REORIENTATING DEVELOPMENT FOR REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE

GASES : CASE STUDY OF PUNE MUNCIPAL CORPORATION

NARESH A. ZURMURE IFS

Deputy Director General YASHADA

State Training Planning & Evalution Agency &

Director Administrative Training Institute Maharashtra

ABSTRACT

The driving forces for the growth of the cities depletes natural resources, degrades

environmental parameter and creates pressure on basic services of the city which deteriorates the

quality and standard (permissible limit) of various factors which ultimately affects the

environment adversely (directly or indirectly). Changes in Physical, chemical and biological

characteristics of environment degrade its quality, which have impacts on biodiversity, natural

resources and human health. This affects overall economy and administration of the city.

Therefore, measures, action plans and policies for sustainable development should be such which

could keep the environmental factors balanced and pollution free.

Pune is one of the first cities in India to document a detailed carbon emission inventory at

the municipal level. Conventionally accounting of the GHG emissions, resulting from the

consumption of fossil fuels through various activities like transport, electricity consumption, and

municipal solid waste and sewage degradation. Further, the values of GHG are expressed in

terms of CO2 equivalents (CO2Eq) to map the overall trend of GHG emissions.

Due to rapid industrialization, modernization and urbanization of Indian cities, there has

been a change observed in environmental quality because of GHG . To assess the current status

of GHG, it is necessary to understand the contribution of various activities. Pune city generated

about 4.7 million metric tonne of carbon-di-oxide equivalents (MMTCO2Eq) of cumulative and

1.46 tCO2Eq per capita emissions in 2010–11. Electricity use had the maximum contribution of

2.65 MMTCO2Eq which 56.38% of the total CO2 emissions, followed by petroleum products

which generated 1.72 MMTCO2Eq which is 36.50%. Municipal solid waste and sewage

contributed to 0.335 MMTCO2Eq which is 7.12%..

Pune is one of the most rapidly growing cities of India. For its balanced and complete

development, PMC has implemented various projects as well as made provisions to solve the

immediate basic requirements of citizens as well as to cater the future needs. To cope up with the

challenges of emission of GHG in various developmental activities PMC reoriented development

strategies to minimize emission. Various adaptive and mitigative measures are taken by PMC for

tackling the problem of emission of GHG from Solid waste, Sewage, transportation and

electricity consumption. PMC adopted Technological change and substitution that reduce

resource inputs and emissions per unit of output. Although several social, economic, and

technological policies would produce an emission reduction. Overall PMC implementing

policies to reduce GHGs emissions and enhance sinks

KEY WORDS

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION: This is a biological process making it possible to degrade organic

matter by producing biogas which is a renewable energy source and sludge which can be used as

fertilizer.

CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colourless, odourless, and non-

poisonous gas formed by combustion of carbon and in the respiration of living organisms and is

considered a GHG. Emissions mean the release of GHGs and/or their precursors into the

atmosphere over a specified area and period of time.

CLIMATE CHANGE: A change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human

activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural

climate variability observed over comparable time periods.

CNG (COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS): CNG is natural gas compressed for the use of

transport sector. Principal constituents of natural gas are Methane and Ethane, but most gases

contain varying amounts of heavier hydrocarbons that are normally removed by processing.

COMPOSTING: Composting is biotechnological process of composting involving the

degradation of waste by earthworms.

CO2 E (CARBON DIOXIDE EQUIVALENT): A metric measure used to compare the emissions

from various GHGs based upon their global warming potential (GWP). Carbon dioxide

equivalents are commonly expressed as “million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalents

(MMTCO2Eq)”.

GHG (GREENHOUSE GASES): GHGs are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both

natural and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelength within the

spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth.s surface, the atmosphere itself, and

by clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide

(CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3) are the primary GHGs in the earth.s

atmosphere. Moreover, there are a number of entirely human-made GHGs in the atmosphere,

such as the halocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), and

perfluorocarbons (PFCs).

GREENHOUSE EFFECT: Energy from the sun is absorbed by the earths atmosphere.

Greenhouse gases re-emit some of this heat to the earths surface and prevent the escaping of heat

from the earths atmosphere and hence maintain the temperature favourable to support life on

earth. However, disproportionate and unjustified increase in the Greenhouse gases lead to

warming the air, oceans, and land.

GLOBAL WARMING: It has been observed that, the atmospheric concentrations of CO2, CH4,

and N2O have grown by about 31%, 151%, and 17%, respectively, the recent and on-going rise

in global average temperature near earths surface. It is caused mostly by increasing

concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

ORGANIC WASTE: The biodegradable component of the waste stream that is of biological

origin but does not contain any listed waste, radioactive waste or hazardous waste.

PMC: Pune Muncipal Corporation, Pune sixth largest city of India. PMC is local urban self

government administering and Managing 248 sq km area and providing basic urban services to

nearly 35 lakh citizens. Responsible for development and welfare of the municipal area.

REFUSED DERIVED FUEL: It is a fuel produced by shredding and dehydrating solid waste

with a waste converter technology.

INTRODUCTION

Global warming and climate change are issues of serious concern which prompted the

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization

(WMO) to establish the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), a special body to

provide the world with a clear scientific view on the current state of knowledge in climate

change along with its potential environmental and socio-economic impacts.

At present, there are 195 member countries under the IPCC most of which have started to

take initiatives to combat climate change. Most studies have attributed the primary reason for

climate change and global warming to the increase in Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions

resulting from human activities. It has also been estimated that the post-industrial era has been a

.forcing. agent for climate change and the CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. Increasing

emission levels are leading to increase in temperatures globally. The phenomenon of global

warming and climate change are now no more just predictions; the anticipated effects are already

being experienced across the globe. Rapid melting of glaciers in Iceland (2012), droughts in East

Africa (2011), increasing instances of tsunamis, hurricanes, and El-Niño.s have all been

attributed as likely effects of climate change impacts.

As per the United Nations estimates, cities contribute more than 60% of the global

emissions, Anthropogenic activities related to consumption of fossil fuels are mainly responsible

for the GHG emissions. These emissions in the atmosphere are attributed to create a greenhouse

effect subsequently leading to global warming. Accounting of the GHG emissions, resulting

from the consumption of fossil fuels through various activities like transport, electricity

consumption, and municipal solid waste and sewage degradation.

Pune being situated to the west of the Deccan plateau is surrounded by hills on three

sides, which make the climatic conditions more pleasant. Pune has a tropical wet and dry

climate. According to 2011 census, total population of the city was 31.15 lakhs and

approximately floating population of 4.5 to 5 lakhs students and migratory labours. The total area

of the city is 243.84 sq. km. The male and female population is 16.02 lakhs and 15.13 lakhs

respectively with male to female ratio in the city is 945 females per 1000 males. Due to rapid

urbanization, industrialization and subsequent creation of job opportunities, Pune has become

shelter for migratory population from across the country every year.

Pune has always been regarded as a pro-active and forward-looking city as far as pro-

environment related initiatives are concerned. The PMC has also implemented many eco-friendly

and innovative projects for managing their resources effectively and responsibly. It is reflected

from initiatives like implementation of energy-efficient street lights, installation of bio-

methanation plants to treat bio-degradable municipal waste, promoting use of Compressed

Natural Gas (CNG) fuel within the public transport system, and so on. Realizing the significance

of GHG inventory and accepting the responsibility of the emissions at municipal level, which

may contribute towards global impact, the PMC proactively took an initiative to map the

emissions from different sources and help to develop specific strategies to curb the emissions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Driving forces being anthropogenic, directly affects the environment which in turn have

adverse effects on various environmental factors. Due to growth of cities the pressure on citizen

services increases which adversely affect the basic parameters of environment. Pune is one of the

most rapidly growing cities of India. For its balanced and sustainble development, PMC has

reoriented various projects as well as made provisions to curb the emission of greenhouse gases.

PMC adopted number of preventive measures to minimize emission of greenhouse gases by

means of reorienting its development. Similarly curative measures are taken to absorb existing

greenhouse gases.

PREVENTIVE MEASURES

SCIENTIFIC SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:

Solid waste has the potential to create increased incidence of disease and health hazards if

not disposed with proper care. Methane, a green-house gas with a Global Warming Potential of

about 21 times that of CO2, is one of the principle emissions from the Solid waste dumping sites.

Planned disposal of solid waste is required for an improved local environment and for mitigating

the global challenge of a warming environment.

Pune is supposingly the first city in India to take initiative of complete and strict

prohibition of Open Dumping of Solid Waste. Around 1400 metric tons of Solid Waste is treated

per day; within which around 1000 metric tons/day is treated by using Refuse Derived Fuel

(R.D.F.) technology. Simultaneously, 200 metric tons/day of waste is being treated by vermin-

composting and 160 metric tons/day by bio-methanization technique. 200 metric tons of waste is

treated by Pyrolysis/Gasification technique from which energy (electricity) is generated. Since

open dumping was stopped, Methane gas has reduced which will aid in improving the

environment. Along with it, prohibition of open dumping will also restrict ground water

pollution due to formation of lechate and its percolation. Capping has been done on the area of

garbage dumping site. as a result of capping; leachate produced during raining season and

chances of fire due to gas generation during summer seasons will be completely stopped.

Similarly, capping will also solve the problem of flies and odor. So as to minimize the effect of

landfill at Urali-Devachi, capping has been done scientifically As a result of capping, leachate

problem solved; gas won‟t be released in air and will be collected and used for electricity

generation.

SEGREGATION OF WASTE AT SOURCE:

Segregation of the waste at the source is important as well as beneficial for management

of solid waste. Around 1793 rag pickers from a cooperative society named Swatch are collecting

waste like paper, glass, tin, etc. from households across the city. At present waste is being

collected from approximately 2, 82,715 households by these rag pickers. With increasing number

of hotels in the city and for typical type of wet waste generated from such hotels PMC has set up

a distinct system to collect waste from these sources. Total 124 tonnes waste is collected from

1349 hotels in the city. To collect this hotel waste 20 tippers have been employed by PMC. For

waste segregation from hotels awareness amongst hotel owners is being created and fine is also

imposed at certain cases.

PMC has made a mandate for all newly built residential complexes to prepare vermin-

composting pits, biogas units and decentralized waste disposal system. Complexes will get a

completion certificate only after executing the above. Around 454 vermi-composting units, 135

bio sanitizers/ 44 bio-metheniser projects and mega projects are segregating their waste. It is

compulsory for hotels, small scale industries, row houses, bungalow, apartments to segregated

waste as wet waste and dry waste and it is expected to treat degradable waste at the source itself,

scientifically with the help of vermin-composting unit, biogas etc. According to PMC‟s

development rule, it is compulsory for all housing societies constructed after year 2000, to

dispose their waste scientifically by vermi-composting pits, biogas units and segregation of

waste be done. According to PMC, if the residential complex has vermin-composting unit, said

unit is entitled for 5% rebate in property tax,

BIOGAS PROJECT

The PMC has initiated methods of Organic waste treatment to generate electricity.

Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal in the form of methane (CH4) are generated from the

fermentation of bio-degradable matter present in solid-waste with the help of Biogas plant.

Everyday electricity is generated from 55 tons of waste. Electricity generated in plant is reused

for running the plant and for street lights because of which 2500 KW electricity is saved. Biogas

electricity generation plant has been ISO 9001 certified. The PMC has the objective to replicate

this waste to energy project across other areas under its jurisdiction and thereby reducing the

harmful effects of solid waste including the generation of CH4.

Pune has turned around its waste disposal situation from crisis to a situation of advantage.

The waste management facilities are now in a position of converting the waste that they are

treating to Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF), a greener energy source. The proportion of fermentable

matter in the solid waste mix of Pune is about 65 percent, The remaining constituent of the waste

(35%) is made up of either inert or recyclable materials like metal, glass, paper, plastic, rubber,

and leather that go back into the system by recycling. By treating the waste, PMC helps in

significantly reducing the methane emissions to 1/5th of the emissions as against a scenario

where the total MSW generated in the city were disposed of at the dumping sites. Without these

scientific technologies to process MSW the total CO2 equivalent emissions could have been 5.58

times (1,182,000 MT CO2e) the current emissions.

SEWAGE TREATMENT & MANAGEMENT

Approximately 744 MLD of sewage is generated by the Pune city, out of which around

527 MLD of sewage is treated by Pune Municipal Corporation through its 9 sewage treatment

plants which is then released into the river. There are digesters for anaerobic treatment of liquid

sludge generated from this sewage treatment plant. During the process of anaerobic treatment

sewage gas is generated. This sewage gas has following characteristics. Maximum Sewage Gas

Flow rate is 225 NM3/Hr to 250 NM3/Hr. CH4 55-60 (% v/v), CO2 35-40 (% v/v), H2S 1.4 –

1.6 (% v/v), Ammonia @ 0.9 (% v/v),Temperature :25-40 0C (% v/v), Calorific Value 4700-

4800 Kcal/NM3. The sewage was having above mentioned characteristics shall be used to

generate the electricity with the help of 100% sewage gas based Internal Combustion SI Engine.

The Sewage treatment plants are based on Advanced treatment process & the effluent BOD

levels will be less than 5mg/lit.This treated water of 115MLD will be reusable & PMC can

generate funds by selling this water.

The CH4 emissions from wastewater in Pune are estimated to be 5,678.98 MT of CH4

for the year 2010–11. This is equivalent to about 119,258.62 MT of CO2e for the same year.

This translates to approximately 5% of the total CO2e emissions generated within the city. By

treating the waste, PMC helps in significantly reducing the methane emissions to 1/5th of the

emissions as against a scenario where the total sewage generated in the city were released in the

river. The total CO2 equivalent emissions could have been 5.58 times (691,700 MT CO2e)

ELECTRICITY CONSERVATION:

PMC has been focused not only towards providing the required infrastructure but with

the objective of providing energy efficient systems. The same has been true for street lighting.

Street-lights are responsible for about 15% of the electricity used by the municipality and results

in significant costs. PMC has started to introduce LED lamps for street lighting and is also

increasing the share of florescent lights within its jurisdiction. The PMC has started the

“Development of Energy-efficient Street Lighting through Performance Contracting to make a

detailed evaluation of its present lighting infrastructure to make the system more efficient. and it

indicates increased efficiency in street lighting. from 2005–06 to 2010–11 seen very rapid

economic and public infrastructure growth but the electricity used for providing street-lighting

has increased only marginally from 33.04 GWh to 43.02 GWh.

The pattern of electricity consumed by PMC has undergone a change in the last few

years. The LT distribution component of electricity used by the public water works and other

utilities has dropped from 737.24 GWh in 2005–06 to barely 6.45 GWh in 2010–11, owing to a

large shift to HT lines.

Pune Municipal Corporation started taking action for conserving electricity Timers are

used to switch off and switch on the street lights which has resulted in 80% of street lights be

turned on and off according to sunrise and sunset. While developing strategies for saving energy,

The Electric department of PMC has started installing LED‟s to street lights using new

technologies such as Timer, Energy saving Feeder piller and T-5 fittings which will help save

energy. Under this, according to the pole height and width of the road, 70 Watt HPSV were

replaced with 43 Watt LED / 25 Watt LED, 96 Watt T-5 / 250 Watt HPSV were replaced by 83

Watt LED and 150 Watt HPSV were replaced by 83 Watt LED. Solar LED lights have been

installed in 30 gardens in the city. Similarly, LED‟s are being used for street lights. The feeder

pillers are being replaced by energy saving feeder pillers based on latest GSM technology.

BEE, through MITCON, has conducted energy audit of various PMC buildings, street

lights and hospitals. According to the audit report, the 40 Watt tubes lights in the lobby PMC

buildings have been replaced by 18 Watt LED lights. Also, the PMC display board has been

converted from neon to LED. It is estimated to reduce the energy consumption by 20%-25% by

implementing the above mentioned work. Around 500 crores units of electricity is the yearly

consumption of Pune City, within these 10% means 50 crore units we can save. It is considered

that 35 to 40% of electricity is wasted during distribution. If we can conserve 5% of electricity

then 20 crores units can be saved of electricity power station means we can conserve 70 crores

units during distribution. 0.75 kg coal is required behind generation of 1 unit electricity; mean

we can conserve5, 25,000 tons of coal when we conserve 70 crore units.

USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY:

Solar Energy is mainly used for heating water. To encourage citizens for use of

Renewable energy, Pune Municipal Corporation has decided to give exemption in property tax

for housing society for using of Solar energy, With the help of Biogas plant everyday electricity

is generated from 55 tons of waste. Electricity generated is used for street lights because of

which 2500 KW electricity is saved. Which results into saving of 2.19 crore units per annum.

0.75 kg coal is required behind generation of 1 unit electricity; mean we can conserve 16,425

tons of coal when we conserve 2.19 crore units.

PUBLIC TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT:

PMC provided with public transport for citizens. From April 2010, It has been planned to

buy 157 Euro IV CNG buses for reducing pollution. Now more than 425 CNG engine based

buses will be there. Under this plan number of buses are increased, old buses are removed and

new technology bus are bought, bus routes are repaired so that public transport should be

available to passengers will be capable, fast and in cheap rates. For management of Public

transport approximately for 1, 064 buses/day 52,749 lit of diesel is required and for 157 CNG

buses per day 6,784 Kg CNG gas is required. Since the calorific value of CNG is 48 MJ/kg vis a

vis 43 MJ/kg for Diesel. And emissions per metric tonnes for CNG is 2.69 MTCO2Eq as

compared to Diesel which is 3.19 MTCO2Eq. which results into reduction of 18.6 % CO2

emmission.

B.R.T. (BUS RAPID TRANSIT):

Dedicated transit route is provided for Public transportation through which buses can

travel rapidly. This helps in increasing number of people traveling by bus, reducing traveling

time by bus, increase in frequency of buses and reducing number of road accidents. This project

also includes proposal for 18 BRT routs. High performance, commercial speeds and High

occupancy 80-100 passengers observed in the peak sections. Service receives good rating by

users and indicate that BRT has reduced the travel time and new buses are of better quality.

PROVIDING LUXURY BUSES FOR IT INDUSTRIES:

There are companies of Information technology in and around Pune like Hijewadi,

Kharadi, Ranjangaon. Thousands of people work in these companies. Most of them use their

private vehicle because of which emission of various GHG gases. PMC provided 25 luxury

buses for officers and employee‟s. After this service is made available, private vehicles for I.T.

companies as well as traffic congestion reduced drastically.

ENCOURAGEMENT FOR USE OF CNG:

Central Government is continuously encouraging people for use of CNG engines so as to

reduce air pollution and to conserve the environment. Pune Municipal Corporation has allocated

Rs. 2 crores to provide subsidy for auto drivers to place CNG kits in rickshaw. Because of

providing the subsidy it will encourage rickshaw drivers for use of CNG engine which will

indirectly reduce the pollution.

CYCLE SCHEME:

To encourage citizens to ride cycles Corporation has planned cycle scheme. There will be

cycle stand at various places in city, citizens has to take cycle from stand and move wherever he

wish. Plan is to provide cycle free of rent for first two hours latter per hour Rs. 5 will be

charged per hour. 15 cycles will be provided on each stand and will help in reducing pollution in

city. To encourage students to ride cycle, for standard 7th

to 10th

students cycle provided free of

cost, Rs. 4 crores are allocated in the budget. This not only provides environment awareness but

also student‟s health will improved.

ECO- HOUSING

Under eco-housing, energy inefficient housing scheme is made compulsory in PMC area.

PMC Building permission department implemented assignment of star rating for new

construction work. 1000 marks are allotted for rating on their construction like planning for land-

use, environment friendly structure, material used during construction, power saving lights, use

of solar energy, water conservative system, disposal of waste, etc. Project is examined and

depending on that 1 to maximum 5 rating is given to that building. From the eco- housing

concept started; provisional certificate was given to 47 projects got 5 star rating, 52 projects got

4 star rating and 36 projects got 3 star rating. 60-65 % of electricity and 50-55% water is

conserved in 5 star rating eco-housing projects. Since solid waste and sewage is treated at

collection point pressure is decreased on services given by Corporation. Around 50.22 lakh sq. m

built up area has got eco-housing certification. Around 4,61,509 unit electricity and 175 lakh

liters of water has been saved. According to carbon credits 170 thousand tons/year of carbon

emission is decreased.

CURATIVE MEASURES

DEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION OF GREEN COVER

Pune Municipal Corporation has taken firm steps to increase green cover in city. Green

cover and quality of this green cover decides the value of urban life style. Gardens, green belts

help in reducing mind stress and also increase the scenic beauty of city. city has total 125

gardens. Maximum concentration is on unoccupied places in city. Tree census conducted in

PMC area for documenting number of trees and their identification (species) on patches of lands.

According to the census figures, 35 lakhs of trees are present in 248 sq.km.area. Average dry

biomass for a tree is assumed 0.25 MT. One tone of biomass contains 0.45 MT of carbon which

is equivalent to 1.65 MT of CO2 equivalent. Therefore for 35 lakhs trees (5,775,000 MTCO2e).

URBAN JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT

Innovative concept of Urban Joint Forest Management is evolved in the Pune city with

the help of local resident and Forest Department. Hilly and encroachment prone land of forest

department approximately 2603 hectare is used for the purpose and various conservation efforts

are being taken around the city. This projects are implemented jointly by Pune Municipal

Corporation and Forest department along with local stackholders. This includes works such as

soil and water conservation, tree plantation and construction of protective wall This area is

extended in approximately 2603 hectors of land. As per statistics for Indian Forest eco system

carbon stock per hectare is 162 MT per hectare. whose CO2 equivalent is 594 MT per hectare.

For 2603 hectare area (1,546,000 MTCO2Eq).

ECORESTORATION TECHNIQUES

The presence of urban biodiversity is an indicator of „quality of life‟ in future within

growing cities. Enhancing urban biodiversity raises public awareness of the need to conserve

biodiversity at species and ecosystem levels. Making Biodiversity Conservation a part of city

governance by Ecorestorative strategies for open public spaces. Ecorestoration is not greening by

routine plantation of trees and creating large spreading lawns. This is a means for Protecting

urban biodiversity for future sustainability. Supporting the need for creating, no development

zones (especially in ecologically fragile areas) in adjoining fringe areas in surrounding rural and

wilderness landscapes.

RIVER IMPROVEMENT

Planning for fringe development by proactive identification of biodiversity hot specks.

And future problem areas Hill slopes / River fronts / Aquatic systems / Bird colonies Preserving /

recreating urban corridors between existing hot specks – roadside avenues. Biological orientation

to urban green spaces through: Indigenous plants, Restoring water bodies, Mozaic of trees and

shrubs .Under this river channelization and placement of Reno gibbion matterises on river side

so as to stop river pollution caused due to sewage and waste water. Allows percolation of water

to maintain ground water level. Facilitates growth of plants shrubs in the interspaces of rocks for

better bank stabilization and supports development of riparian ecosystem. For this project river

capacity is increased, river banks are conserved, for not allowing polluted water to get mixed in

river different pipeline will be made under gibbion matteries which will help in minimizing

pollution effect and will create favorable environment also for bio diversity. This indicates that

there will be reduction in HFL thus increasing the water carrying capacity of the channel. Central

Pollution Control Board (CPCB) guidelines for water quality and environmental flows are to be

achieved. Restore river ecology to achieve pre 1962 species distribution.

ECORESTORATION AND BEAUTIFICATION OF PASHAN LAKE

Pashan one of the major lakes in the Pune city. Pashan lake being a natural lake; its

catchment area is 40 sq.kms. This lake is situated near Mumbai-Bangalore high way.

Ecorestoration and Beautification of Pashan Lake is done under Jawaharlal Nehru National

Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). In this project protective wall is constructed around lake,

removal of silt from lake, construction of silt island and strengthening, construction of retention

wall next to highway, tree plantation, stone pitching on mud dam, strengthening of stone check

dam, etc. work has been carried out. Surrounding lake area conserved because of which

migrating birds in huge number will get protection and their number will get increased.

STATUS OF PASHAN LAKE IN 2005 AND 2012 AFTER DEVELOPMENT

ECORESTORATION AND BEAUTIFICATION OF KATRAJ LAKE

Katraj Lake being manmade was built in 19th

century. This lake is spread approximately in an

area of 0.82 sq.km. Ecorestoration and Beautification work is going on at the Upper Katraj Lake.

Under this project removal of silt, tree plantation, construction of protective wall around lake,

stone pitching for conserving mud check dam jogging track of red mud and creating pathway for

citizens around lake, to boating facility on lake, bioremediation, etc. such works are to be carried

out and facilities like boating, jogging track, gardens are being provided.

STATUS OF KATRAJ LAKE IN 2005 AND 2012 AFTER DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENT AWARENESS:

Pune Municipal Corporation has built Indradhanushya Environment Education and

Citizenship Center building. In the center environmental awareness programs are conducted with

the help of various governmental organizations, semi governmental organizations and NGO. In

coordination with students and teachers for PMC schools, collages, citizens, NGO‟s various

awareness generation programs, presentations, slide show, conference, models made by school

students, documentary show, drawing competitions, etc. are conducted.

For creating awareness about waste segregation meetings have been conducted in

Societies, Residential complexes and Professionals; and pamphlets, CD‟s, posters, banners etc.

are distributed. Regular awareness programs related to segregation of waste on ward level and

disposal of degradable waste at the source itself were given by Ward officers / ward health

officers / Head of health inspectors / divisional health inspectors / health inspectors in their

respective wards. Also, regular meetings with the Chairmen of various societies were conducted

and pamphlets were distributed to increase awareness and people‟s participation.

WHAT DOESN’T WORK!

Lawns are Water hungry, Do not support biodiversity, Do not reduce temperature, Do not

absorb noise, Avenues of Ashoka trees that are part of garden surrounds., Do not provide shade

and thus will not reduce summer temperature., Do not provide feeding or roosting sites for bird

life, Do not have flowers or fruits that are used by fauna as a single species of tree is used.

Concretization of open space, Increases temperature in summer by creating heat islands, Will not

attract birds and butterflies. Increases surface run off of rain water, thus reducing ground water

recharge.

WHAT WORKS

A patchwork of open space surrounded by a thick, wide shrub layer of indigenous plants.

A mix of evergreen and deciduous wide canopied tree cover of indigenous species. Select a mix

of flowering and fruiting plants for all seasons that attract butterflies and bird life that supports

the food chain. Provide a water trough that birds can access. Use keystone plant species such as

Ficus. Sp. Use indigenous climbers on trees. Do not remove old trees that are already present.

What‟s most important in urban biodiversity related landscape planning Mix of

appropriate plant species- trees, shrubs, climbers, ground flora. Matrix of heavy shade and open

shrub surrounds. Water source with a shrub surround. Use of bio-fertilizers. Use of local

composting of kitchen waste and garden material. Retaining old growth of trees. Maintaining

original contour of land and water courses for run off. Providing peace tranquility and a bonding

with nature.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Due to rapid industrialization, modernization and urbanization of Indian cities, there has

been a change observed in environmental quality because of GHG . To assess the current status

of GHG, it is necessary to understand the contribution of various activities. Pune city generated

about 4.7 million metric tonne of carbon-di-oxide equivalents (MMTCO2Eq) of cumulative

emissions in 2010–11. Electricity use had the maximum contribution of 2.65 MMTCO2Eq which

56.38% of the total CO2 emissions, followed by petroleum products which generated 1.72

MMTCO2Eq which is 36.50%. Municipal solid waste and sewage contributed to 0.335

MMTCO2Eq which is 7.12%..

Presently CO2 emissions for the city due to solid waste (4.6%) contributing to a total of

emissions of methane (CH4) of 10,131.43 MT and translating to emissions of 212,760.11

MTCO2Eq. Prohibition of Open Dumping of Solid Waste of Around 1400 metric tons per day.

PMC helps in significantly reducing the methane emissions to 1/5th of the emissions as against a

scenario where the total MSW generated in the city were disposed of at the dumping sites.

Without these scientific technologies to process MSW the total CO2 equivalent emissions could

have been 5.58 times (1,187,200 MTCO2Eq) the current emissions.

Total amount of sewage generated is 744 MLD out of which 527 MLD is treated by the

sewage treatment plants. Sewage treatment plants incorporate latest scientific technology.

Presently CH4 emissions from wastewater in Pune are estimated to be 5,678.98 MT of CH4 for

the year 2010–11. This is equivalent to about 119,258.62 MTCO2Eq. Without sewage treatment

it could have been 19,470.79 MT of CH4 equivalent to 408,886.59 MTCO2Eq. By treating the

waste, PMC helps in significantly reducing the methane emissions.

Most electricity in the India comes from burning coal, which emit greenhouse gases and

other pollutants). Reduce your consumption by using electricity from renewable sources or by

using less electricity. Reduce energy consumption, or produce their own energy using solar, wind

or hydropower. Among the methods for reducing your home electricity use are as follows: raise

the thermostat during the summer and lower it during the winter; purchase energy-efficient

lightbulbs; lower the temperature on your water heater and take shorter showers; and raise the

temperature in your refrigerator or open the door less often. When purchasing new appliances,

choose more efficient models by taking Energy Star ratings into account.

To reduce your personal impact, drive less, buy a more efficient vehicle, carpool, use

public transportation, walk or bike. Excessive accelerating and braking also reduces efficiency.

The easiest way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions resulting from your lifestyle is simply to

buy less. Failing that, avoid products with excessive plastic packaging, recycle or reuse

whenever possible, and make fewer shopping trips in order to use less fuel.

BEE, through MITCON, has conducted energy audit of various PMC buildings, street

lights and hospitals. Solar LED lights have been installed in 30 gardens in the city. Similarly,

LED‟s are being used for street lights. The feeder pillers are being replaced by energy saving

feeder pillers based on latest GSM technology. It is estimated to reduce the energy consumption

by 20%-25% by implementing the above mentioned work. Around 500 crores units of electricity

is the yearly consumption of Pune City, within these 10% means 50 crore units we can save.

CO2 emmission factor from CEAI for western grid is 0.81 MTCO2Eq per MWh. The total CO2

equivalent emissions saved (405,000 MTCO2Eq) the current emissions.

With the help of Biogas plant everyday electricity is generated from 55 tons of waste.

Electricity generated is used for street lights because of which 2500 KW electricity is saved.

Which results into saving of 2.19 crore units per annum. The total CO2 equivalent emissions

saved (17,740 MTCO2Eq) the current emissions. Solar Energy is mainly used for heating water.

To encourage citizens for use of Renewable energy, Pune Municipal Corporation has decided to

give exemption in property tax for housing society for using of Solar energy,

PMC provided subsidy for auto rikshaw owners to place CNG kits in rickshaw. which

encourages auto rickshaw owners for use of CNG engine. PMC provided with public transport

for citizens. From April 2010, It has been planned to have more than 425 CNG engine based

buses out of 1489 buses. Since the calorific value of CNG is 48 MJ/kg vis a vis 43 MJ/kg for

Diesel. And emissions per metric tonnes for CNG is 2.69 MTCO2Eq as compared to Diesel

which is 3.19 MTCO2Eq. which results into reduction of 18.6 % CO2 emmission. Dedicated

transit route BRT is provided for Public transportation through which buses can travel rapidly

which improves the fuel effficiency. This helps in increasing number of people traveling by bus

and decreases the consumption of Petrol because of non use of two wheelers. PMC provided 25

luxury buses for officers and employee‟s. After this service is made available, private vehicles

for I.T. companies reduced drastically.

Under eco-housing, energy inefficient housing scheme is made compulsory in PMC area.

60-65 % of electricity and 50-55% water is conserved in 5 star rating eco-housing projects. Since

solid waste and sewage is treated at collection point. Around 50.22 lakh sq. m built up area has

got eco-housing certification. Around 4,61,509 unit electricity and 175 lakh liters of water has

been saved. According to carbon credits 170,000 MTCO2Eq emission is decreased.

Pune Municipal Corporation has taken firm steps to increase green cover in city.

According to the census figures, 35 lakhs of trees are present in 248 sq.km.area. Average dry

biomass for a tree is assumed 0.25 MT. One tone of biomass contains 0.45 MT of carbon which

is equivalent to 1.65 MT of CO2 equivalent. Therefore for 35 lakhs trees (5,775,000

MTCO2Eq).

Innovative concept of Urban Joint Forest Management is evolved in the Pune city with

the help of local resident and Forest Department. Hilly and encroachment prone land of forest

department approximately 2603 hectare is used for the purpose and various conservation efforts

are being taken around the city. As per statistics for Indian Forest eco system carbon stock per

hectare is 162 MT per hectare. whose CO2 equivalent is 594 MT per hectare. For 2603 hectare

area (1,546,000 MTCO2Eq).

For the existing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and those that will be emitted in the

coming years we need to develop and implement carbon capture and storage. We should also

develop other methods to capture carbon. we are going to have to develop the technological,

institutional and financial capacity to put the carbon genie back in the bottle. That is, of course,

not enough. We also need to develop a form of energy that is cheaper, more reliable and less

dangerous than fossil fuels in order to drive those fuels out of the market place. The web of

ecosystem balance has been altered by human technology and population growth. The threats to

our food supply, water and air are everywhere.

The nostalgia and sentimentality of the environmental movement leads many to think that

if we can just change our lifestyles, we can become "one with nature" and lead a life that is in

harmony with the planet. While individual change is necessary for a sustainable planet, it is far

from sufficient. " Sustainability is a planetary scale management problem that requires the

development of scientific and organizational capacities that we do not yet possess. We need to

quit messing around and get to work on developing those capacities.

CONCLUSION

The growing residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation activities in cities,

have led to a rapid growth in consumption of fossil fuels, contributing to GHG emissions. Thus,

cities are attributed as key contributors to these emissions. In the context of concerns about

climate change impacts due to increasing GHG emission levels, PMC started to take concrete

initiatives. PMC took the challenge of combating global warming by reducing GHG emission for

combating the impacts of global environmental catastrophe. PMC also experience tangible local

benefits, including healthier habitats and communities with lower water and energy usage

(leading to lower costs). Many interventions like Scientific solid waste management, segregation

of waste at source, biogas project, sewage treatment, electricity conservation, use of renewable

energy, efficient public transport system, B.R.T. (bus rapid transit) system, providing luxury

buses for IT industries, encouragement for use of CNG, cycle scheme, eco- housing. and

Curative measures like development and protection of green cover, urban joint forest

management, ecorestoration techniques, river improvement, ecorestoration and beautification of

lakes are already being undertaken by the PMC to curb carbon emissions. In order to understand

the impact of these interventions in terms of their ability to reduce carbon emissions. PMC have

taken several initiatives to reduce the level of their CO2 emissions.

PMC identifies measures for promoting development objectives while yielding co-

benefits for addressing climate change effectively. PMC faces the challenge of providing

massive infrastructure to its growing population while adopting a low carbon growth. It is

estimated that the current level of per capita carbon dioxide equivalent emissions (CO2Eq) in the

city, i.e., 1.46 tonne per capita will increase to about 3 to 4 tonne by 2030. The PMC aims to

understand its current pattern of carbon emissions, in order to plan specific

strategies/interventions to reduce the same.

Properly reorienting development can be part and parcel of sustainable development and

confirm that sustainable development paths can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduce

vulnerability to climate change. The cost of stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations at source

levels is lower than, costs of inaction. It is also important to remember that climate policies can

bring many win-win benefits that may not be factored into cost estimates. These include

technological innovation, increased employment, improved energy security and health benefits

from reduced pollution. As a result, climate policies offering significant co-benefits

The largest growth in greenhouse gas emissions has come from energy supply and road

transport. Waste minimization and recycling provide important indirect mitigation benefits

through the conservation of energy and materials. Forest land when managed effectively, forests

are net carbon sinks, able to permanently absorb about one-tenth of global CO2 emissions into

biomass, soil and forest products. Reorienting development for offsetting in accordance with the

principles of "avoid – reduce – offset" and "do the best and offset the rest". For implementing

climate protection measures as effectively and efficiently as possible,

REFERENCES:

Environment Status Report 2010-11 of Pune Muncipal Corporation.

Carbon Inventory of Pune City 2010-11

Pune city Sanitation Plan.

Comprehensive mobility plan of Pune City.