. Titanoderma pustulatum1. Basal view of lowest cell layer at growing margin.2. Transverse section of thallus showing lens-shaped surface cells. 3. Bisporangial conceptacle.

26. Hypnea spinella1. Branch with spine-like branchlets and tetrasporicbranchlet (t). 2. Transverse section of lower branch.3. Branchlet with solitary and clustered cystocarps.4. Cystocarp. 5. Swollen tetrasporangial sori with tetrasporangia.

lOOJLm

25. Hypnea musciformis1. Apices with flattened hooks. 2. Branch with sphericalcystocarps. 3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Transverse section of branchlet.

100/-LID

27. Ochtodes secundiramea1. Branch tip showing irregular branching. 2. Transversesection of branch cortex depicting radial chains of smallcortical cells. 3. Transverse section of entire branch.

NUMBER 9

gate, (18-)25-50 p,m diam., (11-)32-80 p,mlong, zonately divided, formed peripherally inchamber, up to 11 per conceptacle; bisporangia 17-51 p,m diam., 31-65 p,m long, up to 14per conceptacle.

HABITAT.-Common, inconspicuous; epiphytic on seagrasses; to 10 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), Mississippi (Humm & Caylor 1957),)~Florida, *Bahamas, )~Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola,Virgin Islands (Earle 1972), Antigua (price & John1979), Nevis (Taylor 1962b), *Aves, Carriacou(Taylor 1980), )~Barbados, *Tobago, *Venezuela,Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Isla de San Andres(Kapraun 1972), Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh1979), *Mexico (*Taylor 1960), )f-*Belize (D. & M.Littler 30075 (US).

24. :~:~Titanoderma pustulatum (Lamouroux)Nageli 1858: 532, footnote.

Melobesia pustulata Lamouroux 1816: 315, pI. XII, fig. 2.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus moderately calcified crusts, 2-10 mm diam., to 350 p,m thick,older thalli often confluent, pink-red towhite; margins thin, developing circular pattern initially, later becoming more irregular.Cells of surface layer with convex top, 8-15p,m diam., without lateral secondary connections in vertical walls; subsurface layers 1(-8)cells thick; cells vertically elongated, 8-15 p,mwide, 17-55 p,m thick; basal cells square torectangular, 8-15 p,m wide, 12-55 p,m long.Tetra- (4) or bisporangial (2) conceptacles hemispherical, to 500 p,m diam., 100 p,m high, scattered in central portions of thallus, partiallysunken, with single pore; roof several cellsthick; sporangia oval, 22-50(-70) JLm diam.,55-130 p,m long, zonately divided.

HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on seagrasses or coarse algae; to 5 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), *Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba [Vinogradova &Sosa 1974 as Dermatolithon pustulatum (Lamouroux) Foslie], *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Virgin Islands, )f-Guadeloupe, *Martinique, )f-Grenada,)"Barbados, )"Colombia, *Panama, *Costa Rica,)"Isla de Providencia ef-Taylor 1960), *)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30075 (US).

35

Order GIGARTINALES

Family HYPNEACEAE

25. Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen in Jacquin)Lamouroux 1813: 43 (reprint 131).

Fucus musciformis Wulfen in ]acquin 1791 [1789]: 154,pI. 14, fig. 3.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, tangled,wiry, to 20(-50) cm high, orange-red; branching irregular, often sparse. Branches 0.5-2.0mm diam. Branchlets numerous, slightlyupcurved, spur-like, 1-10 mm long; apicesoften terminating in unique, wide, flattenedhooks, occasionally with small spur-likebranchlets on outer curve. Medullary cellsthick walled, irregular, 100-280 p,m diam.,surrounding small, often obscure, centralfilament. Cortex 1-2 cells thick; cells roundedto irregular, 7.0-17.5 JLm diam., densely pigmented. Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like,more commonly entangled by long tendrils.Tetrasporangia oval, 22-33 JLm diam., 42-84p,m long, zonately divided, in swollen sori(nemathecia) girdling middle of lateralbranchlet. Cystocarps spherical, 0.3-1.0 mmdiam., clustered at apices or solitary on sidebranchlets.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard substratesor epiphytic on larger plants; to 26 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Texas, Mississippi (Humm &Caylor 1957), Florida (phi1lips 1961), *Bahamas,)f-Turks & Caicos, *Cuba, *Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )f-Virgin Islands,tSt. Martin, )f-St. Barthelemy, tBarbuda, §Antigua,tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), :f:St. Kitts,§Nevis, )f-Guadeloupe, §Dominica, )f-Martinique,:f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), §St. Vincent, §Bequia(§Taylor 1969), *Grenada, Barbados, )"Tobago,)f-Trinidad, )"Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela,*Colombia, *Panama, *Costa Rica, Isla de SanAndres (Kapraun 1972), Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh 1979), )f-Mexico, *Belize e"Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30179 (US).

26. Hypnea spinella (C. Agardh)Kiitzing 1847: 23.

Sphaerococcus spinellus C. Agardh 1822-1823: 323.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus wiry, erect or intangled mats, to 3 cm high, brown-red;branching in all directions. Branches 0.4-1.0mm diam., cylindrical. Branchlets spine-like,numerous, to 2.5 mm long; apices tapering,


28. Catenella caespitosa1. Branch showing holdfasts (h) on ventral side of constrictions. 2. Branch with tetrasporangia (t) in swollenterminal segments. 3. Transverse section of branch showing dense outer cortex.

30. Meristiella echinocarpum1. Branching pattern under moderate surf conditions.2. Branching pattern under calm conditions. 3. Transverse section of blade. 4. Transverse section of fertilecortex with zonately divided tetrasporangia (t). 5. Transverse section of sterile cortex.

29. Eucheuma isiforme1. Habit. 2. Transverse section showing small thickwalled central filaments and large thin walled medullarycells. 3. Transverse section of cortex with thick cuticle (c).

lOOp,m

31. Meristiella schrammii

1. Sterile branch. 2. Fertile branch with hemisphericalcystocarps (c). 3. Longitudinal section of blade. 4. Transverse section of cortex.

NUMBER 9

pointed, not upcurved. Medullary cells thickwalled, irregular to oval, 100-350 p,m diam.,surrounding obvious thick-walled central filament (70-80 p,m diam.). Cortex 1-2 cellsthick; cells rounded to irregular, 7.5-25.0 p,mdiam., densely pigmented. Holdfast initiallydisc-like. Tetrasporangia oval, 10-20 p,mdiam., 25-30 p,m long, zonately divided, inswollen sori (nemathecia) girdling middle partof lateral branchlet. Cystocarps spherical, 100450 p,rn diarn., solitary or clustered at base tomiddle of branchlet.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, coral orepiphytic on larger seaweeds; to 30 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (phillips 1959), *Cuba,)f-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar1962), *Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, §Antigua, tSaba(tVroman 1968), :j:St. Kitts, §Nevis, §Dominica,:j:St. Lucia (:j:Taylor 1962b), §Bequia (§Taylor 1969),)f-Grenada, Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan 1967),*Tobago, *Trinidad, Bonaire (van den Hoek et al.1972), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Venezuela,*Colombia, *Costa Rica ()I-Taylor 1960), Belize(Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30127 (US).

Family RHIZOPHYLLIDACEAE

27. Ochtodes secundiramea (Montagne)Howe 1920: 583.

Hypnea secundiramea Montagne 1842a: 255.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus firm, denselybushy, 4-7 cm high, iridescent bright blue,red or purple; branching irregular to irregularly alternate, clustered, in one plane.Branches cylindrical to slightly flattened, to 1mm diam., tapering to 0.1 mm diam. at apices. Medullary cells somewhat spherical, 80100 p,m diam., grading smaller toward surface;two central filaments prominent, 50-75 p,mdiam., cells 150-250 p,m long, occasionallysurrounded by smaller cells. Cortical cellsspherical, 4-14 p,m diam., tightly packed, inshort radial chains. Holdfast inconspicuous.Cystocarps in clusters of 2-3, oval to hemispherical.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates,in turbulent to moderately turbulent areas; to15 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Bahamas, *Cuba, )I-Jamaica,*Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, tSt. Martin, *St.Barthelemy, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), :j:St.Kitts, *Guadeloupe, *Martinique, :j:St. Lucia

37

(:j:Taylor 1962b), Bequia [D. & M. Littler 31208(US), *Barbados, *Grenada, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer1964b), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia(Schnetter & Bula-Meyer 1977), *Panama, *CostaRica, Mexico (Mateo-Cid & Mendoza-Gonzalez1986), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30163 (US).

Family CAULACANTHACEAE

28. Catenella caespitosa (Withering) L. Irvinein Parke & Dixon 1976: 590.

Viva caespitosa Withering 1776: 735. Catenella repens(Lightfoot) Batters 1902: 69. Fucus repens Lightfoot 1777:961 (see Parke & Dixon 1976).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus small, inconspicuous, creeping, to 3 cm high, red-purple;branching, primarily dichotomous or irregular below, occasionally opposite above, fromwidest part of segment. Segments elongatedoval, flattened or cylindrical, 0.4-0.6 mmdiam., highly variable, generally 3-5 timeslonger than wide, pinched between segments.Pericentral cells 5-6, thick walled, initiatingfine lateral filaments. Cortical cells 6-10 p,mdiam., tough, in several layers. Holdfast shortstalked on ventral side of constrictions, terminating in broad disc-like attachment pad.Tetrasporangia oval, zonately divided, scattered in swollen terminal segments. Cystocarps oval, 200-360 p,m diam., to 520 p,m long,rare, appearing on terminal segments; carposporangia oval, to 55 p,m diam., 70 /Lmlong.

HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove proproots, rocks or coral fragments; extreme highintertidal.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, *Cuba,*Jamaica, *Virgin Islands, )I-Guadeloupe, )f-Martinique, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Bonaire, tCura~ao (tDlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Gessner &Hammer 1967), Colombia (Schnetter 1980), *Panama, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Mexico(Huerta 1978), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30078 (US).

Family SOLIERIACEAE

29. Eucheuma isiforme (C. Agardh)J. Agardh 1847: 16.

Sphaerococcus isiformis C. Agardh 1822 [1822-1823]: 271.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus conspicuous, large,tough, fleshy, firm, 16-70 cm high, palestraw-yellow to light red-brown; branching


generally sparse, irregular. Branches cylindrical, 2-8 mm diam., with scattered or whorledspine-like projections, rarely smooth; apicespointed; base not pinched but often tapering.Medullary cells oval, 12-60(-80) p,m diam.,thin walled, colorless, decreasing in size toward surface; central filaments 3-6 /lm diam.,crowded, thick walled, tangled. Cortical cellsoval, 5-7 p,m diam., radiating from subsurfacecells, darkly pigmented. Cuticle to 20 /lmthick, colorless. Holdfast tough, fleshy, disclike. Tetrasporangia oval, 12-20 p,m diam.,35-55 p,m long, zonately divided, embeddedin branches or spine-like projections. Cystocarps hemispherical, 0.5-1.8 mm diam., at tipof spine-like projections; carposporangia oval,9-14 /lm diam., 15-26 p,m long, single or inpairs on ends of gonimoblasts.

HABITAT.-Common; in sheltered areasoften loosely tangled among Thalassia testudinum (turtle grass); to 10(-30) m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, *Cuba,*Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar 1964),*Virgin Islands, Angui1la [D. & M. Littler 30550(US), )I-St . Barthelemy, Barbuda (Taylor 1962b),Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), *Mexico (*Taylor1960), Belize (Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 30231 (US).

30. Meristiella echinocarpum (Areschoug)Cheney & Gabrielson in Gabrielson &

Cheney 1987: 483, fig. 6.

Eucheuma echinocarpum Areschoug 1854: 349.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tough, leathery,prostrate, tangled, forming mounds to 20 cmdiam., deep red to green-yellow; branchingabundantly from base, irregular proximally,dichotomous or opposite distally. Blades 5-10mm wide, 10-40 mm long, strap-shaped inheavy surf conditions, only slightly compressed in calm waters; teeth or spur-likebranchlets at margins, coarse, opposite, 3-20mm long. Medullary filaments longitudinaland lateral, 8-15 p,m diam., thick walled, surrounded by loosely arranged cells 150-300 p,mdiam. Surface cells spherical to oval, to 20 p,mdiam. Holdfast fibrous. Tetrasporangia oval,10-30 p,m diam., 45-90 p,m long, zonatelydivided. Cystocarps in diminutive sphericalprojections; carposporangia solitary or in series of two on ends of gonimoblasts. Note:Guimaraes and Oliveira (1996) combined M

echinocarpa and M. schrammii with M gelidium considering it one highly variable species;however, we follow Gabrielson and Cheney(1987) in recognizing each as a legitimate species in the Caribbean Basin. The most obviouscharacter separating these species being thewidth of the major axes (5-10 mm, > 10 mmand 2-5 mm, respectively).

HABITAT.-Uncommon; on reef flatstightly adhering to substrate, in protectedpristine waters; to 20 m deep.

DISTRffiUTION.-)I-Florida, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer1964a), )I-Jamaica, Hispaniola (Almodovar & Bonnelly 1977), Puerto Rico (Almodovar & Blomquist1961), St. BarthcHemy [D. & M. Littler 30662 (US),§Nevis, *Guadeloupe (*Taylor 1960), §Dominica(§Taylor 1969), Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan1967), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia(Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine1986), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 30093 (US).

31. Meristiella schrammii (P. Crouan &H. Crouan) Cheney & Gabrielson in

Gabrielson & Cheney 1987: 483.Mychodea schrammi P. Crouan & H. Crouan in Schramm& Maze 1865: 10.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tough, thick,leathery, 10-30 cm high, pale yellow to redbrown; branching irregular. Branches fleshy,1-2 cm wide, with numerous spine or spurlike projections. Medullary cells 80-180 p,mdiam., decreasing in size toward surface, interspersed with fine (4-8 p,m diam.) filaments.Cortex 3-4 cells thick; cells 5-10 p,m diam.Holdfast fleshy, disc-like. Tetrasporangia oval,10-20 p,m diam., 34-51 p,m long, zonatelydivided, in scattered clusters. Cystocarpsspherical to hemispherical, 0.8-1.0 mm diam.,often with small spine-like projections; carposporangia oval, 22-26 p,m diam., 30-38 p,mlong, solitary or in series of 2-3 on ends ofgonimoblasts.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, when encountered abundant; on rocks, in areas with moderate current; to 40 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Taylor 1964), PuertoRico (Almod6var 1970), *Virgin Islands,)I-Guadeloupe (*Taylor 1960), Dominica (Taylor1969), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela(Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1980),Costa Rica (Dawson 1962a), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30157(US).

NUMBER 9

Order GRAClLARIALES

Family GRAClLARIACEAE

32. :~:~Gradlaria cervicornis (Turner)J. Agardh 1852 [1851-1863]: 604.

Fueus eervieornis Turner 1809: 131, pI. 121. Graeilariaferox J. Agardh 1885: 592 (see Oliveira et al. 1983).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tough, fleshy,slippery, to 20(-40) cm high, red-brown togreen-yellow; branching proximally dichotomous, distally cervicorn. Branches partiallyflattened, 1-5 mm wide; branchlets cylindrical, <2 mm wide. Medullary cells irregularlyspherical, 175-300 p,m diam., thick walled;subcortical cells two layers thick, 20-30 p,mdiam., lightly pigmented. Cortex 1-7 cellsthick; surface cells 6-10 p.m diam., denselypigmented; surface hairs rare, delicate, colorless. Stipe indistinct, inconspicuous. Holdfastinconspicuous, disc-like. Tetrasporangia oval,22-25 p.m diam., 30-40 p.m long, scattered indense clusters just below surface. Spermatangia in small vase-shaped cavities. Cystocarps0.5-1.1 mm diam., hemispherical, at marginsof outer segments.

HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous;on small pebbles, shell fragments or otherhard objects, in areas of moderate wave action; to 10 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), *Florida, )I-Bahamas, )''-Turks & Caicos,)I-Cuba, )I-Jamaica, )I-Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, St.Martin (Vroman 1968), *St. Barthelemy, §St. Kitts,§Nevis, )I-Guadeloupe, §Dominica, *Martinique,§St. Lucia, §St. Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969),Carriacou (raylor 1980), Grenada (raylor 1962b),)I-Barbados, *T0 bago, *Trinidad, *NetherlandsAntilles, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Venezuela, >I-Colombia, *Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson1962), )I-Mexico el-Taylor 1960), *)f-Belize; PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30238 {US).

33. :~:}Gradlaria mammillaris (Montagne)Howe 1918: 515.

Rhodymenia mammillaris Montagne 1842a: 252.DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gregarious, soli

tary or in thick patches, tough, fleshy, to 9(14) cm high, dark red; branches numerous,somewhat dichotomous. Branches flattened,to 1 cm wide; apices rounded, often notched.Medullary cells spherical to oval, 50-150 p.mdiam. Cortex 1-3 cells thick; surface cells rectangular, 5-18 p.m diam., densely pigmented.

39

Stalk short, cylindrical, branched. Holdfastinconspicuous, disc-like. Tetrasporangia spherical to oval, 25-35 p.m diam., scattered justbelow surface. Spermatangia in small vaseshaped cavities. Cystocarps hemispherical,1.0-1.3 mm diam.; carposporangia sphericalto irregular, to 30 p.m long.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; on rocks, mangrove prop roots or other hard surfaces, insheltered areas or exposed to moderate waveaction; to 18(-60) m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Cuba, )I-Jamaica,)I-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (Connor& Adey 1977), tSt. Martin, tSt. Barthelmy,§Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), *Guadeloupe, §Dominica, *Martinique, §Bequia (§Taylor1969), Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan 1967),*Trinidad, *Netherlands Antilles, )I-Venezuela,)I-Colombia, *Panama (*Taylor 1960), Costa Rica(Dawson 1962), **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30013 (US).

34. Hydropuntia cornea G. Agardh) Wynne1989: 476.

Gracilaria cornea J. Agardh 1852 [1851-1863]: 598.Graeilaria debilis (ForsskaI) B0rgesen 1932: 7. Polyeavernosa debilis (ForsskaI) Fredericq & Norris 1985: 152.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, coarse, rubbery, often irregular and gnarled, to 25 cmhigh, mottled pale straw-yellow, pink or palegreen; branching generally abundant, irregular. Branches variable, short-stubby to longthin, somewhat flattened. Medullary cells 100320 p,m diam., grading smaller toward surface.Surface cells oval or tear-shaped, 10-15 p.mdiam. Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like. Tetrasporangia cruciately divided, in pits. Note:We follow Wynne (1989) in recognizing Hydropuntia; whereas, others consider this genuspart of Gracilaria.

HABITAT.-Common; attached to rubblefragments, on protected sand-covered reef flatsand turtle-grass beds; to 10 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Edwards & Kapraun1973), *Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, Cuba(Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola,)l-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, t Anguilla, tSt. Martin (tVroman 1968), St. Barthelemy [D. & M. Littler 30656 (US), Antigua (price & John 1979), :J:St.Kitts, *Nevis, *Guadeloupe, :J:Dominica (:J:Taylor1962b), Martinique [D. & M. Littler 30942 (US),*Grenada, )I-Barbados, *Venezuela, Mexico (Huerta1960), )I-Belize el-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30038 (US).

32. Gracilaria cervicornis1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of branch.3. Transverse section of cortex.

40

lOOjLffi 200 J-Lrn


QO~()@~f)~g)@g@~~OO~90~@@419~t1l4)8~~($~'~o 000 ~OO ,ooo.OeooClO,'0 000 0OCQ~

SjocZI/!!;f!1i!Jl0r

~OD~100 JLrn ~~ , CD33. Gracilaria mammillaris

1. Typical branching. 2. Transverse section of bladeshowing hemispherical cystocarp. 3. Transverse sectionof sterile cortex.

100 J-Lrn

34. Hydropuntia cornea1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of branch.3. Transverse section of cortex.

100 J-trn

100 J..'rn

35. Hydropuntia crasstSszma1. Typical young branch. 2. Transverse section of sterilecortex. 3. Transverse section of tetrasporangial cortex.

NUMBER 9

35. Hydropuntia crassissima (P. Crouan& H. Crouan) Wynne 1989: 477.

Plocaria crassissima P. Crouan & H. Crouan in Schramm& Maze 1865: 20. Gracilaria crassissima (p. Crouan & H.Crouan in Schramm & Maze) P. Crouan & H. Crouan inSchramm & Maze 1866: 46. Polycavernosa crassissima (p.Crouan & H. Crouan) Fredericq & Norris 1985: 152.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus prostrate, creeping, rubbery, tough, to 30 cm diam., mottledred-brown often with metallic, gold-coppersurface sheen. Branches flattened, broad, tangled, fused, when mature curved downward atmargins. Medullary cells 80-120 p,m diam.,decreasing in size toward surface. Corticalcells oval to tear-shaped, 4-10 p,m diam., 8-15p,m long, in short radiating chains. Holdfastinconspicuous. Tetrasporangia to 20 flm diam.,cruciately divided, in pits.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates,generally on leeward side of reef crest in areasof slight wave turbulence; intertidal to 9 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Baca et al. 1979),*Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a),*Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Guadeloupe(*Taylor 1960), §St. Lucia, §Grenada (§Taylor1969), Barbados (AlmodDvar & Pagan 1967), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Colombia (Schnetter1969), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Mexico (Huertaet al. 1987), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30143 (US).

Order CRYPTONEMIALES

Family PEYSSONNELIACFAE

36. :~:~Peyssonnelia boergesenii Weber-vanBosse in B0rgesen 1916: 137, figs. 142-145.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as crusts conforming to substrate, 300-500 p,m thick, coveringan indeterminate area, yellow-green with darkgreen radiating bands or dark maroon inshady areas; heavily calcified basally; lowersurfaces tightly adhering to substrate; marginsoften raised above substrate. Basal cells 12-30p,m wide, 30-70 p,m long, 30-60 p,m thick, inpinnate branching pattern, densely pigmented. Surface layers 100-200 p,m thickwhen mature, lightly pigmented or colorless;surface cells 10-15 p,m diam., 8-10 p,m thick.Rhizoids 20-28 p,m diam., multicellular. Carposporangia oval, to 75 p,m diam., to 160 p,mlong, irregularly zonately divided, forming atsurface in sorus-like structures.

41

HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates;intertidal to 40 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Virgin Islands, )l-Venezuela,)l-Guadeloupe, )!-Panama el-Taylor 1960), Mexico(Huerta 1961), )l-)l-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30137 (US).

Family HALYMENIACFAE

37. :~:~Cryptonemia species.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus inconspicuous,strap-shaped, clustered, (1-)3-10(-15) cm high,intense bright red; branching pseudodichotomous to palmate or as proliferation's from theblade margin. Blades 3-6(-15) mm wide, (60-)80-100(-280) p,m thick; margins rippled orundulated, (40-)60-80(-160) p,m thick, irregularly toothed; apex bluntly rounded, occasionally indented; center line at base oftenthickened but not forming distinct mid-rib.Medullary filaments 6-10 p,m diam., thickwalled, intertwined, tightly packed, colorless.Cortex 2-3 cells thick; inner cortical cellsspherical, 10-20(-30) p,m diam., lightly pigmented; surface cells rounded-rectangular, 510(-12) p,m diam., heavily pigmented. Stipeinconspicuous, 0.5-3.0 mm long. Holdfastinconspicuous, pad-like, spreading, often initiating several blades.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; inlow-light habitats such as caves, cracks or beneath rock ledges, at base of fan and whipcorals; lower intertidal to 30 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Virgin Islands [D. & M. Littler30469 (US)}, **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30170 (US).

Order RHODYMENIALES

Family CHAMPIACFAE

38. Champia parvula (C. Agardh)Harvey 1853: 76, var. parvula.

Chondria parvula C. Agardh 1824: 207.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gelatinous, forming soft intertwined clumps, to 10 cm high,translucent yellow to pale pink; branchingvariable, mostly alternate. Branches cylindrical to slightly flattened; apices tapering,bluntly pointed. Segments swollen or barrelshaped, 1-2 mm diam., 1-5 diameters long;cavity filled with clear mucilaginous gel, innerwall lined with faint longitudinal filaments;filament cells 8-10 p,m diam., 200-250 p,m

42

~~lOOp,m


50p,m

36. Peyssonnelia boergesenii1. Radial vertical section of growing margin showing larger basal cells and small surface cells. 2. Transversevertical section of thallus showing columnar arrangementof cells with multicelled rhizoids at base. 3. Basal cellarrangement with pinnate branching pattern.

38. Champia parvula var. parvula1. Outer branch with girdling, swollen, spermatangial sori(s). 2. Surface view of scattered tetrasporangia in outermembrane. 3. Transverse section of branch.

37. Cryptonemia species.1. Habit. 2. Young blade margin. 3. Mature blade margin. 4. Transverse section of dense center-line area (rarelyforming a true raised midrib) of blade.

39. Champia parvula var. prostrata1. Creeping habit of plant. 2. Apex with rhizoidal bundleat joint. 3. Surface view of scattered tetrasporangia.

NUMBER 9

long, with sparsely scattered, oval, gland cells;large surface cells rectangular to oval, 22-38JLm wide, 50-130 JLm long; small surface cellsspherical, 7.0-12.5 JLm diam., between oroverlapping larger cells. Joints slightly constricted; partitions thin, membrane-like. Sur-face cuticle clear, gelatinous, 10-25 JLm thick.Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like. Tetrasporangia spherical, 50-100 JLm diam., tetrahedrally divided, scattered. Spermatangia 1-2JLm diam., in girdling sori. Cystocarps urnshaped, to 0.9 mm diam., scattered; carposporangia irregularly angular, 40-50 JLrn diam.

HABITAT.-Common; as inconspicuousepiphytes on seagrasses or growing on sandcovered rock; to 15 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), )f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, Cuba(Suarez 1973), )f-Jamaica, )f-Hispaniola, )I-PuertoRico, )}Virgin Islands, Angui1la [D. & M. Littler30556 (US), tSt. Martin, §Antigua, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius, tSt. Kitts (tVroman 1968), §Nevis (§Taylor1969), )f-Guadeloupe, )I-Dominica, *Barbados, )f-Ven-ezuela el-Taylor 1960), Colombia (Schnetter 1980),Costa Rica (Wellington 1973), Mexico (Huerta1960), Belize {Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 30118 (US).

39. :'t-:'t-Champia parvula var. prostrataL. Williams 1951: 155.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gelatinous, as softrunning strands, to 2 cm long, translucentyellow to pale pink; branching variable,mostly irregular. Branches cylindrical toslightly flattened; apices tapering, bluntlypointed. Segments cylindrical, 320-410 JLmdiam., 1-2 mm long; cavity filled with clearmucilaginous gel, inner wall lined with faintlongitudinal filaments; filament cells 6-10 JLmdiam., 200-280 JLm long, with sparsely scattered, oval, gland cells; large surface cells rectangular, 30-40(-50) JLm diam., 80-140 JLrnlong, 40-50 JLm thick; small surface cellsspherical, 7-12 JLm diam., between or overlapping larger cells, originating at base of deciduous surface hairs. Joint partitions thin,membrane-like. Sur/ace cuticle clear, gelatinous, 10-22 JLm thick. Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like, secondarily attached by shortbundled rhizoids at or near branch joints.Tetrasporangia spherical, 65-90 JLm diam.,tetrahedrally divided, scattered, developing

43

from surface cells growing into cavity. Spermatangia 1-2 JLm diam., in girdling sori.Cystocarps dome-shaped, 0.7-0.8 mm diam.,borne on margin of flattened blades.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; inconspicuouslyepiphytic on other marine plants; to 15 mdeep.

DISTRffiUTION.-Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand1962), )f-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30259 (US).

Family LOMENTARIACEAE

40. :'t-:'t-Lomentaria baileyana (Harvey)Farlow 1876: 698.

Chylocladia baileyana Harvey 1853: 185, pI. XX. fig. C.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus turf-like, soft, tangled, 3-7(-20) cm high, pale maroon-red topurple-pink; branching irregular, often unilateral near apices. Branches cylindrical, 0.50.8(-1.5) mm diam.; apices tapering, bluntlypointed. Central cavity filled with clear mucilaginous gel; gland cells spherical, projectinginto cavity. Cortex 2-3 cells thick; innermostcells Qining cavity) thick walled, oval, 30-50JLm diam., to 90 JLm long; surface cells highlyvariable, rounded rectangular, some 8-10 JLmdiam., others to 25 JLm diam., 60 JLm long.Holdfast inconspicuous, pad-like, with fewshort, stout rhizoids. Tetrasporangia 30-35JLm diam., tetrahedrally divided, scattered insubcortical layer. Cystocarps urn-shaped, 120180 JLm diam., with apical pore, lateral onbranches.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; epiphytic onother plants; to 33 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Edwards & Kapraun1973), )foPlorida el-Taylor 1960), Cuba (Suarez1973), Virgin Islands (Earle 1972), Barbados (Taylor1969), Venezuela (Ganesan 1976), Colombia (BulaMeyer 1987), )fo*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30211 (US).

Family RHODYMENIACEAE

41. Coelothrix irregularis (Harvey)B0rgesen 1920: 389, figs. 373-374.

Cordylecladia irregularis Harvey 1853: 156.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus turf-like, wiry,tangled, to 3 cm high, bright iridescent blue;branching irregular. Branches cylindrical, 0.30.8 mm diam., rigid; apices tapering, bluntlypointed. Central cavity filled with clear muci-


I

, IlOOJLm

40. Lomentaria baileyana1. Branches with lateral cystocarps (c). 2. Cystocarp withapical pore plug released. 3. Transverse section of branchshowing small gland cells (g) projecting into central cavity.

41. Coelothrix irregularis1. Typical branching. 2. Transverse section showinginner gland cells (g). 3. Longitudinal section showinginner gland cells (g).

lOOjLffi

lOOJLm

CD (~~:~i~ 100 JLrn

t"

42. Botryocladia shanksii1. Habit with commonly occurring lateral holdfasts (h).2. Transverse section of surface membrane showing glandcells (g) on specialized internal cell (s) and tetrasporangia(t). 3. Surface view with tetrasporangia (t).

43. Botryocladia spinulifera1. Surface view with gland cell. 2. Transverse section ofmembrane showing solitary gland cell (g) and surface cellswith sharply tapering spines (s).

NUMBER 9

laginous gel; gland cells spherical to clubshaped, projecting into cavity. Cortex 4-6cells thick; inner cells Qining cavity) thickwalled, elongated, 45-80 p,m diam., 120-200p,m long; surface cells 16-27 p,m diam., 30-54p,m long, heavily pigmented. Rhizoids inconspicuous, short. Tetrasporic plants with thinner branches, 300-400 p,m diam.; tetrasporangia irregularly spherical, 40-60 p,m diam., tetrahedrally divided, in short (to 4 mm long),swollen (to 650 p,m wide) branches. Spermatangial plants with thicker branches 400800 p,m diam.; spermatangial sori swollen atbranch apices; spermatangia to 4 p,m diam.Cystocarps spherical, to 600 p,m diam., solitaryor in clusters of 3-4, scattered.

HABITAT.-Common; forming sparse todense mats in shaded cracks, crevices or underledges, often on mangrove prop roots; intertidal to 10 m deep.

DISTRffiUTION.-)f-Florida, )l-Bahamas, )l-Cuba,§Cayman Islands, )f-Jamaica, )l-Hispaniola, *PuertoRico, )f-Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, St. Barthelemy[D. & M. Littler 30645 (US), §Antigua, tSt. Eustatius, t Aves (tVroman 1968), )l-Guadeloupe,§Dominica, St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b), §Barbados(§Taylor 1969), Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Cura~ao (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Ganesan1976), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Mexico (Huerta& Garza-Barrientos 1980), *Belize el-Taylor 1960);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30057 (US).

Family RHODYMENIACEAE

Note: We follow Price & Kraft (1991) in placingGelidiopsis in the family Rhodymeniaceae and also bymaintaining Gelidiopsis as a discrete genus rather thancombining it into the genus Ceratodictyon (see Price &Kraft 1991).

42. Botryocladia shanksii Dawson 1962: 385,pI. 1, fig. A, pI. 2, figs. A-B, pI. 5, fig. B.

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus as solitary bladdersor in tight clusters of bladders, 1-2(-7) cmhigh, translucent wine-red. Bladders tearshaped to spherical, 2-4(-6) mm diam.,2-5(-7) mm long. Central cavity filled withclear mucilaginous gel; gland cells 1-4(-8) percluster, pear-shaped, 20-30 p,m diam. 30-50p,m long, several sets per blade, often borneon specialized irregularly lobed or rounded

45

cells extending into central cavity. Cortex 3-4cells thick; inner cells angular, 50-120 p,mdiam., thick-walled, often interspersed withsmaller cells; subsurface cells sphericalangular, to 50 p,m diam.; surface cells spherical, 8-15 p,m diam., forming complete layer.Stalk wiry, cylindrical, 500-900 p,m diam., 3-4mm high, unbranched or branched. Holdfastflat, lobed, disc-like. Tetrasporangia sphericalto oval, 16-20 p,m diam., 20-25 p,m long, cruciately divided.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; on rock or otherhard surfaces in shaded habitats; intertidal to55 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Bahamas [D. & M. Littler24006 (US), Puerto Rico (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970a),Guadeloupe [D. & M. Littler 30709 (US), Colombia (Schnetter 1977), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962),Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30072 (US).

43. :~:~Botryocladia spinulifera W. Taylor& Abbott 1973: 410, figs. 1-4.

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus creeping, tangled,wiry, to 3 cm long, dark rose-red; branchingirregular, sparse. Bladders tear-shaped, ovalto spherical, often flattened, 1-4 mm diam.,2-5 mm long, delicate, unilaterally to radiallyarranged. Central cavity filled with clear mucilaginous gel; gland cells solitary or in pairs,spherical to oval, 8-10 p,m diam., 10-20 p,mlong, scattered, projecting into cavity, bornedirectly on inner cortical cells. Cortex 2-3cells thick; inner cells roundly angular, 38-150p,m diam., thin-walled; subsurface cells 20-30p,m diam., occasionally absent; surface cellsoval to round, 3-17 p,m diam. with onesharply tapering spine or spike-like projectionper cell; spines 8-11 p,m high. Stalk small toabsent. Stolon cylindrical, tough; rhizoidsclustered, pad-like. Tetrasporangia oval, 15-18p,m diam., 20-29 p,m long, cruciately divided,formed in sori.

HABITAT.-Locally abundant but inconspicuous; mixed in turf communities just behind reef crest on carbonate substrates; intertidal to 49 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-tBahamas, Florida (Bucher etal. 1990), Puerto Rico (Ballantine 1985), tVirginIslands (tTaylor & Abbott 1973), )l-)f-Belize; PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30295 (US).

46

100J.Lm100 J.Lrn


44. Gelidiopsis intricata1. Typical branching 2. Branch apex with multicellulartip. 3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Surfac~ view ofcortex.

100jLm

46. Gelidiopsis scoparia1. Habit. 2. Surface view. 3. Transverse section ofbranch. 4. Multicellular apex.

45. Gelidiopsis planicaulis1. Habit showing basal stolon{s) and pad-like holdfasts (h).2. Transverse section of mature branch. 3. Branch apexwith multicellular tip. 4. Swollen tetrasporangial apex (a)of short branch 5. Surface view of tetrasporangia (t).

100 JJ.rn100JLffi

47. Gelidiopsis variabilis1. Typical branching. 2. Transverse section of branch.3. Branch apex with multicellular tip.

NUMBER 9

44. Gelidiopsis intricata (C. Agardh)Vickers 1905: 61.

Sphaerococcus intricata C. Agardh 1822-1823: 333.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, tough, wiry,tangled, to 8 cm high, red, green or purple;branching sparse, irregular to somewhat dichotomous; basal axes (stolons) creeping, prostrate. Erect axes cylindrical, 230-310 /lmdiam., often fusing to one another; apicesbluntly pointed, multicellular. Medullary cells20-30 /lm diam., grading slightly smaller toward surface, generally 5-7 cell layers deep.Surface cells spherical to oval, 8-12 /lm diam.,8-14 /lm long. Cuticle 8-10 /lm thick. Stolons250-350 /lm diam.; rhizoids irregular, terminating in attachment pads.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; forming largemats on mangrove prop roots or other hardsurfaces; intertidal to 10 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Cuba, )I-Virgin Islands, Antigua (price & John 1979), St. Kitts(Vroman 1968), *Guadeloupe, *Barbados, Venezuela (raylor 1976), *Costa Rica el-Taylor 1960),Mexico (Huerta 1961), Belize (rsuda & Dawes1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30095 (US).

45. :~:~Gelidiopsis planicaulis (Taylor)Taylor 1960: 353.

Wurdemannia miniata var. planicaulis Taylor 1943: 158.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, tough, wiry,to 8 cm high, deep red; branching sparse, irregular. Branches cylindrical proximally,slightly compressed distally, 0.5-1.1 mmwide, 125-185 /lm thick.; apices rounded,multicellular. Medullary cells 10-20 /lm diam.,to 80 /lm long, grading smaller and shortertoward surface. Surface cells oval, 8-10 /lmdiam., 10-15 /lm long. Stolons 200-400 /lmdiam.; rhizoids irregular, terminating in attachment pad. Tetrasporangia spherical, 20-40/lm diam., tetrahedrally divided, on swollenapex of short branch. Note: Norris (1987)placed Gelidiopsis planicaulis and G. gracilis insynomony with G. variabilis. We agree withthe synomony pertaining to G. gracilis.However, we disagree in regard to G. planieaulis, which is distinct in the Caribbean Basin, having flattened, almost strap-shapedblades distally, the tetrasporangial sorus as aswollen sphere at the branch apex (without anapical point) and tetrahedral tetrasporangia.In contrast, G. variabilis has its tetrasporangial

47

sorus as a swollen branch apex (with apicalpoint) containing cruciate tetrasporangia.

HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous;on hard surfaces, often as tufts on mangroveprop roots; to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.->I-Jamaica, >I-Hispaniola, PuertoRico (Ba1lantine & Wynne 1986a), Aves (Vroman1968), >I-Dominica, *Martinique, tSt. Lucia,tBarbados (tTaylor 1969), *Trinidad, *Costa Ricael-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Garza-Barrientos et al.1984), >I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30274 (US).

46. :"":""Gelidiopsis scoparia (Montagne& Millardet) De Toni 1905: 410-411.

Gelidium scoparium Montagne & Millardet 1862: 13,tab. 27, fig. 1.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, tough, wiry,tangled, to 4(-12) cm high, red, green or purple; branching dichotomous, rarely irregular.Branches flattened, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, 180220(-300) /lm thick; apices pointed, multicellular. Medullary cells 15-30 /lm diam., gradingslightly smaller toward surface, generally 2-3cell layers deep. Cortex two cells thick; cellsspherical to oval, angular in surface view, 8-10/lm diam. Stolons 200-250(-425) /lm diam.,creeping, prostrate; rhizoids irregular, terminating in small attachment discs. Tetrasporangia spherical to oval, to 500 /lm diam., 750 /lmlong, tetrahedrally divided, on heart-shapedapices of short branchlets.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous; incracks and crevices on hard substrates; intertidal to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Costa Rica (Dawson 1962),)f-)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 24010 (US).

47. :"":""Gelidiopsis variabilis G. Agardh)Schmitz 1895: 148.

Gelidium variabile J. Agardh 1851 [1851-1863]: 468.Acrocarpus gracilis Kiitzing 1868: 12, pI. 34, figs. a-b.Gelidiopsis gracilis (Kiitzing) J. Feldmann 1931: 157 (see R.Norris 1987: 245).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, tough, wiry,tangled, to 4 cm high, red, green or purple;branching sparse, irregular; basal axes creeping, prostrate. Erect axes cylindrical,(150-)180-220(-300) /lm diam.; apices bluntlypointed, multicellular. Medullary cells to 16/lm diam., grading only slightly smaller toward surface, generally 6-8 cell layers deep.


100 J-Lrn 100 JLrn48. Antithamnion lherminieri

1. Habit. 2. Branch with gland cells (g) on inner side andin contact with two cells of brancWet. 3. Tetrasporangia (t)in axis of branchlet.

50. Ceramium brevizonatum var. caraibicum1. Branch tip showing incurved apices. 2. Tetrasporangia in lateral succession at joints. 3. Extremely incurvedlateral branchlet developing from main filament.

lOO,um

CD

000 0

100,urn 100,urn49. Centroceras clavulatum

1. Branch apex with incurved tips. 2. Branch showingspined joints. 3. Longitudinal section of joint. 4. Transverse section of segment. 5. Transverse section of joint.

51. Ceramium cruciatum1. Typical outer branch. 2. Mature filament showingtetrasporangia in unilateral arrangement and longitudinally striated segments. 3. Basal stolon with rhizoidsdeveloping at joints.

NUMBER 9

HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous;in cracks and crevices on hard substrates; intertidal to 2 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Barbados ([aylor 1960), Cura~ao (van den Hoek et al. 1972), Venezuela (DlazPiferrer 1970b), *)~Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30171 (US).

Order CERAMIALES

Family CERAMIACEAE

48. ::-:%-Antithamnion Iherminieri (P. Crouan& H. Crouan in Maze & Schramm)

Bornet ex Nasr 1941: 66.

Callithamnion lherminieri P. Crouan & H. Crouan inMaze & Schramm 1878 [1870-1877]: 144. Antithamnionantillanu,m B0rgesen 1917: 226, figs. 213-216 (see Silva etal. 1996).

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus fine, delicate, filamentous, creeping, 1-8 mm high, translucentpale red. Erect filaments 20-40 p,m diam.; cells50-150 p,m long; basal cell of erect filamentsdistinctly short, 20-30 p,ffi long, somewhatspherical. Branchlets of first order alternateon every cell; secondary branchlets short, oneper branchlet, 1-3(-4) cells long, often bearingsolitary gland cell. Gland cells 13-18 p,ffidiam., 20-25 p,m long, on inner side ofbranchlets, generally parallel to and in contactwith 2(-3) branchlet cells. Stolons 40-60 p,rndiam.; cells 70-200 p,m long, thick walled;rhizoids fine, inconspicuous, distal on parentcell; opposite upright filament. Tetrasporangiaoval, 20-40 p,m diam., 50-90 p,m long, sessile,cruciately divided, in axil of branchlet.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, microscopic, inconspicuous; epiphytic on larger algae or intermixed with blue-green algae; to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Humm 1963), Cuba(Vinogradova & Sosa 1974), Puerto Rico(Almodovar & Blomquist 1965), Virgin Islands(Taylor 1960), Antigua (Price & John 1979), Cura~ao (van den Hoek et al. 1972), Colombia(Schnetter & Bula-Meyer 1979), Mexico (Mateo-Cid& Mendoza-Gonzalez 1991), *)l-Belize; PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30241 (US).

49. Centroceras clavulatum (C. Agardh)Montagne 1846: 140.

Ceramium clavulatum C. Agardh 1822: 2.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous, inloose flowing tufts, to 20 cm long, darkbrown-maroon; branching narrowly dichot-

49

omous; apices forked, slightly incurved, pincer-like. Branches 50-150 p,m diam., heavilypigmented, darker pigmentation at joints.Segments 300-500 p,m long; corticating cells inone layer, rectangular, of uniform lengththroughout, longitudinally aligned. Jointswhorled with spines; corticating cells in twolayers; spines deciduous or worn away withage. Rhizoids filamentous, terminating inlobed disc. Tetrasporangia oval to spherical, 45-50 p,m diam., 50-63 p,m long, tetrahedrally divided, occasionally cruciate, thickwalled, whorled on outer joints; involucralfilaments formed laterally at joints, curvingaround tetrasporangia. Spermatangia in terminal clusters. Carposporophytes formed laterally at joints.

Habitat.-Common; as mats, droopingclusters or bushy tufts on rocks, ropes ormangrove prop roots; intertidal zone to 5 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION._)l-Texas, )l-Florida, )~Bahamas,

)l-Turks & Caicos, )l-Cuba, )l-Cayman Islands,)l-Jamaica, >~Hispaniola, )~Puerto Rico, >~Virgin Islands, t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, >l-St. Barthelemy,t Barbuda, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968),:J:St. Kitts, >l-Guadeloupe, >l-Dominica, >l-Martinique,:J:St. Lucia (:J:Taylor 1962b), >l-Grenada, )l-Barbados,>l-Tobago, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), >l-Netherlands Antilles, >l-Venezuela, >l-Colombia, >l-panama,>l-Costa Rica, Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972),)l-Isla de Providencia, Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh1979), >~Mexico, >l-Belize (>l-Taylor 1960); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30195 (US),

50. Ceramium brevizonatum var.caraibicum H. Petersen & B0rgesen in

B0rgesen 1924: 29, fig. 11.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus soft, forming filamentous tufts or in small tangled clumps, to15 cm high, rose-red to bright red-pink;branching dichotomous, pincer-like at apicesor lateral and incurved or spur-like at joints.Segments 80-120 p,m diam., to 1.25 mm long,lightly pigmented. Joints 90-136 p,rn diam.,heavily pigmented; cells in three bands, topcells smallest, middle cells largest, lower cellsintermediate, all irregularly rounded. Rhizoids forming tightly knit mats. Tetrasporangia partially embedded, 30-60 p,m diam.,one per joint, often in lateral succession. Carposporophytes at upper forks, frequently withseveral involucral filaments.


~ (:;\ ~'7) (7\1~ 0 .~~~

~~ @~~~ ~~l'~~., ~r,

l It ~~

~~ lOo~m~

~I.E~ ( )~~~ 'ff!J c

~fj,~~~

~~~~~;;~~j(W(0 ~\

// ~,\~:iI

/ ~ 100~m52. Ceramium flaccidum

1. Lateral branchlet with developing tetrasporangia (t) atswollen joints. 2. Joint structure with lower cells widert~an long. 3. Branch apex showing mature tetrasporanglum.

lOOILID

53. Ceramium nitens1. Strand structure showing inner core filament (f) surrounded by smaller cells, surface hairs (h) and tetrasporangia (t). 2. Transverse section of strand.

CDImm CD

~~~~~'~~~t/"":'. ..:-.::\.':..:.............•......:...•..........•...........

. . :;:.:

:,

'> 200JLm

54. Griffithsia heteromorpha1. Typical branching. 2. Tetrasporangia (t) clustered below joint.

55. Lejolisia exposita1. Habit. 2. Developing cystocarps and mature cystocarp(c) at branch apices. 3. Tetrasporangial branch with immature tetrasporangia (i), mature tetrasporangia (m) andempty tetrasporangia (e).

NUMBER 9

HABITAT.-Common; on dead corals orepiphytic on other algae; to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, )I-Hispaniola el-Taylor 1960), §Antigua, §Barbados (§Taylor 1969),Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Great SwanIsland (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta et al. 1977),Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30164 (US).

51. ::-::-Ceramium crudatum Collins& Hervey 1917: 144, pI. IV, figs. 27-28.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus microscopic, creeping or as small dense tufts, to 1.5 cm high,light pink to rose-red; branching cervicorn(unequally dichotomous); apices incurved,pincer-like. Segments 80-120 p,m diam., clearto lightly pigmented, extremely short above,longer below with faint longitudinal linesseldom extending entire length of segment.Joints 120-140 p,m diam., heavily pigmented;cells in several bands, lower or middle bandwith largest cells, other band cells smaller, inno specific order. Stolons to 200 p,m diam.;rhizoids numerous, colorless, originatingfrom joint cells. Tetrasporangia oval, 35-50p,m diam., cruciately divided, one per joint inlateral succession, rarely 2-4 at joints. Spermatangia 5-8 p,m diam., clustered, coveringjoints.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; forming diminutive mats or tufts on coarser algae or on mangrove prop roots; intertidal to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida {phi1lips 1960), Bahamas (Taylor 1960), Puerto Rico (Almodovar 1965),St. Martin (Vroman 1968), Antigua {price & John1979), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Mexico (Huerta& Garza-Barrientos 1966), )/-)/-Belize; Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 30181 (US).

52. Ceramium flaccidum (Kiitzing)Ardissone 1871: 40.

Hormoceras flaccidum Kiitzing 1862: 21, pI. 69, figs. a-d.Ceramium byssoideum Harvey 1853: 218. C. transversaleCollins & Hervey 1917: 145, pI. 5, figs. 29-31 (seeWomersley 1978).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, dense, as filamentous tufts, 2-5(-10) cm high, light pinkto rose-red; branching irregular to pseudodichotomous; apices most often straight, occasionally somewhat incurved, rarely pincerlike. Segments 50-90 p,m diam., to 300 p,mlong, lightly pigmented. Joints 70-120 p,mdiam., to 60 J.lm long, heavily pigmented;

51

cells in 3-6 bands, upper 1-2 bands of small,round to angular cells, lower 1-2 bands oftransversely elongated cells. Rhizoids initiatedfrom joint cells, numerous. Tetrasporangiaspherical, 60-70 p,m diam., tetrahedrally divided, solitary or clustered at joints. Spermatangia in tufts at joints. Carposporophytesoften lobed, terminal on short branchlets;involucral filaments as whorls of branchletsforming just below carposporophyte.

HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on seagrasses or coarser algae; to 22 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Texas, Mississippi (Humm &Darnell 1959), )I-Florida, 'I-Bahamas, )I-Cuba,)l-Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almod6var1962), )/-Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, Antigua (price& John 1979), )/-Saba Bank, tSt. Eustatius, t Ayes(tVroman 1968), Barbados (Taylor 1969), Cura~ao(Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Venezuela, *Colombia,Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), )l-Isla de Providencia('l-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand1962), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 30285 (US).

53. Ceramium nitens (C. Agardh) J. Agardh1851 [1851-1863]: 130.

Ceramium rubrum (Hudson) C. Agardh var. nitens C.Agardh 1824: 136.

DESCRIPTION. - Thallus firm strands (occasionally soft and slippery), forming tufts orsmall tangled clumps, to 10 cm high, brightrust or rose; branching dichotomous to alternate, widely spreading; apices often branchingon outer side only, incurved. Strands 130-430p,m diam.; central filament cells 2-3 times aslong as wide; corticating cells darkly pigmented, completely covering central filament,obscuring characteristic banding; surface hairspresent or absent, to 1 mm long, straight, developing at joints. Rhizoids forming tightmats. Tetrasporangia spherical, 65-95 p,mdiam., cruciately divided, randomly arranged,embedded between surface cells. Carposporophytes lateral on upper branches, with threeinvolucral filaments.

HABITAT.-Common; on dead corals orepiphytic on other algae; to 10 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-,l-Florida, 'l-Bahamas, )I-Turks &Caicos, )/-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, )l-Jamaica,)/-Hispaniola, '/-Puerto Rico, 'l-Virgin Islands, St.Martin (Vroman 1968), §St. Kitts, )I-Guadeloupe,§Dominica, 'I-Martinique, St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b),§Barbados (§Taylor 1969), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer


56. Spyridia complanata1. Main axis with branchlets somewhat radially arranged,tetrasporangia (t) at branchlet joints. 2. Branchlet apex.3. Transverse section of young branch. 4. Transversesection of older branch.

58. Wrangelia bicuspidata1. Main filament showing whorled branchlets with finecontorted basal branchlets. 2. Branchlet apices with 2-3pointed tips. 3. Spermatangial clusters (s) loosely surrounded by involucral filaments (1).

lOOJLID

57. Spyridia filamentosa1. Main axis with branchlets somewhat radially arrangedand spermatangial sori girdling lower third of branchlet.2. Cystocarp terminal on short branch. 3. Tetrasporangiaforming at joints of branchlet. 4. Branchlet apex.

59. Wrangelia penicillata1. Branchlet apices. 2. Main filament segment showingdescending corticating filaments. 3. Spermatangial cluster (s)loosely surrounded by involucral cells (i). 4. Tetrasporangia (t) clasped by solitary involucral filament (i). 5.Transverse section of main branch.

NUMBER 9

1964b), Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967),*Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986),Great Swan Island (faylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta1978), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30062 (US).

54. Griffithsia heteromorpha Kiitzing1863: 2, pI. 3, figs. a-b.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus delicate, soft, gelatinous, base creeping but distally erect, to 2cm high, transparent rose; branching irregular, often attaching to adjacent branches byshort lateral cells. Segments cylindrical, 2-3diameters long; prostrate segments to 500 p.mdiam., 1700 p.m long; erect segments oval,300-900 p.m diam., to 2 mm long; apical segments often spherical. Sterile filaments whorled at upper ends of segments, dichotomouslybranched. Rhizoids multicellular, inconspicuous, generally forming at distal ends of parentcells. Tetrasporangia tear-shaped to spherical,to 110 p.m diam., tetrahedrally divided,crowded at joints, lacking involucral cells.

HABITAT.-Uncommon but inconspicuous; mixed in algal turfs or epiphytic on largeralgae, often found growing on dead coral indamselfish territories or on deep sand plains;to 30 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Puerto Rico (Ballantine &Wynne 1986b) Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30296 (US).

55. :}::-Lejolisia exposita Schneider & Searlesin Searles & Schneider 1989: 736, figs. 18-28.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tufted, small,spreading, filamentous, 1-3(10) mm high,rose-red; branching generally absent, whenpresent sparingly alternate, rarely opposite.Filaments cylindrical, 13-24 p.m diam., tapering slightly distally; cells 70-150 p.m long,uncorticated throughout. Stolons conspicuous, filamentous, 18-40 p.m diam.; rhizoidsunbranched, single celled, terminating in attachment pad. Tetrasporangia spherical tooval, 30-42 p.m diam., 38-68 p.m long, onunicellular (rarely to four cells) stalk, solitaryor oppositely paired, tetrahedrally or cruciately divided. Spermatangial clusters oval tospherical, 16-36 p.m diam., 45-72 p.m long,terminal on main or lateral branch. Carposporophytes spherical to oval, 86-150 p.m diam.,90-122 p.m long, terminal on main or small

53

lateral branches; carposporangia spherical toirregular, 12.5-22.5 p.m diam., 32.5-42.5 p.mlong.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous;epiphytic or growing as fine low turf on mangrove prop roots; lower intertidal to 32 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-**Belize; Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30040 (US).

56. ::-::-Spyridia complanata J. Agardh1851 [1851-1863]: 343.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous, fuzzy,bush-like, to 10 cm high, pale pink; branchingirregularly spiral. Main axis 1-2 mm diam.;central filament cells 160-200 p.m diam. distally, to 400 Jlm diam. proximally, 80-120(200) p.m long; surface cells in alternatingzones of narrow cells (10-25 p.m diam., 40-60p.m long) and wide cells (40-50 p.m diam., 5065 p.m long); zones becoming obscure withage. Branchlets highly variable, numerous,delicate, deciduous, unbranched, banded, radial, generally 35-60 p.m diam., 0.5-2.0 mmlong, slightly incurved at apices; segments 3070(-100) p.m long, not corticated; joints corticated initially with (6-)8(-12) pericentral cells;apex pointed, spine-like, occasionally withlateral recurved spine. Hold/ast inconspicuous, disc-like. Tetrasporangia spherical, sessile,40-80 p.m diam., tetrahedrally divided, outerwall to 15 p.m thick, forming at branchletjoint. Spermatangia to 5 p.m diam., in sorigirdling several segments of branchlet. Carposporophytes terminal on short branches.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; in warm protected areas; intertidal to 3 m deep.

DISTRIBUTloN.-Guadeloupe (Taylor 1960),Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Gessner& Hammer 1967), **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30036{US).

57. Spyridia filamentosa (Wulfen)Harvey 1833: 337.

Fucus filamentosus Wulfen 1803: 64.

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus filamentous, fuzzy,bush-like, to 20 cm high, dull pale pink;branching alternate. Main axis 1-2 mmdiam.; central filament cells 80-120 p.m diam.distally, to 340 p.m diam. proximally, 100-140long; surface cells in one layer, alternatingzones of long narrow cells (6-10 p.m diam.,


50-70 p,m long) and short wide cells (15-20p,m diam., 30-40 p,m long; half as long, twiceas wide); zones becoming obscure with age.Branchlets highly variable, numerous, delicate,deciduous, 20-45 p,m diam., 0.5-1.5 mm long,unbranched, banded, radial; segments 40-100p,m long, uncorticated; apex pointed, spinelike; joints with 4(-12) cortical cells. Holdfastsmall, disc-like. Yetrasporangia spherical, 4070 p,m diam., tetrahedrally divided, sessile,forming at branchlet joint. Spermatangia to 5p,m diam., in sori girdling lower third of fertile branchlets. Carposporophytes terminal onshort branches, 180-225 p,m dianl., to 300 p,mlong.

HABITAT.-Common; in warm, calm, protected areas; to 8 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), Mississippi (Humm & Caylor 1957),)I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, )I-Turks & Caicos, *Cuba,)I-Cayman Islands, )I-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *PuertoRico, )I-Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Vroman 1968),)I-St . Barthelemy, Antigua (faylor 1969), *St. Eustatius, )I-Guadeloupe, )I-Martinique, Carriacou (faylor1980), St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b), *Grenada,*Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), *Panama,)I-Colombia, )I-Isles de Aves, *Netherlands Antilles,Venezuela (faylor 1976), *Costa Rica, *Mexico,)I-Belize el-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30047 (US).

58. )})}Wrangelia bicuspidata B0rgesen1916: 118, figs. 127-130.

DESCRIPTION.-1ballus dense, formingsoft tufts, to 8 cm high, light rose; branchingirregularly alternate. Main filament cylindrical, to 400 p,m diam.; cells to 800 p,m long.Branchlets soft, thin, whorled at joints, dichotomously divided, progressively tapered;apical cells in sets of 2-3, pointed, unpigmented, deciduous; basal branchlets at jointsnarrower, growing upward and downward, incontorted shapes, loosely encircling mainfilament. Rhizoids fine, often branched. Yetrasporangia 60-90 p,m diam., tetrahedrallydivided, loosely clasped by sparse, short, slender, incurved, involucral filaments. Spermatangial cluster spherical, 25-80 p,m diam.,sparsely surrounded by involucral filaments.

HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on otherlarger algae; to 40 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, )I-Turks &Caicos, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), §Cayman Is-

lands, Jamaica (Chapman 1963), *Hispaniola,Puerto Rico (Almodovar & Blomquist 1961),*Virgin Islands (*Taylor 1960), §St. Lucia, §Barbados (§Taylor 1969), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer1964b), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Mexico (Huerta et al. 1987), )I-)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D.& M. Littler 30123 (US).

59. Wrangelia penicillata (C. Agardh)C. Agardh 1828: 138.

Gri/fithsia penicillata C. Agardh 1824: 143.

DESCRIPTION.-1ballus finely branched,bush-like, to 8 cm high, light pink; mainbranching alternate or irregular; secondarybranching alternate at every segment, mainlyin one plane. Main filaments cylindrical, 180200 p,m diam.; cells to 800 p,m long, completely corticated proximally. Branchlets soft,thin, in whorls at joints, dichotomously divided; apical cells blunt tipped, often deciduous. Rhizoids clustered, finely branched. Yetrasporangia abundant, spherical, 75-100 p,mdiam., tetrahedrally divided, at joints nearbranchlet tips, loosely clasped by short, slender, involucral filaments. Spermatangiasimilar to above but clustered, 55-60 p,mdiam. Cystocarps to 400 p,m diam., terminalon short branchlets, surrounded by manyshort, slender, incurved filaments.

HABITAT.-Common; generally epiphyticon seagrass or other larger algae; to 15 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), §Cayman Islands, )I-Jamaica, Hispaniola (Almodovar & Bonnelly 1977), Puerto Rico (Almodovar & Blomquist1961), )I-Virgin Islands, *Guadeloupe (*Taylor1960), §Barbados (§Taylor 1969), Venezuela (DlazPiferrer 1970b), Colombia (Schnetter & BulaMeyer 1977), Mexico (faylor 1972), Belize (Norris& Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30292 (US).

Family DELESSERIACEAE

60. Caloglossa leprieurii (Montagne)G. Martens 1869: 234, 237.

Delesseria leprieurii Montagne 1840: 196, pI. 5, fig. 1.

DESCRIPTION.-1ballus erect or prostrate,spreading laterally to 3-5 cm across, 2 cmhigh, purple-red to brown. Blades constrictedat dichotomies to form linear-oval blades, 1-2mm wide, 1-6 mm long, one cell thick; midrib often several cells thick; secondary branch-

NUMBER 9

ing from midrib common; apices pointed orforked; apical cell prominent, giving rise todistinct midrib. Rhizoids clustered, ventral onmidrib at constrictions. Tetrasporangia spherical, to 45 /lm diam., cruciately divided, developing from distal blade cells. Cystocarps460-800 /lm diam., developing from midribon underside of blade.

HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous;on mangrove prop roots, rocks or other hardsubstrates, in sheltered areas; upper intertidal.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Mississippi, *Alabama, )f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, )f-Hispaniola, )f-Puerto Rico, )f-Virgin Islands,St. Martin (Vroman 1968), )f-Guadeloupe, *Martinique, Grenada (Taylor 1969), *Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), :J:Bonaire, :J:Cura~ao (:f:DlazPiferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer1967), *Colombia, )f-panama, Costa Rica (Soto &Ballantine 1986), Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh1979), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30074 (US).

61. Hypoglossum cf. heterocystideumG. Agardh) J. Agardh 1898: 187.

Delesseria heterocystidea J. Agardh 1885: 71. Hypoglossumhypoglossoides (Stackhouse) Collins & Hervey 1917: 116.Fucus hypoglossoides Stackhouse 1795-1801: 76, pI. XIII(see Silva et al. 1996).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus small, delicate, solitary or forming erect tufts or prostrate mats,2-10(-20) cm high, light translucent pink;branching irregular from midrib. Blades ovalto linear, 1-4 mm wide, 1-2(-5) cm long, onecell thick; margins smooth to undulating;midrib single row of cylindrical cells flankedby one, occasionally two, rows of elongatedhexagonal cells, later becoming corticated andthicker; apices pointed; apical cell prominentgiving rise to distinct midrib. Holdfast inconspicuous, pad-like; secondarily attached bymarginal rhizoids. Tetrasporangia spherical,40-80 /lm diam., tetrahedrally divided, developing randomly in elongated sori adjacent andparallel to midrib. Spermatangial sari on upper blade, midway between midrib and margin. Cystocarps spherical, to 100 /lm diam.,sessile, central on midrib.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous;epiphytic on seagrasses or attached to rocks,dead gorgonians or other hard substrates; to60 m deep.

55

DISTRIBUTION.-Cuba (Suarez 1973), tPuertoRico, tBelize (tWynne & Ballantine 1986); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30261 (US).

Family DASYACEAE

62. Dasya baillouviana (5. G. Gmelin)Montagne 1841 [1839-1842]: 165.

Fucus baillouviana S. G. Gmelin 1768: 165.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect or undulating, delicate, soft, to 90 cm high, bright red torose; branching alternate, generally sparse.Branches slippery, long, graceful, 2-3{-6) mmdiam., completely corticated, densely coveredby fine hair-like branchlets; base often denuded. Branchlets filamentous, 2-7(-14) mmlong, 2-3 times dichotomously branched, tapering both proximally and distally; basalcells 10-20(-40) /lm diam., 10-20(-50) /lmlong; median cells to 60 /lm diam., 200 /lmlong; apical cells 5-12 /lm diam., to 200 /lmlong. Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like. Tetrasporic thalli sparser, paler; tetrasporangialstichidia lance-shaped, 80-160 /lm diam., 0.401.25 mm long, formed on lower fork ofbranchlet; tetrasporangia spherical, 40-80 /lmdiam., tetrahedrally divided. Spermatangialthalli dense, deep red; spermatangial stichidialance-shaped, 60-75 /lm diam., 200-600 /lmlong. Cystocarps solitary, rarely in clusters of2-3, urn-shaped, to 1.1 mm diam., near tip ofbranchlets.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard substratesin protected areas; to 40 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Texas, )f-Florida, *Bahamas,)f-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, Hispaniola (Almod6var& Bonnelly 1977), Puerto Rico (Ballantine 1979),)f-Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Vroman 1968), §Nevis,§Barbados (§Taylor 1969), *Netherlands Antilles,)f-Venezuela ef-Taylor 1960), Belize (Littler & Littler1995); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30281 (US).

63. :'t-:'t-Dasya crouaniana J. Agardh 1890: 95.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, to 7 cmhigh, rose-red; branching widely dichotomousto irregular. Branches 0.5-0.7 mm diam., corticated, sparsely covered by fine branchletsproximally, more densely covered distally.Branchlets filamentous, 1-2 mm long, 2-3times dichotomously branched, slightly tapering distally; basal cells 18-20 /lm diam., 20-40


60. Ca/og/ossa leprieun"i1. Habit showing rhizoidal cluster (r) ventral on midrib.2. Reproductive structure descending from midrib.3. Surface view of cell arrangement at forked apex.

62. Dasya baillouviana1. Spermatangial stichidium. 2. Tetrasporangial stichidium. 3. Transverse section of small branch. 4. Main axiswith filamentous branchlets. 5. Habit.

61. Hypoglossum cf. heterocystideum1. Habit showing tetrasporangial sori (t) paralleling midrib and bladelets initiating from midrib (m). 2. Surfaceview of marginal rhizoid. 3. Apex of basal blade. 4. Surface view of mature blade apex with tetrasporangia forming around midrib.

63. Dasya crouaniana1. Surface view of branch with tetrasporangial stichidia.2. Mature stichidium with tetrasporangia (t). 3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Surface of branch.

NUMBER 9

p,m long; apical cells blunt, 5-12 p,m diam., to30 p,m long. Holdfast inconspicuous, disc-like.Tetrasporangial stichidia lance-shaped to elongated cylindrical, 80-120 p,m diam., to 1 mmlong, formed on lower fork of branchlet; tetrasporangia spherical, 18-30 p,m diam., tetrahedrally divided. Spermatangial stichidialance-shaped to elongated cylindrical, 60-70p,m diam., 150-225 p,m long, formed on lowerfork of branchlet; spermatia 4-6 p,m diam.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; on mangroveprop roots or other hard surfaces, in protected areas; to 23 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, Jamaica(Chapman 1963), Puerto Rico (Almod6var 1970),)~Guadeloupe (*Taylor 1960), **Belize; PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30067 (US).

64. Dasya mollis Harvey 1853: 62.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus delicate, fine, bushlike, to 4(-15) cm high, pale rose; branchingirregular, main axis not apparent. Branches to1 mm diam., tapering distally, corticated,completely covered by fine filamentousbranchlets. Branchlets slender, limp, 1.0-1.6mm long, 3-4 times dichotomously branched;whorled at close intervals, whorls obscuredwith age; cells to 80 p,m diam., tapering to 6p,m diam., 90 p,m long at apex; basal cells 60p,m long, generally wider than long, oftenslightly corticated. Holdfast inconspicuous,disc-like. Tetrasporangial stichidia linear-oval,to 135 p,m diam., 300 p,m long, near base ofbranchlet; tetrasporangia spherical, to 50 p,mdiam., tetrahedrally divided.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous;on hard surfaces in protected areas; to 33 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, *Cuba,Jamaica (Chapman 1963), *Virgin Islands (*Taylor1960), Puerto Rico (Almodovar & Blomquist 1961),Colombia (Bula-Meyer 1987), Mexico (Huerta et al.1987), Belize (Littler & Littler 1995); Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 20398 (US).

65. Dasya rigidula (Kiitzing) Ardissone1878: 140.

Eupogonium rigidulum Kiitzing 1843: 415.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus delicate, fluffy,soft, 1-2(-8) cm high, rose to purple-red;branching irregular, generally sparse.Branches 300-500 p,m diam., partially corti-

57

cated proximally as small strands descendingfrom base of branchlet. Branchlets spirallyarranged from every segment, 1.2-3.0(-5.0)mm long, densely tufted, dichotomouslybranched; uncorticated; apices tapering, incurved, sharply pointed; basal cells 50-140 p,mdiam., one diameter long; apical cells 10-20p,m diam., 10 diameters long. Holdfast inconspicuous, fibrous, secondarily attached byadventitious rhizoids. Tetrasporangial stichidialinear-oval, 120-170 p,m diam., to 400 mmlong, often with long terminal point, sessile oron 1-3 celled stalk, forming at lowerbranchlets; tetrasporangia spherical, 20-50 p,mdiam., tetrahedrally divided. Spermatangialstichidia similar in shape and position, to 100p,m diam., 300 p,m long. Cystocarps urnshaped, 450-520 p,m diam., 700-900 p,m long,with prominent neck 150-225 p,m long;spores spherical to oval, 25-30 p,m diam.

HABITAT.-Common, inconspicuous; onmangrove prop roots, mangrove peat or otherhard surfaces in protected areas; to 10 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), *Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer1964a), *Jamaica, *Cayman Islands, Hispaniola(Dlaz-Piferrer 1978), Virgin Islands (Earle 1972),tSt. Martin, tBarbuda (tVroman 1968), §Antigua,§St. Lucia (§Taylor 1969), *Venezuela, Colombia(Bula-Meyer 1987), Costa Rica (Soto & Ba1lantine1986), *Mexico (*Taylor 1960), Belize (Norris &Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30166(US).

66. Heterosiphonia crispella (C. Agardh)Wynne 1985: 87.

Callithamnion crispellum C. Agardh 1828: 183. Heterosiphonia wurdemannii (Bailey in Harvey) Falkenberg inSchmitz & Falkenberg 1897: 473 (see Wynne 1985).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus spongy, tangled,forming fluffy stolons or tufts, to 6 cm high,bright red; branching dichotomous to irregular. Branches to 175 p,m diam., of (4-)5(-6)pericentral cells; cells in lower portions 35-75p,m diam., 70-250 p,m long; not corticated.Branchlets 0.9-1.1 mm long, slightly incurved,on every other segment, 4-7 times dichotomously branched; basal two segments multiseriate, uniseriate above; apices tapered to 25p,m diam. Rhizoids basal or forming wherebranches meet substrate. Tetrasporangial stichidia terminal on branchlets, oval with tapering apex, to 200 p,m diam., 200-750 p,m long;


64. Dasya mol/is1. Axis showing whorled branchlets with basal cell generally wider than long. 2. Tetrasporangial stichidium.3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Habit.

66. Heterosiphonia crispella1. Branch showing filamentous branchlets with multiseriate basal two segments (s). 2. Branchlet apices. 3. Tetrasporangial stichidium.

65. Dasya rigidula1. Axis with tetrasporangial stichidia on branchlets.2. Spermatangial stichidium. 3. Apex with short swollenbranchlet cells. 4. Habit.

67. Acanthophora spicifera1. Branch with spines only on branchlets. 2. Apex ofbranchlet with terminal hair-like filaments. 3. Transversesection of branch at branchlet showing central longitudinal filament.

NUMBER 9

tetrasporangia spherical, to 75 p.m diam., tetrahedrally divided

HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous;epiphytic on other algae or creeping onstones, shell fragments or mangrove peat, insheltered locations; to 20 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, )f-Turks &Caicos, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), )f-Jamaica,)f-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar & Blomquist 1961), )f-Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Vroman1968), Antigua (Taylor 1969), *Guadeloupe, Barbados, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Venezuela,)f-Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986),Mexico (Aguilar et al. 1989), *Belize ef-Taylor1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30266 (US).

Family RHODOMELACEAE

67. Acanthophora spicifera 01ahl)B0rgesen 1910: 201, figs. 18-19.

Fucus spiciferus Vahl 1802: 44.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus brittle, spiny, widespreading, to 25 cm high, color variable,white-pink, pale brown, green or yellow;branching irregularly radial, sparse. Branchescylindrical, 0.6-3.0 mm diam., smooth, without spur-like spines, heavily corticated.Branchlets uniformly abundant, short, possessing spur-like spines; spines to 0.5 mm long,with obscure apical hair-like filaments in terminal clusters. Holdfast irregularly lobed,disc-like. Tetrasporangia in linear rows, 42-50p.m diam., 60-80 p.m long, tetrahedrally divided, in short spine-like swollen branchlets.Spermatangial clusters disc-like, with sterilehairs often present at base of stalk. Cystocarpsurn-shaped, 0.5-1.0 mm diam., solitary, inaxes of spines.

HABITAT.-Common; early colonizer oncoral fragments, wooden substrates, pebblesor other organisms in calm waters; intertidalto 8 m deep.

DISTRIBUTIoN.-Throughout the Caribbeanand adjacent seas); Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30010 (US).

68. Bostrychia tenella (Lamouroux) J. Agardh1863 [1851-1863]: 869.

Fucus tenellus Vah11802: 45, nom. illeg.. Plocamium tenelturn Lamouroux 1813: 138. Bostrychia binderi Harvey1849 [1847-1849]: 68, pI. XXVIII [in part] (see King, Puttock & Vickery 1988).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus prostrate, coarse,often forming mats of indeterminate size and

59

shape, to 5 cm high, black to dull dark purplewhen wet, pale yellow when dry; branchingmainly pinnate, feather-like; apices incurled.Branches of 6-8 pericentral cells, surroundedby 1-4 layers of corticating cells gradingsmaller toward surface. Branchlets numerous,crowded, incurved, 25-300 p.m diam., tapering to 18-25 p.m diam.; apices uniseriate("binderi" morph) or all branchlets uniseriate("tenella" morph). Stolon 5-10 cm long, attaching at many points. Tetrasporangialstichidia linear, 40-60 p.m diam., swollenat branchlet apices; tetrasporangia 40-50 p.mdiam., tetrahedrally divided, in four linearrows, often appearing scattered. Cystocarpsoval to spherical, to 700 p.m diam., sessile,solitary or in pairs, terminal on fertilebranches.

HABITAT.-Common; forming tightlyadhering mats on exposed rocks, seawalls ormangrove prop roots; upper intertidal.

DISTRIBUTION.-Mississippi (Humm & Caylor1957), )f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, )f-Turks & Caicos,)f-Cuba, *Cayman Islands, )f-Jamaica, )f-Hispaniola,Puerto Rico (Almodovar 1962), )f-Virgin Islands, St.Martin (Vroman 1968), §Antigua, §St. Kitts)f-Guadeloupe, )f-Martinique, )f-5t. Vincent, §Bequia(§Taylor 1969), )f-Grenada, )f-Barbados, )f-Trinidad,tBonaire, tCura~ao (tDlaz-Piferrer 1964b), )f-Venezuela, )f-Costa Rica, )f-panama, )f-Belize ef-Taylor1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30059 (US).

69. Chondria polyrhiza ColIins & Hervey1917: 121, pI. 11, fig. 12.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus spreading, creeping, with short erect branches, forming looseknit mats, 5-8 mm high, covering indeterminate area, pale rose-red; branching irregular,sparse. Branches cylindrical to slightly flattened, 300-525 p.m diam. Branchlets sparse, to1 mm long, irregularly arranged, pinched atbase, spindle-shaped, seldom branched; apicespointed, tufted with short inconspicuous filaments; apical cells exposed or partially covered by filaments. Surface cells roundly angular at apices, rectangular below, to 15 p.mdiam., 20-60 p.m long. Stolons 200-400 p.mdiam.; rhizoids tightly bundled, intermittent,short, unbranched. Tetrasporangia spherical,to 140 p.m diam., tetrahedrally divided, distalon outer branchlets, causing branches to become distorted with bulges and depressions.


68. Bostrychia tenella1. Tetrasporangial stichidium. 2. Typical branching.3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Paired terminal cystocarps.

100,u~~~c>~~QD0~@~Cb

'~'JfuJUl 50",m

~~G~GeM1n7nO(Jq200 ",m CD I t.Onn00aD~:')" Imm~D6~~r}(};~'~11 0~~~\;L~CD50~~)~~69. Chondria polyrhiza

1. Habit showing stolons with tight bundles of rhizoids.2. Branchlet with tetrasporangium (t). 3. Bundle ofrhizoids. 4. Surface cells of mature branch. 5. Immaturesurface cells with paired subsurface cells (P) exposed following release of tetrasporangia.

/i' _

........../ 100,umlOO,um

70. Digenia simplex1. Longitudinal section of branchlet showing tube-likecylinders of surface cells. 2. Transverse section of maturebranch. 3. Transverse section of branchlet. 4. Typicalbranch.

71. Herposiphonia cf. parca1. Habit of prostrate axis with perpendicular branchlets atevery joint. 2. Branchlet apex with apical filaments.3. Transverse section of prostrate axis. 4. Rhizoid withfinger-like attachment structure.

NUMBER 9

HABITAT.-Rare; epiphytic on larger algaeor growing on hard surfaces; to 18 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, )l-Bahamas, PuertoRico (Almodovar & Blomquist 1965), *Virgin Islands el-Taylor 1960), Cura~ao (van den Hoek1969), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia(Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Mexico (Hurnm & Hildebrand 1962), Belize (Norris &Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 24007(US).

70. Digenia simplex (Wulfen) C. Agardh1822-1823: 389.

Conferva simplex Wulfen 1803: 17.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, wiry, oftengregarious, to 8(-25) cm high, light pink todull, dark brown-red; branching dichotomousto irregular. Branches naked proximally, covered with numerous short branchlets distally;large central cells grading smaller toward surface in transverse section. Branchlets 3-5(-15)mm long, unbranched, stiff, wiry, often withfine, deciduous hairs near apices. Surface cellsof branchlet 25-35 p,m diam., in 20-24 longitudinal cylinders; pericentral cells 10-12, 2538 p,m diam.; central filament distinct, 40-55p,m diam. Holdfast of coarse, short rhizoidsdescending from thicker disc-like base. Tetrasporangia to 80 p,m diam., in outer swollenbranchlets. Spermatangia in small, oval, discshaped clusters at branchlet apex. Cystocarpsoval, lateral at branchlet apex.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfaces,often overgrown by filamentous epiphytes,common in heavy-surf conditions, when buried by sand dwarfed and denuded; lower intertidal to 20 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Texas, )l-Florida, *Bahamas,)l-Turks & Caicos, *Cuba, §Cayman Islands,)l-Jamaica, )l-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )l-Virgin Islands, t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, )l-St. Barthelemy,:f:Barbuda, :f:Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman1968), :f:St. Kitts, §Nevis, )l-Guadeloupe, §Dominica(§Taylor 1969), *Martinique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor1962b), )I-Grenada, Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan1967), J2Bonaire, J2Cura~ao (J2Dlaz-Piferrer1964b), Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967),)l-panama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Great SwanIsland (Taylor, 1975), Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh1979), )I-Mexico, )l-Belize el-Taylor 1960); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30087 (US).

61

71. :~:~Herposiphonia cf. parca Setchell1926: 103,pl. 20, fig. 2.

DESCRIPTION. - Thallus prostrate, fibrous,as individual stolons, of indeterminate area, to6 mm high, brown-red; prostrate branchingirregularly alternate. Prostrate axes 100-150p,m diam., bearing single upright branch atevery joint (pattern occasionally irregular);segments 1.0-1.5(-2.0) diameters long, of 8-10pericentral cells, apices upcurved. Erectbranchlets 40-70(-90) pm diam., 8-12(-20)segments high, strongly arched when young;segments 0.5-2.5 diameters long, of 8-10pericentral cells; apices blunt, truncate. Apicalfilaments terminal, 2-3 per branchlet, 3-5times dichotomously branched. Rhizoids often inflated when penetrating host, to 100 pmdiam., terminating in finger-like attachmentpads, generally sparse, occasionally fromevery other segment. Tetrasporangia spherical, 80-120 p,m diam., as straight series in fertile branchlet. Spermatangial stichidia oblong,to 80 pm diam., 190 pm long, possessing sterile tip of 1-5 cells. Cystocarps oval, sphericalat maturity, to 400 pm diam., terminal onbranchlets.

HABITAT.-Rare or inconspicuous; epiphytic on larger plants and animals; intertidalto 15 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Hollenberg 1968),*)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30207 (US).

72. Herposiphonia pecten-veneris (Harvey)Falkenberg 1901: 315.

Polysiphonia pecten-veneris Harvey 1853: 46, pI. 16.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus finely filamentouswith microscopic recurved apices, to 10 cmhigh, light brown-red to straw-yellow;branching alternate. Main axes strongly recurved at apex, 70-165 pm diam.; segments 23 diameter long, of 9-12 pericentral cells.Branchlets 60-80 p,m diam., 8-10 segments (to1 mm) long, of uniform length, unbranched,perpendicular to branch, alternately offset atevery joint. Apical filaments tufted, spirallyarranged at or near apex, 2-5 times dichotomously branched, deciduous leaving basal scarcells. Stolons matted, creeping, filamentous;rhizoids single (seldom 2-3) celled, occasionally terminating in finger-like branched apices.Tetrasporangia spherical, 36-75 pm diam.,


f1»~.~!l. /13 mm

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~'--''-OF<~®30Qo~~88~o~ooaooq(~QOOQ et)'OSQ""QGc:t100,urn-/L-J~($C~QOcD9YKJ~n~JC)..-------r~100 JLrn 200,urn

73. Laurencia caraibica1. Typical branch showing regeneration (r) fromwounded or broken branches. 2. Transverse section ofbranch. 3. Apex of branchlet. 4. Surface cells of maturebranch. 5. Surface cells of immature branchlet.

72. Herposiphonia pecten-veneris1. Branching pattern showing recurved arc. 2. Branchapex with alternately offset branchlets at every joint.

100,urn 200 J-Lrn

74. Laurencia corallopsis1. Typical branch. 2. Longitudinal section of cortex.3. Surface view of immature cortex. 4. Surface view ofmature cortex. 5. Branchlet with inconspicuous apicalfilament tuft (~ sunken in terminal depression.

75. Laurencia filiformis1. Typical branch. 2. Branchlet apex. 3. Cystocarp releasing carpospores. 4. Transverse section of branch.5. Surface cells of immature branchlet. 6. Surface cells ofmature branch.

NUMBER 9

formed as straight series in fertile branchlet.Spermatangial stichidia cylindrical, on unbranched apical filaments. Cystocarps oval,spherical at maturity, 0.3-0.6 mm diam., solitary, terminal on branchlets.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfaces orepiphytic on larger plants or animals; to 2 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)foFlorida, *Bahamas, )foTurks &Caicos, Cuba (Suarez 1973), )'Jamaica ef-Taylor1960), Hispaniola (Dlaz-Piferrer 1978), tSt. Martin,tBarbuda (tVroman 1968), Venezuela (Gessner &Hammer 1967), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine1986), Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand 1962), Belize(Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30043 (US).

73. Laurenda caraibica Silva 1972: 205.

Laurencia nana Howe 1920: 566. L. caraibica is a substitute name for L. nana Howe, a later homonym of L.nana (C. Agardh) Greville 1830: lii (see Silva et al. 1987).

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus cartilaginous, fragile, 1-5(-7) cm high, dark red, red-brown topink-purple; branching dichotomous below,irregular above. Branches compressed, slightlyflattened, 0.8-1.0 mm diam., regenerationfrom center of broken branches common.Branchlets sparse, cylindrical, 0.15-0.45 mmdiam., to 2 mm long; apices slightly swollen,tufted with short, inconspicuous filaments.Surface cells roundly angular, 30-40 p.m diam.,25-65 p.m long, swollen; medullary cellsspherical, 75-100 p.m diam., unpigmented,thin walled; pericentral cells 5-6, commonlywith lenticular thickenings (end wall of cellsthicker); apical cell sunken in deep terminaldepression. Hold/ast pad-like, secondarilyattached by numerous lateral rhizoids frombranches. Tetrasporangial branchlets slightlyenlarged; tetrasporangia tetrahedrally divided,in single whorls near branch apex.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; on dead coral,coralline algae or other hard surfaces; to 1 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Bahamas, *Jamaica ef-Taylor1960), Puerto Rico (Ballantine & Norris 1989),Virgin Islands (Eade 1972), Antigua (Taylor 1969),Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Mexico(Mateo-Cid & Mendoza-GonzaIez 1991), Belize(Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30193 (US).

63

74. :"'-:"'-Laurencia corallopsis (Montagne)Howe 1918: 519.

Sphaerococcus corallopsis Montagne 1842b: 49.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, occasionallysprawling, tough, cartilaginous, main axestypically encrusted with calcareous red algae,to 16 cm high, brown, olive to dark rose-red;branching somewhat dichotomous below, atwide angles (90 0

). Branches 1-2 mm diam.Branchlets numerous or sparse, club-shaped,1-4 mm long, alternate or irregular; apicesrarely swollen; apical tufts inconspicuous,sunken in terminal cavities. Surface cellstightly compact, roundly angular, 35-50 p.mdiam. in older branches, secondary pit connections present; apical cell sunken in deepterminal depression. Hold/ast inconspicuous,pad-like. Tetrasporangia oval to spherical, 60100 p.m long, tetrahedrally divided, at distalends of outer branchlets. Cystocarps oval orurn-shaped, to 140 p.m diam., sessile, near distal ends of outer branchlets.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard substratesof shallow reef flats; to 10(-60) m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, )f-Cuba,)f-Jamaica, Puerto Rico (Dlaz-Piferrer 1963), *VirginIslands, §St. Kitts, )I-Guadeloupe, §Dominica(§Taylor 1969), )I-Martinique, )I-Barbados, tBonaire,tCura~ao (tDlaz-Piferrer 1964b), )I-Venezuela(*Taylor 1960), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), CostaRica (Dawson 1962), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun1972), Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh 1979), Mexico(Humm & Hildebrand 1962), **Belize; PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30075 (US).

75. :}:}Laurenda filiformis (C. Agardh)Montagne 1845 [1842-1845]: 125.

Chondria filiformis C. Agardh 1822-1823: 358. Laurenciascoparia J. Agardh 1863 [1851-1863]: 746 (see Roddguezde Rios & Saito 1982).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, occasionallysprawling, tough, cartilaginous, to 12 cmhigh, green-purple; branching somewhat dichotomous below, alternate above; primaryaxes numerous. Branches cylindrical, 0.5-1.0mm diam. Branchlets numerous or sparse,cylindrical, 1-3 mm long, alternate or irregular; apical filamentous tufts seldom obvious,sunken in terminal cavity. Sur/ace cellsroundly angular, 20-40 p.m diam., 30-50 p.mlong in older branches; apical cell sunken indeep terminal depression. Hold/ast inconspicuous, pad-like. Tetrasporangia oval to


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ci5~--" "i~~200p,m

76. Laurencia gemmifera1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of immature branchletshowing pointed surface cells. 3. Branchlet. 4. Surfacecells of mature branch.

lOOp,m

78. Laurencia microcladia1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of branch.3. Surface of immature branchlet. 4. Surface of maturebranch. 5. Cystocarp releasing carpospores. 6. Longitudinal section of branch.

lOOp,m

79. Laurencia obtusa1. Typical branch. 2. Longitudinal section of cortex.3. Surface view showing surface cells with distinctivemicroscopic spot. 4. Transverse section of branch cortex.5. Cystocarp.

NUMBER 9

spherical, 50-60 p,m diam., tetrahedrally divided, at distal ends of swollen branchlets.Cystocarps oval or urn-shaped, to 240 p,mdiam., sessile, near distal ends of outerbranchlets.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard substratesor mangrove prop roots; to 2 m deep.

DISTRmUTION.-)f-Jamaica, Hispaniola (DlazPiferrer 1978), St. Martin (Vroman 1968),)}Guadeloupe, )I-Grenada, )f-Barbados, *Trinidad,)}Netherlands Antilles, )}Venezuela, *Costa RicaCl-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Taylor 1972), )f-*Belize;Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30222 (US).

76. :~:~Laurenda gemmifera Harvey1853: 73, pI. XVIII.B.

DESCRIPTION.-7"ballus bushy, stiff, wiry,2-5(-15) cm high, yellow-brown, occasionallywith red-brown tips; branching dense, alternate to irregular. Branches cylindrical, somewhat flattened with age, 1.0-2.2 mm diam.,tapering to 0.5 mm diam. at apices. Branchletsnumerous, cylindrical, 0.2-0.9 mm diam.,0.2-1.0(-3.0) mm long, blunt, wart-like, oftenswollen; apices tufted with fine deciduous,dichotomously branched filaments extendingjust beyond rim of terminal depression. Sur-face cells oval to angular, 40-50(-130) p,mdiam., with surface projection when young,deeply pigmented; medullary cells large, colorless; apical cell sunken in terminal depression. Holdfast disc-like or spreading to padlike. Tetrasporangia oval, 10-12 /Lm diam.,14-20 /Lm long, tetrahedrally divided, insmallest branchlets. Note: Yamada (1931: 220)considered L. gemmifera a variety of L. poiteaui; however, consistent differences exist inCaribbean material and, therefore, the distinction is retained. The most distinct differencesare the smaller tetrasporangia (10-12 p,mdiam., 14-20 p,m long in L. gemmifera vs. 90130 p,m diam. in L. poiteauz) and the characteristic spines or points on the immature surfacecells of L. gemmifera, a feature totally absentin L. poiteaui.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; on hard surfacesof shallow reef flats or attached to dead coralrubble on shallow sand plains; to 20 m deep.

DISTRmUTION.-)foTexas, *Florida, )I-Bahamas,)I-Turks & Caicos, )I-Cuba, §Cayman Islands,*Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, §Barbuda, tSaba, tSt.

65

Eustatius (tVroman 1968), )I-Guadeloupe, §Dominica (§Taylor 1969), )I-Barbados, )I-Trinidad, :f:Bonaire, :f:Cura~ao (:f:Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela(Gessner & Hammer 1967), )I-Colombia, )I-panama,Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), )I-Mexico(*Taylor 1960), *)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30132 (US).

77. Laurenda intricata Lamouroux1813: 131, pI. 9, figs. 8-9.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fleshy, solitary,gregarious, in loose mats, 5-10(-25) cm high,yellow-green, stubby branchlets often rose orbrown; branching sparse, irregularly alternate,at right angles, main axes not apparent.Branchlets 0.45-0.75 mm diam., cylindrical,rarely club-shaped, irregularly alternate, occasionally opposite; apices slightly downcurved, tufted with inconspicuous, fine, dichotomously branched filaments in terminaldepression. Surface cells 40-50(-70) p,m diam.,deeply pigmented; medullary cells large, colorless, thin walled, decreasing in size towardsurface; apical cell sunken in terminal depression. Holdfast fibrous. Tetrasporangia forming just below apex of branchlet producingdiminutive surface bumps. Spermatangialclusters small, oval or barrel-shaped, in apicaldepression. Cystocarps partly embedded.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, shells orcoral fragments, in sheltered sandy areas; to 3m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-<QTexas, *Florida, )I-Bahamas,*Cuba, *Cayman Islands, )foJamaica, )I-Hispaniola,Puerto Rico (Almodovar & Blomquist 1961),)}Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius(tVroman 1968), St. Kitts (Taylor 1969), *Guadeloupe, )f-Grenada, :J:Bonaire, :J:Cura~ao (:J:DlazPiferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b),Colombia (Schnetter 1969), *Panama, )I-Costa Rica(*Taylor 1960), Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975),6[Mexico (6[Humm & Hildebrand 1962), Belize(Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30223 (US).

78. Laurenda microcladia Kiitzing1865: 22, pI. 60, figs. b-c.

DESCRIPTION.-7"ballus bushy, wiry, to 10cm high, pale green to purple green, occasionally with rose-pink tips; branching dense, alternate to irregular. Branches cylindrical, 0.21.2 mm diam. Branchlets numerous, cylindrical, 0.3-0.5 mm diam., 0.2-1.5(-3.0) mm long,


0.~1.I I

)

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81. Laurencia poiteaui1. Typical branch. 2. Branchlet apex with sparse, short,apical filament tufts in terminal depressions. 3. Transverse section of branch. 4. Longitudinal section ofbranch. 5. Surface view of branch.

lOOJLm

80. Laurencia papillosa1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of branchletapex with apical filament tuft in terminal depression andtetrasporangia crowded near apex. 3. Longitudinal section of branch cortex. 4. Longitudinal section ofbranchlet with elongated surface cells. 5. Surface view ofbranch.

100 l-tm

82. Murrayella periclados1. Tetrasporangial stichidium (s) terminal on short multiseriate branch. 2. Cystocarp (c) at apex of multiseriatebranch.

83. Polysiphonia atlantica1. Erect axes with apical filaments. 2. Branching apex.3. Erect axis with tetrasporangia. 4. Spermatangialbranchlet terminal on persistent apical filament. 5. Prostrate axis with rhizoid in open connection to parent cell.

NUMBER 9

blunt, wart-like, often swollen; apices tuftedwith fine deciduous, dichotomously branchedfilaments, seldom obvious, sunken in terminaldepression. Surface cells oval, 30-60 /lm diam.,deeply pigmented, secondary pit connectionspresent; medullary cells 100-120 /lm diam.,colorless; apical cell sunken in terminal depression. Hold/ast disc-like or spreading topad-like. Tetrasporangia spherical to oval, 65100 p,m diam., tetrahedrally divided. Cystocarp spherical to urn-shaped, 550-720 p,mdiam., 560-800 /lm long, distal on branchlets.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfaces,abundant on shallow reef flats; to 4 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, *Bahamas, )l-Turks &Caicos, )l-Cuba, )l-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica,):-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar &Blomquist 1961), )l-Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, )l-St.Barthelemy, )l-Barbuda, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius(tVroman 1968), Nevis (Taylor 1962b), *Aves,)l-Guadeloupe, )l-Netherlands Antilles, )l-Venezuela,6l. Colombia, *Panama, 6l.Isla de San Andres, 6l.Islade Providencia (61.Schnetter 1980), *Costa Rica(*Taylor 1960), Mexico (Huerta 1958), Belize(Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30074 (US).

79. Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) Lamouroux1813: 130.

Fucus obtusus Hudson 1778: 586.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus compact, oftenclumped, 8-15(-26) cm high, dark to olivegreen with maroon tips; branching alternate,sparse below, numerous and crowded above.Branches cylindrical, proximally 0.75-1.80mm diam., distally club-shaped. Branchletsgenerally spiral to occasionally opposite, 0.50.8 mm diam., 1-2 mm long; apices tuftedwith fine deciduous, dichotomously branchedfilaments forming in shallow terminal depression. Surface cells 24-30 p,m diam., somewhatspherical, heavily pigmented, with distinctivecolorless spherical bodies ("corps en cerise")present only in live or recently preservedspecimens, secondary pit connections present;medullary cells large, colorless; apical cellsunken in shallow terminal depression. Hold-fast fibrous, as tightly adhering mass. Tetrasporangia tetrahedrally divided, forming justbelow apices of fertile branchlet. Spermatangial clusters small, oval or barrel-shaped, inapical depressions. Cystocarps oval, 450-650p.m diam., 700-800 p.m long.

67

HABITAT.-Common; in shallow wavedashed areas or areas of strong currents; to 8m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), *Florida, *Bahamas, )l-Turks & Caicos,)l-Cuba, *Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola,Puerto Rico (Almodovar 1962), )l-Virgin Islands,t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, )l-St. Barthelemy, Barbuda(Taylor 1962b), §Antigua, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius,t Aves (tVroman 1968), *Guadeloupe, §Dominica,§St. Lucia (§Taylor 1969), *Barbados, )l-Tobago,*Islas de AYes, *Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela(Gessner & Hammer 1967), )l-Colombia, *Panama,Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Great Swan Island(Taylor, 1975), )l-Mexico, )l-Belize el-Taylor 1960);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 24008 (US).

80. Laurenda papillosa (C. Agardh)Greville 1830: lii.

Chondria papillosa C. Agardh 1822-1823: 344.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gregarious or solitary, cartilaginous, 5-8(-20) cm high, purplegreen to olive-brown; branching alternate orirregular. Branches proximally 1-2 mm diam.,devoid of branchlets; distally densely coveredby perpendicular branchlets. Branchlets short,crowded, tough, knobby, club-shaped, wartlike, 0.5-0.7 mm diam., 0.5-2.5 mm long; inshaded habitats branchlets sparse, irregularlyarranged; apices tufted with inconspicuous,fine, dichotomously branched filaments forming in terminal depression. Surface cells radially elongated when immature, 12-27 p.mdiam., 24-30 p.m thick in main axis, 8-15 p.mdiam., 20-30 p.m thick in branchlets, denselypigmented, thick-walled, secondary pit connections present; medullary cells 100-150 p,mdiam., colorless, decreasing in size towardsurface. Hold/ast fibrous, disc-like. Tetrasporangia tetrahedrally divided, in irregular lobedbranchlets just below apices. Spermatangialclusters oval or barrel-shaped, in apical depressions. Cystocarps partly immersed.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfacesexposed to moderate wave action; intertidal to7 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, )l-Cuba, *Cayman Islands, )l-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, )l-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, t Anguilla,tSt. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, tBarbuda, §Antigua,tSaba, tSt. Eustatius, :J:St. Kitts, §Nevis, t Ayes(tVroman 1968), )l-Guadeloupe, §Dominica, :J:St.Lucia (:t:Taylor 1962b), §Bequia (§Taylor 1969),


Carriacou (Taylor 1980), )I-Grenada, )I-Barbados,)I-Trinidad, )I-Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela,)I-Colombia, )I-panama, )''"Costa Rica, Isla de SanAndres (Kapraun 1972), *Mexico, )I-Belize (*Taylor1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30064 (US).

81. :"to:"toLaurencia poiteaui (Lamouroux) Howe1918: 518 [as ''poitei'1.

Fucus poiteaui Lamouroux 1805: 63, pI. XXXI, figs. 2-3[as "poitei" (see Silva et aI. 1987)].

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, stiff, wiry,10-20(-30) cm high, pale buff to bright pinkwith red tips; branching closely alternate inpairs to irregular, abundant. Branches cylindrical to slightly flattened, 0.5-2.0 mm diam.Branchlets numerous, cylindrical, 0.3-1.0 mmdiam., 0.5-2.0 mm long, blunt, wart-like, often swollen; apices tufted with fine deciduous,dichotomously branched filaments extendingjust beyond depression rim. Surface cells irregularly rounded to oblong, 20-30(-35) /Lmdiam., densely pigmented, secondary pit connections present; subsurface cells 35-50 /Lmdiam., lightly pigmented; medullary cells 80135 /Lm diam., colorless, decreasing in sizetoward surface; apical cell sunken in terminaldepression. Holdfast disc-like. Tetrasporangiaoval to spherical, 90-130 /Lm diam., tetrahedrally divided, concentrated just below tips ofbranchlets, causing roughened surface texture.Spermatangial clusters in apical pits, oval orbarrel-shaped. Cystocarps spherical to urnshaped, partially embedded, near tips ofbranchlets.

HABITAT.-Common; abundant in wavesurge areas, attached to rocks near base ofgorgonian corals, often found in deep spurand-groove areas on reefs; to 40 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Texas, Mississippi (Humm &Darne111959), )I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, )I-Turks & Caicos, )I-Cuba, )I-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, )I-Pueno Rico,>I-Virgin Islands, St. Manin (Vroman 1968), )I-Guadeloupe, )I-Dominica, >I-Grenada, )I-Barbados, )I-Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, )I-Colombia, >I-Mexicoel-Taylor 1960), )I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30154 (US).

82. Murrayella periclados (C. Agardh)Schmitz 1893: 227, footnote.

Hutchinsia periclados c. Agardh 1828: 101.

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus dense, erect, turflike, to 5 cm high, dull, dark red-brown;branching dichotomous below, alternateabove. Branches of four pericentral cells, uncorticated. Branchlets deciduous, fine, slightlyup-curved, unbranched or branched, oppositely alternate, initially at every joint, uniseriate; cells 23-28 /Lm diam., 30-60 /Lm long.Stolons slender, creeping. Tetrasporangial stichidia 50-105 /Lm diam., 400-900 /Lm long,terminal on short multiseriate branch, with orwithout uniseriate branchlets; tetrasporangiato 55 /Lm diam. Cystocarps spherical to oval,to 400 /Lm diam., terminal on short multiseriate branches. Spermatangial stichidia slightlyarched or lance-shaped, 40-60 /Lm diam., 240360 /Lm long, on modified branchlet; spermatangia tear-shaped, 4-6 /Lm diam.

HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove proproots, rocks, pier pilings or seawalls, in sheltered locations; upper intertidal.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, >I-Cuba,>I-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, )I-Virgin Islands, St.Martin (Vroman 1968), Antigua (Taylor 1969),)I-Guadeloupe, *Maninique, >I-Grenada, *Barbados,Trinidad (Richardson 1975), tBonaire, tCura~ao

(tDlaz-Piferrer 1964b), >I-Venezuela, Colombia(Schnetter 1980), )I-panama, *Guatemala, Mexico(Huena et al. 1987), )I-Belize (*Taylor 1960); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30101 (US).

83. Polysiphonia atlantica Kapraun& J. Norris 1982: 226, figs. 107a-c.

Polysiphonia macrocarpa Harvey in Mackay 1836: 206nom. illeg. (see Kapraun & Norris 1982).

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus filamentous, soft,flaccid, forming matted turfs, to 2 cm high,brown to dark purple-red; branching somewhat dichotomous, sparse. Prostrate axes 60100 /Lm diam. Erect axes 40-90 /Lm diam., offour pericentral cells; cortication absent; segments 1-3 diameters long. Apical filamentslacking or sparse, deciduous, divided once orunbranched, alternate on every 4th to 6thsegment; lateral branchlets developing to replace filaments; filament scar cells common.Rhizoids numerous, unicellular, from prostrate axes, in open connection to parent cell.

NUMBER 9

Tetrasporangia spherical, 40-60 diam., tetrahedrally divided, as swollen straight series inouter branchlet. Spermatangial branchlets cylindrical, often incurved or banana-like, 30-40p,m diam., 100-180 p,m long, terminal or lateral, forming from apical filaments. Cystocarps oval, 200-330 p,m diam., 250-360 p,mlong, with raised release pore.

HABITAT.-Common; on bedrock orother hard surfaces, lower intertidal to 1 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), Mississippi (Humm & Darnell 1959),)I-Florida, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), Jamaica(Chapman 1963), Puerto Rico (Almodovar 1964),)l-Virgin Islands, )l-Barbados (*Taylor 1960), Cura~ao(Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962),Mexico (Huerta 1960), Belize (Kapraun & Norris1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30083 (US).

84. Polysiphonia [laccidissima Hollenberg1942: 783, figs. 8, 19.

May be synonymous with Polysiphonia sertularioides(Grateloup) J. Agardh 1863 [1851-1863]: 969 (seeWomersley 1979 and Kapraun & Norris 1982).

DESCRIPTION.-Iballus filamentous, fine,mat-like, to 2(-3) cm high, rose-red; erectbranching alternate, irregular to pseudodichotomous. Prostrate axes 70-300 p,m diam.;segments 1-2 diameters long; filament scarscommon, giving rise to uprights. Erect axes70-150 p,m diam., of four pericentral cells;cortication absent; segments 1-5 diameterslong; lateral branches forming in axils of filaments. Apical filaments deciduous, threetimes dichotomously or pseudodichotomously branched. Rhizoids separated fromparent cell by wall, proximal on pericentralcells. Tetrasporangia spherical, 40-70 p,mdiam., tetrahedrally to irregularly divided, asswollen spiral series in outer branchlets.Spermatangial branchlets cylindrical, 30-50 p,mdiam., 100-180 p,m long, lateral or terminalon lower segments of apical filaments; sterileapical cells lacking. Cystocarps oval, 150-500p,m diam.

HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on seagrasses or larger algae; to 50 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Kapraun 1979), )l-Belize(Kapraun & Norris 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30285 (US).

69

85. Polysiphonia havanensis Montagne1837: 352.

DESCRIPTION. - Thallus filamentous, matlike, to 4(-8) cm high, yellow-brown to purple-red; erect branching alternate to irregular.Prostrate axes 80-200 p,m diam.; filament scarscommon, giving rise to uprights. Erect axes50-100 p,m diam., of four pericentral cells;cortication absent; segments 1-3 diameterslong; lateral branchlets forming in axils ofapical filaments. Apical filaments deciduous,highly branched. Rhizoids numerous, unicellular, proximal or central on pericentral cells,in open connection to parent cell. Tetrasporangia spherical, 50-70 p,m diam., tetrahedrally divided, solitary or in straight series of2-4 in outer branchlets. Spermatangialbranchlets cylindrical, 30-60 p,m diam., 80-300p,m long, lateral on lower segments of apicalfilaments; sterile apical cells lacking. Cystocarps spherical, oval or urn-shaped, to 300 p,mdiam.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard surfaces orepiphytic on larger algae; to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), Missiissippi (Humm & Darnell 1959),*Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, )l-Cuba,)l-Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Vroman 1968), )l-Guadeloupe,)l-Dominica, )I-Martinique, *Barbados, tBonaire,tCura~ao (tDlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), *Guatemala, *Mexico,*Belize el-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30213 (US).

86. Polysiphonia scopulorum Harvey1855: 540.

DESCRIPTION. -Iballus filamentous, fine,tufted, to 3 cm high, light brown-red; branching alternate. Prostrate axes 60-180 p,m diam.Erect axes 30-100 p,m diam., of four pericentral cells; segments to two diameters long;cortication absent; secondary branches thinner, 30-40 p,m diam., replacing apical filaments; filament scar cells generally lacking.Apical filaments deciduous, usually alternateon every other segment, to four times dichotomously branched. Rhizoids numerous,unicellular, proximal on pericentral cells, inopen connection to parent cell. Tetrasporangia spherical, 50-100 p,m diam., tetrahedrallYdivided, in swollen straight series just below


50J.Lm J~I-~t~~Ah6o~~ ~ ~,.Q;c;,~~~~ ;6}

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1.~0J~~ 0;.:·'::~, b. JLrnfri t :ii~~

...,,_.. J~A::..;:. \!/./.. '~; ,.y'. ,:r;;jf,> \d".:, ,',l'.:~( CD )fj~.~0@.'~

rt°D(..\':'''(Vj

. jJj[J'!" Ll~.»

Il- (0 ",. r-\Y\)

CD ltJI~100JL~OO JLrn ',1'f!>:

84. Polysiphonia jlaccidissima1. Erect apex with spermatangial branchlets (s) 2. Lateralbranch (b) forming in axil of filament. 3. Tetrasporangia(t). 4. Cystocarp releasing carpospores. 5. Prostrate axiswith rhizoids separated from parent cell by cell wall.

l00J.Lm

86. Polysiphonia scopulorum1. Erect axes with tetrasporangia. 2. Apex of erect axis.3. Prostrate axis with rhizoids in open connection toparent cells.

100 J.LID

85. Polysiphonia havanensis1. Apex of erect axis with apical filaments. 2. Tetrasporangia in straight series on erect branchlet. 3. Stolon orprostrate axis with rhizoids in open connection to parentcell.

87. Feldmannia indica1. Erect filaments with tapering lateral branchlets andplurilocular sporangium (s). 2. Filament cells with scattered disc-like plastids (P).

NUMBER 9

branch apex. Spermatangial branchlets cylindrical, forming on apical filaments. Cystocarpsoval, 150-190 p,m diam.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous;epiphytic on larger algae or seagrasses, in shallow calm waters; to 3 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Belize (Tsuda & Dawes 1974);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30100 (US).

PHYLUM PHAEOPHYTA

Order ECTOCARPALES

Family ECTOCARPACEAE

87. :~:~Feldmannia indica (Sonder inZollinger) Womersley & Bailey 1970: 288.

Ectocarpus indicus Sonder in Zollinger 1854: 2, 3, footnote. GifJordia indica (Sonder) Papenfuss & Chihara inPapenfuss 1968: 30. E. duchassaingianus Grunow 1867:45, pI. IV, fig. 1 (see Womersley & Bailey 1970).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus soft filamentoustufts, to 5 cm high, brown-green; branchingirregular, forming as lateral projections.Filaments 20-34 p,m diam.; cells 0.5-5.0 diameters long; branchlets tapered, darkly pigmented. Stolons filamentous with fine rhizoids. Plurilocular sporangia cylindrical, 2050 p,m diam., 100-250 p,m long, rarely stalked,with blunt apices, forming laterally on filaments, scattered, rarely in linear series.

HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous;on rocks, various hard substrates or epiphyticon other algae and seagrasses; to 20 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Texas, Mississippi (Humm &Caylor 1957), )I-Florida, Cuba (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a),)I-Jamaica, Hispaniola (Dfaz-Piferrer 1978), *PuertoRico, )loVirgin Islands, §Antigua, Saba (Vroman1968), )I-Guadeloupe, §Dominica, §St. Lucia (§Taylor 1969), *Barbados, *Tobago, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), *Netherlands Antilles el-Taylor 1960),Venezuela (Dfaz-Piferrer 1970b), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Mexico (Earle 1969), )I-*Belize; PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30178 (US).

Order SCYTOSIPHONALES

Family SCYTOSIPHONACFAE

88. :~:~Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis B0rgesen1914: 22, figs. 14-17 [continuous pagination:

178, figs. 141-143].

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tangled mats orfine bushy individual clumps, to 20(-40) cm

71

high, golden to dark brown; branching dichotomous, rarely irregular or cervicorn.Blades hollow, cylindrical or flattened, to 2mm diam., tapering at base and tips; apicescommonly blunt, rarely fine or hair-like. Cortex 120-180(-280) p,m thick; interior cellsrounded rectangular to rectangular, 80-200p,m diam., 100-300 p,m long; surface cells triangular to rectangular, 10-20 p,m diam; surface hairs scattered. Gametangia oval, 5-12p,m diam., 20-40 p,m long, in irregular sori.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; attached to hardsurfaces or seagrasses in sheltered, shallow,subtidal areas; to 15 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Baca et al. 1979), )I-Florida, Cuba (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, )I-VirginIslands, )I-Guadeloupe, )I-Martinique, Barbados (Taylor 1969), *Venezuela (*Taylor 1960), Colombia(Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica (Soto & Ba1lantine1986), )I-)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30287 (US).

Order SPHACELARIALES

Family SPHACELARIACEAE

89. Sphacelaria tribuloides Meneghini1840: [2].

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous tufts orscattered in mixed turf communities, 4-5(-10)mm high, dark brown; branching irregular toradial, sparse. Filaments cylindrical, 25-60 p,mdiam.; cells 15-30 p,m diam., 50-75 p,m long;lateral hairs 10-15 p,m diam., soon breakingoff. Holdfast of intertwined rhizoids. Propagules stalked, broadly triangular, oval in sideview, 140-165 p,m wide, to 200 p,m long.

HABITAT.-Common, inconspicuous; onhard substrates, epiphytic on seagrasses orcoarser algae; intertidal to 3 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-:J:Louisiana, Mississippi (Humm& Caylor 1957), :J:Alabama (:J:Earle 1969), *Florida,'I-Bahamas, Cuba (Suarez 1973), )I-Jamaica,)I-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, 'I-Virgin Islands, tSt.Martin, §Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968),*Guadeloupe, §Dominica (§Taylor 1969), *Martinique, Grenada (Taylor 1980), )I-Barbados, Trinidad(Richardson 1975), 62Bonaire, 62Cura~ao (62DlazPiferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Dfaz-Piferrer 1970b),Colombia (Schnetter 1976), Costa Rica (Soto &Ballantine 1986), *Mexico el-Taylor 1960), Belize(Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30228 (US).


88. Rosenvingea sanctae-crucis1. Transverse section of blade. 2. Transverse section ofcortex with two surface cells initiating hairs (h). 3. Surface view of cells. 4. Typical branches.

!y\,\//i-J'--:~:\\~' ')j" ~': \ "' .. ", .o.~"/ '0,,\ ° .,., .,'

~0--'~~'._.~:\:.~</_---3 mm

;j

90. Dictyopteris delicatula1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of blade margIn.3. Transverse section of blade midrib.

89. Sphacelaria tribuloides1. Broadly triangular propagule with short stalk. 2. Typical filament with broken lateral hairs (h). 3. Holdfast ofintertwined rhizoids.

91. Dictyota cervicornis1. Cervicorn branching pattern. 2. Transverse section ofblade with developing antheridial sori (s).

NUMBER 9

Order DICTYOTALES

Family DICTYOTACEAE

90. Dictyopteris delicatula Lamouroux1809a:332,pl. 6,fig.2b.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus spreading or erect,tangled, 2-8 cm high, light to dark goldenbrown; branching dichotomous to irregular.Blades strap-shaped, 2-5 mm wide, two cellsthick, thicker at midrib; cells in parallel rows;midrib distinct but thin; apices rounded; surface hairs clustered in tufts. Holdfast basal orattaching at various points by filamentousrhizoids. Reproductive sori in single rows oneach side of midrib.

HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove proproots or other hard substrates; intertidal to12{-30) m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), )~Florida, *Cuba, )'Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola,)I-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, tSt. Barthelmy, t Barbuda, §Antigua, tSaba,tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), :f:St. Kitts, *Redonda, )1-Aves, )I-Guadeloupe, *Dominica, )I-Martin-ique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), §St. Vincent,§Bequia, *Grenadines, *Grenada, §Barbados (§Taylor 1969), *Tobago, *Trinidad, *Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, *Colombia, *Panama, )~Costa

Rica, <QIsla de San Andres, <QIsla de Providencia(<QSchnetter 1976), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine1986), )I-Mexico el-Taylor 1960), Belize (Tsuda &Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30192(US).

91. :~:~Dictyota cervicornis Kiitzing1859: 11, pI. 24, fig. 2.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, to 20 cmhigh, olive-brown; branching dichotomouslyasymmetrical, cervicorn. Branches 1.0-2.5mm wide; 180-220 Ilm thick, 10-25 medullary cells wide, often twisted or spiral; apicespointed. Medullary cells in one layer, rectangular, 140-180 Ilm thick, arranged in longitudinal rows. Surface cells rectangular, 15-20Jlffi thick; 5-8 transversing each medullarycell. Surface hairs in tufts, scattered aroundcentral axis. Holdfast fibrous, mat-like; marginal rhizoids common. Sporangia scattered,solitary, surrounded by auxiliary cells. Oogonial sori scattered. Antheridial sori multichambered, producing many antheridia.

73

HABITAT.-Common; attached to rocks,shell fragments or large plants in sandy shallow areas; to 3 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, )I-Bahamas, )I-Cuba,)I-Jamaica, )~Hispaniola, )I-Virgin Islands, )1-Antigua,)~Guadeloupe, )I-Dominica, )I-Martinique, )I-Grenada,):-Colombia, )I-panama, *Mexico (*Taylor 1960),)I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30054 (US).

92. :~:~Dictyota humifusa Hornig, Schnetter &Coppejans in Hornig et al. 1992: 57, fig. 6.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus prostrate, delicate,creeping, densely interwoven, 0.5-2.0 cmhigh, light brown, often with brilliant blueiridescence; branching irregular to somewhatdichotomous. Blades stubby, strap-shaped, 35 mm wide, 75-125 Ilm thick, 30-60 medullary cells wide; apices broad, rounded. Medullary cells in one layer, square to rectangular,50-80 Ilm thick, arranged in somewhat regular rows. Surface cells rectangular, 15-30 Ilrnthick, in parallel rows, 2-4 transversing eachmedullary cell. Surface hairs tufted, scattered,seldom present. Rhizoids from lower surface,seldom marginal. Sporangia with four oreight spores. Oogonial sori scattered. Antheridial sori multichambered, producingmany antheridia. Note: Bula-Meyer (1994)considers Dictyota humifusa conspecific withD. pfaffii; however, the two species are easilyseparated with D. humifusa being iridescentblue with irregular branching, while D. pfaffiihas a distinct brown coloration (generallywith dark spots) and dichotomous branching.

HABITAT.-Common; tightly adhering toany firm substrate, creeping over surfaces, inshallow protected habitats; to 40 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Colombia (H6rnig et al. 1992),)~)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30130 (US).Note: This entity has been mistakenly identified inCaribbean waters under various names, mostcommonly Dictyota adnata.

93. :~:~Dictyota jamaicensis W. R. Taylor1960: 630, pI. 32, figs. 4-5.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, bushy, to 20cm high, yellow-brown; branching widelydichotomous near base, narrow dichotomies(almost parallel) at tips. Blades strap-shaped,often twisted, 1-2 mm wide, 100-130 Ilm


92. Dictyota humifusa1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of blade with ventralrhizoids (r).

lOOJ,tm

94. Dictyota linearis1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of blade withcentered hair tuft.

93. Dictyota jamaicensis1. Typical branch. 2. Immature sporangium. 3. Antheridial sorus. 4. Transverse section of blade with oogonial (0) sorus and marginal rhizoids (r).

95. Dictyota menstrualis1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of blade withmarginal rhizoids.

NUMBER 9

thick, 16-35 medullary cells wide; apicesblunt; marginal teeth diminutive, 50-150 p,mlong, at irregular intervals. Medullary cells inone layer, rectangular, 75-100 p,m thick, arranged in longitudinal rows. Surface cells rectangular to squarish, 20-40 p,m thick; 3-5transversing each medullary cell. Surface hairsto 120 p,m long, in scattered tufts. Holdfastinconspicuous, as fibrous mass; marginalrhizoids common. Sporangia as dark dots, 80120 p,m diam., cruciately divided, scattered,solitary or in small clusters, surrounded byaxillary cells. Oogonial sori evenly dispersed,to 250 p,m diam., 500 p,m long, solitary or insmall (2-3) clusters. Antheridial sori 75-200p,m diam, 60-120 p,m high.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; growing on hardsubstrates in moderately shallow waters; to 15m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Jamaica, Puerto Rico (DfazPiferrer 1963), tVirgin Islands, tSt. Martin,§Antigua, tSaba (tVroman 1968), :f:St. Kitts, :f:St.Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), §St. Vincent, §Bequia(§Taylor 1969), >I-Grenada, Barbados (Almodovar &Pagan 1967), *Venezuela el-Taylor 1960), Colombia(Schnetter 1976), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun1972), Mexico (Campa de Guzman 1965), >I->I-Belize;Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30144 (US).

94. :'r:'rDictyota linearis (C. Agardh) Greville1830: xliii.

Zonaria linearis c. Agardh 1820: 134.

DESCRIPTION.-1ballus bushy, in tangledclumps, to 12 cm high, brown; branchingdichotomous, occasionally irregular. Bladesstrap-shaped, uniformly 0.5-2.0 mm widethroughout, often twisted, 200-360 p,m thick,6-20 medullary cells wide, apices pointed.Medullary cells in one layer, rectangular, 140300 p,m thick, arranged in longitudinal rows.Surface cells rectangular, 30-40 p,m thick, inregular rows; 3-5 transversing each medullarycell. Surface hairs tufted, aligned along centralaxis, often persistent. Holdfast inconspicuous,fibrous, mat-like; marginal rhizoids common.Sporangia solitary, scattered, generally nearblade margins. Oogonial sori 200-300 p,mdiam., 90-120 p,m long, scattered near blademargins. Antheridial sori 200-400 p,m diam.,100-125 p,m long, near blade margins, notsurrounded by auxiliary cells. Note: Hornigand Schnetter (1988) place this species in

75

synomony with Dictyota dichotoma; however,due to the distinctive surface hair alignment(along the central axis) and narrow bladewidth, we consider them to be separate.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks or otheralgae; to 20 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Earle 1969), *Turks &Caicos, >I-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, >I-Hispaniola,>I-Virgin Islands, §Antigua, *Guadeloupe, §St. Vincent (§Taylor 1969), >I-Netherlands Antilles(*Taylor 1960), Venezuela (Dfaz-Piferrer 1970b),tCoIombia, tIsIa de San Andres (tSchnetter 1976),Mexico (Huerta 1958), >1-*BeIize; Pelican Cays: D.& M. Littler 30224 (US).

95. Dictyota menstrualis (Hoyt) Schnetter,Hornig & Weber-Peukert 1987: 195, figs. 5-6.

Dictyota dichotoma var. menstrualis Hoyt 1927: 616.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, erect, 1525(-35) cm high, yellow-brown to darkbrown; branching regularly dichotomous (angling 15° to 45°). Blades strap-shaped, oftenwith each successive division becoming progressively narrower, 4-15 mm wide, occasionally twisted, 150-250 p,m thick, 25-45 ormore medullary cells wide; margins smooth;apices blunt. Medullary cells in one layer, occasionally multi-layered near base, rectangularto polygonal, 120-180 p,m thick, arranged inmostly regular rows. Surface cells rectangular,20-30 p,m thick, in parallel rows. Surface hairstufted, inconspicuous. Rhizoids abundant,marginal on younger blades, marginal andventral on older blades. Sporangia scattered,single or in pairs, without auxiliary cells. A ntheridial sori multichambered, producingmany antheridia.

HABITAT.-Common; on small rocks orcoral fragments in sandy areas; to 30 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), Louisiana (Earle 1969), Mississippi (Humm& Caylor 1957), >I-Florida, >I-Bahamas, >I-Turks &Caicos, >I-Cuba, >f-Cayman Islands, >f-Jamaica, Hispaniola (Almodovar & Bonnelly 1977), >f-PuertoRico, St. Martin (Vroman 1968), §Antigua, Nevis(TayIor 1962b), >f-GuadeIoupe, *Martinique, §St.Vincent (§Taylor 1969), Carriacou {TayIor 1980),*Grenada, *Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975),*Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, *CoIombiaef-TayIor 1960), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Mexico(Huerta 1960), Belize {Tsuda & Dawes 1974)); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30015 (US) [all records asDictyota dichotoma].


3mm

lOOJLm

96. Dictyota pfaffii1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of blade showingmarginal rhizoids, some terminating in hapteral (fingerlike) cells.

97. Dictyota pulchella1. Typical branch. 2. Transverse section of blade withoogonial sorus. 3. Transverse section of blade showingmarginal rhizoids.

!.~.~I~~~f0lOO,um

3mmlOO,um

98. Dilophus alternans1. Typical dichotomous branch. 2. Irregular branching,uncommon. 3. Transverse section of blade showingthicker medulla (m) at margins and surface sporangia (s).

99a. Lobophora variegata decumbent morph1. Longitudinal section of blade margin. 2. Transversesection of blade with oogonial sorus. 3. Transverse section of mature blade.

NUMBER 9

96. :'t-:'t-Dictyota pfaffii Schnetter1972: 12, fig. 1.

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus prostrate, delicate,creeping, densely interwoven, 0.5-2.0 cmhigh, light brown, commonly with darkspots; branching dichotomous. Blades strapshaped, 4-7 mm wide, 100-200 p,m thick,35-75 medullary cells wide; apices broad,rounded. Medullary cells in one layer, rectangular, 60-160 p,m thick, arranged in rows.Sur/ace cells rectangular, 10-25 p,m thick, inregular rows, 1.5-3.5 cells transversing eachmedullary cell. Sur/ace hairs tufted, scattered.Rhizoids often marginal, when mature terminating in hapteral (finger-like) cells. Sporangiaspherical, to 80 J.lm diam., solitary or clustered, continuing four or eight spores. Oogonial sori scattered. A ntheridial sori 90-180 J.lmlong, multichambered, producing many antheridia. Note: Bula-Meyer (1994) considersDictyota humifusa conspecific with D. pfaffii;however, the two species are easily separatedwith D. humifusa being iridescent blue withirregular branching, while D. pfaffii has a distinct brown coloration (generally with darkspots) and dichotomous branching.

HABITAT.-Common; tightly adhering tostable substrates, in shallow protected habitats; to 40 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Colombia (Schnetter 1972),)~)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30169 (US).Note: This entity has been mistakenly identified inCaribbean waters under various names.

97. Dictyota pulchella Hornig & Schnetter1988: 285, fig. 7.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, formingbushy tangled clumps, to 10 cm high, brown,often with green iridescence; branchingwidely dichotomous [(60°-)90°-120° angles].Blades in lower portion 3-5 mm wide, witheach successive division becoming progressively narrower, abruptly narrower (0.1-0.2mm) at apices, 180-240(-300) p,m thick, 4-25medullary cells wide; apices blunt to roundlypointed. Medullary cells in one layer, rectangular, 120-200 p,m thick, arranged in longitudinal rows. Sur/ace cells rectangular, 20-30p,m thick; 4-7 transversing each medullarycell. Sur/ace hairs common, tufted, scatteredalong center line of blade. Holdfast incon-

77

spicuous, fibrous, mat-like; marginal rhizoidscommon. Sporangia solitary or in tight clusters, scattered along center line. Oogonial soriscattered, covered by clear protective membrane. Antheridial sori multichambered, producing many antheridia.

HABITAT.-Common; on dead coral, mangrove peat, shell fragments, wood or epiphytic on seagrasses and coarse algae, in shallow areas; to 70 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, )f-Turks &Caicos, )f-Cuba, )f-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, )f-PuertoRico, )f-Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Vroman 1968),)f-Guadeloupe, )~Martinique, Grenada {Taylor 1980),)f-Trinidad, Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan 1967),Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Venezuela (Gessner &Hammer 1967), )f-Colombia, Costa Rica (Dawson1962), Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1976), )f-Isla deProvidencia, Great Swan Island {Taylor, 1975),)f-Colombia, )f-Mexico, )f-Belize ef-Taylor 1960)); Peli-can Cays: D. & M. Littler 30055 (US) [all records asDictyota divaricata].

98. Dilophus alternans J. Agardh 1882: 108.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus bushy, erect, to 15cm high, dark yellow-brown; branching alternate to irregular; apices initially dichotomously branched (15°-45° angles). Bladesstrap-shaped, 2-4(-5) mm wide; marginssmooth; apices blunt or rounded. Medulla2(-5) cells thick at margins; cells rectangular,50-80 p,m thick, arranged in rows. Sur/acecells rectangular, 10-20 p,m thick, in longitudinal rows. Sur/ace hairs scattered in tufts.Holdfast inconspicuous, fibrous. Sporangiasolitary, producing four or eight spores. Antheridial sori multichambered, containingmany antheridia. Note: H6rnig et al. (1992)put Dilophus in synomony with Dictyota;however, we continue to utilize both entitiesbased on the medullary differences (Dilophuscommonly having two cell layers, while Dictyota generally has but one, except for budding areas and lower extremities).

HABITAT.-Common; on small rocks, coral fragments or at the base of living coral; to26 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, )~Cuba, )f-Cayman Islands, )f-Jamaica, )f-His-paniola, Puerto Rico (Ballantine & Norris 1989),)f-Virgin Islands, tAnguilla, tSt. Martin, t Barbuda,§Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968),§Dominica, §St. Lucia (§Taylor 1969), *Barbados


100. Padina gymnospora1. Longitudinal section of inrolled blade margin. 2. Longitudinal section of blade base. 3. Longitudinal section ofblade with oogonial sorus.

.' "

100/-LID

'" :: " .. ' .: " .•••• •• : ...... '0 •

.:..~: :. '" - . - '. ., . . .

::J::JQ~~~~~

99b. Lobophora variegata crust morph1. Surface view of growing margin. 2. Longitudinal section of blade and oogonial sorus not covered by an outermembrane. 3. Rhizoids originating from ventral cells.

100/-Lm

--lOOJLffi

101. "Dictyerpa" stage of Padina jamaicensis1. Habit showing diminutive blade and hooked apices.2. Transverse section of branch with ventral rhizoids.

102. Padina pavonica1. Longitudinal section of blade showing inrolled marginwith tufts of surface hairs (h). 2. Longitudinal section ofblade. 3. Transverse section of blade.

NUMBER 9

(*Taylor 1960), :j:Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto &Ballantine 1986), :j:Isla de San Andres, :j:Isla deProvidencia (:j:Schnetter 1976), Mexico (Huerta etal. 1987), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30174 (US).

99. Lobophora variegata (Lamouroux)Womersleyex Oliveira 1977: 217.

Dictyota variegata Lamouroux 1809a: 331. Pocockiellavariegata (Lamouroux) Papenfuss 1943: 467.

99a. decumbent morph

DESCRIPTION. - Thallus prostrate in shelflike layers, to 15 cm diam., light brown withfaint concentric zones of growth and hairs.Blades thin, overlapping, fan-shaped; 90-120(-300) p,m thick. Medullary cells in one layer,45-60 p,m thick, colorless. Cortex 2-3 layers;surface cells 10-15 p,m thick, darkly pigmented. Surface hairs 15-25 p,m diam., scattered or in concentric lines. Rhizoids basal oron lower surface of prostrate portion of blade,tan to olive brown, tangled, matted together.Sporangial sori scattered over upper and lowersurfaces; sporangia club-shaped, 50-95 /lmdiam., 80-150(-180) p,m long, forming 4-8spores. Oogonial sori scattered, covered bymembrane; oogonia oval.

HABITAT.-Common; in shaded shallowareas or in deep water habitats with moderateherbivory, often dominant plant at 100 mdeep; to 120 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-'I-Florida, 'I-Bahamas, 'I-Turks &Caicos, 'I-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, *Jamaica,'I-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Dlaz-Piferrer 1963),'I-Virgin Islands, 'I-St. Barthelemy, §Antigua, )I-St.Eustatius, §St. Kitts (§Taylor 1969), *Nevis,'I-Guadeloupe, *Martinique, )I-Barbados, Trinidad(Richardson 1975), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b),Venezuela (Taylor 1976), *Colombia, *Panama,Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), *Isla de Providenciael-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Aguilar et al. 1989), Belize(Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 53070 (US).

99b. crust morphDESCRIPTION. - Thallus slick crust, cover

ing indeterminate area, dark orange-brown.Crust 80-125(-300) p,m thick. Medullary cellsin one layer, 40-75 p,m thick, 15-25 p,m wide.Cortex 2-3 layers; surface cells 10-20 /lmthick, deeply pigmented. Surface hairs intufts, scattered. Rhizoids originating fromlowermost cells.

79

HABITAT.-Common; tightly adherent ondead coral, mangrove prop roots or sunkenlogs in shallow subtidal areas where grazing isintense; to 30 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Belize (Coen & Tanner 1989);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 53072 (US).

100. Padina gymnospora (Kiitzing)Sonder 1871: 47.

Zonaria gymnospora Kiitzing 1859: 29, pI. 71, fig. 2.Padina vickersiae Hoyt in Howe 1920: 595.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus leaf-like clusters,to 22 cm high, 37 cm wide, brown to tan.Blades fan-shaped, 5-20 cm wide, banded,lightly calcified or uncalcified, 50-60(-150)/lm thick distally, 150-250 /lm thick proximally, of four cell layers, 2-3 cells thick nearmargin, 6-9 cells thick at base; outer marginsinrolled. Surface hairs 25-35 p,m diam., inconcentric bands (1.5-)4(-8.0) mm apart.Rhizoidal base matted. Fertile bands in concentric zones midway between hair bands,most often on upper surface. Tetrasporangiaoval, 10-15 p,m diam., 25-35 p,m long, cruciately divided. Oogonia spherical, 30-65 /lmdiam. Antheridia in zones 200 p,m wide.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, corals ormangrove prop roots, found in sheltered ormoderately exposed areas; to 14 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Texas, Louisiana (Phillips1960), Mississippi (Humm & Caylor 1957),)I-Florida *Bahamas, )I-Cuba, §Cayman Islands,)f-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar &Blomquist 1961), *Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, *St.Barthelemy, tSaba (tVroman 1968), :j:St. Kitts,:j:Nevis, *AYes, 'I-Guadeloupe, §Dominica, )f-Martinique, :j:St. Lucia (:j:Taylor 1962b), §St. Vincent(§Taylor 1969), cQCarriacou, cQGrenada (cQTaylor1980), *Barbados, 'f-Trinidad, *Netherlands Antilles, )f-Venezuela, 'I-Colombia, )f-panama, CostaRica (Dawson 1962), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun1972), *Mexico, *Belize el-Taylor 1960); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30208 (US).

101. Padina jamaicensis Collins 1901: 251(P. B. A. No. 780).

Dictyerpa stage.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming mattedturf, to 3 cm thick, light yellow-brown;branching dichotomous, opposite or irregular.Blades compressed to distinctly strap-shaped,

lOOp,m

80

200p,m

lOOp,m


103. Padina sanctae-crucis1. Longitudinal sections of blades showing inrolled margin. 2. Longitudinal section of blade with developingsporangia. 3. Longitudinal section of blade with antheridial sorus. 4. Habit.

105. Sargassum polyceratium1. Thallus showing scattered cryptostomata (c) on bladesand on spherical air bladders. 2. Fertile branchlets withscattered conceptacles (co). 3. Transverse section of mature conceptacle with two oogonia.

104. Sargassum acinarium1. Central thallus showing upturned spines (s) of mainaxis, fertile branches (Q and spined spherical air bladders.2. Air bladders with toothed stalks. 3. Immature bladewith developing air bladder (a) at base. 4. Blade withscattered cryptostomata (c). 5. Transverse section of bladeat cryptostomata (c).

106. Sargassum ramifolium1. Central thallus showing slender blades, smooth mainaxis and spherical air bladders. 2. Transverse section ofblade at midrib. 3. Transverse section of blade marginwith cryptostomata (c).

NUMBER 9

Fertile branchlets 2-3 cm long, abundantlybranched, surface rough with numerous receptacles, 0.7-1.0 mm wide, to 500 /lm thick;apices slightly upturned, hooked or with diminutive fan-shaped "Padina" blades. Medullary cells to six layers thick, irregularly rectangular, 40-60 /lm wide, 60-120 /lm long. Sur-face cells square in transverse section, square torectangular in surface view, 20-30 /lm wide,30-50 /lm long; apices multicellular. Rhizoidsdeveloping on prostrate axes. (See Silva et al.1987: 78.)

HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous;on rocks, coral fragments or other hard substrates; lower intertidal to 10 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, )I-Turks &Caicos, )I-Cuba, *Cayman Islands, )I-Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, *Angui1la,*St. Barthelemy, §Antigua, §Nevis, *Guadeloupe,§Dominica, §St. Vincent, )I-Grenada, §Barbados(§Taylor 1969), *Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela(Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), tColombia, tIsla de SanAndres (tSchnetter 1976), Great Swan Island(Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Humm & Hildebrand1962), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30229 {US).

102. ~o,.:o,.Padina pavonica (Linnaeus)Thivy in W. Taylor 1960: 234.

Fucus pavonicus Linnaeus 1753: 1162.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus leaf-like clusters,to 22 cm high, 37 cm wide, brown to tan.Blades fan-shaped, to 12 cm wide, with edgesextremely incurved, banded, moderately calcified above, lighter calcification below, 50-65/lm thick distally, 80-130 /lm thick proximally; margins of two cell layers, main blade3-4 cells thick; outer margins inrolled. Sur-face hairs 15-25 /lm diam., in concentric bands1.5-6.0 mm apart. Rhizoidal base matted.Sporangial sori 90-140 /lm diam., covered bythin membrane, often in continuous bands oneach side of or solely above hair bands. 00gonia spherical, 40-50 /lm diam. Antheridiaalternating with oogonial bands on sides ofhair bands.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, corals ormangrove prop roots, found in sheltered ormoderately wave-exposed areas; lower intertidal to 20 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, *Cuba, *Jamaica,)I-Virgin Islands, )I-Grenada, )I-Barbados, *Colombiael-Taylor 1960), Costa Rica (Wellington 1973),

81

Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta& Garza-Barrientos 1964) )I-)I-Belize; Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 30028 (US).

103. Padina sanctae-crucis B0rgesen1914: 201, figs. 153-154.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus leaf-like clusters,ruffled, to 15 cm high, upper surface chalkywhite alternating with light yellow-brownbands, lower surface uncalcified or verylightly calcified with darker brown banding.Blades fan-shaped, to 9{-25) cm wide, concentrically zoned, substantially calcified on uppersurface only, to 90{-150) /lm thick above,150-200 /lm thick near base, of two cell layersthroughout; dorsal cells rectangular, 30-60/lm wide, 45-75 /lm thick; ventral cellssmaller, rectangular, 24-35 /lm wide, 35-55/lm thick; outer margins inrolled. Surfacehairs 15-25 /lm diam., on both surfaces, inalternating concentric bands 2-3 mm apart.Rhizoidal base matted. Sori above every second hair band on lower surfaces. Sporangiaoval, 60-120 /lm diam., 100-170 /lm long,forming irregular bands. Oogonia spherical,30-50 /lm diam., in one or two bands. Antheridia in broken bands.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, shells ordead coral on shallow reef flats; to 5 m deep.

DISTRffiUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, )I-Turks &Caicos, *Cuba, )I-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, )1-Angui1la,tSt. Martin, )I-St. Barthelemy, tBarbuda, §Antigua,tSt. Kitts (tVroman 1968), §Nevis, *Guadeloupe,§Dominica, §St. Vincent, )I-Grenada, §Barbados(§Taylor 1969), *Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela(Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), *Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto& Ballantine 1986), *Isla de San Andres (*Schnetter1976), Great Swan Island (Taylor 1975), Mexico(Taylor 1941), *Belize (*Taylor 1960); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30089 {US).

Order FUCALES

Family SARGASSACEAE

104. :o,.:o,.Sargassum acinarium (Linnaeus)Setchell1933: 208.

Fucus acinarius Linnaeus 1753: 1160.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, tough, leathery, densely branched, to 50 cm high, brown.Main axes one to several, roughened by 0.51.0 mm long upturned spines. Blades oval, 38 mm wide on basal branches, 1-3 mm wide


108. Turbinaria tricostata1. Typical blades showing concave centers and sharplytapering to spiny ridged stalks. 2. Transverse section ofcryptostomata.

I CD" 5m~h~~- (n·~

:.~qp~~":-I it· / Jr·'5 (. ...

;~. (':'. <":\/~.\: \.:" ~D~;:..//~ /- 5 mm ~(\:,}:i:

. c

0~':::-100 p,rn 3

107. Sargassum vulgare1. Typical blade with irregularly toothed margin. 2. Central thallus showing scattered upturned spines (s) on mainaxis and smooth spherical air bladders. 3. Transversesection of cryptostomata (c).

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109. Turbinaria turbinata1. Typical blades with flat, convex or slightly concavecenters. 2. Transverse section of cryptostomata.

110. Pringsheimiella scutata1. Habit showing central surface hairs.

NUMBER 9

on distal branches, 1.5-3.0(-7.0) cm long; apexrounded; margins irregularly and deeplytoothed; midrib distinct; stipe generally 1 mmlong. Air bladders spherical, 3-5 mm diam.,numerous, often with solitary spine near base;stalk flattened, 0.5-1.0 mm wide, 1-6 mmlong, often winged with toothed margins.Holdfast strong, disc-like. Cryptostomata appearing as dark dots, 100-150 /lm diam.,abundant, scattered; central pore 30-40 p,mdiam. Fertile branchlets 0.5-0.7 mm diam.,0.5-1.0 cm long, branching alternate orforked, with wart-like or bumpy surface, conspicuous when present.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; in mangrove lagoons or around mangrove islands; to 2 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Louisiana, *Florida, Bahamas, Cuba (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a), §Cayman Islands,Puerto Rico (Dfaz-Piferrer 1963), §Antigua, §St.Lucia, §Barbados (§Taylor 1969), *Venezuela,*Colombia (*Taylor 1960), Costa Rica (Soto &Ballantine 1986), )f-)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30237 (US).

105. Sargassum polyceratium Montagne1837: 356.

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus erect, tough, leathery, densely branched, to 1 m high, brown.Main axes one to several when young; roughened by small spines. Blades oval, 5-10 mmwide, 1.5-3.5 cm long; base asymmetrical;stipe absent; apices rounded to pointed; margins densely and deeply toothed; midrib distinct. Air bladders spherical, 3-6 mm diam.,numerous, near base of blades; stalk small orabsent. Holdfast strong, disc-like. Cryptostomata appearing as dark dots, small, scattered,abundant on blades and air bladders. Fertilebranchlets short, forked, not conspicuous.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks in protected habitats, often behind reef crest in rubble-pavement zone; lower intertidal to 10 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, )f-Cuba, *Cayman Islands, *Jamaica,)f-Hispaniola, )f-Puerto Rico, )f-Virgin Islands,t Angui1la, tSt. Martin, t Barbuda, Antigua (faylor1969), tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), St.Kitts (Taylor 1962b), )l-Guadeloupe, *St. Lucia,)f-Barbados, :f:Bonaire, :f:Cura~ao (:f:Dfaz-Piferrer1964b), )f-Venezuela, )f-Colombia, *Panama, Isla deSan Andres (Kapraun 1972), *Isla de Providencia

83

ef-Taylor 1960), Great Swan Island (faylor, 1975),Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh 1979), Mexico(Humm & Hildebrand 1962), Belize (fsuda &Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30039(US).

106. ~~~~Sargassum ramifolium Kiitzing1861: 10, pI. 32, fig. la, lb.

DESCRIPTION. -Iballus erect, slender, to30 cm long, dark brown; branching sparse.Main axes smooth, cylindrical, 2-4 mm diam.;with several arising from initial, short (1-2cm), solitary stalk. Blades elongated linear,often forked, 1-3 mm wide, 2-5 cm long, radially arranged; marginal teeth present whenyoung, obscure or lacking at maturity; midribs distinct. Air bladders 3-4 mm diam., 1-2per blade when present, perfectly spherical,smooth, without spines; stalk 350-500 J-tmdiam., 2.5-3.5 mm long. Holdfast strong, distinct, pad-like. Cryptostomata 80-100 /lmdiam., 80-100 /lm deep, in single series closeto blade margin, inconspicuous; central pore60-80 /lm diam. Fertile branchlets spindleshaped to cylindrical, branching alternate orforked, in axils of blades.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; on rocks or coralfragments, often around mangrove islands;1-3 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (faylor 1964), )f-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almodovar et al. 1979),*Virgin Islands, )f-Venezuela ef-Taylor 1960), Mexico (Huerta 1961), )f-)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30091 (US).

107. Sargassum vulgare C. Agardh1820: 3, nom. illeg.

[Sargassum vu/gare is considered an illegitimate name withno replacement at the present time (see Silva et al. 1996:707, 929).]

DESCRIPTION.-Iballus erect, tough, leathery, to 40 cm high, brown. Main axes one toseveral; spines few, 0.3-0.7 mm long. Bladesnumerous, 3-8 mm wide, 1.0-3.5 cm long;apices rounded to slightly notched; marginsirregular with scattered teeth; stipe generally 1mm long. Air bladders spherical, 2.5-8.0 mmdiam., numerous, near base of blades; stalkcylindrical, 0.8-1.0 mm diam., 1-2 mm long.Holdfast strong, disc-like. Cryptostomata 100160 /lm diam., abundant, scattered but not onor along center axis; pore 40-50 /lm diam.


HABITAT.-Common; in mangrove lagoons or around mangrove islands; to 2 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, )'I"Bahamas, *Cuba,)1"]amaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, )~Anguilla, St. Martin (Vroman 1968), *St.Barthelemy, *Antigua, tNevis, *Guadeloupe,)~Dominica, )~Martinique,St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b),)f-St . Vincent, tBequia (tTaylor 1969), *Grenada,)~Barbados, )~Tobago, Trinidad (Richardson 1975),)l-Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, )f-Colombia,)~Costa Rica, Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972),)~Mexico, *Belize e~Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D.& M. Littler 30235 (US).

Family CYSTOSElRACEAE

108. Turbinaria tricostata Barton1891: 218, pI. 54, figs. 3-4.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tough, leathery, 24(-17) cm high, brown to yellow-brown.Branches sparse, short. Blades clustered; apexround to pyramid-shaped, 0.8-1.2 cm wide;transverse-section narrowly triangular, 1.0-1.5cm long, tapering sharply towards roughenedstalk; ridges with small teeth; apex generallyconcave. Air bladders deeply embedded incenter of blade. Holdfast strong, tough,branching. Cryptostomata (sunken cavities onblade surface appearing as dark dots) abundant, convex, scattered over blade and stalk,with raised opening (volcano-like or coneshaped) creating rough surface. Fertilebranchlets densely forked, crowded at bladeaxil.

HABITAT.-Common, on rocks or deadcoral fragments, in shallow areas on reef crestin strong currents or heavy wave action;lower intertidal to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos,)~Cuba, )~Cayman Islands, )f-Jamaica, *Puerto Rico,)l-Virgin Islands, Anguilla [D. & M. Littler 30518(US), Barbuda (Taylor 1962b), )f-Guadeloupe, St.Lucia [D. & M. Littler 31136 (US), )I-NetherlandsAntilles el-Taylor 1960), Venezuela (Diaz-Piferrer1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), IsIa de SanAndres (Kapraun 1972), Isla de Providencia(Schnetter 1976), Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975),Mexico (Huerta 1958), Belize (Tsuda & Dawes1974; D. & M. Littler 30090 (US).

109. Turbinaria turbinata (Linnaeus)Kuntze 1898: 434.

Fucus turbinatus Linnaeus 1753: 1160.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tough, leathery,erect, cylindrically-shaped, to 40 cm high,dark brown. Blades clustered; apex pyramidshaped, flat or convex, 0.8-1.2 cm wide;transverse-section triangular, tapering gradually towards smooth stalk; margin smooth toslightly toothed. Air bladder embedded orpartially emergent in center of blade. Holdfaststrong, tough, branching. Cryptostomata numerous, scattered, with single pore flush withblade surface or only slightly raised. Fertilebranchlets common, forked, at blade axil orbase of stalk.

HABITAT.-Common; adhering tightly tohard substrates immediately behind reef crestin areas of strong turbulence; to 5 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, )~Cuba, §Cayman Islands, *Jamaica,)~Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands,)~Anguilla, tSt. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, t Barbuda,)~Antigua, tSaba, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), St.Kitts (Taylor 1962b), )f-Guadeloupe, §Dominica(§TayIor 1969), )~Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela(Gessner & Hammer 1967), )~Colombia, *Panama,Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Isla de SanAndres (Schnetter 1976), Great Swan Island(Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta 1961), *Belize(*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30185 (US).

Phylum CHLOROPHYTA

Order CTENOCLADALES

Family ULVELLACEAE

110. :~:~Pringsheimiella scutata (Reinke)Hohnel in Marchewianka 1924: 42.

Pringsheimia scutata Reinke 1888: 241. Pringsheimiellaudoteae (B0rgesen) T aylor 1960: 51. Pringsheimia udoteaeBergesen 1913: 11, fig. 3 (see Kornmann & Sahling 1983).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus thin, circular, forming disc-like crust, 1-2 mm diam., brightgreen. Crusts 10-12 p,m thick, of one celllayer. Cells 5-25 p,m wide, 10-20(-40) p,mlong; marginal cells in radiating series, radiallyelongated; central cells roundly rectangular,thicker, often extending vertically into surfacehairs; hairs 8-10 p,m diam., to 140 p,m long.Chloroplasts adjacent to cell walls, irregularlylobed; pyrenoids 1-4. Sporangia oval to bottle-shaped, 15-22 p,m diam., 28-45 p,m long,

NUMBER 9

with single pore at apex; spores quadriflagellate. Gametes quadriflagellate.

HABITAT.-Common, but inconspicuous;epiphytic on other marine plants; to 7 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Humm & EarleTaylor 1961), )~Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico(Ballantine & N orris 1989), *Virgin Islands(*Taylor 1960), )I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30272 (US).

111. Ulvella lens P. Crouan & H. Crouan1859: 288, pI. 22, fig. E.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus thin, circular, forming disc-like crusts, 1-5 mm diam., brightgreen. Crusts 8-25 p.m thick; margins withone cell layer; center with 2-3 cell layers.Cells 5-10{-20) p.m diam., roundly rectangular; distal cells often forked; marginal cellselongated, 3-8{-15) p.m diam., 15-30 p.m long;surface hairs absent. Chloroplasts adjacent tocell walls; pyrenoids generally absent. Sporangia formed from central cells; each producing 4, 8 or 16 biflagellate spores.

HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous;on shells, hydroids or epiphytic on other marine plants, commonly occurring on Ventricaria ventricosa; intertidal to 2 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-tTexas, Mississippi (Humm &Caylor 1957), *Florida, Hispaniola (Dlaz-Piferrer1978), Puerto Rico (Dlaz-Piferrer 1963), *VirginIslands CI-Taylor 1960), St. Martin (Yroman 1968),Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia(Schnetter 1978), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine1986), tMexico (tHumm & Hildebrand 1962),Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 24009 (US).

Order ULVALES

Family ULVACEAE

112. Enteromorpha chaetomorphoidesBergesen 1911: 149, fig. 12.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus loose-lying, tangled, in filamentous aggregations of indefinitesize and shape, bright green; branching mainlyat apices. Blades long, fine, slender, cylindrical, 16-50 p,m diam.; most commonly 3 rowsof longitudinally aligned cells; thicker blades(4 or more cells in diameter) hollow in transverse section; apices single series of cells, rapidly becoming two cells thick. Cells square to

85

rectangular, 16-18 p.m diam.; pyrenoids 2{-3)per cell.

HABITAT.-Common; tangled on mangrove prop roots, occasionally forming looselying masses smothering other organisms inareas of extremely high nutrients; to 10 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Humm 1963), Cuba(Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, Hispaniola(Almodovar & Bonnelly 1977), *Puerto Rico,*Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Vroman 1968),*Barbados {*Taylor 1960}, Trinidad (Richardson1975), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela(Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), tColombia, Costa Rica(Dawson 1962), tIsla de San Andres, tIsla deProvidencia (tSchnetter 1978), Mexico (Huerta etal. 1987), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 53072 (US).

113. Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen)J. Agardh 1883: 126.

Conferva flexuosa Roth 1800: 188, nom. illeg. Viva flexuosa Wulfen 1803: 1.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus flaccid, slender,gregarious, in clusters or tufts, 5-15{-25) cmlong, light green; branching, if present, sparsenear base. Blades 1-5{-10) mm diam., taperingtoward base, cylindrical, hollow, tubular orflattened and strap-shaped with hollow margins; walls one cell thick. Cells rounded rectangular, 10-28 p.m wide, 8-30 p,m long, insomewhat longitudinal and often transverserows; basal cells to 50 p.m long; pyrenoids(1-)2-3{-5) per cell. Rhizoids fine, formingtightly knit basal pad.

HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove proproots, wood, rock or epiphytic on other marine plants; in brackish water of estuaries oraround freshwater seeps on sandy shores; highintertidal to 5 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Texas, *Mississippi, )I-Florida,)I-Bahamas, *Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *VirginIslands, tSt. Martin, )I-St . Barthelemy, *Barbuda,§Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), §St.Kitts, §Montserrat, *Guadeloupe, §Dominica, §St.Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), *Grenada,*Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), *Tobago,:J:Isles de Aves, *Netherlands Antilles, :J:Venezuela(:J:Gessner & Hammer 1967), )I-Costa Rica (*Taylor1960), Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972), Guatemala (Bird & McIntosh 1979), Mexico (Huerta1960), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 30290 (US).


100/LID

lOOj.Lm

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111. Ulvella lens1. Cell arrangement showing forked distal cells (Q of youngplant.

112. Enteromorpha chaetomorphoides1. Cylindrical blade filaments. 2. Transverse sections of twoblades.

Imm 00o~LJooo0·;·~ooo~

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113. Enteromorpha f1exuosa1. Habit. 2. Transverse section of tube wall. 3. Surface viewof blade cells.

114. Viva rigida1. Margin of perforated thallus. 2. Margin with intermittent microscopic teeth. 3. Surface arrangement of bladecells. 4. Transverse section of blade.

NUMBER 9

114. Ulva rigida C. Agardh 1822-1823: 410.Viva iactuca var. rigida (C. Agardh) Le Jolis 1863: 38 (seeBliding 1969).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus thin, sheet-like, asturfs, tufts or solitary blades, variable inshape, to 10(-100) cm high, bright green.Blades ruffled or flat, two cells thick, unperforated or perforated with few to many smallholes; margins rounded, lobed, smooth toundulating, with microscopic intermittentteeth; basal region to 200 p.m thick. Cellsrounded, square to irregularly polyhedral, 1117 p.m wide, 15-22 p.m long, somewhat elongated, in ordered rows or randomly arranged;pyrenoids generally 2, rarely 1-8 per cell.Stalks inconspicuous. Rhizoidal cells short,basal.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; on hard surfaces,in areas of active water motion; intertidal to 2m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Phillips 1960), J amaica (Chapman 1961), Puerto Rico (Ballantine &Norris 1989), Guadeloupe [D. & M. Littler 30769(US), Martinique [D. & M. Littler 31009 (US),tColombia, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986),tlsla de San Andres, tIsla de Providencia (tSchnetter 1978), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30262 (US).

Order CLADOPHORALES

Family SIPHONOCLADACEAE

115. Cladophoropsis macromeres Taylor1928: 64, pI. 4, figs. 15-16.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus loose, coarse, asfilamentous mats or in mixed turfs, to 15 cmhigh, glossy light green; branching irregularbelow, unilateral above; often lacking basalnetwork. Filaments 375-460 p.m diam.; lateralfilaments 210-295 p.m diam., originating asextension of upper end of parent cell; wallformation absent from base of lateral filaments with open connection to parent cell.Rhizoids pale or colorless, fibrous, often terminating in finger-like pads (hapteral cells).

HABITAT.-Common; forming cushionlike clumps in calm shallow habitats or entangled with other algae; to 5 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)}Florida, Cuba (Sosa 1977),)}Jamaica e}Taylor 1960), Puerto Rico (DlazPiferrer 1963), Barbados (raylor 1969), Colombia(Schnetter 1978), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30034 (US).

87

116. Cladophoropsis membranacea(Hofman Bang ex C. Agardh) Bergesen

1905: 289, figs. 8-13.

Conferva membranacea Hofman Bang in C. Agardh1824: 120.

DESCRIPTION. - Thallus filamentous, forming dense mats or in mixed turfs, 2-5(-10) cmhigh, glossy light green; branching alternatebelow, unilateral above. Filaments 150-280p.m diam.; lateral filaments 100-150 p.m diam.,originating as extension of upper end of parent cell; wall formation absent from base oflateral filaments with open connection to parent cell. Stolons horizontally spreading, paleor colorless, fibrous, often terminating in finger-like pads (hapteral cells).

HABITAT.-Common; forming small cushion-like clumps on rocks, wood or other hardsurfaces in calm waters, occasionally as extensive mats infiltrated with sand; intertidal to 10m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Baca et al. 1979), Mississippi (Humm & Darnell 1959), *Florida,*Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, *Cuba, §CaymanIslands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico,*Virgin Islands, Anguilla [D. & M. Littler 30553(US), tSt. Martin, >}St Barthelemy, tSt. Eustatius(tVroman 1968), :j:St. Kitts, *Guadeloupe, §Dominica, *Martinique, :j:St. Lucia (:j:Taylor 1962b), §St.Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), *Grenada, *Barbados, *Tobago, *Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, Colombia (Schnetter 1969), *Panama, CostaRica (Dawson, 1962b), Isla San Andres (Kapraun1972), *Mexico, *Belize (*Taylor 1960); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30133 (US).

117. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forssk£l)Bergesen 1932: 2, pI. 1, fig. 1.

Viva cavernosa ForsskaI 1775: 187.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus sack-like, hollow,spherical when young, irregularly lobed orruptured when old, to 12(-30) cm diam., lightgreen. Primary cells 0.1-3.0 mm diam., in onelayer, angular or polyhedral in surface view,appearing honeycomb-like, adhering to oneanother by microscopic tenacular cells. Tenacular cells forming continuous row at abutment of primary cells, alternately oppositeone another. Rhizoids short, branched or unbranched.


, .. 2mm _. CDC;;~ \}-')0

200p,in WV~

115. Cladophoropsis macromeres1. Filaments showing lack of cell walls at base of lateralfilaments with open connection to parent cells. 2. Colorless basal holdfast.

117. Dictyosphaeria cavernosa1. Transverse section of thallus showing basal rhizoids {r}.2. Surface view of primary {macroscopic} cells with connecting microscopic tenacular cells {t}. 3. Surface view oftenacular cells.

116. Cladophoropsis membranacea1. Filament showing lack of cell wall at base of lateralbranchlets with open connection to parent cells. 2. Colorless short rhizoid with finger-like hapteral {h} attachment.

118. Siphonocladus rigidus1. Habit with clear filament bearing spherical, darkly pigmented reproductive structures.

NUMBER 9

HABITAT.-Common; lightly attached torocks or dead coral heads, often forming extensive mats; to 40 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, )l-Cuba, )l-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica,)l-Hispaniola, )l-Puerto Rico, )l-Virgin Islands, tSt.Martin, *St. Barthelemy, tBarbuda (tVroman1968), :f:Antigua, :f:St. Kitts, )l-Nevis, *Guadeloupe,§Dominica, *Martinique, :f:St. Lucia, §Bequia(§Taylor 1969), Grenada (:f:Taylor 1962b), )l-Barbados, )fIslas de Aves, )l-Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), )l-panama, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1978),Great Swan Island {Taylor, 1975), *Mexico el-Taylor 1960), Belize {Tsuda & Dawes 1974); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30000 (US).

118. Siphonocladus rigidus Howe1905a: 244, pI. 13, fig. 1, pI. 14, figs. 1-11.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus coarsely filamentous, crisp, rigid, cushion-like, to 5 cm long,pale to translucent green; branching unilateralor irregular. Main axes indistinct, 350-1150pm diam., 1-3 cells wide. Branches single series of cells (uniseriate), rarely 2-3 cells wide;cells elongate laterally to form branchlets.Branchlets 350-900 pm diam., uniseriate; apices blunt, not tapered, often growing downward; cell walls 15-70 pm thick. Spores common, spherical, bright yellow-green, formedwithin filament sheath, released slowly frombranch apex. Holdfast of similar thick filaments.

HABITAT.-Common, but inconspicuous;on mangrove peat or other firm surfaces; intertidal to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, )l-Bahamas, *Cuba,)l-Jamaica, Barbuda (Vroman 1968), Belize (Littler& Littler 1995); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30135 (US).

119. Ventricaria ventricosa a. Agardh)Olsen & West 1988: 104, figs. 1-4,11.

Valonia ventricosa Agardh 1887: 96.

DESCRIPTION. - Thallus solitary or as several loosely connected, large, unbranched,macroscopic cells, 2-5{-10) cm diam., shinydark green with reflective glare. Cellsspherical to oblong, firm; cell walls thin,tough. Rhizoidal cells small, branched. Reproduction by release of small cytoplasmicspheres from parent cells or expansion of rhi-

89

zoidal cells. Note: when broken free, thallussinks.

HABITAT.-Common; in cracks and crevices on hard substrates or scattered amongother algae on mangrove prop roots; to 80 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, )l-Bahamas, *Cuba,)l-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, )l-Hispaniola, )l-PuertoRico, *Virgin Islands, t Anguilla, tSt. Martin, tSt.Barthelmy, tBarbuda, §Antigua, tSt. Eustatius(tVroman 1968), §St. Kitts, §Nevis, *Guadeloupe,)l-Martinique, §St. Lucia, §St. Vincent, §Bequia(§Taylor 1969), Carriacou {Taylor 1980), *Grenada,*Barbados, )l-Tobago, )l-Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), *Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962),Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1978), Isla de Providencia, Great Swan Island {Taylor, 1975), *Mexicoel-Taylor 1960), Belize {Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30007 (US).

Family VALONIACEAE

120. :~:~Ernodesmis verticillata (Kiitzing)Bergesen 1912: 259, figs. 10-12.

Valonia verticillata Kiitzing 1847: 165.

DEscRIPTION.-7"ballus bushy, stiff, inspherical clumps, to 10 cm high, translucentyellow-green. Branches formed from singlemacroscopic cell; cells narrow at base, swollenor club-like at apex, topped with up to 12similar branches at apex, branching patternrepeated for six or more equal levels, eachbranching set slightly smaller and narrowerthan preceding set. Stalk single-celled, 1.5-2.5mm diam., 1-2 cm long. Rhizoids sparse, inconspICUOUS.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, inconspicuous;often covered by sediments or numerous epiphytes, on mangrove prop roots or other firmobjects in shallow protected bays; occasionally found in deeper waters along steep walls;to 45 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, tBahamas, *Turks &Caicos, Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, Hispaniola (Dlaz-Piferrer 1978), )l-Virgin Islands, tSt.Martin, t Antigua, *St. Eustatius, tSt. Kitts(tVroman 1968), *Montserrat, §Dominica, Martinique [D. & M. Littler 30948 (US), §St. Lucia, §St.Vincent (§Taylor 1969), Carriocou {Taylor 1980),)l-Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Cura~ao

(Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Tobago, *Venezuela, Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica {Dawson


119. Ventricaria ventricosa1. Habit, note base with rhizoidal cells (r) and vegetativepropagules (v).

121. Valonia macrophysa1. Habit.

120. Ernodesmis verticillata1. Typical branch.

122. Anadyomene saldanhae1. Blade margin showing random cells between veins.2. Base of blade with rhizoidal extensions of vein cells.

NUMBER 9

1962), Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1978), *MexicoCI-Taylor 1960), *)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30126 (US).

121. Valonia macrophysa Kiitzing 1843: 307.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus formed fromcrowded macroscopic cells, creeping, of indeterminate size and shape, to 5 cm thick,glossy, dark olive-green; branching irregular,from base or any exposed area of parent cell.Cells spherical, oblong to club-shaped, 5-15mm diam., 1-4 cm long, tightly packed; cellwalls thin, tough. Rhizoids extending frombasal cells.

HABITAT.-Common; tightly adhering tohard substrates, in shaded or darkened areas;intertidal to 5 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, )I-Cuba,)I-Cayman Islands, )I-Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, PuertoRico (Dlaz-Piferrer 1963), *Virgin Islands (*Taylor1960), St. Martin (Vroman 1968), Martinique [D. &M. Littler 31011 (US), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer1970b), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30116 (US).

Order CLADOPHORALES

Family ANADYOMENACEAE

122. Anadyomene saldanhae Joly& Oliveira 1969: 30, figs. 1-3.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus densely packedtufts, prostrate sheets or erect ruffled clumps,to 10 cm high, bright green. Blades crisp, onecell thick; margins smoothly rounded; marginal cells small, oval. Veins faintly visible, infan-shaped pattern, radiating peripherallyfrom base, branching polychotomous at segment apices; cells' mid-blade length (0.65-0.88mm) to width (0.25-0.35 mm) ratio 4:1. Cellsbetween veins random, oval. Rhizoids looselytangled, occurring over broad area, formingfrom basal extensions of lower vein cells.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates,sponges or mangrove prop roots; lower intertidal to 30(-79) m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Bucher et al. 1990),tBahamas, Turks & Caicos [D. & M. Littler 41180(US), tCuba, Cayman Islands [D. & M. Littler52096 (US), Jamaica [D. & M. Littler 51781 (US),tHispaniola, tPuerto Rico, Martinique [D. & M.Littler 30852 (US), Colombia (Bula-Meyer 1982),tBelize (tLittler & Littler 1991); Pelican Cays: D.& M. Littler 30153 (US).

91

123. Anadyomene stellata (Wulfen inJacquin) C. Agardh 1822-1823: 400.

Viva stellata Wulfen in Jacquin 1787 [1786]: 351.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus densely packedtufts or erect ruffled clumps, to 10 cm high,bright yellow-green. Blades crisp, one cellthick; margins lobed or undulating; marginalcells small, oval. Veins faintly visible, in fanshaped pattern, radiating peripherally frombase, branching polychotomous at segmentapices; cells' mid-blade length (0.6-3.0 mm) towidth (0.25-0.38 mm) ratio highly variable,from 8:1 in young to 2:1 in older blades. Cellsbetween veins parallel. Rhizoids loosely tangled, from basal extensions of lower vein cells;attached directly to substrate or intertwinedto form multiple stipes.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, mangroveprop roots, sponges or other firm surfaces;lower intertidal to 30(-91.5) m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, Turks &Caicos [D. & M. Littler 41315 (US), *Cuba, Cayman Islands [D. & M. Littler 32097 (US), *Jamaica,)I-Hispaniola, )I-Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, St.Martin (Yroman 1968), Barbuda (Taylor 1962b),§Antigua, §Nevis, *Guadeloupe, Dominica (Littler& Littler 1991), *Martinique, §St. Lucia (§Taylor1969), *Barbados, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b),Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), :f:Colombia, *Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), :f:Isla de San Andres, :f:Isla de Providencia (:f:Schnetter 1978), )I-Mexico, *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30150 (US).

124. ~~~~Microdictyon curtissiae Taylor1955: 69, pI. I, figs. 1-8, pI. Ill, fig. 2.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus delicate, fine, assolitary blades or multilayered tufts, to 4 cmwide, 7 cm long, iridescence pale green.Blades oval, mesh-like, one cell thick. Primaryfilaments obscure but detectable, with no distinct pattern; branching opposite, radiatingfrom joints; cells 320-590 p,m diam., 600-2000p,m long. Branchlets abut adjacent filamentswith small, specialized, oval to spherical,tenacular cells (31-114 p,m diam.); branchletcells 250-340 p,m diam., 2-3 diameters long;margins fringed with short, free branchlets.Stipe absent. Rhizoids short, inconspicuous,forming as basal extension of primaryfilament cells.


123. Anadyomene stellata1. Blade margin. 2. Mid-blade showing parallel cells between main veins.

125. Chaetomorpha crassa1. Filament showing individual cells with thick walls.

124. Microdictyon curtissiae1. Cell arrangement in mesh-like network of blade.2. Branchlets showing specialized tenacular cells (t).

126. Chaetomorpha linum1. Filament structure.

NUMBER 9

HABITAT.-Uncommon; attached to mangrove prop roots just below low tide line orgrowing on other marine plants; to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Taylor 1960), )")"Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30122 (US).

Family CLADOPHORACEAE

125. :~:~Chaetomorpha crassa (C. Agardh)Kiitzing 1845: 204.

Conferva crassa C. Agardh 1824: 99.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus tangled, resembling nylon-monofilament fishing line, ofindeterminate length, shiny dark green. Filaments unbranched, unattached; cells cylindrical, 300-700 (-1000) p,m diam., as long aswide; thick walled and tough in shallowtropical waters; thin walled and delicate indeep subtropical waters.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; tangled withother large algae on mangrove prop roots oras tangled coarse threads on sedimentary bottoms; intertidal to 50 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Dawes et al. 1967),Cuba (Dtaz-Piferrer 1964a), Hispaniola (Almod6var & Bonnelly 1977), Puerto Rico (Almod6var& Blomquist 1965), *Virgin Islands, St. Martin(Vroman 1968), )"St. Barthelemy e"Taylor 1960),tAntigua, St. Kitts (Taylor 1962b), tNevis, tSt.Lucia, Carriacou (Taylor 1980), tGrenada (tTaylor1969), Trinidad (Richardson 1975), :J:Bonaire,:J:Cura~ao (:J:Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (DlazPiferrer 1970b), Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine1986), Isla de Providencia (Schnetter 1978), **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30124 (US).

126. :~:'c-Chaetomorpha linum (0. F. Miiller)Kiitzing 1845: 204.

Conferva linum o. F. Muller 1778: 7, pI. 771, fig. 2.

DESCRIPTION.-1ballus large, loosely tangled, filamentous, forming mounds to 1 mhigh, 2 m wide, yellow-green, unattached.Filaments curled, twisted, stiff, unbranched,resembling coarse steel wool; cells cylindrical,(80-)100-375(-400) p,m diam., (100-)300-800p,m long; joints slightly constricted, darkergreen.

HABITAT.-Common; as mats or moundslying free in high-nutrient areas (near birdislands); to 3 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Edwards & Kapraun1973), *Florida, )"Bahamas, )"Cuba, )I-Jamaica,>f-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, St.

93

Martin (Vroman 1968), )"St. Barthelemy, Antigua(price & John 1979), §St. Kitts, >f-Guadeloupe,§Dominica, *Martinique, §St. Vincent, §Bequia(§Taylor 1969), >f-Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson1975), *Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela (Gessner& Hammer 1967), Colombia (Schnetter 1969),*Panama, )"Costa Rica e"Taylor 1960), >"*Belize;Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30169 (US).

127. :~:~Cladophora laetevirens (Dillwyn)Kiitzing 1843: 267.

Conferva laetevirens Dillwyn 1805 [1802-1809]: pI. 48.Cladophora mexicana P. Crouan & H. Crouan inSchramm & Maze 1865: 38. C. catenatoides P. Crouan &H. Crouan in Maze & Schramm 1878 [1870-1877]: 65 (seevan den Hoek 1982).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus spongy, stiff,sparse or compact, as hemispherical pads, to20 cm high, grass green to pale green; branching pseudodichotomous or pseudotrichotomous below, somewhat unilateral above, angling 25 0 -45 0

• Filaments straight or slightlycurved; cells cylindrical, slightly swollen atdistal ends, 50-100(-205) p.m diam., 3-11 diameters long; apices straight or curved, tapering to 37 p,m diam. Rhizoids fine, formingfrom basal or adjacent cells.

HABITAT.-Common; near low-tide lineon rocks, pebbles or other hard substrates; to2 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.->"Guadeloupe, >"Colombia, (Taylor 1960), )">"Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30184 (US).

128. :~:~Cladophora montagneana Kiitzing1849: 415.

Cladophora delicatula Montagne 1850: 302. C polycanthaMontagne 1850: 302 (see van den Hoek 1982).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as small tufts,1-3(-30) cm high, dark to grass green; mainaxes obvious, straight, often with sectionsdevoid of branchlets; branching irregular, occasionally trichotomous, rarely unilateralabove; cell division primarily intercalary, seldom apical. Filaments delicate to stiff,straight; apices bluntly pointed; cells cylindrical, 36-50(-135) p,m diam., 1-8 diameterslong. Rhizoids thick, short, finger-like.

HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous;on hard substrates or epiphytic on largerplants, in protected or wave-exposed areas;intertidal to 30 m deep.

94

127. Cladophora laetevirens1. Habit. 2. Typical filaments.


100 J-Lrn

128. Cladophora montagneana1. Filament with holdfast (h). 2. Typical filament branching.

129. Cladophora prolifera1. Typical branch. 2. Annular rings of basal cells andrhizoids.

130. Cladophora vagabunda1. Typical branch. 2. Typical filaments connecting toadjacent filaments by hapteral-like rhizoids (r).

NUMBER 9

DISTRIBUTION.-§Texas, Mississippi (Humm &Darnell 1959), )f-Florida, :f:Bahamas, Cuba (D£azPiferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, :f:Hispaniola, *PuertoRico, )f-Guadeloupe, :j:Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), :j:Cura~ao, *Venezuela (*Taylor 1960),:f:Costa Rica (:f:van den Hoek 1982), Guatemala(Bird & McIntosh 1979), §Mexico (§Humm & Hildebrand 1962), )f-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30151 (US).

129. ::-:'t-Cladophora prolifera (Roth)Kiitzing 1843: 271.

Con/erva prolifera Roth 1797: 182, pI. Ill, fig. 2.

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus filamentous, coarse,stiff, often in spherical clumps to 10 cm diam.or as densely branched tufts to 25 cm high,dark green, free-living or attached; branchingvariable, only from cell apices, pseudodichotomous or pseudotrichotomous, oftenunilateral at apices; cell division mostly apical.Filaments stiff, straight to slightly curved; cellscylindrical to club-shaped, 240-800 /lm diam.,7-9{-12) diameters long; apical cells 95-240p.m diam., 2-5 diameters long; apices rounded.Rhizoids formed proximally from basal cells,both with annular constrictions. Note: Whenreproductive filament apices become undulated or wavy, chloroplasts concentrate indark spots (3-5 p.m diam.), other chloroplastsenlarge (to 8-10 p.m diam) contributing togamete formation, and the plant disintegratesupon release of gametes.

HABITAT.-Locally common under eutrophic environmental conditions, unattachedballs can cover large areas, with accumulations1-2 m thick in calm harbors and inlets; to 10m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Puerto Rico, St.Martin [D. & M. Littler 30586 (US), *Guadeloupe,Grenada (Taylor 1980), *Barbados, *Tobago,)f-Trinidad ef-Taylor 1960), Venezuela (D£az-Piferrer1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1978), Costa Rica(Soto & Ba1lantine 1986), )f-*Belize; Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 30239 (US).

130. Cladophora vagabunda (Linnaeus)van den Hoek 1963: 144.

Con/erva vagabunda Linnaeus 1753: 1167. Cladophorafascicularis (Martens in C.A. Agardh) Kiitzing 1843: 268.C. mauritiana Kiitzing 1849: 399. C. sertularina(Montagne) Kiitzing 1849: 396 (see van den Hoek 1982).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous, spongy, soft, pompon-like, to 30 cm high, pale

95

green; branching pseudodichotomous below,somewhat unilateral above; angle of branching 25°-45° in straight branches, 45°-60° incurved branches; cell division primarily intercalary, not apical. Filament cells cylindrical,80-140 p.m diam., 4-12 diameters long; branchlets tapering to 40 p.m diam., slightly constricted at junction with main axes; apicesstraight above, curved or sickle-shaped below.Rhizoids fine, often connecting to adjacentfilaments by hapteral-like rhizoids.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, pebblesor other hard surfaces, near low-tide line; to 2m deep.

DISTRIBUTIoN.-*Texas, )f-Louisiana, *Florida,)f-Bahamas, )f-Cuba, )f-Cayman Islands, )IJamaica,)f-Hispaniola, )f-Puerto Rico, )f-Virgin Islands, St.Martin (Vroman 1968), *St. Barthelmy, :f:Barbuda,:f:St. Kitts, tNevis, *Guadeloupe, tDominica, Martinique (van den Hoek 1982), :j:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor1962b), tSt. Vincent, tBequia (tTaylor 1969),)f-Grenada, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Cura~ao

(Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), *Venezuela, *Colombia,Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Isla de San Andres(Kapraun 1972), Isla de Providencia (Schnetter1978), )f-Mexico, )f-Belize; )f-Taylor 1960, PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30255 (US).

131. :'t-:%-Rhizoclonium riparium (Roth)Harvey 1849 [1846-1851]: pI. 238.

Con/erva riparia Roth 1806: 216. Rhizoclonium ripariumvar. implexum (Dillwyn) Kiitzing 1845: 206. R. kerneriStockmayer 1890: 582 (see Koster 1955).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus finely filamentous,in tangled masses, variable in size and shape,yellow-green; usually unattached. Filaments10-30 p.m diam., unbranched or seldombranched, often somewhat curled; cells cylindrical, 1-6 diameters long; apical cells oftens,,:ollen. Rhizoids when present short, inconSpICUOUS.

HABITAT.-Common; on rocks, pebbles orother hard substrates, often tangled amongother species; intertidal to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-tTexas, )f-Mississippi, *Florida,)f-Bahamas, )f-Cuba, *Jamaica, Puerto Rico (Almod6var & Blomquist 1965), St. Martin (Vroman1968), Antigua (price & John 1979), )f-Guadeloupe,Bequia ([aylor 1969), *Tobago (*Taylor 1960),Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Cura~ao (Dfaz-Piferrer1964b), Colombia (Schnetter 1978), Costa Rica(Dawson 1962), tMexico (tHumm & Hildebrand1962), )f-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30217 (US).


131. Rhizoclonium riparium1. Unbranched ftlaments with typical, swollen, apical cells.

133. Bryopsis hypnoides1. Scattered, irregular habit of branchlets.

132. Bryobesia cylindrocarpa1. Habit showing basal rhizoids.

134. Bryopsis pennata1. Habit. 2. Lateral branchlets in two opposite rows(pinnate branching).

NUMBER 9

Order BRYOPSIDALES

Family BRYOPSIDACEAE

132. :}:}Bryobesia cylindrocarpa Howe1920: 610.

DESCRIPTION. - Thallus erect, filamentous,stiff, 3-15 mm high, dark green; branchingsparse, when present, somewhat dichotomous. Siphons 75-156 !-tm diam.; siphon wall(3-)5-10 !-tm thick. Sporangia spherical tooval, 90-180 p,m diam., 150-450 !-tm long,solitary, sessile, formed from one arm of dichotomy; spores oval, 20-25 p,m diam, 20-40p,m long, 200-500 per sporangium.

HABITAT.-Rare, inconspicuous; epiphyticon mangrove prop roots or growing on otherhard surfaces; intertidal to 7 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Bahamas (Taylor 1960), )l-)l-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30194 (US).

133. ::-:}Bryopsis hypnoides Lamouroux 1809b:135, pI. 1, figs. 2a-2b [also 1809a: 333].

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as filamentous tufts,to 10 cm high, dull or dark green; branchingirregular; primary axes highly branched.Fronds decreasing in diameter with each successive division; main axes 65-140 !-tm diam.;branchlets form irregularly, undifferentiatedfrom axes, 40-80 p,m dialn., constricted atbase; apices rounded. Rhizoidal system fibrous, tightly interwoven. Note: Possiblyconspecific with Bryopsis plumosa (see Schneider and Searles 1991).

HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove proproots or other hard substrates; lower intertidal to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-tTexas, )l-Florida, )l-Bahamas,Cuba (Suarez 1973), )l-Cayman Islands Cl-Taylor1960), Jamaica (Chapman 1961), Puerto Rico (DlazPiferrer 1963), Venezuela (Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b),Colombia (Schnetter 1978), Costa Rica (Soto &Ballantine 1986), tMexico (tHumm & Hildebrand1962), )l-)l-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30275 (US).

134. Bryopsis pennata Lamouroux1809a: 333.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous, bushy,in tuft-like mats, to 10 cm high, shiny darkgreen, often with light blue iridescence.

97

Fronds feather-like, 8-15 mm wide, sparinglybranched; main axes 240-360 !-tm diam.; lateral branchlets 75-150 !-tm diam., of uniformlength, constricted at base, in two oppositerows on upper half of branch, lower half naked. Rhizoidal system fibrous, tightly interwoven.

HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove proproots or other solid substrates, in calm shallow waters, lower intertidal to 5 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), )l-Florida, )l-Bahamas, )l-Cuba, )l-Jamaica, )l-His-paniola, )l-Puerto Rico, )l-Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin,tSt. Barthelmy, Antigua (Taylor 1969), St. Kitts(Taylor 1962b), tAves (tVroman 1968), )l-Guadeloupe, )l-Martinique, )l-Barbados, )l-Trinidad,):-Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela (Gessner &Hammer 1967), )l-Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto& Ballantine 1986), Isla de San Andres (Schnetter1978), )l-Mexico, )l-Belize Cl-Taylor 1960); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30277 (US).

135. Bryopsis plumosa (Hudson) C. Agardh1822-1823: 448.

VIva plumosa Hudson 1778: 571.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming filamentous tufts, to 20 cm high, translucent lightgreen, often with blue iridescence; primaryaxes frequently with secondary branches.Fronds fine, feather-like (pinnate) or plumelike, naked below, 1-3 cm wide; main axes to200 p,m diam.; lateral branchlets 65-100 p,mdiam., in two opposite rows, constricted atbase, with rounded to bluntly pointed apices,increasing in length toward main axes. Rhizoidal system fibrous, tightly interwoven.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard substrates,in tidepools, sheltered habitats or in moderatesurf behind reef crest; intertidal to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Edwards & Kapraun1973), )l-Florida, )l-Cuba, )l-Virgin Islands, Antigua(Taylor 1969), )l-St. Barthelemy, St. Kitts (Vroman1968), )l-Guadeloupe, Grenadines [D. & M. Littler31252 (US), )l-Grenada, )l-Barbados, Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b), Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Isla de SanAndres (Kapraun 1972), )l-Mexico, )l-Belize Cl-Taylor1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30185 (US).

98

Imm


135. Bryopsis plumosa1. Habit. 2. Pinnate lateral branchlets. 3. Stolon-likerhizoids.

137. Derbesia marina1. Plant siphons with double wall (w) occurring occasionally at base of branch and lateral sporangia (s).

136. Derbesia fastigiata1. Habit showing repeated dichotomous divisions.

CD

100 JLrn

138. Derbesia osterhoutii1. Habit. 2 & 3. Attachment pad.

NUMBER 9

136. ;~;~Derbesia fastigiata W. Taylor1928: 94, pI. 11, figs. 1-3.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, as sparsefilamentous tufts, 0.5-2.0 cm high, darkgreen; branching 4-7 times in equal dichotomous divisions. Siphons erect, stiff, straight,often swollen at apex just before branching;50-100 p,m diam. at base, decreasing in diameter with each successive division, terminalsiphons tapering to 7-10 p,m diam., more lax,flowing; not constricted at dichotomies or,rarely, slightly constricted. Holdfast inconspicuous, of contorted siphons.

HABITAT.-Uncommon or inconspicuous;epiphytic on other marine plants; intertidal to1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Taylor 1960), Jamaica(Chapman 1961), )f-)f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30068 (US).

137. ;~;~Derbesia marina (Lyngbye)Solier 1846: 453.

Vaucheria marina Lyngbye 1819: 79, pI. 22:A.

D'ESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming fine filamentous tufts, 1-3 cm high, dark green;branching sparse, lateral, rarely dichotomous.Siphons (11-)50-70 p,m diam., occasionallyhaving double cell walls at juncture with parent siphon. Sporangia solitary, oval, sphericalto club-shaped, (38-)90-200 p,m diam.,(85-) 120-270(-333) p,m long, lateral onbranch, sessile or with short stalk, separatedby double wall; spores 16-32 per sporangium.Holdfast inconspicuous, of contorted siphons.

HABITAT.-Uncommon or inconspicuous;epiphytic on other marine plants; intertidal to60 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Cuba (Sosa 1977), *)'c-Belize;Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30188 (US).

138. ;~;~Derbesia osterhoutii (L. R. Blinks &A. H. Blinks) Page 1970: 375, figs. 1-6.

Halicystis stageHalicystis osterhoutii L. R. Blinks & A. H. Blinks 1931:389, pIs. 22-23, figs. 1-12, text fig. 18.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus solitary or in clusters, as small shiny balloon-like cells, to 3 cmdiam., pale translucent green. Cells oval orspherical, pliable; wall thin, tough. Holdfastinconspicuous; rhizoids 20-30 p,m diam.,blunt, pad-like. Note: Thallus floats when

99

broken free. "Halicystis stage" of Derbesiaosterhoutii is completely different from itsfilamentous alternate, each form representinga different stage in the life history.

HABITAT.-Common; growing on crustosecoralline algae such as Sporolithon or Hydrolithon, in shaded cracks and crevices; to 18m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, >f-Bahamas, Cuba(Suarez 1973), Cayman Islands (Taylor 1969),>f-Jamaica, Virgin Islands (Earle 1972), Antigua(Taylor 1962b), )f-Grenadines (*Taylor 1960), Colombia (Schnetter 1978), Mexico (Huerta 1961),>f->f-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30094 (US).

Family CODIACEAE

139. ;~;~Codium decorticatum (Woodward)Howe 1911: 494.

Viva decorticata Woodward 1797: 55.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus flowing, bushy,hemispherical or in dome-shaped clumps, 2550(-100) cm high, deep yellow-green; branching dichotomous, often prolific. Branchesspongy, cylindrical, 6-25 mm diam., 6-9 cmlong, flattened at dichotomies (occasionallythroughout). Utricles cylindrical, oval orclub-shaped, 150-800 p,m diam., 800-2000 p,mlong; apex wall 4-8 p,m thick; hairs variable,up to 12 per utricle when present, in band145-330 p,m below apex. Gametangia oval,58-125 p,m diam., 144-390 p,m long, stalked,1-7 per utricle. Holdfast fibrous, pad-like.

HABITAT. -Common; on rock or otherhard objects, in sheltered areas; to 15 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.->f-Florida, Cuba (Suarez 1973),Hispaniola (Almodovar & Bonnelly 1977), >f-VirginIslands, St. Barthelemy (Silva 1960), Antigua [D. &M. Littler 30681 (US), >f-Guadeloupe, Bequia [D. &M. Littler 31210 (US), *Tobago, >f-Venezuela, Colombia (Schnetter 1969), *Costa Rica (>f-Taylor1960), Mexico (Huerta 1960), >f-*Belize; PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30202 (US).

140. Codium intertextum Collins& Hervey 1917: 54.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus slick, firm, spongy, smooth, contorted, forming creepingmats, often with overlapping broad lobes, ofindeterminate size and shape, to 6 cm thick,dark green; surface typically covered by finehairs, noticeable when submerged. Utriclescylindrical, (42-)70-110(-215) p,m diam.,


CD~;. :~.~':( .f 1cmr·~.·~···;~ .....:~~.~

139. Codium decorticatum1 & 2. Utricles with hair scars (h). 3. Habit showingflattened blades at dichotomies.

141. Codium isthmocladum1. Utricles with gametangia (g) and surface hairs (h).2. Utricles with gametangia (g). 3. Typical branch.

140. Codium intertextum1. Utricles with young gametangia (g). 2. Utricles withhair scars (h). 3. Habit.

. --:::'. ~ l00J.Lm

~Jl' ~

- c:- ----.. ~ lcm

142. Codium repens1. Habit. 2. Utrides with young gametangia (g). 3. Utrides with hair scars.

NUMBER 9

(400-)480-700(-850) p,m long; apex roundedor flattened, rarely pointed, often bulbous orslightly constricted below apex; apical wall 38 p,m thick; hair scars common on older utricles, somewhat whorled 60-145 p,m belowapex. Gametangia spindle-shaped to oval,55-110 p,m diam., 220-330 p,m long, stalked,typically one per utricle. Rhizoids fine,numerous.

HABITAT.-Common; tightly adhering torock or other hard surfaces, often formingdistinct zone near low-tide mark; to 20 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, *Bahamas, Cuba(Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a), *Jamaica, *Hispaniola,)I-Puerto Rico, )l-Virgin Islands, Antigua [D. & M.Littler 30679 (US), :f:St. Barthelemy, )l-St. Kitts,)l-Guadeloupe, Martinique [D. & M. Littler 30827(US), :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), )l-Barbados,)l-Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela (*Taylor 1960),Colombia (Schnetter 1969), Costa Rica (Dawson1962), tIsla de San Andres, tIsla de Providencia(tSchnetter 1978), Great Swan Island (faylor,1975), Mexico (Garza-Barrientos et al. 1984), Belize(fsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30073 (US).

141. Codium isthmocladum Vickers1905: 57.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus in tightly compacthemispherical clumps, to 20 cm high, lightgree~, in shaded areas loosely branched, darkgreen; surface smooth, soft, covered by delicate hairs; branching dichotomous near tips,irregular below. Branches spongy, cylindrical,2-6 mm diam., occasionally flattened. Utriclescylindrical, club-shaped, infrequently pearshaped, 120-475 p,m diam., 440-850 p,m long,occasionally constricted 130-260 p,m belowapex; apical wall 18-56(-110) p,m thick; hairsfew to several per utricle. Gametangia oval,50-130 p,m diam., 180-280 p,m long, stalked,two or more per utricle; gametangia oftenmodified as propagative buds. Holdfast ascrust-like base.

HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove proproots, reef rubble or other hard surfaces; to 10m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, )I-Bahamas, *Turks& Caicos, )l-Cuba, )l-Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola, )I-PuertoRico, )l-Virgin Islands, )l-Antigua, )l-St. Martin, :f:St.Barthelemy, :f:Nevis (iSilva 1960), St. Lucia (faylor

101

1962b), )l-Guadeloupe, )l-Martinique, Bequia [D. &M. Littler 31193 (US), )l-Barbados, )l-Trinidad, tBonaire, tCura~ao (tDfaz-Piferrer 1964b), )l-Venezuela,)l-Colombia, *Panama, )l-Costa Rica, )l-Honduras,)l-Guatemala, )l-Mexico, )l-Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30129 (US).

142. :~:~Codium repens P. Crouan &H. Crouan in Vickers 1905: 56.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as decumbent(creeping) mats or patches, to 40 cm diam.,dark, dull green; branching widely dichotomous to irregular. Branches tough, rubbery,cylindrical to slightly flattened, 1-3(-5) mmdiam., often fusing together; apices blunt,rounded. Utricles variable, cylindrical to oval,club-shaped, 100-275 p,m diam., slender utricles 330-550 p,m long, thicker ones 700-900p,m long; apical wall to 15.5 p,m thick; hairscommon, generally one, occasionally two perutricle, appearing 65-130 p,m below apex.Gametangia rare, oval, stoutly spindle-like,65-90 p,m diam., 200-225 p,m long, stalked,developing 230-350 p,m below apex, one perutricle. Rhizoids tufted.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; growing over orclinging to rocks, under ledges on reef crest;lower-intertidal to 20 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)I-Florida, Cuba (Dfaz-Piferrer1964a), Jamaica (Chapman 1961), Hispaniola(Almod6var & Bonnelly 1977), Puerto Rico (Almod6var & Ballantine 1983), )l-Guadeloupe, )l-Barbados,Trinidad (Silva 1960), )l-Netherlands Antilles (*Taylor 1960), Venezuela (Dfaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1978), )l-)l-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30201 (US).

143. :~:~Codium taylorii Silva 1960: 510,pI. 112, 118b, 119, 120a-b.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, seldom prostrate, as tightly compact hemisphericalclumps, to 15 cm high, dark green; surfacesmooth, soft, covered by fine hairs; branchingdichotomous, occasionally cervicorn below.Branches spongy, cylindrical, 3-8(-25) mmdiam., often somewhat flattened. Utricles cylindrical to club-shaped, (55-)110-260(-380)p,m diam., (550-)650-1,150(-1,450) p,m long;apices rounded to slightly pointed; apical wallto 23 p,m thick; hairs and/or hair scars abundant, appearing 50-105 p,m below apex.Gametangia slender, oval, 45-85 p,m diam.,

102

~

200~~


lOOp,m

143. Codium taylorii1. Utricles with surface hairs (h). 2. Utricles with gametangia (g).3. Typical branch.

145. Caulerpa cupressoides var. cupressoides1. Typical branch and branch apex. 2. Habit with uprightfronds (f), creeping stolon (s) and branching rhizoids (r).

144. Caulerpa charoides1. Branchlet with uniform dichotomies. 2. Forked apexof branchlet. 4. Longitudinal section of siphon showingstructural trabeculae.

146. Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata1. Branch apex with spine-like branchlets at margins.2. Habit with upright fronds (f), creeping stolon (s) andbranching rhizoids (r).

NUMBER 9

200-350 p,m long, developing 275-430 p,mbelow apex, 1-2 per utricle. Hold/ast as crustlike base.

HABITAT.-Common; on mangrove proproots, reef rubble or other hard surfaces; to10(-60) m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, )I-Bahamas, Cuba(Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a), )IJamaica, Hispaniola (Almod6var & Bonnelly 1977), )f-Puerto Rico, *VirginIslands, Anguilla [D. & M. Littler 30530 (US), St.Martin (Yroman 1968), *St. Barthelemy, )l-Saba,)f-Guadeloupe, Martinique [D. & M. Littler 30928(US), Grenada (Taylor 1980), )f-Barbados,Grenada (Taylor 1980), )f-Tobago, *Trinidad (*Silva1960), )l-Venezuela, *Colombia, Costa Rica (Soto &Ballantine 1986), tIsla de San Andres, tIsla deProvidencia (tSchnetter 1978), Great Swan Island(Taylor, 1975), )I-Mexico (*Taylor 1960), *)l-Belize;Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30069 (US).

144. :~:~Caulerpa charoides (Harvey ex Webervan Bosse) Thivy & Visalakshmi 1963: 101,

figs 1-3, pI. 1.

Caulerpa verticillata f. charoides Harvey ex Weber vanBosse 1898: 267-268. Herpochaeta charoides Harvey 1857:No. 97.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, fibrous, asindividual strands, rarely as felt-like mats, 13(-10) cm high, of indeterminate length, greento yellow-green, center often whitish. Frondsdelicately whorled, to 5 mm diam.; whorls 24, closely placed, distal on stalk; mat-formingcolonies having up to 16 whorls, generally 1mm apart. Branchlets 5-7 times dichotomously branched, slightly constricted atforks; basal segments 80-100 p,m diam., 2-3diameters long; apical segments 20-40 p,mdiam.; apices often abruptly forked, eitherrounded or pointed. Stolon creeping, slender,150-200 p,m diam., trabeculae or internalbracing system easily visible under magnification; rhizoids few, branched.

HABITAT.-Rare; but often confused withc. verticillata; on various stable substrates ormangrove prop roots; to 30 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-tCuba, tVirgin Islands,tGuadeloupe (tWeber van Bosse 1898), *)I-Belize;Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30215 (US).

103

145. Caulerpa cupressoides var. cupressoides(West in Vahl)

C. Agardh 1817: XXIII.

Fucus cupressoides West in Vah11802: 38.

DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect, covered with3(-4) longitudinal parallel columns of shortbranchlets, to 25 cm high, grass-green; branching dichotomous to irregular. Branchletsknobby, stiff, cone-shaped, to 0.4 mm diam.,1-2 mm long, upcurved; apices pointed. Central axes 0.5-1.0 mm diam. Stolons creeping,1.0-1.5 mm diam.; rhizoids numerous, whiteyellow, stalked, 200-300 /Lm diam. at stolon,branching to slender apices.

HABITAT.-Common; on sandy bottomsor in mangrove muds; to 3 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, *Turks& Caicos, )l-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, *Jamaica,)I-Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Almod6var 1962),*Virgin Islands, St. Martin (Yroman 1968), *St.Barthelemy, §Antigua, *St. Eustatius, §Nevis,)l-Guadeloupe, §Dominica (§Taylor 1969), *Martinique, St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b), *St. Vincent,)l-Grenada, *Barbados, *Toba~, Bonaire (van denHoek et al. 1972), Cura~ao (Vlaz-Piferrer 1964b),Venezuela (Gessner & Hammer 1967), *Colombia,)l-panama, Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), Islade San Andres (Kapraun 1972), *Mexico, *Belizeel-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30203 (US).

146. :~:~Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellataB0rgesen 1907: 368, figs. 18-19.

DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect, stiff, sparse,with marginal spines or short branchlets, to10 cm high, grass-green; branching irregular tosomewhat dichotomous. Branchlets tough,stiff, opposite, often spine-like, 0.8-1.0 mmdiam., to 0.5(-1.5) mm long., upcurved; apicespointed. Central axes compressed or flattened,1-2 mm wide, several times branched, nakedbelow (without branchlets). Stolon creeping,2.0-2.5 mm diam.; rhizoids numerous, whiteyellow, thickly stalked, to 2 mm diam. atstolon, branching to fine apices.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; on sedimentarybottoms, anchored in fine silty sediments ofmangrove lakes; to 3 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Dawes 1974), PuertoRico (Almod6var 1962), Anguilla [D. & M. Littler30535 (US), Martinique [D. & M. Littler 30873(US), Colombia (Schnetter (1980), Mexico {Huertaet al. 1987), **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30042 (US).

104

('<\~~\t~~.

~\~'.'..•.. ' ".. '." .. ""'.-..-.~'"~\~

\0?•....~.

~~ "•..:.~ .

~2mm !fK

~


147. Caulerpa cupressoides var. turneri1. Branch with pointed, knob-like branchlets shorter thanthe diameter of the central axes.

149. Caulerpa mexicana1. Frond with flattened, upturned, pointed branchlets.

148. Caulerpa fastigiata1. Habit. 2. Erect siphon. 3. Stolon with fine rhizoids.4. Longitudinal section of siphon showing structural trabeculae.

150. Caulerpa nummularia1. Frond apex with disc-shaped blades. 2. Blades showingproliferating stalk from lower blades. 3. Blades withscalloped margins, creeping stolon with many branchedand unbranched rhizoids.

NUMBER 9

147. :~:~Caulerpa cupressoides var. turneriWeber-van Bosse 1898: 330, pI. XXVII, fig. 4.

DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect, stiff, denselycovered with short, longitudinal parallelbranchlets, bushy, 2-8 cm high, grass-green.Branchlets knobby, tough, stiff, cone-shaped,0.8-1.0 mm diam., 1.0-1.5 mm long (shorterthan diameter of central axes), upcurved; apices pointed. Central axes 1.5-2.5 mm diam.St%n creeping, 1.5-3.5 mm diam.; rhizoidsnumerous, white-yellow, thickly stalked,branching to slender apices.

HABITAT.-Common; on sandy bottoms,attached to stones and coral fragments or anchored directly in sand, often present in seagrass beds; to 10 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Costa Rica \Wellington 1973),Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1978), Mexico(faylor 1941), )f-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30021 (US).

148. Caulerpa fastigiata Montagne1837: 353.

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus filamentous, forming mat-like colonies, to 3 cm high, darkgreen; little differentiation between rhizoids,stipe and branchlets. Erect siphons 20-120 p,rndiam., branching dichotomous to irregular;trabeculae faintly visible under magnificationin younger siphons. Stolon 150-210 p,rndiam.; rhizoids fine, hair-like, numerous, 2060 /lm diam., length variable.

HABITAT.-Common but inconspicuous;on sandy or muddy bottoms, near mangroveislands, accumulating much sediment, oftenforming small mounds; to 1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Cuba,Cayman Islands (faylor 1969), Jamaica (Chapman1961), *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico (Dfaz-Piferrer1963), *Virgin Islands, *Guadeloupe, *Barbados,Trinidad (Richardson 1975), Venezuela (Gessner &Hammer 1967), Colombia (Schnetter 1980),*Panama, Mexico (Huerta & Garza-Barrientos1966), *Belize ef-Taylor 1960}; Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30196 (US).

149. Caulerpa mexicana Sonder ex Kiitzing1849: 496.

DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect, resemblingflattened feathers, highly variable, dwarfforms to 2 cm high, 4-10 mm wide in waveexposed areas, elongated forms 15-25 cm

105

high, 5-16 mm wide in calm protected habitats, grass-green; unbranched or occasionallybranched. Branchlets opposite, flattened, upcurved, 2-4 mm wide, 2-10 mm long; apicestapering, pointed; base narrowing. Centralaxes (midrib) flat, broad, 1-3 mm wide; lowerstalk 1.00-1.75 mm diam., 2-5 mm long.St%n creeping, 0.6-1.5 mm diam.; rhizoidsdelicate, numerous, stalked, 0.2-1.0 mm diam.at stolon, branching to slender apices.

HABITAT.-Common; attached to smallcoral fragments or pebbles, on sand or mudbottoms in lagoons, mangroves or seagrassbeds; to 15 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Baca et al. 1979), Florida (Dawes et al. 1967), )f-Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos, *Cuba, )f-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, )f-Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, St. Martin(Vroman 1968), §Antigua, *Guadeloupe, §Grenada(§Taylor 1969), )f-Barbados, )f-Tobago, Cura~ao,

(Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), )f-Venezuela, *Colombia,Costa Rica \Wellington 1973), Isla de San Andres(Schnetter 1978), )f-Mexico, *Belize ef-Taylor 1960);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30009 (US).

150. :'c-:~Caulerpa nummularia Harveyex]. Agardh 1873: 38.

DESCRIPTION.-Fronds bearing solitary orsparsely clustered, flattened, disk-like blades,to 1 cm high, pale to dark green; often proliferating additional stalks and blades from center of parent blade. Blades flattened discs,peltate, 1-2(-3) mm diam., occasionallyslightly lobed or scalloped on margins;branchlet stalk 300-400 /lm diam., lengthvariable. St%n creeping, 400-850 p,m diam.;rhizoids not stalked or when stalked branching progressively finer. Note: Careful observation must be made to distinguish Caulerpanummularia from the similar C. racemosa var.peltata; the most obvious differences are thethin stolon (400-850 p,m diam. vs. 1-2 mmdiam.), proliferating stalks from blade centersand the often lobed or scalloped margins in C.nummularia.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; in low-light habitats such as shaded mangrove prop roots orunder ledges in reef habitats; to 84 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-**Belize Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30252 (US).


151. Caulerpa racemosa vac. racemosa1. Frond with tightly clustered branchlets ("uvifera"form). 2. Frond with sparser branchlets ("clavifera" fonn).

153. Caulerpa racemosa vac. peltata1. Frond with flattened branchlets. 2. Detail of branchlet.

152. Caulerpa racemosa vac. lamourouxii1. Apex of frond showing flattened stalk with oppositeclub-shaped branchlets.

154. Caulerpa sertularioides1. Frond feather-like in appearance. 2. Apex with cylindrical branchlets and cylindrical central axes.

NUMBER 9

151. Caulerpa racemosa (Forsskal) J. Agardh1873: 35, var. racemosa.

Fucus racemosa Forssk£l 1775: 191. Caulerpa racemosavar. clavi/era (Turner) Weber-van Bosse 1898: 361-362, pI.XXXllI, figs. 1-3. C. racemosa var. uvifera (C. Agardh) J.Agardh 1873: 35 (see Papenfuss & Egerod 1957).

DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect or creeping,bearing small, often crowded, bead-likebranchlets, 1-5 cm high, evenly grass-green oroften with center star, dot or cat-eye; unbranched or branched. Branchlets spherical,oval or club-shaped, occasionally somewhatflattened, 2-4 mm diam., not constricted atbase; stalks 1-2 mm diam., 2-5 mm long.Stolon creeping, 2-3 mm diam., often branched; rhizoids numerous, thickly stalked,branching to slender apices.

HABITAT.-Common; forming intertwined mats tightly adhering to rocks inmoderately heavy surf areas or in calmlagoons and bays, often present in seagrassbeds; intertidal to 2(-50) m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, ~I-Turks

& Caicos, ~I-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, *Jamaica,*Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, ~I-Virgin Islands, St.Martin (Yroman 1968), *St. BarthcHemy, :f:Barbuda,*Antigua, ~I-St. Eustatius, )I-Guadeloupe, §Dominique, )I-Martinique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), §St.Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969), )I-Grenada, ~I-Bar

bados, )I-Tobago, )}Trinidad, *Isles de Aves,)I-Netherlands Antilles, ~I-Venezuela, )I-Colombia,~l-panama, ~I-Costa Rica, tIsla de San Andres, tIslade Providencia (tSchnetter 1978), )I-Mexico, *Belize;*Taylor 1960, Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30152(US).

152. ~~~~Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii(Turner) Weber-van Bosse 1898: 369,

pI. XXXII, figs. 1-4.

Fucus lamourouxii Turner 1811-1819: 79, pI. 229.

DESCRIPTION.-Fronds bearing bead-like totear-shaped branchlets, 10-15 cm high, grassgreen often with mottled or spotted pigmentation. Branchlets club-shaped to spherical, 35(-7) mm diam., alternately opposite, often infour ranks or in 2 rows at 180 0 apart;branchlet stalks 2-3 mm diam., to 1 cm long,occasionally slightly constricted at base. Central axes (frond stalk and midrib) compressedor slightly flattened, often constricted atstolon. Stolon creeping, numerous, 3.5-4.5mm diam.; rhizoids stalked, 2-3 mm diam. atstolon, branching to slender apices.

107

HABITAT.-Uncommon; on silty substrates, generally in shallow shaded habitatssuch as mangrove lakes; to 30 m deep.

DISTRffiUTION.-Bahamas (US 018577), PuertoRico [D. & M. Littler 30309 (US), Martinique [D.& M. Littler 31026 (US), St. Lucia [D. & M. Littler31101 (US), *~I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30265 (US).

153. ~~~~Caulerpa racemosa var. peltata(Lamouroux) Eubank 1946: 421, figs. 2r-2s.

Caulerpa peltata Lamouroux 1809a: 332.

DESCRIPTION.-Fronds bearing loose clusters of flattened, rounded or disc-like caps, to5 cm high, pale to dark green. Branchletsfrom flattened discs to mushroom-shaped, 3-4mm diam.; stalk to 1 mm diam., 1-2 mmlong. Stolon creeping, 1-2 mm diam.; rhizoidsstalked, branching to slender apices. Note:Flattened morphology is a response to lowlight.

HABITAT. -Common; on shaded mangrove prop roots, in dark crevices or underledges; to 5 m deep.

DISTRffiUTION.-Martinique [D. & M. Littler30838 (US), St. Lucia [D. & M. Littler 31102 (US),Costa Rica (Soto & Ballantine 1986), ~I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30098 (US).

154. Caulerpa sertularioides (5. G. Gmelin)Howe 1905b: 576.

Fucus sertularioides S. G. Gmelin 1768: 151, pI. XV, fig. 4.

DESCRIPTION.-Fronds erect, feather-like,occasionally branched, to 20 cm high, 1-2 cmwide, light green. Branchlets opposite, cylindrical, needle-shaped, 180-330 /lm diam., 3-11mm long, upcurved or straight; apices bluntlypointed. Central axes cylindrical, 1.0-1.5 mmdiam. Stolon creeping, extensive, 2.0-2.5 mmdiam., to 2 m long, generally shorter; rhizoidsthickly stalked, to 2 mm diam. at stolon,branching to slender apices.

HABITAT.-Common; forming large standsin shallow sandy areas or on mangrove proproots, often present in seagrass beds; to 10 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), *Florida, ~I-Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos,~I-Cuba, §Cayman Islands, ~I-Jamaica, *Hispaniola,*Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin, *St.Barthelemy, :f:Barbuda, §Antigua, tSt. Eustatius(tVroman 1968), :f:St. Kitts, :f:Nevis, *Guadeloupe,~I-Dominica, ~I-Martinique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor

108

~~~ CD

~~i~~/<:~mm~f&~'<~-

;}~rCD~~~~~ - .'~~"

----


155. Caulerpa taxifolia1. Frond with flattened feather-like brancWets. 2. Branchapex showing upcurved, sickle-shaped branchlets andslightly flattened midrib.

157. Halimeda discoidea1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in longitudinal section.3. Flat disc-shaped segments.

156. Caulerpa verticillata1. Habit. 2. Dichotomously divided branchlet. 3. Forkedapices of branchlet.

158. Halimeda goreaui1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles of blade margin inlongitudinal section. 3. Slightly ribbed, pendant segments.

NUMBER 9

1962b), §St. Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969),)f-Grenada, )f-Barbados, *Tobago, *Trinidad,)f-Netherlands Antilles, )f-Venezuela, )f-Colombia,)}Panama, )f-Costa Rica, Isla de San Andres (Kapraun1972), )f-Mexico, )f-Belize (*Taylor 1960); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30008 (US).

155. Caulerpa taxifolia (Vahl) C. Agardh1817: XXII.

Fucus taxifolia Vahl1802: 36.

DESCRIPTION. -Fronds flattened, featherlike, 3-15 cm high, pale grass-green; newfronds often proliferating from midrib.Branchlets opposite, 0.6-1.0 mm wide, to 6mm long, upcurved, tapering at both tip andbase, constricted at point of attachment, approximately 1 mm between branchlets. Central axes oval, slightly compressed (not flat),1.0-1.5 mm wide, often naked near base for1-4 mm. Stolon creeping, 1.5-2.5 mm diam.;rhizoids fine.

HABITAT.-Uncommon; growing in sandon reef flats or in fine sediments adjacent tomangrove islands in sheltered or moderatelywave-exposed areas; to 15 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Cuba (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964a),)foJamaica, Hispaniola (Almod6var & Bonnelly1977), *Puerto Rico, )foVirgin Islands, St. MartinCVroman 1968), )foBarbuda, §Antigua, §St. Kitts,§Nevis, *Guadeloupe, §Dominica, )f-Martinique,§St. Lucia (§Taylor 1969), )foGrenada, )foBarbados,Trinidad (Richardson 1975), )f-Islas de Aves,)foNetherlands Antilles, *Colombia, )f-Mexico, *Belize (*Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30218 (US).

156. Caulerpa verticillata J. Agardh 1847: 6,as "verticillatam".

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fine, fibrous, infelt-like mats, 1-3(-10) cm high, of indeterminate area, rarely as individual strands, darkgreen. Fronds delicately whorled, 5-8 mmdiam. Branchlets 5-7 times dichotomouslybranched; basal segments 100-210 p.m diam.,5-10 or more diameters long; apical segments30-40 p.m diam., apices abruptly forked,pointed. Central axes 140-200 p.m diam.Stolon creeping, slender, 300-560 p.m diam.;rhizoids few, branched.

HABITAT.-Common; as large colonies onstable substrates, mangrove prop roots orpeat, often present as an understory in seagrass beds; to 30 m deep.

109

DISTRIBUTION.-)foFlorida, )foBahamas, )foTurks& Caicos, )foCuba, tCayman Islands, )f-Jamaica,)f-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, Barbuda (Vroman 1968), *Antigua, tSt. Kitts (tTaylor1969), )foGuadeloupe, )f-Martinique, )foGrenada, Trin-dad (Richardson 1975), *Netherlands Antilles,)f-Venezuela efoTaylor 1960), Colombia (Schnetter1969), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), Mexico (Taylor1972), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982); Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 30022 (US).

Family HALIMEDACEAE

157. Halimeda discoidea Decaisne 1842: 102.

DESCRIPTION.-7"ballus erect, compact,often as dense clumps, to 20 cm high, brightgreen to cream-white; branching dichotomous, sparse, initially in one plane. Segmentslightly calcified, ribless, disc-shaped, flat, ovalto wedge-shaped, slick, soft, to 4 cm wide, 3.0cm long, 0.7-1.4 mm thick; basal 1-2 segments seldom cylindrical or stipe-like. Utricles in 2-3 layers; surface utricles 30-90 p.mdiam., 35-210 p.m long, up to 14 supported bysubsurface utricle; subsurface utricles oftenswollen, 50-150 p.m diam., 100-350 p.m long.Joint siphons uniting in twos and threes, un-calcified. Holdfast small but obvious. Sporangia spherical to oval, bright green, 120-300p,m diam., radially alternate or irregular arranged on stalk, densely clustered at marginsof fertile segments or as sparse clusters onblade surface.

HABITAT.-Common; on shells, coral fragments or other sand covered hard surfaces; to80 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)foFlorida, )foBahamas, )foCuba,)f-Jamaica, )f-Puerto Rico, )foVirgin Islands, SombreroIslands (Ogden et al. 1985), St. Martin (Vroman1968), Antigua (Taylor 1969), )foGuadeloupe, *Martinique, St. Lucia (Taylor 1962b), *Venezuela,)f-Colombia, )f-Panama (Taylor 1960), Costa Rica(Soto & Ballantine 1986), Mexico (Huerta 1960),Belize (Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. &M. Littler 30025 (US).

158. Halimeda goreaui W. Taylor1962a: 173, figs. 1-7, as "goreauii".

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus usually pendant,small, to 7 cm long (in shallow waters), to 13cm long (in deep waters), occasionally erect indense clusters, to 4 cm high, bright green;branching sparse (deep) or abundant (shallow)and originating from single row of segments.


159. Halimeda incrassata

lOOjLm

160. Halimeda monile1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in longitudinal section. 1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in longitudinal section.

3. Cylindrical outer segments.

161. Halimeda opuntia f. opuntia1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in longitudinal section.3. Contorted, ribbed, tightly packed segments.

162. Halimeda opuntia f. triloba1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in longitudinal section.3. Contorted, lobed, ribbed segments.

NUMBER 9

Segments calcified, brittle, flat, slightly ribbed,2.5-6.0 mm wide, 3-4 mm long, 300-500 J-tmthick; lower segments cylindrical to wedgeshaped; upper segments deltoid to trilobed.Utricles in three or more layers; surface utricles 15-37 J-tm diam., 15-40 J-tm long, 2-6 supported by each subsurface utricle; subsurfaceutricles 10-30 J-tm diam., 20-60 J-tm long.Joint siphons uniting in pairs, uncalcified.

HABITAT. -Common; attached to rocks,often in shallow shaded areas or in crevices; to80 ID deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Bahamas (Blair & N orris1988), Cuba (Suarez 1973), Jamaica (Taylor 1962a),Puerto Rico (Almod6var & Blomquist 1965), Virgin Islands [D. & M. Littler 30474 (US), Colombia(Bula-Meyer 1982), Belize (fsuda & Dawes 1974);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30165 (US).

159. Halimeda incrassata (Ellis)Lamouroux 1816: 307.

Corallina incrassata Ellis 1768: pI. 17, figs. 20-27.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, to 25 cmhigh, light to dull green; branching somewhatdichotomous, initial branching in one plane.Segments heavily calcified, hard, brittle, disclike, oval to kidney-shaped, to 14 mm wide,10 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm thick, distally flat,often ribbed and/or lobed; basal segmentsfused. Utricles in 3-5 layers; surface utricles34-90{-105) J-tm diam., 40-125 J-tm long, 2-4supported by each subsurface utricle; subsurface utricles oval, swollen, 23-90 J-tm diam.,30-115 J-tm long. Joint siphons uniting as single group, uncalcified. Rhizoidal mass bulbous. Sporangia spherical to oval, brightgreen, 200-380 J-tm diam. on dichotomouslyforked stalk, densely clustered at margins offertile segments.

HABITAT.-Common; associated with seagrasses or on shallow sand flats; to 12{-65) mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Plorida, *Bahamas, )f-Turks &Caicos, )f-Cuba, Cayman Islands (Taylor 1969),):Jamaica, )f-Hispaniola, )f-Puerto Rico, )f-Virgin Islands, )10 Anguilla, )f-St . Martin, )f-St. Barthelemy,:f:Barbuda, :J:Nevis, )f-Guadeloupe, )f-Dominica,)f-Martinique, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), )f-Grenada,)f-Barbados, )f-Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela(Dlaz-Piferrer 1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1969),*Panama, tIsla de San Andres, tIsla de Providencia(tSchnetter 1978), Great Swan Island (Taylor,

111

1975), *Mexico, *Belize ef-Taylor 1960); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30112 (US).

160. Halimeda monile (Ellis & Solander)Lamouroux 1816: 306.

Corallina monile Ellis & Solander 1786: 110, pI. 20, fig. c.DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, to 20 cm

high, dark green. Segments calcified, distallycylindrical, elsewhere disc-like or trilobed, 1-5mm wide, 3-8 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm thick;basal segments cylindrical, fused to form stipe.Utricles in 3-5 layers; surface utricles30-60{-80) J-tm diam., 48-115 J-tm long, 2-4supported by each subsurface utricle; subsurface utricles 23-90 J-tm diam., 23-130 J-tm long.Joint siphons uniting in twos, threes, or largergroups, uncalcified. Rhizoidal mass bulbous.

HABITAT.-Common; on sand flats andamong seagrasses; to 30 m deep.

DISTRmUTION.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, *Cuba, )f-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica,)f-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rica, )f-Virgin Islands, *Guadeloupe, *Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela,Colombia (Schnetter 1969), *Panama, tIsla de SanAndres, t Isla de Providencia (tSchnetter 1978),Mexico (Huerta 1961), *Belize (*Taylor 1960);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30114 (US).

161. Halimeda opuntia f. opuntia (Linnaeus)Lamouroux 1816: 308.

Corallina opuntia Linnaeus 1758: 805.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming denseclumps or mounds, to 20 cm high, 1 m diam.(generally smaller), white-green to dark green;branching random, irregular. Segments heavily calcified, flat to contorted, often ribbed,oval to ear-shaped, to 11 mm wide, 7 mmlong, 0.5-1.2 mm thick. Utricles in 4-5 layers;surface utricles 12-20{-63) J-tm diam., 15-30{70) J-tm long, 3-5 supported by each subsurface utricle; subsurface utricles variable, 11-50J-tm diam., 30-50 J-tm long. Joint siphons uniting in pairs, rarely 3-4, uncalcified. Holdfastregion diffuse, rhizoids occurring anywheresegments contact substrate.

HABITAT.-Common; tightly adhering toand forming patches on shallow reef crests, asmounds in sand or Thalassia beds; to 25 mdeep.

DIsTRmuTloN.-*Plorida, *Bahamas, )f-Turks &Caicos, )f-Cuba, )f-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica,)f-Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands,*Angui1la, tSt. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, :f:Barbuda,


163. Halimeda simulans1. Surface view. 2. Surface utricles in transverse section.3. Ribbed, trilobed segments.

165. Avrainvillea asarifolia1. Siphons of growing margin. 2. Surface siphons ofblade. 3. Habit.

164. Halimeda tuna1. Surface view. 2. Longitudinal section of surface utriclesin young segment. 3. Triangular-shaped segments.

166. Avrainvillea digitata1. Surface siphons of blade. 2. Habit.

NUMBER 9

§Antigua, *St. Kitts, *Nevis (*Taylor 1962b),tAves (tVroman 1968), *Guadeloupe, *Martinique,§St. Lucia, §St. Vincent, §Bequia (§Taylor 1969),*Grenada, *Barbados, *Tobago, *Trinidad,*Netherlands Antilles, *Venezuela, *Colombia,)f-panama, ~·Costa Rica, Isla de San Andres (Kapraun1972), *Isla de Providencia, Great Swan Island(Taylor, 1975), *Mexico, *Belize (*Taylor 1960);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30019 (US).

162. :~:~Halimeda opuntia f. triloba(Decaisne) Barton 1901: 20, pI. 2, fig. 20.

Halimeda triloba Decaisne 1842: 102.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus as loose clumps ormounds, to 50 cm high, 1 m in diam. (generally smaller), white-green to dark green;branching random, irregular. Segments heavily calcified, flat to contorted, ribbed, withthree lobes, to 11 mm wide, 7 mm long, 0.51.2 mm thick, often in plane at right angles tonext segment. Utricles in 3-4{-5) layers; surface utricles 12-20{-63) p.m diam., 15-30{-70)p.m long, 3-5 supported by each subsurfaceutricle; subsurface utricles variable, 11-50 p.mdiam., 30-50 p.m long. Joint siphons uniting inpairs, rarely 3-4, uncalcified. Hold/ast regiondiffuse, rhizoids developing anywheresegments contact firm substrate. Note: Recent workers have not recognized this form;however, due to the dramatic differences inappearance (Halimeda opuntia f. opuntia iscompact and small while H. opuntia f. trilobais large, long and loose), we illustrate eachform.

HABITAT.-Common,· as loose mounds inprotected back reef lagoons or Thalassia beds,with sparsely branched strands often attachedto mangroves roots; to 60 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Florida (Dawes et al. 1967).Mexico (Huerta 1958), **Belize, Pelican Cays: D.& M. Littler 30001 (US).

163. Halimeda simulans Howe1907: 503, pI. 29.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus erect, to 15 cmhigh, light green; branching somewhatdichotomous, in one plane. Segments heavilycalcified, hard, disc-like, kidney-shaped tooval, trilobed, 4-15 mm wide, 2-11 mm long,0.7-1.2 mm thick, distally distinctlyribbed and/or lobed. Utricles in 3-5 layers;

113

surface utricles 25-45{-60) p.m diam., 25-90p.m long, rounded triangular, 2-4 supportedby each subsurface utricle; subsurface utriclesvariable, swollen, 30-72 p.m diam., 30-115 p.mlong. Joint siphons uniting as single group,uncalcified. Stipe cylindrical, formed by basalsegment fusion, 1-3 segments long. Rhizoidal mass bulbous.

HABITAT.-Common; associated withmangrove peat communities or other nutrient-rich substrates; to 8 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )l-Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, *Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *PuertoRico, *Virgin Islands, *St. Barthelemy, Antigua(price & John 1979), *Dominica, *Martinique, St.Vincent (Taylor 1969), Grenada (Taylor 1980),Cura~ao (Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), )l-Colombia, )f-Pan_ama, *Isla de Providencia, Great Swan Island(Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta et al. 1987), *Belizeel-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30176 (US).

164. Halimeda tuna (Ellis & Solander)Lamouroux 1816: 309.

Corallina tuna Ellis & Solander 1786: 111, pI. 20, fig. e.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus compact, 10-25cm high, dark green; initial branching in oneplane. Segments lightly calcified, disc-, kidneyto triangle-shaped, large, to 1.9 cm wide, 1.3cm long, 300-600 p.m thick; ribs absent. Utricles in 2-4 layers; surface utricles 25-75{-125)p.m diam., 45-100{-230) p.m long, 2-4{-7)supported by each subsurface utricle; subsurface utricles 20-110 p.m diam., 40-120 p.mlong. Joint siphons uniting in twos or threes,uncalcified. Stipe distinct, of fused segments.Hold/ast inconspicuous.

HABITAT. -Common but inconspicuous;as scattered individuals on hard substrates; to70 m deep.

DISTRffiUTION.-*Florida, )f-Bahamas, )l-Turks &Caicos, *Cuba, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, )l-PuertoRico, *Virgin Islands, *Anguilla, Sombrero Island(Ogden et al. 1985), )l-St. Martin, Antigua (price &John 1979), *Saba Bank, St. Eustatius (Vroman1968), §St. Kitts, §Nevis (§Taylor 1969), )l-Guadeloupe, )f-Barbados, Venezuela (Dfaz-Piferrer1970b), *Colombia, *Panama, Costa Rica {Dawson1962}, Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972), Isla deProvidencia (Schnetter 1978), Great Swan Island(Taytor, 1975), *Mexico, *Belize (*Taylor 1960);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30155 (US).


167. Avrainvillea longicaulis f. laxa1. Siphons of growing margin. 2. Surface siphons ofblade. 3. Habit.

169. Penicillus capitatus1. Cap siphon. 2 & 3. Lateral appendages of stipe cortex.4. Habit showing smoothly rounded cap.

168. Avrainvillea nigricans1. Siphons of blade. 2. Habit.

170. Penicillus dumetosus1. Cap siphons. 2 & 3. Lateral appendages of stipe cortex.

NUMBER 9

Family UnOTEACEAE

165. Avrainvillea asarifolia B0rgesen1909: 34, fig. 4 in text, pI. Ill.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus solitary or in clusters of 3-5 uprights, to 24 cm high, dull darkgray-green. Blades broadly kidney-shaped, to19 cm wide, 11 cm long, < 2 mm thick,smooth; margins ragged to smoothlyrounded; zonation distinct; interior siphons30-50 ",m diam. in deep-water plants, 20-30",m diam. in shallow plants, slightly moniliform (bead-like) to cylindrical; surface siphonstapering, 12-20 p,m diam., contorted toslightly moniliform, forming distinct cortex.Stipe to 12 mm diam., 15 cm long, cylindricalor flattened above, not branched; central siphons 35-50 ",m diam., slightly moniliformto cylindrical; surface siphons 8-12 ",m diam.,slightly contorted to slightly moniliform.Rhizoidal mass bulbous, vertical.

HABITAT.-Common; in lagoons and sandpockets between coral heads; to 20 m deep.

DISTRffiUTION.-)l-Florida, tBahamas, )'Jamaica,tPuerto Rico, ):-Virgin Islands (*Taylor 1960), Anguilla [D. & M. Littler 30517 (US), §Martinique,§St. Lucia, §Barbados (§Taylor 1969), Colombia(Schnetter 1969), tPanama, Mexico (Huerta et al.1987), tBelize (tLittler & Littler 1992); PelicanCays: D. & M. Littler 30252 (US).

166. Avrainvillea digitata D. S. Littler& M. M. Littler 1992: 379, fig. 3.

DESCRIPTION. - Thallus gregarious, fingerlike, occasionally club-shaped or pointed, to 6cm high, 1.5 cm diam., dull dark browngreen. Blades loosely woven, spongy; zonation absent; interior and surface siphonsstrong-walled, 40-55 ",m (to 75 ",m at growingmargins) diam., slightly moniliform (beadlike), apices bulbous or rounded. Stipe absent.Rhizoidal mass large, prostrate.

HABITAT.-Common; on carbonate sediments or mangrove peat, growing as largemats in shallow waters « 1 m), often interspersed in Thalassia testudinum or at the edgesof mangrove islands; deeper forms (> 3 m)have narrow uprights with bluntly pointedapices, Puerto Rican specimens have moreclub-shaped uprights; to 5 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-tBahamas, tCuba, tCaymanIslands, t Jamaica, tGrenadines, t Panama, t Belize

115

(tLittler & Littler 1992); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30014 (US).

167. Avrainvillea longicaulis f. laxaD. S. Littler & M. M. Littler

1992: 397, fig. 13.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus gregarious, oftenin large colonies, to 30 cm high, olive-green.Blades elongated oval or wedge-shaped, to 7cm wide, 10 cm long, <3 mm thick, spongy,loosely woven (especially at margins); zonation absent; interior siphons cylindrical,40-60 p,m diam.; surface siphons mostly cylindrical, 40-60 ",m diam., tapering to 8 ",mdiam. at surface, in lower third of blademoniliform to contorted; darkly pigmentedsiphons of growing margin cylindrical, 20-30",m diam., lighter siphons 40-60 ",m diam.;cortex absent. Stipes to 10 mm diam., 26 cmlong, cylindrical to flattened, often branched;central siphons 38-46 p,m diam., cylindrical;surface siphons 8-12 ",m diam., moniliform tocontorted. Rhizoidal mass anchored by horizontal stolon (old stipe).

HABITAT.-Common; on nutrient-richorganic substrates, in interior lagoons of mangrove islands; to 2 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-tFlorida, tCuba, tPuertoRico, t Antigua, Mexico (Taylor 1972), tBelize(tLittler & Littler 1992); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30159 (US).

168. :"':"'Avrainvillea nigricansDecaisne 1842: 108.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus solitary, seldomclustered, to 30 cm high, pale green to browngreen, outer margin often darker. Bladeswedge-shaped to oval, 23 cm wide, 15 cmlong, < 2 mm thick, loosely woven; marginssmoothly rounded or ragged; blade base flator angled upwards; zonation faint; interiorand surface siphons uniformly 30-40 ",m indiam., deeply moniliform; cortex loose. Stipescylindrical, 1-4 cm diam., to 9 cm long, unbranched; central siphons 30-60 ",m diam.,slightly moniliform to cylindrical; surfacesiphons 10-20 ",m diam., deeply moniliform.Rhizoidal mass bulbous; rhizoids 40-50 ",mdiam. tapering to 7-12 ",m diam. at apices.

HABITAT.-Common; on deep sand plainsor other sandy habitats; to 30 m deep.


171. Penicillus lamourouxii1. Cap siphons. 2 & 3. Lateral appendages of stipe cortex.4. Habit showing compact rounded cap atop short thickstipe.

," "ne

173. Rhipocephalus phoenix1. Blade with laterally fused, dichotomously branchedsiphons. 2. Blade base showing basal two dichotomieslacking constrictions (nc). 3. Lateral appendage of stipecortex. 4. Habit.

172. Penicillus pyriformis1. Cap siphons. 2. Lateral appendage of stipe cortex.3. Habit showing flat-topped cap.

174. Udotea cyathiformis1. Blade siphon. 2. Lateral appendage of stipe cortex. 3.Habit.

NUMBER 9

DISTRIBUTION.-)!-Florida, *Bahamas, )!-Turks &Caicos, *Cuba, )l-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, Hispaniola (Almod6var & Bonnelly 1977), *VirginIslands, *Guadeloupe, *Martinique, St. Lucia(Taylor 1962b), *Barbados, Cura~ao (Diaz-Piferrer1964b), Venezuela (Diaz-Piferrer 1970b), Honduras(Littler & Littler 1992), *Mexico (*Taylor 1960),**Belize; l>elican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30210 (US).

169. Penicillus capitatus Lamarck 1813: 299.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, calcified,brush-like, to 18 cm high, faded green. Capsmoothly rounded, spherical to oblong, 2-6cm diam., 2-6 cm wide; siphons slender,crowded, 100-300 p,m diam., 2-3 cm long,with no taper or only slight taper distally,rarely moniliform (bead-like) at base, evenlyconstricted above all dichotomies; segmentapices slightly swollen. Stipe to 3 mm diam.below, 10 mm diam. above, 14 cm long, seldom branched; surface smoothly corticated;appendages closely set, 4-5 times dichotomously branched with blunt, flat to roundedapices. Rhizoidal mass bulbous.

HABITAT.-Common; in calm lagoons andbays, on mud or sand bottoms, often intermixed with seagrasses or among mangroveprop roots; to 12 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), *Florida, )!-Bahamas, *Turks & Caicos,*Cuba, '!-Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola,)!-Puerto Rico, '!-Virgin Islands, Anguilla (Vroman1968), *St. Martin, *St. Barthelemy, :f:Barbuda,:f:Antigua, )!-St. Eustatius, :f:St. Kitts, :f:Nevis,*Guadeloupe, *Dominica, *Martinique, :f:St. Lucia(:f:Taylor 1962b), '!-Grenada, *Islas de Aves,*Netherlands Antilles, Venezuela (Taylor 1976),*Colombia, *Panama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962),Isla de San Andres (Kapraun 1972), *Isla de Providencia, Great Swan Island (Taylor, 1975), *Mexico,'!-Belize e!-Taylor 1960, Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30004 (US).

170. Penicillus dumetosus (Lamouroux)Blainville 1834: 553.

Nesea dumetosa Lamouroux 1816: 259, pI. 8, fig. 3a-3b.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus stiff, lightly calcified, brush-like, to 30 cm high, bright green.Cap coarse, much longer than wide, taperingto short stalk; siphons coarse, crowded, flaccid, 400-800 p,m diam., 4-8 cm long, evenlyconstricted at all dichotomies. Stipe variable,often branched, to 15 mm diam., 8 cm long,

117

flattened above; appendages not crowded,dichotomously branched with apices taperingto blunt points. Rhizoidal mass large.

HABITAT.-Common; in sandy protectedareas, often intermixed with seagrasses; to 15m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)!-Florida, *Bahamas, *Cuba,*Cayman Islands, *Jamaica, *Hispaniola, *PuertoRico, *Virgin Islands, *Anguilla, tSt. Martin, *St.Barthelemy, tBarbuda (tVroman 1968), :f:St. Kitts,*Guadeloupe, :f:St. Lucia (:f:Taylor 1962b), *Grenada, *Colombia, Isla de San Andres (Schnetter1978), *Isla de Providencia, Mexico (Huerta &Garza-Barrientos 1966), *Belize; (*Taylor 1960));Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30109 (US).

171. Penicillus lamourouxii Decaisne1842: 97.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus shaggy, stiff, heavily calcified, shaving-brush-like, to 10 cmhigh, faded light green. Cap spherical to oval,2-5 cm diam., 2-5 cm long; siphons sparselyscattered or matted, 300-500 p,m diam., oftensporadically moniliform (expanded at closeintervals), constricted at all dichotomies. Stipeunbranched, 5-8 mm diam., 3-4 cm long,often compressed; surface smoothly corticated; appendages close set having wide, swollen, dichotomous, branches with short, flat,finger-like apices. Rhizoidal mass bulbous.

HABITAT. -Common; individuals widelyscattered, often intermixed with seagrasses. incalm lagoons and bays on mud or sand bottoms; to 12 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-*Florida, *Bahamas, )!-Turks &Caicos, *Cuba, Cayman Islands (Taylor 1969),*Jamaica, *Puerto Rico, *Virgin Islands, St. Martin(Vroman 1968), *St. Eustatius, *Guadeloupe, *Panama, Isla de San Andres (Schnetter 1978), *Mexico(*Taylor 1960), Belize (Tsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30011 (US).

172. Penicillus pyriformis A. Gepp& E. S. Gepp 1905: 1, pI. 468, fig. 1.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus flat topped, heavily calcified, compact, brush-like, to 12 cmhigh, gray-green. Cap cone-shaped, apex flat,sides tapering into stalk; siphons stiff, mattedor tangled, 150-250 p,m diam., 2-3 cm long,evenly constricted at all dichotomies. Stipecylindrical or slightly flattened, 5-7 mmdiam., 3-10 cm long, rarely branched; appendages 2-4 times dichotomously branched,

lOOjLm


175. Udotea flabellum1. Blade siphon with lateral appendages. 2. Blade lateralappendage. 3. Habit.

177. Udotea wilsonii1. Blade siphon. 2. Lateral appendages of blade. 3. Habit.

176. Udotea occidentalis1. Blade siphon with lateral appendages. 2. Lateral appendage of blade.

178. Dasycladus vermicularis1. Fertile branchlet with solitary, spherical sporangium(s). 2. Transverse section at whorl of branchlets. 3. Habitof cluster.

NUMBER 9

loosely branched with apices tapering to bluntpoints. Rhizoidal mass bulbous.

HABITAT.-Common; on sandy bottomsin calm lagoons and bays; to 30 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)~Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Turks &Caicos, )f-Cuba, )f-Jamaica, *Hispaniola, Puerto Rico(Almod6var & Blomquist 1965), *Virgin Islands,)10Anguilla, St. Martin CVroman 1968), )f-St. Eustatius, )~Guadeloupe, Cura~ao (Dlaz-Piferrer 1964b),Colombia (Schnetter 1969), )f-Panama (*Taylor1960), tIsla de San Andres, tIsla de Providencia(tSchnetter 1978), Mexico (Huerta 1958), Belize(fsuda & Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30006 (US).

173. Rhipocephalus phoenix (Ellis& Solander) Kiitzing 1843: 311.

Corallina phoenix Ellis & Solander 1786: 126, tab. 25,figs. 2-3.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus lightly calcified, to10 cm high, dark green. Cap long-oval, ofsmall blades in close proximity to main stalk.Blades to 5 cm long, concentric, flattened,symmetrical; siphons cylindrical, parallel,fused laterally, 200-250 /lm diam. proximally,50-100 !-tm diam. distally; dichotomies equaldistances from base, lower one or two dichotomies not constricted, others evenly constricted. Stipe cylindrical, 3-5 mm diam., 2-5cm long; cortical appendages tightly packed,repeatedly branched with blunt, finger-likeapices. Rhizoidal mass compact.

HABITAT.-Common; on rock or sand,often among seagrasses; to 20 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)f-Florida, )f-Bahamas, *Cuba,)I-Jamaica, )f-Hispaniola, )f-Puerto Rico, St. Martin(Vroman 1968), Antigua (Taylor 1969), )f-Guadeloupe, *Colombia, )f-panama, Isla de San Andres(Schnetter 1978), )f-Isla de Providencia, Great SwanIsland (Taylor, 1975), Mexico (Huerta 1960),)f-Belize ef-Taylor 1960); Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30003 (US).

174. Udotea cyathiformis Decaisne1842: 106.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus funnel or cupshaped, calcified, to 8 cm high, green. Bladedelicate, 0.5-1.0 mm thick, fibrous to papery;cortex absent; zonation faint; siphons 30-70/lm diam., lacking lateral appendages, parallelto interwoven, evenly constricted above dichotomies. Stipe 1-4 mm diam., 0.3-2.0 cmlong, with sharp demarcation where blade

119

meets stipe; siphons 50-120 /lm diam., generally unevenly constricted above dichotomies;lateral appendages repeatedly branched, withswollen or flattened apices. Rhizoidal massfibrous.

HABITAT. -Common; in many environments from shallow mangrove peat to deepsand plains; to 30 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Throughout the Caribbeanand adjacent seas; Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30002 (US).

175. Udotea flabellum (Ellis & Solander)Howe 1904: 94.

Corallina flabellum Ellis & Solander 1786: 124, pI. 24.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fan-shaped, moderately calcified, solitary, to 30 cm high, darkgreen to pale green. Blade variable, undividedto highly divided, size variable, 0.8-1.5 mmthick, leathery, corticated; zonation distinct;siphons 30-50 /lm diam., constrictions aboveinfrequent dichotomies absent or slightly uneven; lateral appendages irregularly spaced,long stemmed, dichotomously branched withcrowded, short, rounded apices, when driedapices appear shrunken or flat. Stipe cylindrical below, flattened above, 5-7 mm diam., 2-4cm long, unbranched; surface unmodified intransition to blade; siphons 20-80 !-tm diam.;lateral appendages similar to blade. Rhizoidalmass bulbous to elongated.

HABITAT. -Common, widespread; occurring in sandy areas or seagrass beds; to 10 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Throughout the Caribbeanand adjacent seas; Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30012 (US).

176. Udotea cf. occidentalis A. Gepp & E. S.Gepp 1911: 127, pI. 11, figs. 18, 22a-22b;

pI. VII, figs. 63-65.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fan-shaped, heavilycalcified, to 30 cm high, light gray-green below, greener toward margins. Blades variable,undivided to highly divided, as wide as long (8cm), thin « 1 mm), papery, corticated; zonation distinct; siphons 20-50 /lm diam., unevenly constricted above dichotomies; lateralappendages numerous, terminating in lobespossessing 6-20 rounded knobs with concaveapices (Pelican Cays specimens withoutconcave apices); surface covered by


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179. Neomeris annulata1. Sporangia (s) flanked by surface cells. 2. Longitudinalsection of central axis with whorled branchlet scars. 3.Habit.

181. Acetabularia antillana1. Habit. 2. Rays of disc with corona superior (s) at base.3. Corona superior with multiple hair scars.

180. Acetabularia schenckii1. Rays of disc with corona superior (s) at base. 2. Corona inferior. 3. Corona superior with two hair scars (h)per branchlet. 4. Outer margin of mature sporangial rayfilled with spores.

182. Lyngbya majuscula1. Filaments showing dome-shaped terminal cell and thicksheath.

NUMBER 9

submicroscopic spines (visible only underSEM). Stipe cylindrical, 1.5-2.5 mm diam., 12 cm long; surface unmodified in transition toblade; siphons 40-70 p,m diam., unequallyconstricted above dichotomies; lateral appendages repeatedly divided with stubby,rounded apices. Rhizoidal mass bulbous.Note: Often confused with Udotea flabellum.

HABITAT.-Rare; in shallow sandy areas;to 10 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, Bahamas (Littler &Littler 1990), Jamaica (Chapman 1961), PuertoRico (Almod6var & Ballantine 1983), )l-Virgin Islands el-Taylor 1960), Colombia (Schnetter 1978),Mexico (Huerta et al. 1987), Belize {Norris & Bucher 1982, Pelican Cays: 30085 (US).

177. Udotea wilsonii A. Gepp, E. S. Gepp& Howe in A. Gepp & E. S. Gepp

1911: 130, 144, pI. VII, fig. 66; pI. VIII,figs. 67-68, as »wilsoni".

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus of multiple fanshaped blades radiating from central axis(rarely as single flat blade), lightly calcified, to13 cm high, pale gray-green. Blades wider (10cm) than long (8 cm), 1-2 mm thick; cortexincomplete; zonation faint; siphons 40-80 p,mdiam., rarely constricted above dichotomies,constrictions uneven when present; lateralappendages short, knobby, blunt, unbranchedor forked, 25-90(-120) p,m long, in 2-4 longitudinal rows which become obscure with age.Stipe 1-2 mm diam., 1-2(-4) cm long; lateralappendages short, dichotomously branchedwith knobby apices. Rhizoids tangled, fine.

HABITAT.-Locally abundant; in organically rich silt or on sand plains, often growingwith many thalli in close proximity due tostolonous clonal reproduction; to 18 m deep.

DISTRmUTION.-*Florida, )l-Bahamas, tCay SalBanks, )l-Cuba, Jamaica (Taylor 1969), Puerto Rico(Almod6var 1970), Virgin Islands (Earle 1972),)l-Anguila el-Taylor 1960), tPanama, Mexico(Huerta et al. 1987), tBelize (tLittler & Littler1990); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30005 (US).

Order DASYCLADALES

Family DASYCLADACEAE

178. Dasycladus vermicularis (Scopoli)Krasser in Beck & Zahlbruckner

1898: 459, fig. 8.Spongia vermicularis Scopoli 1772: 412, pI. 64, fig. 1454.

121

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus fuzzy, soft; individuals cylindrical, gregarious, 5-8 mm diam.,2-6 cm high, green. Main axis whorled withtightly packed branchlets, having 10-15branchlets per whorl with abutting basal cells,100-150 p,m between whorls; branchlets 1-3mm long, with basal cell 300-400 p,m diam.,capped with 3-4 branchlets, each terminatingin three spines; apical spines occasionally terminating in 2-3 dichotomously branched tapering hair-like filaments. Stipe short, naked.Holdfast of short lobes. Sporangia one perbranch, spherical, 500-800 p,m diam., brightyellow-green, in axis of branchlets. Note:Dasycladus (and Batophora) releases a yellowsubstance when crushed.

HABITAT.-Common; on hard substratessuch as shells or coral fragments, from shallow reefs and tide pools to lagoons and mangroves; to 8 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, )(oBahamas, )(oTurks &Caicos, )l-Cuba, Cayman Islands (Taylor 1969),)(oJamaica, )(oHispaniola (*Taylor 1960), Puerto Rico(Dfaz-Piferrer 1963), Mexico (Garza-Barrientos1976), Belize (Littler & Littler 1995); Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 30117 (US).

179. Neomeris annulata Dickie 1874: 198.DESCRIPTION.-Thallus solitary or in

dense clusters, cylindrical, erect or archeddownward, 1-3 mm diam., 1-2(-3) cm high;base white, heavily calcified; apex fuzzy green,tufted with unbranched, deciduous, fine apicalfilaments. Central axis 400-640 p,m diam.;branchlets in whorls from central axis, terminating in two surface cells flanking sporangia;surface cells polyhedral, 80-135 p,m diam., inannular rows with bulbous apex. Holdfastsmall, pad-like, of short, contorted siphons.Sporangia elongated oval, stalked; 46-80 p,mdiam., 115-175 p,m long, at maturity fusing inheavily calcified sets of 5-8{-12).

HABITAT.-Common; abundant on mangrove prop roots, coral fragments or rocks inshallow sandy areas; intertidal to 30 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)l-Florida, )I-Bahamas, Cuba(Dfaz-Piferrer 1964a), )I-Jamaica, )I-Hispaniola,)I-Puerto Rico, )I-Virgin Islands, tSt. Martin,§Antigua, tSt. Eustatius (tVroman 1968), *Nevis,)I-Guadeloupe, §Dominica (§Taylor 1969),)I-Martinique, )I-Barbados (Taylor 1960), Cura~ao

(Dfaz-Piferrer 1964b), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962a),:J:Isla de San Andres, :J:Isla de Providencia


(:J:Schnetter 1978), Belize (Norris & Bucher 1982);Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 300076 (US).

Family POLYPHSACEAE

Note: The genera Acetabularia, Acicularia and Polypbysahave an intertwined and confusing past (see Silva et aI.1996 for details) . To establish a monophyletic genus, wechoose to combine the above three genera (as has oftenbeen done in the past). The phylogenetic relationships ofDNA sequences of Olsen et al. (1994), further confusesthe taxonomy, since neither of the species representedherein were tested. We recognize one genus until thetaxonomy and nomenclature are clarified.

180. ):·)~Acetabularia schenckii Mobius1889: 318.

Acicularia schenckii (Mobius) Solms-Laubach 1895: 33, pI.3, figs. 4,9,11,12,14,15 (see Bailey et al. 1976).

Description.-Thallus solitary or in clusters, parasol-shaped, moderately calcified, 3-8cm high, white-green. Axes slender, 420-660p,m diam., heavily calcified, occasionally bearing several whorls of filaments; filaments colorless, pale green when young, rapidly deciduous, each branchlet topped with up to sixsimilar branchlets at apex, branching patternrepeated for 5-7 levels, each branching setslightly smaller and narrower than precedingset. Disc one or more, flat or cup-shaped, 520 mm diam., of 30-60 rays; rays evenly tapered, oval in transverse section, outer marginof ray rounded with central tooth or spine;corona superior (microscopic branchlets ondorsal side at base of rays) composed of short,inconspicuous projections with lobed apicesand two exceedingly faint, closely set, hairscars; corona inferior (on ventral side at baseof rays) as short, inconspicuous projectionswith forked apices. Holdfast small, disc-like.Gametangia are mature rays, producing 200300 cysts per ray; cysts spherical, 60-100 p,mdiam., liberating gametes.

Habitat.-Common; on rocks, shells orcoral fragments in shallow protected areas; to1 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Texas (Humm & Hildebrand1962), )l-Florida, ):-Bahamas, Turks & Caicos [D. &M. Littler 41160 (US), Cuba (Diaz-Piferrer 1964a),)IJamaica, *Hispaniola, *Puerto Rico, )l-Virgin Islands, Antigua (price & John 1979), )l-Guadeloupe,)l-Martinique, *Barbados, Venezuela (Diaz-Piferrer1970b), Colombia (Schnetter 1978), Costa RicaCWellington 1973), Mexico (Mateo-Cid & MenozaGonzaIez 1991), )l-)l-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30162 (US).

181. ::-::-Acetabularia antillana (Solms-Laubach) Egerod 1952: 410.

Chalmasia antillana Solms-Laubach 1895: 12, pI. 3, figs. 2,3, 5. Polypbysa antillana (Solms-Laubach) Wynne 1986:2256.

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus solitary, inconspicuous, parasol-shaped, calcified, 2-5(-10)mm high, deep brown-green. Disc solitary,flat or cup-shaped, to 6 mm diam., of 15-32rays joined by heavy carbonate deposits; rays0.50-0.75 mm diam., 1.5-2.0 mm long, elongated oval in transverse section, outer margintapered to blunt point; base constricted; center plate convex; corona superior (microscopic branchlets on dorsal side at base ofrays) lobes projecting, laterally free, with 2-8hair scars elliptically arranged; corona inferiorlacking. Stalk 300-800 p,m diam., 1-4(-9) mmhigh, tapering toward base. Holdfast inconspicuous, bulbous; rhizoids diminutive, contorted. Sporangia develop from mature rays;spores spherical, 100-150 p,m diam., withspore wall 8-10 p,m thick.

HABITAT.-Uncommon, small and obscure, seldom collected; found at bases oflarger plants within shady cracks and crevices,most often mixed in thick turf immediatelybehind reef crest; to 5 m deep.

DISTRmUTION.-)l-Florida, Cuba (Suarez 1973),)l-Martinique (*Taylor 1960), Mexico (Campa deGuzman 1965), *)l-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30077 (US).

PhyluOl CYANOPHYTAOrder HORMOGONALES

Family OSCILLATORIACEAE

182. :~:}Lyngbya majuscula (Dillwyn)Harvey in Hooker 1833: 370.

Con/erva majuscula Dillwyn 1809 [1802-1809]: 40, suppI.pI.A.

DESCRIPTION.- Thallus filamentous, forming large tangled masses, to 3 cm long, browngreen, yellow-green, black-green to blackpurple. Filaments long, often curled, rarelycoiled, (16-)35-41(-80) p,m diam. Cells disclike, (6.5-)16-33(-60) p,m diam., 2-4 p,m long(up to 10 p,m long prior to cell division); notconstricted between cells; terminal cellssomewhat rounded or dome-shaped, not tapering; cell contents finely granular, dull

NUMBER 9

green, blue-green to gray. Sheaths clear, colorless, 4-11 p,m thick. Note: Conspecific withMicrocoleus lyngbyaceus (Kiitzing) P. Crouanand H. Crouan, according to Drouet (1968).

HABITAT.-Common; forming large matsin calm water or when unattached as freefloating, black, hair-like mats, poisonous tomammals; causing swimmer's itch reaction inhumans; intertidal to 2 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Tropical and subtropical,worldwide. )I-Plorida, )I-Bahamas (*Taylor 1928),Barbados (Almodovar & Pagan 1967), tBonaire,tCura~oa (tvan den Hoek et al. 1972), Isla de SanAndres (Kapraun 1972), Costa Rica (Dawson 1962),Mexico, **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30052 (US).

183. :~:~Lyngbya polychroa (Meneghini)Rabenhorst 1847: 83.

Leibleinia polychroa Meneghini 1844: 304. Lyngbya sordida (Zanardini) Gomont 1892: 127, pI. 3, fig. 1-2 (seeSilva et al. 1996).

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus filamentous, forming large tangled masses, to 50 cm long,brown-green, yellow-green, black-green toblack-purple. Filaments long, straight orcurved, rarely coiled, 30-90 p,m diam. Cellsdisc-like, 14-35 p,m diam., 4-6{-10) p,m long(up to 10 p,m long prior to cell division);slightly constricted between cells; terminalcells hemispherical or dome-shaped, not tapering; cell contents finely granular. Sheathsclear, colorless, 5-80 p,m thick. Note: Conspecific with Schizothrix mexicana Gomont,according to Drouet (1968)

HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on othermarine plants, often as long dark flowingmasses in mangrove lagoons; intertidal to 2 mdeep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Worldwide. Antigua (price &John 1979), tBonaire, tCura~oa (tvan den Hoek etal. 1972), )I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler30081 (US).

184. :~:~Symploca atlantica Gomont1892: 109, pI. 2, fig. 5.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming erect bundles, wick-like, to 3 cm high, tan-rose. Filaments long, straight or curved, 6-10 p,m diam.Cells cylindrical, 4-6 p,m diam., 4-6 p,m long;slightly constricted between cells; terminalcells somewhat rounded or torpedo-shaped,slightly tapering. Sheaths clear, colorless, 2-3

123

p,m thick. Note: Conspecific with Oscillatoriasubmembranacea Ardissone and Strafforella,according to Drouet (1968).

HABITAT.-Common; forming erect, vertically layered bundles; to 2 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Tropical to temperate, worldwide; )I-*Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30240(US).

Order HORMOGONALES

Family NOSTOCACEAE

185. :~:~Dichothrix bornetiana Howe1924: 357.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming smallfuzzy tufts or soft patches, to 1 cm high, purple-beige to olive-green. Filaments taperingfrom base, 20-40 p,m diam. Cells cylindrical,6-13 p,m diam., swollen base 13-24 p,m diam.,10-40 p,m long; slightly constricted betweencells. Heterocysts spherical, cone-shaped toelongated, 20-25 p,m diam., 20-60 p,m long,basal or intercalary (at random locations).Sheaths clear, colorless, striated, 8-20 p,mthick, often fusing in bundles.

HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on mangrove prop roots, mud, stone or wood, forming small pads or fuzzy clumps; intertidal to 2m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-]amaica (Chapman 1961),*)I-Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30149 (US).

186. Dichothrix[ucicola Zanardini1858: 297, pI. 14, fig. 3.

DESCRIPTION.-Thallus forming small tuftsor soft fuzzy patches, to 8 mm high, lavender.Filaments tapering from base, 20-40 p,m diam.Cells cylindrical, 9-13 p,m diam., swollen base13-22 p,m diam., 10-60 p,m long; not constricted between cells. Heterocysts spherical,cone-shaped to elongated, 20-25 p,m diam.,20-60 p,m long, basal or intercalary (at random locations). Sheaths clear, colorless, striated, 8-20 p,m thick. Note: Conspecific withCalothrix crustacea Schousboe and Thuret,according to Drouet (1968).

HABITAT.-Common; epiphytic on othermarine plants, forming small pads or fuzzyclumps; intertidal to 2 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Tropical and subtropical,world-wide; **Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30080 (US).


50p,m

183. Lyngbya polychroa1. Thallus showing disc-like cells tightly stacked in clearsheath.

lOOJLm

185. Dichothrix bornetiana1. Typical filaments with heterocyst (h).

184. Symploca atlantica1. Habit. 2. Filaments showing rounded apex and emptysheaths (s).

186. Dichothrix [ucicola1. Habit. 2. Typical filaments with heterocyst (h).3. Filament cluster.

NUMBER 9

PHYLUM MAGNOLIOPHYTAOrder BUTOMALES

Family HYDROCHARITACEAE

187. Halophila dedpiens Ostenfeld1902: 260, with fig.

DESCRIPTION.-Plant delicate, small, inleafy patches, to 3 cm high, of indeterminatearea, bright green; flowers and fruits small,inconspicuous. Stems slender, 3-15 mm long,1 per node. Leaves oval, 3-6 mm wide, 10-25mm long, 1 pair per node; margin with extremely fine teeth; marginal veins splittingfrom central vein at leaf base, paralleling margin, meeting central vein again just below leafapex; cross veins faint, 6-9 pairs, joining marginal veins; leaf cells rectangular. Scales 1 pairper node, oval, 3-7 mm long, transparent,keeled, hairy on outside. Stolons 0.5-1.0 mmdiam., extensive. Roots 0.2-0.5 mm diam., 1per node opposite leaf pair; rootlets colorless,10-20 p,m diam.

Habitat.-Common; in calm waters on softsand or fine sediment bottoms; to 30 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.- >~Florida, *Jamaica, *PuertoRico, >I-Virgin Islands, >I-Guadeloupe, *St. Vincent,>I-Martinique, *Barbados, *Tobago, >I-Trinidad,>~Cura~ao, >~Venezuela, >~Colombia, >~Panama,

>~Costa Rica (*Hartog 1970), Belize (Tsuda &Dawes 1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 55333(US).

188. Thalassia testudinum Banks ex Konig1805: 96.

DESCRIPTION.-Plant erect, coarse, grasslike; to 1 m high, covering indeterminate areas, grass-green. Leaves strap-shaped, 2-6 persheath, 4-12(-15) mm wide, (5-)10-20(-60)cm high, 1 cluster per node; veins 9-15, parallel, connected by perpendicular cross veins atapproximately 1 mm intervals; marginssmooth, distally with microscopic spines,terminal spine to 10 times longer than lateralspines. Leafsheaths 1.5-7.0 cm long. Scaleselliptical, 5-10 mm long, one per node. Stolonextensive, creeping, 3-6 mm diam. Roots oneper node, densely covered by fine rootlets.Flower bracts oval, 1.5-2.5 cm long, finelytoothed. Female flowers of three petals, oval,with numerous pink to violet spots or streaks,toothed at apex; ovary cone-shaped, to 1 cmlong; floral cup to 2 cm long. Male flowers of

125

nine stamens: anthers oblong, to 1 mm wide,8-9 mm long. Fruits spherical to oval, 2.0-2.5cm wide, 1.5-2.0 cm long, bright green toyellow-green, rarely red. Seeds (1-)3(-6),pyramid-shaped, to 8 mm diam., 10 mm long.

HABITAT.-Common, abundant, conspicuous; forming extensive meadows onshallow sandy or muddy bottoms; lowerintertidal to 20 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-Throughout the Caribbeanand adjacent seas; Belize; Pelican Cays: D. & M.Littler 30145 {US).

Order NAJADALES

Family CYMODOCEACEAE

189. Syringodium filiforme Kiitzingin Hohenacker 1852-1962:426.

DESCRIPTION.-Plant coarse, stiff, brittle,with cylindrical leaves, to 45 cm high, grassgreen; flowers and fruits small, inconspicuous.Stalks one per node, bearing 1-3 leaves.Leaves 1-2 mm diam., 10-30 cm long, centralvascular bundle surrounded by 5-8 air channels and two central vascular bundles. Leafsheaths to 2 mm wide, 2-6 cm long. Scales atnode, to 6 mm long, seldom present, shedrapidly. Stolon to 2 mm diam. Roots 2-4 pernode, occasionally more at old leaf scars onstalk, to 500 p,m diam., unbranched or withfew branches.

HABITAT.-Common, widely distributed;forming dense mats in sand or fine mud sediments; to 25 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.->~Louisiana, >f-Florida, Bahamas,>~Turks & Caicos, >~Cuba, >~Hispaniola, *Jamaica,>~Cayman Islands, >~Virgin Islands, *St. Martin,>~Antigua, *Saba, *Guadeloupe, >~Dominica, >~Mar

tinique, *Cura~ao, >~Venezuela >~Colombia, >~Pan

ama, Costa Rica (Dawson 1962), >~Isla de San Andres e~den Hartog 1970), Belize (Tsuda & Dawes1974); Pelican Cays: D. & M. Littler 30147 {US).

190. Halodule beaudettei (den Hartog)den Hartog 1964: 303, fig. 5.

Diplanthera beaudettei den Hanog 1960: 4, fig. 2a-c.

DESCRIPTION.-Plant coarse, stiff but pliable, grass-like, to 25 cm high, covering indeterminate areas; grass-green; root system relatively weak. Leaves 0.5-1.5 mm wide, 5-20cm long, narrowed at base, one cluster pernode; midrib conspicuous; parallel marginal

126

Imm


188. Thalassia testudinum1. Habit. 2. Blade apex with parallel veins.

187. Halophila decipiens1. Habit of plant showing scales (s) at node (n) and finerootlets (r) on descending root. 2. Marginal teeth (t) andmarginal vein (v). 3. Leaf apex with marginal veins meeting center vein.

200 p,rnm 100 p,rn

189. Syringodium filiforme1. Habit showing leaf scale (s), roots descending immediately below blades and fine rootlets (r). 2. Transversesection of blade with two central vascular bundles (c), sixcentral air channels (a) and two lateral vascular bundles(v).

190. Halodule beaudettei1. Apex of young blade with midrib (m) and marginalveins (v). 2. Transverse section of blade margin showingmarginal vein (v) of smaller densely packed cells.3. Transverse section of central blade with midrib (m)composed of small tightly bundled cells paralleled on bothsides by air channels.

NUMBER 9

veins present but not as conspicuous as midribvein; leaf tip having three teeth; center tooth1-10 times longer then lateral teeth. Scaleselliptical, 5-10 mm long. Stolon extensive,creeping. Roots 1-4 per node.

HABITAT.-Common; on sandy, soft,muddy bottoms; lower intertidal to 5 m deep.

DISTRIBUTION.-)~Florida, )I-Cuba, )I-Jamaica,)I-Guadeloupe, )I-Trinidad, *Cura~ao, *Venezuela,)I-Guatemala, )I-Belize CI-Hartog 1970); Pelican Cays:D. & M. Littler 30024 (US),

GlossaryAlternate branching: branches appear on opposite

sides of the stalk at different levels.Apex: distal end, growing tip, outer point, summit.Apical: at or near apex or distal tip.Annular: ring-like ridges.Antheridium (antheridia): a structure that produces

motile male gametes.Appendage; a subordinate part; a limb.Atoll: a ring-shaped reef, surrounded by open wa

ters, enclosing a lagoon with no central high island, although low-lying islands may occur onthe reef ring.

Author: person who described a given species,whose name appears after the Latin name, thelast p~rt of the complete scientific name of anorganIsm.

Axial: pertaining to the primary filament or centerlength area.

Axil: angle formed by the main axis and a lateralbranch; angle formed by a branch and lateralbranchlet.

Axis (axes): main stem or major branch; central lineon which other parts are regularly arranged, thestem-like stalk.

Barrier reef: a reef that is separated from a landmass by a lagoon.

Basal: toward the base or point of attachment.Basionym: the original name assigned to a species,

which is retained when transferred to a new position such as a different genus.

Bird islands: islands where birds nest in abundance;their droppings, acting as fertilizer, make thesurrounding waters rich in nutrients.

Bladder: sack-like, spherical to oval, mucilaginousor air-filled vesicle; in the brown algae(phaeophyta) referring to the air-filled vesicle orsmall sac-like float that enables some algae tofloat or remain erect.

Blade: the leaf-like structure of an alga [= frond].

127

BrancWet: smaller axes or branch emanating from amain axis or larger branch.

Bulbous: bulb-like, with a distinct swollen end.Calcareous: impregnated and hardened with cal

cium carbonate ~ime).

Calcified: having lime deposits (calcium carbonate,a chalk-like substance) within or on the plant; aheavily calcified plant appears stone-like in texture.

Cap: top portion.Cap cell: single cell at the apex of a filament or

layer of cells at the apex of a thallus.Carpogonial branch: specialized internal filament

terminating in a carpogonium.Carpogonium (carpogonia): the female sex organ in

the Rhodophyta, consisting of a single cell or egg(female gamete) and the trichogyne ~engthened

extension of egg cell with which the spermatiafuse to begin fertilization}.

Carposporangium (carposporangia): the reproductive cell of the carposporophyte (diminutive,parasitic generation) producing nonmotile carpospores.

Carpospore: .the diploid spore released from a carposporanglum.

Carposporophyte: the diminutive, parasitic generation unique to the Rhodophyta life history; producing the gonimoblasts that form carposporangia which release carpospores; equivalent to thecystocarp minus the pericarp (surrounding protective tissue).

Cervicorn: branching dichotomously, but with onearm of each dichotomy suppressed.

Colony: an organism composed of interacting,partially connected individuals.

Concave: curved inward, depression-shaped, likethe inside of a hemisphere.

Concentric: zones that parallel the margin of ablade; lines that parallel a common center point.

Conceptacle: a cavity or chamber containing reproductive organs.

Conical: shaped like a cone.Corona: a small crown of rudimentary branchlets

or knobs (as in Acetabularia with corona superior above the fertile disc and corona inferior below the fertile disc.

Conspecific: identical with another species.Convex: curving outward, shaped like the outside

of a hemisphere.Cortex: outer layer of tissue, sometimes lying be

neath the cuticle or epidermis, but always outside the medulla or central tissue.

Cortical: pertaining to the cortex.


Corticated: having a cortex.Cortication: secondarily formed outer covering of

the central tissue.Cruciate division: cross-shaped planes of division

separating tetraspores; divided by two planes atright angles.

Cryptostomata: an open cavity or pit on a thallussurface containing sterile hairs (paraphyses).

Cuticle: non-cellular layer on the outer surface ofsome species of plants.

Cystocarp: the gonimoblast filaments and the carposporangia borne on them (the carposporophyte) and the surrounding pericarp tissue.

Deciduous: not permanent; falling off or shedding.Decumbent: creeping, loosely following the surface

contour but with the apex or margin ascending.Diameter: measure of the width of a circular or

cylindrical object.Dichotomous: divided into two equal portions.Discoid: disc-like, flat and circular.Distal: toward the farthest point; free end; opposite

of basal or proximal.Dominant: the most abundant, most conspicuous

object or organism; having the greatest ecologicalinfluence.

Dorsal: upper surface; opposite of ventral.Environment: the total physical, chemical and bio-

logical surroundings.Ephemeral: lasting for a very short time.Epilithic: growing on rock substrates.Epiphyte: organism that lives upon, but does not

get its nourishment from, another plant.Eutrophic: waters rich in dissolved nutrients and

plankton.Family: a group of closely related organisms rank

ing above genus and below order {ending in"-aceae" .

Feather-like: to grow like a feather with a centralshaft (mid-rib, stalk) bearing on each side a seriesof closely placed branchlets.

Fibrous: divided into slender fibers.Filament: a very slender, thread-like, single series of

pigmented cells.Form: the external shape of an organism, the mor

phology; a unit of classification added to the generic and specific name of a species to designateenvironmental variation within a species (abbreviated "f.").

Frond: blade or leaf-like structure of an alga.Fusion: wall between two adjoining cells dissolving

to form one larger cell (e.g, lateral fusion in theCorallinaceae).

Gametangium (gametangia): a reproductive structure containing gametes.

Gamete: a haploid reproductive cell (containing asingle set of chromosomes) capable of unitingwith another gamete to form a diploid zygote.

Girdling: encircling the body or branch.Gonimoblast: microscopic filament producing the

carposporangium; forming the carposporophytegeneration in the Rhodophyta.

Genus (genera): a unit of classification; a group ofclosely related organisms, usually consisting ofmore than one species; first Latin word of a scientific name.

Hair: elongated, fine, thread-like, multicellular oruniseriate, colorless, extensions; often ephemeral.

Hair cell: basal cell from which a hair attaches tothe cortex or surface; also termed trichocyte ormegacell.

Habit: the morphological form of a plant.Habitat: the physical environment in which an

organism grows; the place where an organism istypically found.

Hapteron (haptera): a basal attachment organ orcell, usually with finger-like branches (similarnon-basal structures are tenacular cells).

Heterocyst: a differentiated reproductive cell foundin some blue-green algae.

Holdfast: root-like or disc-like structure that attaches an alga to the substrate.

Homonym: an invalid name because the samename was used, prior to this application, for adifferent plant (i.e., attached to a different typespecimen).

Hooked: recurved backward.Incurved: curled inward toward the main axis.Intercalary: between two joints.Intertidal: the area of the shoreline between the

upper and lower tidal levels.Involucral cells: large incurved sausage-shaped cells

surrounding or partially surrounding a reproductive organ.

Involucral filaments: sterile filaments surrounding,or partially surrounding, a reproductive organ.

Iridescent: a surface sheen reflecting an interplay ofrainbow-like metallic colors (see Dictyota humi[usa: true color brown but iridescent blue).

Irregularly branched: branching in no consistentpattern.

Joint: the junction between segments or end wallsbetween contiguous cells in a filament (oftentermed node).

Keeled: having a lengthwise ridge, like the keel of aboat.

Lagoon: a relatively deep (5-30 m) protected areabehind a reef front; the area separated from thesea by a barrier reef; the center portion of an atoll.

NUMBER 9

Lance-shaped: longer than broad, tapering fromnear the base toward the apex.

Lateral: at, from or toward the side.Lenticular (thickening): shaped like a thick convex

lens.Linear: narrow, much longer than broad, with the

edges parallel.Long: measure of the longest axisLongitudinal: lengthwise, in the direction of the

longest axis, opposite of transverse.Macroscopic: large enough to be seen by the un

aided eye.Mangrove island: an island comprised of dense

thickets of mangrove trees around its perimeter:mangrove trees can live in seawater and form islands in the tropics and subtropics throughoutthe world.

Medullary cells: central core cells, generally surrounded by a cortex.

Megacells: unusually large cells, possibly the basesof surface hairs.

Membrane: a thin, soft, pliable sheet or layer.Microscopic: unable to be reliably observed with-

out the aid of a microscope.Midrib: the central vein-like structure of a blade.Moniliform: like a string of rounded beads.Monosporangium (monosporangia): a structure

producing one spore.Morph: the external form, morphological shape.Mucilaginous: slippery and slimy.Multiseriate: having more than one row of cells.N ode: for vascular plants - the part of a stem that

bears a leaf; for the algae - the joint, either uncalcified as in Halimeda or swollen and corticated as in Ceramium.

Nomenclature: the system of naming and the use ofrules to determine the correct scientific name ofan organIsm.

Nutrient: a substance necessary for growth of anorganIsm.

Oligotrophic: waters containing few dissolved nutrients or particulate materials.

Opposite branching: branches appear in two opposing directions of the stalk at a single level.

Order: a category of taxonomic classification ranking above family and below class (ending in"-ales").

Oogonium (oogonia): a female reproductive organproducing one or more eggs (female gametes).

Paraphyses: sterile hairs in pit-like depressions(cryptostomata).

Parent cell: the initial source or origin of subsequent cells or structures.

129

Patch reef: an isolated reef pinnacles or mounds inlagoons of barrier reefs and atolls.

Peltate: a flattened, parasol-shaped disc with a cen-tral stalk.

Pendant: hanging, suspended.Perforated: having holes.Pericarp: structure surrounding the cystocarp or

carposporophyte.Pericentral cells: surrounding the center {center

axial filament + pericentral cells or filaments =polysiphonous}

Phylum (phyla): a major group representing a separate evolutionary line of the plant kingdom.

Pincer-like: two-pronged or claw-like.Pinnate: having brancWets on opposite sides of the

main axis, in a feather- like arrangement.Pit connections: tubular pores connecting adjacent

cells in the Rhodophyta.Plane: a flat surface; e g., growth in one plane re

sults in a two dimensional plant.Plastids: the photosynthetic spherical or disc-like

bodies within a cell, carrying cWorophyll andother pigments.

Plurilocular: multichambered.Polyhedral: having many sides.Polysiphonous: having several coherent longitudi

nal rows of cells surrounding a central axis.Proliferation: to grow by rapid production of new

parts.Propagule: a vegetative structure having the poten

tial to develop into a new plant when detachedfrom its parent.

Prostrate: lying flat on the substrate.Proximal: toward the point of attachment or lower

part; opposite of distal.Pseudodichotomous: appearing dichotomous; al

most, or not quite, dividing into two equal parts.Pyrenoid: a dark or refractive body associated with

chloroplasts in green algae that is involved withthe production and storage of starch.

Recur:ved: . bent away from and then toward themam axIS.

Receptacle: an enlarged or swollen reproductivebody.

Reef crest: the shallowest part of a reef where thehighest wave energy is released, usually an intertidal or upper subtidal area.

Reef flat: the uniformly shallow, protected areabehind (shoreward of) the reef crest.

Regeneration: vegetative development from an olddormant part; to generate or produce anew.

Rhizophytic: sediment-dwelling plants.Rhizoids: root-like structures of an alga.


Ribbed: to form vertical ridges.Scalloped: a series of curves; forming a wavy margin.Seaweeds: larger marine plants (macrophytes), eas-

ily observed with the unaided eye.Sediment: particulate matter that has settled to the

bottom, including deposits of mud, sand, andgravel.

Segment: (often termed internode) a section; inarticulated plants the hard calcified sections; inpolysiphonous plants the central cell and its surrounding pericentral cells, if present, and its cortex, if present; segments are generally connectedby joints (sometimes termed nodes).

Series: repetitive sequences.Sessile: not stalked, attached directly to the sub

strate or parent structure; also, non-motile, attached.

Sheath: a surrounding membrane.Siphon: a tube with no crosswalls.Siphonaceous: composed of interwoven tubes, gen

erally multinucleate.Sorus (sori): a cluster of reproductive organs, in

patches or as a single specialized structure.Species: a group of closely related organisms that

can interbreed to produce fertile offspring; thesecond word (specific epithet) in a scientificname.

Spermatangium (spermatangia): a male reproductive structure producing spermatia (male gametes).

Spermatangial plants: plants producing spermatia;male plants.

Spherical: globe- or ball-shaped, round.Spindle-shaped: circular in transverse-section, taper

ing sharply toward each end.Sporangium (sporangia): a structure that produces

spores.Spore: a single-celled reproductive body that can

germinate into a new thallus.Spur and groove: the zone seaward of the reef crest;

an area of deep sandy grooves separatingshallower, parallel, calcareous ridges (spurs)forming a tooth-comb pattern

Sterile: lacking reproductive structures, vegetative.

Stichidium (stichidia): a specialized swollen branchthat produces tetrasporangia.

Stipe: the stem-like or stalk portion of an alga.

Stolon: a runner or rhizome connecting small upright fronds; a horizontal stem.

Strand: an elongated body resembling a rope orthread.

Subapical: immediately below the apex or tip.

Subtidal: below the lowest low-tide level.

Substrate: the substance or surface to which anorganism is attached.

Synonym: an equivalent but superseded name; anobsolete or invalid name.

T enacular cells: finger-like or pad-like cells(hapteroid) connecting one brancWet to another.

Terminal: at the tip, distal end, apex.Tetrahedral division: Y-shaped planes of division

separating tetraspores.T etrasporangium (tetrasporangia): an oval or

spherical structure containing four tetraspores.

Thallus (thalli): a non-vascular plant body of acryptogamic plant.

Thick: measurement between opposite surfaces orpart thereof.

Tiered: layered.Toothed: having small sharply pointed marginal

projections or processes.Translucent: partly transparent; permitting the

passage of light but not clear vision.

Transverse: across or at right angles to the main axis.

T rabeculum (trabeculae): slender, internalstrands of wall material, extending across siphons to forming a bracing system, presentin some siphonaceous Chlorophyta (e.g.,Caulerpa).

Trichoblast: a simple or branched, colorless, fila-ment arising near the tip or apex.

Trichocytes: cells producing hairs.Trichotomous: divided into three equal parts.Tubular: tube-like; a hollow cylinder.Truncate: cut off abruptly, blunt, flat-topped.Tuft: a cluster of filaments, branches or siphons

attached at a single basal area.Turf: a sparse to dense, short mat of small thalli.Unilateral branching: branches arising only on one

side Qongitudinally) along the main axis.Unilocular: having one chamber; a sporangium

with one cavity producing one to many spores.

Uniseriate: in a single row or as a single series of cells.

Upright: the blade or branch of an alga that standsat a right angle to the substrate.

Urn-shaped: egg-shaped with a narrow, protrudingorifice.

Utricle: a bladder-like siphon swelling usually inthe outer layer of a thallus.

Vein: a vascular bundle or thickened area formingthe framework of a leaf or blade.

Variety: an epithet added to the [generic and specific] name of a species to designate a consistentdifference or differences within that species, but

NUMBER 9

not substantial enough to separate as a new species; some botanists consider varieties equivalentto subspecies, others consider them a divisions ofsubspecies (abbreviated "var.").

Ventral: lower or under-side; opposite of dorsal.Vertical: at right angles to the plane of the horizontal.Wide: measure from side to side.Whorled branching: three or more branches arising

from one level an axis.Zonate division: cleaving of a thallus (often due to

concentric growth) in parallel planes, or the parallel division of a tetrasporangium.

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NUMBER 9

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NUMBER 9

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--. 1842b. Botanique.-Plantes cellulaires v + x +549 pp. Atlas: pIs. I-XX, in Ramon de la Sagra,Histoire physique, politique et naturelle de l'lIede Cuba. Paris.


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Norris, R. E. 1987. The systematic position ofGelidiopsis and Ceratodictyon (Gigartinales, Rhodophyceae), genera new to South Africa.-SouthAfrican Journal of Botany 53:239-246.

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Oliveira, E.C., C. J. Bird, & J. McLacWan. 1983.The genus Gracilaria (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales)in the western Atlantic. Gracilaria dom ingensis,G. cervicornis, and G. ftrox.-Canadian Journalof Botany 61(12):2999-3008.

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Papenfuss, G. F. 1943. Notes on algal nomenclatureIT. Gymnosorus J. Ag.-American Journal of Botany 30(7):463-468.

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-, & L. E. Egerod. 1957. Notes on South Africanmarine Chlorophyceae.-Phytomorphology 7:82-93.

--, K. E. Mshigeni, & Y. M. Chiang. 1982. Revision of the red algal genus Galaxaura with specialreference to the species occurring in the westernIndian Ocean.-Botanica Marina 25:401-444.

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Penrose, D., & Y. M. Chamberlain. 1993. Hydrolithon farinosum (Lamouroux) comb. nov.:implications for generic concepts in the Mastophoroideae (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta).Phycologia 32:295-303.

-, & W. J. Woelkerling. 1991. Pneophyllumfragile in southern Australia: implications for genericconcepts in the Mastophoroideae (Corallinaceae,Rhodophyta).-Phycologia 30:495-506.

Phillips, R. C. 1959. Notes on the marine flora ofthe Marquesas Keys, Florida.-Quarterly Journalof the Florida Academy of Sciences 22(3):155-162.

--. 1960. Ecology and distribution of marinealgae found in Tampa Bay, Boca Ciega Bay, andat Tarpon Springs, Florida.-Quarterly Journal ofthe Florida Academy of Sciences 23(3):222-260.

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Rabenhorst, L. 1847. Deutschlands KryptogamenFlora. Zweiter Band. Zweite Abteilung: AIgen.E. Kummer, Leipzig. xix + 216 pp.

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Rodrlguez de Rlos, N., & Y. Saito. 1982. Observaciones sobre el genero Laurencia en Venezuela. I.Laurencia intermedia Yamada y Laurencia corallopsis (Montagne) Howe.-Ernstea 11:1-16.

NUMBER 9

Rosanoff, S. 1866. Recherches anatomiques sur IesMelobesiees (Hapalidium, Melobesia, Lithophyllum et Lithothamnion).-Memoires de la SocieteImperiale des Sciences N aturelles de Cherbourg12:5-112, pIs. I-VII.

Roth, A. W. 1797. Catalecta botanica. Fasc. 1. Gledischiano, Leipzig. viii + 244 pp., 8 pIs.

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Schmitz, F. 1893. Die Gattung Lophothalia J. Ag.Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft11(3) :212-232.

--a 1895. Marine Floideen von DeutschOstafrika.-Botanische Jahrbiicher fiir Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanengeographie 21: 137-177.

-, & P. Falkenberg. 1897. Rhodomelaceae. Pp.421-480, figs. 240-266, in A. Engler & K. Prand,eds., Die natiirlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Teil 1,Abteilung 2. Engelmann, Leipzig.

Schneider, W., & R. B. Searles. 1991. Seaweeds ofthe southeastern United States. Duke UniversityPress, Durham. 553 pp.

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--a 1972. Nuevas algas benticas del litoral Caribede Colombia.-Mutisia 36:12-16.

--a 1976. Marine algen der Karibschen Kiistenvon Kolumbien. I. Phaeophyceae.-BibliothecaPhycologica 24:1-125.

--a 1977. Notas sobre las especies Caribes delgenero Botryocladia (Rhodymeniales, Rhodophyceae) con referencia especial a los taxa de laCosta Atlantica de Colombia.-Anales del Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Punta deBedn [Santa Marta, Colombia] 9:73-80.

--a 1978. Marine algen der Karibschen Kiistenvon Kolumbien. IT. CWorophyceae.-BibliothecaPhycologica 42:1-199.

--a 1980. Algas marias nuevas para los litoralesColombianos del Mar Caribe.-Caribbean Journal of Science 15(3/4): 121-125.

--, & G. Bula-Meyer. 1977. RodoHceas nuevaspara la Costa Atlantica de Colombia, I.-Analesdel Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas de Puntade Bettn [Santa Marta, Colombia] 9:81-90.

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139

Schramm, A., & H. Maze. 1865. Essai de classification des algues de la Guadeloupe. Edition 1. Imprimerie du Gouvemement, Guadeloupe. iii + 52 pp.

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--a 1933. Some early algal confusions. 11.University of California Publications in Botany17:187-254.

--, & L. R. Mason. 1943. Goniolithon and Neogoniolithon: two genera of crustaceous coralline algae.-Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences of the United States of America29(3):87-92.

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--. 1941. Tropical marine algae of the ArthurSchott Herbarium.-Publications of the FieldMuseum of Natural History, Botany Series20(4):87-104.

--. 1943. Marine algae from Haiti collected by H.H. Bartlett in 1941.-Papers of the MichiganAcademy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:143163, pIs. 1-4.

-. 1955. Notes on algae from the tropical Atlantic Ocean, IV.-Papers of the Michigan Academyof Science, Arts and Letters 40:67-76, pis. 1-5.

--. 1960. Marine algae of the eastern tropical andsubtropical coasts of the Americas. University ofMichigan Press, Ann Arbor, 870 pp.

-. 1962a. Two undescribed species of Halimeda.-Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club89(2):172-177.

--. 1962b. Marine algae from the tropical AtlanticOcean: V. Algae from the Lesser Antilles.Contributions from the United States NationalHerbarium. 36(2):43-62.

--. 1964. A valuable old collection of Floridamarine algae.-Quarterly Journal of the FloridaAcademy of Sciences 27(1):1-8.

--. 1969. Notes on the distribution of West Indian marine algae particularly in the Lesser Antilles, with a bibliography of recent works oneastern American tropical algae.-Contributionsfrom the University of Michigan Herbarium9(2):125-203, pIs. 1-8.

-. 1972. Marine algae of the Smithsonian-Bredinexpedition to Yucatan 1960.-Bulletin of MarineScience 22(1):34-44.

--. 1975. Marine algae of Great Swan Island.Atoll Research Bulletin 128:6-10.

-. 1976. A check-list of Venezuelan marine algae.-Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana deCiencias Naturales 22{132/133):71-101.

-. 1980. Notes on marine algae from the tropicalAtlantic Ocean- VIII.-Contributions from theUniversity of Michigan Herbarium 14:205-207.

-, & I. A. Abbott. 1973. A new species of Botryocladia from the West Indies.-British Phycological Journal 8:409-412.

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NUMBER 9

Woodward, T. J. 1797. Observations upon thegeneric character of Viva, with descriptions ofsome new species.-Transactions of the LinneanSociety [London] 3:46-58.

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141

--, & D. L. Ballantine. 1986. The genus Hypoglossum Kiitzing (Delesseriaceae, Rhodophyta) in thetropical western Atlantic, including H anomalum sp. nov.-Journal of Phycologia 22:185-193.

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TAXONOMIC INDEX

Page references to primary entries are in boldface type and illustrations are in italics.

-A-Acanthophora

spicifera, 5, 7, 8, 12, 58, 59acerosa, Gelidiella, 13, 25, 26acerosus, Fucus, 25Acetabularia, 122

antillana, 19, 120, 122schenckii, 19, 120, 122

A cicularia, 122schenckii, 122

acinarium, Sargassun1, 16, 80, 81acinarius, Fucus, 81Acrocarpus

gracilis, 47Acropora

palmata, 8adhaerens, Jania, 9,14,30,31A garicia, 8

tenuifolia, 5, 7, 8, 9Albula

vulpes, 9alternans, Dilophus, 15, 76, 77Amphiroa, 9

beauvoisii, 14, 27, 28fragilissima, 14, 28, 29rigida var. antillana, 14, 29, 30

Anadyomenaceae, 91

Anadyomene

saldanhae, 16, 90, 91

stellata, 8, 16, 91, 92

annulata, Neomeris, 19, 120, 121antillana, A cetabularia, 19, 120,

122antillana, Amphiroa rigida var., 14,

29,30antillana, Chalmasia, 122antillana, Polyphysa, 122antillanum, A ntithamnion, 10, 49A ntithamnion

antillanum, 10, 49

lherminieri, 48, 49

asarifolia, A vrainvillea, 7, 18, 112,115

astreoides, Porites, 9atlantica, Polysiphonia, 11, 66, 68atlantica, Symploca, 19, 123, 124atlanticus, Megalops, 5A vrainvillea

asarifolia, 7, 18, 112, 115digitata, 5, 7, 18, 112, 115longicaulis f. laxa, 18, 114, 115nigricans, 7, 18, 114, 115

-B-baileyana, Chylocladia, 43baileyana, Lomentaria, 11, 43, 44baillouviana, Dasya, 12, 55, 56baillouviana, Fucus, 55Batophora, 121beaudettei, Diplanthera, 125beaudettei, Halodule, 19, 125, 126beauvoisii, Amphiroa, 14, 27, 28bicuspidata, Wrangelia, 12, 52, 54binderi, Bostrychia, 59boergesenii, Goniolithon, 31boergesenii, Hydrolithon, 14,30, 31bometiana, Dichothrix, 19, 123, 124Bostrychia

binderi, 59tenella, 12, 59, 60

Botryocladia

shanksii, 11, 44, 45

spinulifera, 8, 11, 44, 45

brevizonatum var. caraibicum,

Ceramium, 12, 48, 49

Bryobesiacylindrocarpa, 17, 96, 97

Bryopsidaceae, 97

Bryopsidales, 97

Bryopsis

hypnoides, 16, 96, 97

pennata, 16, 96, 97

plumosa, 7, 8, 16, 97, 98Butomales, 125byssoideum, Ceramium, 51

-c-caespitosa, Catenella, 11,36, 37caespitosa, Vlva, 37Callithamnion

crispellum, 57lherminieri, 49

Caloglossaleprieurii, 10, 54, 56

Calothrixcrustacea, 123

capillacea, ]ania, 14, 31, 32capitatus, Penicillus, 19, 114, 117caraibica, Laurencia, 13, 62, 63caraibicum, Ceramium brevi-

zonatum var., 12, 48, 49Cassiopea

frondosa, 7xamachana, 7

catenatoides, Cladophora, 93Catenella

caespitosa, 11, 36, 37repens, 37

Caulacanthaceae, 37Caulerpa, 8

charoides, 17, 102, 103cupressoides var. cupressoides, 18,

102, 103cupressoides var. flabellata, 18,

102, 103cupressoidesvar. turneri, 18, 104, 105fastigiata, 17, 104, 105mexicana, 5, 8, 17, 104, 105nummularia, 7, 17, 104, 105peltata, 107racemosa, 5, 7, 8racemosa var. clavifera, 107racemosa var. lamourouxii 18

106,107 ' ,

racemosa var. peltata, 17, 106, 107racemosa var. racemosa, 18, 106, 107racemosa var. uvifera, 107sertularioides, 5, 8, 18, 106, 107

taxifolia, 17, 108, 109verticillata, 5, 8, 17, 108, 109verticillata f. charoides, 103

NUMBER 9

cavernosa, Dictyosphaeria, 5, 16,87,88

cavernosa, Ulva, 87Centroceras

clavulatum, 11, 48, 49Ceramiaceae, 49Ceramiales, 49Ceramium, 8

brevizonatum var. caraibicum,12,48,49

byssoideum, 51clavulatum, 49cruciatum, 12, 48, 51flaccidum, 11, 50, 51nitens, 11, 50, 51rubrum var. nitens, 51transversale, 51

ceranoides, Liagora, 14, 20, 21Ceratodictyon, 45cervicornis, Dictyota, 15, 72, 73cervicornis, Fucus, 39cervicornis, Gracilaria, 7, 14,

39,40Chaetomorpha

crassa, 17, 92, 93linum, 17, 92, 93

chaetomorphoides, Enteromorpha,16,85,86

Chalmasiaantillana, 122

Champiaparvula var. parvula, 11, 41, 42parvula var. prostrata, 11, 42,

43Champiaceae, 41charoides, Caulerpa, 17, 102, 103

charoides, Caulerpa verticillata f.,103

charoides, Herpochaeta, 103Chlorophyta,3, 10, 16,84Chondria

filiformis, 63papillosa, 67parvula, 41polyrhiza, 12, 59, 60

Chylocladiabaileyana, 43

Cladophoracatenatoides, 93delicatula, 93fascicularis, 95laetevirens, 17, 93, 94

mauritiana, 95mexicana, 93montagneana, 17,93,94polycantha, 93prolifera, 17, 94; 95sertularina, 95vagabunda, 17,94,95

Cladophorales, 87, 91Cladophoropsis

macromeres, 17,87,88membranacea, 17, 87, 88

Clavelinapicta, 5puertosecensis, 5

clavifera, Caulerpa racemosa var., 107clavulatum, Centroceras, 11, 48, 49clavulatum, Ceramium, 49Codiaceae, 99Codium

decorticatum, 18, 99, 100intertextum, 18, 99, 100isthmocladum , 18, 100, 101repens, 18, 100, 101spp., 5, 8taylorii, 18, 101, 102

Coelothrixirregularis, 5, 7, 8, 11, 43, 44

comans, Galaxaura, 15, 20, 23complanata, Millepora, 7, 8, 9complanata, Spyridia, 12, 52, 53Conferva

crassa, 93flexuosa, 85laetevirens, 93linum, 93majuscula, 122

membranacea, 87prolifera, 95riparia, 95simplex, 61vagabunda, 95

Corallinaflabellum, 119fragilissima, 29incrassata, 111

lapidescens, 24marginata, 23monile, 111oblongata, 25opuntia, 111phoenix, 119rugosa, 23

143

tuna, 113Corallinaceae,27Corallinaceae, crustose, 9Corallinales, 27corallopsis, Laurencia, 12, 62, 63corallopsis, Sphaerococcus, 63Cordylecladia

irregularis, 43cornea, Gracilaria, 39cornea, Hydropuntia, 5,7, 14,39,40crassa, Chaetomorpha, 17,92,93crassa, Conferva, 93crassissima, Gracilaria, 41crassissima, Hydropuntia, 13, 40, 41crassissima, Plocaria, 41crassissima, Polycavernosa, 41crispella, Heterosiphonia, 11, 57, 58crispellum, Callithamnion, 57crouaniana, Dasya, 12, 55, 56cruciatum, Ceramium, 12, 48, 51crustacea, Calothrix, 123crustose Corallinaceae, 9Cryptonemia

species, 13, 41, 42Cryptonemiales, 41Ctenocladales, 84cupressoides var. cupressoides,

Caulerpa, 18, 102, 103cupressoides var. flabellata, Caul

erpa, 18, 102, 103cupressoides var. turneri, Caulerpa,

18, 104, 105cupressoides, Caulerpa cupressoides

var., 18, 102, 103cupressoides, Fucus, 103curtissiae, Microdictyon, 16, 91, 92Cyanophyta,3, 10, 19, 122cyathiformis, Udotea, 19, 116, 119cylindrocarpa Bryobesia, 17, 96, 97Cymodoceaceae, 125Cystoseiraceae,84

-D-

Dasyabaillouviana, 12, 55, 56crouaniana, 12, 55, 56mollis, 12,57, 58rigidula, 12, 57, 58

Dasyaceae, 55


Dasycladaceae, 121Dasycladales, 121Dasycladus, 121

vermicularis, 18, 118, 121debilis, Gracilaria, 39debilis, Polycavernosa, 39decipiens, Halophila, 19, 125, 126decorticata, Viva, 99decorticatum, Codium, 18, 99, 100Delesseria

heterocystidea, 55leprieurii, 54

Delesseriaceae, 54delicatula, Cladophora, 93delicatula, Dictyopteris, 15, 72, 73dendroidea, Helminthora, 21dendroides, Liagora, 14, 20, 21Derbesia

fastigiata, 17, 98, 99marina, 17, 98, 99osterhoutii, Halicystis stage, 16,

98,99Dermatolithon

pustulatum, 35Dichothrix

bornetiana, 19, 123, 124fucicola, 19, 123, 124

dichotoma var. menstrualis,Dictyota, 75

dichtoma, Dictyota, 75Dictyerpa stage of Padina jamaicen

sis, 15, 78, 79Dictyopteris

delicatula, 15, 72, 73Dictyosphaeria

cavernosa,S, 16,87,88Dictyota, 77

cervicornis, 15, 72, 73dichotoma var. menstrualis, 75dichtoma, 75humifusa, 15, 73, 74, 77jamaicensis, 15, 73, 74linearis, 15, 74, 75menstrualis, 15, 74, 75pfaffii, 15, 73, 76, 77pukhella, 15,76,77spp,5variegata, 79

Dictyotaceae, 73Dictyotales, 73Digenia

simplex, 8, 12, 60, 61

digitata, Avrainvillea, 5,7,18,112,115

Dilophus, 77alternans, 15, 76, 77

Diplantherabeaudettei, 125

discoidea, Halimeda, 19, 108, 109duchassaingianus, Ectocarpus, 71dumetosa, Nesea, 117dumetosus, Penicillus, 19, 114, 117

-E-echinocarpa, Meristiella, 38echinocarpum, Eucheuma, 38echinocarpum, Meristiella, 7, 13, 36,

38Echinocaulon

setaceum, 27Ecteinascidia

turbinata, 7Ectocarpaceae, 71Ectocarpales, 71Ectocarpus

duchassaingianus, 71indicus, 71

Enteromorphachaetom0 rphoides, 16, 85, 86flexuosa, 16, 85, 86

Ernodesmisverticillata, 16, 89, 90

Escharafragilis, 25

Eucheumaechinocarpum, 38isiforme, 8, 13,36, 37

Eupogoniumrigidulum, 57

exposita, Lejolisia, 10, 50, 53

-F-falcatus, Trachinotus, 9

farinosa, Fosliella, 14, 29, 30

farinosa, Melobesia, 29

fascicularis, Cladophora, 95

fastigiata, Caulerpa, 17, 104, 105

fastigiata, Derbesia, 17, 98, 99

Feldmanniaindica, 15, 70, 71

ferox, Gracilaria, 39

filamentosa, Spyridia, 5, 12, 52, 53filamentosus, Fucus, 53filiforme, Syringodium, 7, 19, 125,

126filiformis, Chondria, 63filiformis, Laurencia, 13, 62, 63flabellata, Caulerpa cupressoides

var., 18, 102, 103flabellum, Corallina, 119flabellum, Udotea, 19, 118, 119,

121flaccidissima, Polysiphonia, 11, 69,

70flaccidum, Ceramium, 11,50,51flaccidum, Hormoceras, 51flagelliformis, Galaxaura, 24flexuosa, Conferva, 85flexuosa, Enteromorpha, 16, 85, 86flexuosa, Ulva, 85Fosliella, 31

farinosa, 14,29,30lejolisii, 33

fragile, Pneophyllum, 14,32, 33

fragilis, Eschara, 25

fragilis, Tricleocarpa, 14, 25, 26

fragilissima, Amphiroa, 14, 28, 29

fragilissima, Corallina, 29

frondosa, Cassiopea, 7

frutescens, Galaxaura, 23

Fucales,81fucicola, Dichothrix, 19, 123, 124Fucus

acerosus, 25acinarius, 81baillouviana, 55cervicornis, 39cupressoides, 103filamentosus, 53hypoglossoides, 55lamourouxii, 107musciformis, 35obtusus, 67pavonicus, 81poiteaui, 68racemosa, 107repens, 37sertularioides, 107spiciferus, 59

taxifolia, 109tenellus, 59turbinatus,84

NUMBER 9

-G-Galaxaura, 8

comans, 15, 20, 23flagelliformis, 24jrutescens, 23lapidescens, 23, 24liebmannii, 24marginata, 14,22,23oblongata, 25rugosa, 23, 24rugosa gametophytic stage, 15,

22,23rugosa tetrasporic stage, 15, 22, 24squalida, 23stupocaulon, 23subverticillata, 15, 22, 24

Cialaxauraceae,23Cielidiales, 25Gelidiella

acerosa, 13, 25, 26sanctarum, 13, 25, 26setacea, 13, 27, 28species, 13, 26, 27trinitatensis, 13, 27, 28

Cielidiellaceae, 25Gelidiopsis, 45

gracilis, 47intricata, 13, 46, 47planicaulis, 13, 46, 47scoparia, 13, 46, 47variabilis, 13, 46, 47

Gelidiumscoparium, 47variabile, 47

gelidium, Meristiella, 7, 38gemmifera, Laurencia, 12, 13, 64, 65Giffordia

indica, 71Ciigartinales, 35Goniolithon

boergesenii, 31spectabile, 33strictum, 33

goreaui, Halimeda, 18, 108, 109Gracilaria, 5, 39

cervicornis, 7, 14, 39, 40cornea, 39crassissima, 41debilis, 39jerox, 39mammillaris, 5, 7, 8, 13, 39, 40

Gracilariaceae,39Gracilariales, 39gracilis, Acrocarpus, 47gracilis, Gelidiopsis, 47Griffithsia

heteromorpha, 10, 50, 53

penicillata, 54gymnospora,Padina, 8,15,78,79gymnospora, Zonaria, 79

-H-Halicystis, 99

osterhoutii, 99Halicystis stage of Derbesia oster

boutii, 16, 98, 99Halimeda, 8, 9

d~coidea, 19, 108, 109goreaui, 18, 108, 109incrassata, 18, 110, 111monile, 18, 110, 111opuntia, 5, 7, 8opuntia f. opuntia, 18, 110, 111, 113opuntia f. triloba, 18, 110, 113simulans, 18, 112, 113triloba, 113tuna, 19, 112, 113

Halimedaceae, 109Halodule

beaudettei, 19, 125, 126Halophila

decipiens, 19, 125, 126Halymeniaceae, 41

havanensis, Polysiphonia, 11, 69, 70Helminthora

dendroidea, 21

Herpochaetacharoides, 103

Herposiphoniaparca cf., 11, 60, 61pecten-veneris, 11, 61, 62

heterocystidea, Delesseria, 55

heterocystideum, Hypoglossum cf.,10,55,56

heteromorpha, Griffithsia, 10, 50, 53

Heterosiphoniacrispella, 11, 57, 58wurdemannii, 57

Hormocerasflaccidum, 51

145

Hormogonales, 122, 123humifusa, Dictyota, 15, 73, 74, 77Hutchinsia

periclados, 68Hydrocharitaceae, 125Hydrolithon, 29, 31, 99

boergesenii, 14,30, 31

Hydropuntia, 39cornea, 5,7, 14,39,40crassissima, 13, 40, 41

Hypneamusciformis, 13,34, 35secundiramea, 37spinella, 13, 34, 35

Hypneaceae,35hypnoides, Bryopsis, 16, 96, 97hypoglossoides, Fucus, 55hypoglossoides, Hypoglossum, 55Hypoglossum

heterocystideum, cf., 10, 55, 56hypoglossoides, 55

-1-

implexum, Rhizoclonium ripariumvar., 95

incrassata, Corallina, 111

incrassata, Halimeda, 18, 110, 111

indica, Feldmannia, 70, 71indica, Giffordia, 71indicus, Ectocarpus, 71intertextum, Codium, 18, 99, 100

intricata, Gelidiopsis, 13, 46, 47intricata, Laurencia, 13, 64, 65intricata, Sphaerococcus, 47irregularis, Coelothrix, 5, 7, 8, 11,

43,44

irregularis, Cordylecladia, 43

isiforme, Eucheuma, 8, 13, 36, 37

isiformis, Sphaerococcus, 37

isthmocladum, Codium, 18, 100, 101

-J-

jamaicensis, Dictyerpa stage ofPadina, 15, 78, 79

jamaicensis, Dictyota, 15, 73, 74

]aniaadhaerens, 9, 14,30, 31

capillacea, 14, 31, 32


-K-kemeri, Rhizoclonium, 95

-L-

lactuca var. rigida, VIva, 87laetevirens, Cladophora, 17, 93, 94laetevirens, Conferva, 93lamourouxii, Caulerpa racemosa

var., 18, 106, 107lamourouxii, Fucus, 107lamourouxi~ Penicillus, 19, 116, 117lapidescens, Corallina, 24lapidescens, Galaxaura, 23, 24Laurencia, 8

caraibica, 13, 62, 63corallops~, 12,62,63filiformis, 13, 62, 63gemmifera, 12, 13,64, 65intricata, 13, 64, 65microcladia, 12, 64, 65nana, 63obtusa, 13, 64, 67papillosa, 8, 12, 66, 67poiteaui, 13, 65, 66, 68poitei, 68scoparia, 63

laxa, Avrainvillea longicaulis f., 18,114, 115

laxissima, Mycale, 5Leibleinia

polychroa, 123Lejolisia

exposita, 10, 50, 53lejolisii, Fosliella, 33lejolisii, Melobesia, 33lejolisii, Pneophyllum, 33kn~ Vlvella, 16,85,86leprieurii, Caloglossa, 10, 54, 56leprieurii, Delesseria, 54lherminieri, Antithamnion, 48, 49lherminieri, Callithamnion, 49Liagora

ceranoid~, 14,20,21

dendroidea, 14,20,21mucosa, 21pedicellata, 21

Liagoraceae, 21

liebmannii, Galaxaura, 24

linearis, Dictyota, 15, 74, 75

linearis, Zonaria, 75linum, Chaetomorpha, 17, 92, 93linum, Conferva, 93Lobophora

variegata, 5, 8, 9variegata decumbent morph, 15,

76,79variegata, crust morph, 15, 78,

79Lomentaria

baileyana, 11, 43, 44Lomentariaceae, 43longicaulis f.laxa, Avrainvillea, 18,

114,115Lyngbya

majuscula, 19, 120, 122polychroa, 123, 124sordida, 123

lyngbyaceus, Microcoleus, 123

-M-macrocarpa, Polysiphonia, 68macromeres, Cladophoropsis, 17,

87,88macrophysa, Valonia, 16, 90, 91Magnoliophyta, 3, 125Magnoliophytae, 10, 19majuscula, Conferva, 122majuscula, Lyngbya, 19, 120, 122mammillaris, Gracilaria, 5, 7, 8,

13,39, 40mammillaris, Rhodymenia, 39mangle, Rhizophora, 7marginata, Corallina, 23marginata, Galaxaura, 14, 22, 23marina, Derbesia, 17,98,99marina, Vaucheria, 99mauritiana, Cladophora, 95Megalops

atlanticus, 5Melobesia

farinosa, 29lejolisii, 33pustulata, 35

Melongenamelongena, 7

melongena, Melongena, 7membranacea, Cladophoropsis, 17,

87,88membranacea, Conferva, 87menstrualis, Dictyota, 15, 74, 75

menstrualis, Dictyota dichotomavar., 75

Meristiella, 5echinocarpa, 38echinocarpum, 7, 13, 36, 38gelidium, 7, 38schrammii, 13, 36, 38

mexicana, Caulerpa, 5, 8, 17, 104,105

mexicana, Cladophora, 93mexicana, Schizothrix, 123microcladia, Laurencia, 12, 64, 65Microcoleus

lyngbyaceus, 123Microdictyon

curtissiae, 16, 91, 92Millepora

complanata, 7, 8, 9miniata var. planicaulis, Wurde-

mannia, 47mollis, Dasya, 12, 57, 58monile, Corallina, 111monile, Halimeda, 18, 110, 111montagneana, Cladophora, 17,93,94Montastrea, 8mucosa, Liagora, 21Murrayella

periclados, 11, 66, 68musciformis, Fucus, 35musciformis, Hypnea, 13,34, 35Mycale

laxissima, 5Mychodea

schrammi, 38

-N-N ajadales, 125nana, Laurencia, 63N emaliales, 21Neogoniolithon

spectabile, 14,32, 33strictum, 14, 32, 33

Neomerisannulata, 19, 120, 121

Neseadumetosa, 117

nigricans,Avrainvillea, 7, 18, 114, 115nitens, Ceramium, 11, 50,51

rubrum var., 51Nostocaceae, 123

NUMBER 9

nummularia, Caulerpa, 7, 17, 104,105

-0-oblongata, Corallina, 25oblongata, Galaxaura, 25oblongata, Tricleocarpa, 25obtusa, Laurencia, 13, 64, 67obtusus, Fucus, 67occidentalis, Udotea cf., 5, 7, 8, 19,

118, 119Ochtodes

secundiramea, 14,34,37opuntia f. opuntia, Halimeda, 18,

110, 111, 113opuntia f. triloba, Halimeda, 18,

110, 113opuntia, Corallina, 111opuntia, Halimeda, 5, 7, 8opuntia, Halimeda opuntia f., 18,

110, 111, 113Oscillatoria

submembranacea, 123Osci1latoriaceae, 122osterhoutii, Derbesia, Halicystis

stage of, 16, 98, 99osterhoutii, Halicystis, 99

-p-

Padina, 81gymnospora, 8, 15, 78, 79jamaicensis, Dictyerpa stage of

Padina, 15, 78, 79pavonica, 15, 78, 81sanctae-crucis, 5, 15, 80, 81vickersiae, 79

palmata, Acropora, 8

papillosa, Chondria, 67

papillosa, Laurencia, 8, 12, 66, 67

parca, Herposiphonia cf., 11, 60, 61parvula var. parvula, Champia, 11,

41,42

parvula var. prostrata, Champia,11,42,43

parvula, Champia parvula var., 11,41,42

pavonica, Padina, 15, 78, 81pavonicus, Fucus, 81pecten-veneris, Herposiphonia, 11,

61,62

pecten-veneris, Polysiphonia, 61pedicellata, Liagora, 21pedicellata, Trichogloeopsis, 14, 20,

21peltata, Caulerpa, 107peltata, Caulerpa race'l1'Josa var., 17,

106, 107penicillata, Griffithsia, 54penicillata, Wrangelia, 12, 52, 54Penicillus

capitatus, 19, 114, 117dumetosus, 19, 114, 117lamourouxii, 19, 116, 117pyriformis,S, 9, 19, 116, 117

pennata, Bryopsis, 16, 96, 97periclados, Hutchinsia, 68periclados, Murrayella, 11, 66, 68Peyssonneliaceae, 41Peyssonnelia boergesenii, 9, 14,

41,42pfaffii, Dictyota, 15, 73, 76, 77Phaeophyta,3, 10, 15,71phoenix, Corallina, 119phoenix, Rhipocephalus, 19, 116,

119Phyla, key to the, 10picta, .Clavelina, 5planicaulis, Gelidiopsis, 13, 46, 47planicaulis, Wurdemannia

miniata var., 47Plocamium

tenellum, 59Plocaria

crassissima, 41plumosa, Bryopsis, 7, 8, 16, 97, 98plumosa, Ulva, 97Pneophyllum

fragile, 14,32,33lejolisii, 33

Pocockiellavariegata, 79

poiteaui, Fucus, 68poiteaui, Laurencia, 13, 65, 66, 68poitei, Laurencia, 68polycantha, Cladophora, 93Polycavernosa

crassissima, 41debilis, 39

polyceratium, Sargassum, 16,80,83polychroa, Leibleinia, 123polychroa, Lyngbya, 19, 123, 124Polyphsaceae, 122

147

Polyphysa, 122antillana, 122

polyrhiza, Chondria, 12, 59, 60Polysiphonia

atlantica, 11, 66, 68flaccidissima, 11, 69, 70havanens~, 11,69, 70macrocarpa, 68pecten-veneris, 61scopulorum, 11, 69, 70sertularioides, 69

Porites, 8astreoides, 9porites, 7, 9

porites, Porites, 7, 9Potamogetonaceae, 125Pringsheimia

scutata, 84udoteae, 84

Pringsheimiellascutata, 16, 82, 84udoteae, 84

prolifera, Cladophora, 17, 94, 95prolifera, Conferva, 95prostrata, Champia parvula var.,

11,42,43puertosecensis, Clavelina, 5pulchella, Dictyota, 15, 76, 77pultulatum, Titanderma, 14,34, 35pustulata, Melobesia, 35pustulatum, Dermatolithon, 35pyriformis, Penicillus,S, 9, 19, 116,

117

-~-

racemosa var. clavifera, Caulerpa,107

racemosa var. lamourouxii,Caulerpa, 18, 106, 107

racemosa var. peltata, Caulerpa, 17,106, 107

racemosa var. racemosa, Caulerpa,18, 106, 107

racemosa var. uvifera, Caulerpa,107

racemosa, Caulerpa, 5, 7, 8racemosa, Caulerpa racemosa var.,

18, 106, 107racemosa, Fucus, 107ramifolium, Sargassum, 16, 80, 83repens, Catenella, 37


repens, Codium, 18, 100, 101repens, Fucus, 37Rhipocephalus

phoenix, 19, 116, 119Rhizoclonium

kerneri, 95riparium, 17, 95, 96riparium var. implexum, 95

Rhizophoramangle, 7

Rhizophyllidaceae,37Rhodomelaceae, 59Rhodophyta, 3, 10,21Rhodymenia

mammillaris, 39Rhodymeniaceae, 43, 45Rhodymeniales, 41rigida var. antillana, Amphiroa, 14,

29,30rigida var. antillana, Corallina, 29rigida, Viva, 7, 16,86, 87rigida, Vlva lactuca var., 87rigidula, Dasya, 12,57, 58rigidulum, Eupogonium, 57rigidus, Emodesmis, 16rigidus, Siphonocladus, 16, 88, 89riparia, Conferva, 95riparium var. implexum, Rhizoclo

nium, 95riparium, Rhizoclonium, 17, 95, 96Rosenvingea

sanctae-crucis, 15, 71, 72rubrum var. nitens, Ceramium, 51rugosa, Corallina, 23rugosa, Galaxaura, 23, 24rugosa, Galaxaura, gametophytic

stage, 15, 22, 23rugosa, Galaxaura, tetrasporic

stage, 15, 22, 24

-8-saldanhae, Anadyomene, 16, 90, 91sanctae-crucis, Padina, 5, 15, 80, 81sanctae-crucis, Rosenvingea, 15, 71,

72sanctarum, Gelidiella, 13,25, 26Sargassaceae, 81Sargassum

acinarium, 16, 80, 81polyceratium, 16, 80, 83

ramifolium, 16, 80, 83vulgare, 16, 82, 83

schenckii, A cetabularia, 19, 120,122

schenckii, Acicularia, 122Schizothrix

mexicana, 123schrammi, Mychodea, 38schrammii, Meristiella, 13, 36, 38scoparia Gelidiopsis, 13, 46, 47scoparia, Laurencia, 63scoparium, Gelidium, 47scopulorum, Polysiphonia, 11, 69,

70scutata, Pringsheimia, 84scutata, Pringsheimiella, 16, 82, 84Scytosiphonaceae, 71Scytosiphonales, 71secundiramea, Hypnea, 37secundiramea, Ochtodes, 14,34,37sertularina, Cladophora, 95sertularioides, Caulerpa, 5, 8, 18,

106, 107sertularioides, Fucus, 107sertularioides, Polysiphonia, 69setacea, Gelidiella, 13,27, 28setaceum, Echinocaulon, 27shanksii, Botryocladia, 11, 44, 45simplex, Conferva, 61simplex, Digenia, 8, 12, 60, 61simulans, Halimeda, 18, 112, 113Siphonocladaceae, 87Siphonocladus

rigidus, 16, 88, 89Solieriaceae, 37sordida, Lyngbya, 123species, Cryptonemia, 13, 41, 42species, Gelidiella, 13, 26,27spectabile, Goniolithon, 33spectabile, Neogoniolithon, 14,32,

33Sphacelaria

tribuloides, 15, 71, 72Sphacelariaceae, 71Sphacelariales,71Sphaerococcus

corallopsis, 63intricata, 47isiformis, 37spinellus, 35

spicifera, Acanthophora, 5, 7, 8, 12,58,59

spiciferus, Fucus, 59spinella, Hypnea, 13, 34, 35spinellus, Sphaerococcus, 35spinulifera, Botryocladia, 8, 11, 44,

45Spongia

vermicularis, 121Sporolithon, 99Spyridia

complanata, 12, 52, 53filamentosa, 5, 12, 52, 53

squalida, Galaxaura, 23stellata, anadyomene, 8, 16, 91, 92stellata, Viva, 91strictum, Goniolithon, 33strictum, Neogoniolithon, 14,32, 33stupocaulon, Galaxaura, 23submembranacea, Oscillatoria, 123subverticillata, Galaxaura, 15, 22,

24Symploca

atlantica, 19, 123, 124Syringodium

filiforme, 7, 19, 125, 126

-T-taxifolia, Caulerpa, 17, 108, 109taxifolia, Fucus, 109taylorii, Codium, 18, 101, 102tenella, Bostrychia, 12, 59, 60tenellum, Plocamium, 59tenellus, Fucus, 59tenuifolia

Agaricia, 5tenuifolia, Agaricia, 5, 7, 8, 9testudinum, Thalassia, 5, 7, 8, 9, 19,

38, 115, 125, 126Thalassia, 5, 111, 113

testudinum, 5, 7, 8, 9, 19, 38,115, 125, 126

Titandermapultulatum, 14, 34, 35

Trachinotusfalcatus, 9

transversale, Ceramium, 51tribuloides, Sphacelaria, 15, 71, 72Trichogloeopsis, 23

pedicellata, 14, , 20, 21Tricleocarpa

fragilis, 14, 25, 26oblongata, 25

NUMBER 9

tricostata, Turbinaria, 15, 82, 84triloba, Halimeda, 113triloba, Halimeda opuntia f., 18,

110,113trinitatensis, Gelidiella, 13, 27, 28tuna, Corallina, 113tuna, Halimeda, 19,112,113Turbinaria

tricostata, 15, 82, 84turbinata, 15, 82, 84

turbinata, Ecteinascidia, 7turbinata, Turbinaria, 15, 82, 84turbinatus, Fucus, 84turneri, Caulerpa cupressoides var.,

18, 104, 105

-u-Udotea

cyathiformis, 19, 116, 119}labellum, 19, 118, 119, 121occidentalis, cf., 5, 7, 8, 19, 118,

119wilsonii, 19, 118, 121

Udotea spp., 9Udoteaceae, 115udoteae, Pringsheimia (?), 84udoteae, Pringsheimiella, 84Ulva

caespitosa, 37cavernosa, 87decorticata, 99}lexuosa, 85lactuca var. rigida, 87

plun-/osa, 97rigida, 7, 16, 86, 87stellata, 91

Ulvaceae, 85Ulvales,85Ulvella

lens, 16, 85, 86Ulvellaceae, 84uvi/era, Caulerpa racemosa var.,

107

-v-vagabund~Cladophora, 17,94,95vagabunda, Conferva, 95Valonia

macrophysa, 16,90,91ventricosa, 89verticillata, 89

variabile, Gelidium, 47variabilis, Gelidiopsis, 13, 46, 47variegata, Lobophora, crust morph,

15,78, 79variegata Lobophora decumbent

morph, 15, 76, 79,variegata, Dictyota, 79variegata, Lobophora, 5, 8, 9,variegata, Pocockiella, 79Vaucheria

marina, 99Ventricaria

ventricosa, 16, 85, 89, 90ventricosa, Valonia, 89ventricosa, Ventricaria, 16, 85, 89, 90

149

vermicularis, Dasycladus, 18, 118,121

vermicularis, Spongia, 121verticillata f. charoides, Caulerpa,

103verticillata, Caulerpa, 5, 8, 17, 108,

109verticillata, Ernodesmis, 16, 89, 90verticillata, Valonia, 89vickersiae, Padina, 79vulgare, Sargassum, 16, 82, 83vulpes, A lbula, 9

-w-wilsonii, Udotea, 19, 118, 121Wrangelia

bicuspidata, 12, 52, 54penicillata, 12, 52, 54

Wurdemanniaminiata var. planicaulis, 47

wurdemannii, Heterosiphonia, 57

-x-xamachana, Cassiopea, 7

-Zr---

Zonariagymnospora, 79linearis, 75

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