Learning Objectives Topics - Wofford...
Transcript of Learning Objectives Topics - Wofford...
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Chapter 3
Perception: Pattern or object recognition
Learning Objectives Topics � How are Sensation and Perception different? � Bottom-up vs. Top-Down processing � Bottom up Processing
� Feature Detectors � Experience Dependent Plasticity � Recognition by Components
� Top Down Processing � Influence of prior knowledge � Perceptual Organization
� Gestalt “Laws”
� Motion
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What is the difference between sensation and perception?
How does perception happen?
� How do we interpret lines and patterns as objects?
� How could we program a computer
to do this?
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How does perception happen? � Start simple: How do we recognize these letters as A’s?
Template approach � Stimulus is compared to stored pattern � Examples?
� Bar code, bank check, scantron, etc.
� Problems: � There are an infinite number of TEMPLATES to remember � Have to learn a template first � Any change in stimuli will not be recognized
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Some cannot do what we do effortlessly
� Case studies: no damage to their visual system (sensation) – the problem is with perception!
� Visual agnosia � Will talk about in knowledge chapter � Cannot recognize visually presented objects � http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=rwQpaHQ0hYw&feature=PlayList&p=D7F0F8EA3571F295&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=14
Some cannot do what we do effortlessly
� Case studies: no damage to their visual system (sensation) – the problem is with perception!
� Prosopagnosia � Damage to the fusiform gyrus
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VKa-PuJCrO4&feature=PlayList&p=D7F0F8EA3571F295&index=15&playnext=2&playnext_from=PL
� As you watch…. � At the most basic level, what can’t people with prosopagnosia do? � What does this tell us about how perception works?
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What we can learn from case studies?
� Feature detection � separate from simple visual encoding � without can not recognize just by overall pattern (Gestalt)
� Then we need to joining the pattern with a meaning and a name – knowledge stored in memory
Learning Objectives Topics � How are Sensation and Perception different? � Bottom-up vs. Top-Down processing � Bottom up Processing
� Feature Detectors � Experience Dependent Plasticity � Recognition by Components
� Top Down Processing � Influence of prior knowledge � Perceptual Organization
� Gestalt “Laws”
� Motion
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The Complexity of Perception
� Bottom-up processing � Perception may start with the senses � Incoming raw data � Energy registering on receptors
� Top-down processing � Perception may start with the brain � Person’s knowledge, experience,
expectations
Here is a picture of an young woman:
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Bottom Up vs. Top Down Processing
Bottom up = stimulus driven
Dr. Steinmetz said it’s a young woman!
Top Down = thought driven
Learning Objectives Topics � How are Sensation and Perception different? � Bottom-up vs. Top-Down processing � Bottom up Processing
� Feature Detectors � Experience Dependent Plasticity � Recognition by Components
� Top Down Processing � Influence of prior knowledge � Perceptual Organization
� Gestalt “Laws”
� Motion
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Bottom-up: What is the path to the visual cortex?
� Specialized receptors in visual cortex � Simple cells: feature detectors
� e.g. Orientation specific
� Complex cells � Combination of 2 simple features � e.g. orientation and movement
� Perception due to pattern of neural firing (neural code)
Bottom-up processing
Stimulus
Cell’s responses
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IOHayh06LJ4
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Can we use features to determine letters?
� How many feature units in this letter:
A
McClelland & Rummelhart (1981) Interactive Activation Model
A model for recognizing letters by analyzing their features.
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Our feature detectors can change based on the environment!
� Blakemore & Cooper, 1970: What happened with the kitten that grew up in the striped room?
Learning Objectives Topics � How are Sensation and Perception different? � Bottom-up vs. Top-Down processing � Bottom up Processing
� Feature Detectors � Experience Dependent Plasticity � Recognition by Components
� Top Down Processing � Influence of prior knowledge � Perceptual Organization
� Gestalt “Laws”
� Motion
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Experience-Dependent Plasticity � Respond to things that occur most often in environment
� e.g orientation: horizontal and vertical lines vs. oblique
� Gauthier et al. (1999): “Greebles” study � Measure FFA (fusiform area) � IV: experience with Greebles
Experience Dependent Plasticity
FFA = not just for faces! For recognizing complex objects.
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Learning Objectives Topics � How are Sensation and Perception different? � Bottom-up vs. Top-Down processing � Bottom up Processing
� Feature Detectors � Experience Dependent Plasticity � Recognition by Components
� Top Down Processing � Influence of prior knowledge � Perceptual Organization
� Gestalt “Laws”
� Motion
Recognition by components � Biederman’s RBC (recognition by component) theory � 36 geons (3D) � Basic building blocks � How do we recognize geons?
� Intersections
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Recognition by components
� Recognition with missing information possible
� BUT if show object really quickly - People make more errors if a component is deleted
Geons: Identify objects Principle of componential recovery
� Resistance to visual “noise”
� ‘View invariant’ properties
� Discriminability
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Geons � Why is it important to identify objects with geons missing in
everyday life?
Biederman’s Geons � Intersections are important to recognition
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Limitations of RBC � Over-reliance on stimulus-driven processes?
� Ignores how context influences object recognition
� Neuropsychological evidence? � some brain damaged individuals understand parts but not whole!
Pattern or object recognition � Bottom-up processing
� Information from sensory receptors � Processing driven by stimulus � Data-driven
� Top-down processing � Information from knowledge and expectations � Processing driven by higher level knowledge � Conceptually-driven
� Problems with pure bottom-up theories: � How does brain pull all the feature information together? � How do theories deal with complex objects?