International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry...

“Pre-breeding and genetic enhancement in breaking yield

barriers in Kabuli chickpea and lentil through DAC- ICARDA -ICAR collaboration”

By

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

New Delhi, India

And

International Center for Agricultural Research in the

Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria

September 2009

(Revised- August 2010)

_________________________________________________________

ICAR-ICARDA Collaboration: A Project Proposal

Project Title:

Pre-breeding and genetic enhancement in breaking yield barriers in Kabuli chickpea and lentil through DAC–ICARDA-ICAR collaboration

Background and Rationale

Lentil and chickpea have an intrinsically narrow genetic base in India. This limits breeder’s progress today. The existing variability among indigenous germplasm has been exploited to reach to a desirable level of productivity today. However, to attain further breakthrough in increasing yield and improving stability in future cultivars, new variability needs to be tapped and incorporated into Indian germplasm. There is a striking difference between germplasm available in South Asia including India and the centres of origin/diversity of these crops. For example, lentil germplasm from India is among the least variable among lentil producing countries, despite India being the largest lentil producing country in the world. Similar striking difference was recorded in other crops between germplasm from South Asia and the rest of the world.

In India, breeding programs in these crops reached to a point of diminishing returns and it is feared that unless new diversity is infused into the breeding germplasm, we face catastrophic reductions in productivity if the climate turns adverse. Wild species and exotic cultivated germplasm holds a wealth of alleles that, if we can find them, can help break yield barriers and enhance tolerance to stresses for stability. Armed with the understanding of specific adaptation, the local constraints to production in the context of climate change and the changing consumer requirements of different geographic areas for new cultivars, the international crop breeding programmes at the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), and Indian research institutions under ICAR umbrella aim to develop cultivars/ genetic stocks adapted to changing climates in diverse agro-ecologies and farmers’ preference. It is worthwhile to highlight that hybridization between diverse germplasm followed by selection may result in cultivars with improved stress tolerance, better adaptation, quality traits and yield.

Plant breeders often tend to use favoured existing cultivars as the basis for generating new ones because of several compulsions. In fact, there is a tendency to give more attention to adaptation through selection than to generation of new variability. The genetic materials held in ICARDA gene bank (>132,000 accessions including landraces & wild species - lentil- 9,190; chickpea-6709) from the centres of origin/diversity is expected to largely represent important common and localized alleles that occur in only a few niche habitats, where they reach a high frequency. These may be biologically specialized alleles that enhance adaptation

only in certain habitats. These are often the class of alleles of most interest to breeders, because they are concerned with improving performance in the specialized habitats of their own eco-geographical regions.

There is increasing recognition that the diverse needs of farmers cannot be addressed by the breeding of a restricted range of high-yielding varieties. Yields of improved varieties in favorable conditions have reached a plateau or even subsequently declined. It has now been suggested that "a range of varieties are needed to adapt in various farming systems, resistance/tolerance to emerging biotic and abiotic stresses, to address socio-economic conditions of farmers in the small farm system" and that "breeding methods need to be reassessed urgently to increase the ability of formal sector agricultural research to produce varieties useful to small farmers."

There are already successful examples of appropriate breeding that can be adopted

and expanded from developing country breeding programmes. It is well known that farmers can often actively manage a large number of crop varieties than they have. However, farmer access to a wide range of varieties may be limited, and is certainly never encouraged by the formal breeding sector, which reduces variation, rather than amplifies it. Allowing farmers to participate in the varietal selection process resulted in the use of varieties tailored to localized conditions.

There is a perception and concern now that the genetic diversity is limited, both

within production systems and in breeding programmes in India, and that there is need for concerted and targeted efforts for genetic enhancement of crops. ICARDA has a wealth of germplasm (landraces & wild relatives) of lentil and chickpea collected from their “Center of Origin and Diversity” in the Near East region, which can be used in breeding programs as parents to harvest new desirable alleles needed by Indian crop improvement programs. A collaborative research programme between ICAR and ICARDA on pre-breeding for genetic base-broadening and genetic enhancement of two crops: lentil and chickpea can be initiated with the objectives of increasing the extent of useful diversity available to breeders to deal with emerging concerns of drought, heat, new variants of pathogens, and other stresses in India.

The project will deal with two crops: chickpea and lentil, and will operate under two

sub-projects. Components under each project have been described separately.

Sub-project 1: Lentil (pre-breeding, genetic enhancement, earliness,

tolerance to heat and drought, resistance to Stemphylium blight, root

rots)

Sub-project 2: Kabuli chickpea (pre-breeding, genetic enhancement,

terminal heat & drought tolerance, and resistance to Ascochyta blight)

Project Monitoring & Management

The project will operate under supervision and guidance of the following Steering Committee which will also monitor the project implementation and evaluate periodically during its meetings:

Steering Committee

Deputy Director General (Crop Sciences), ICAR, New Delhi, India- Chairman

Joint Secretary (Crops), DAC, Min. of Agriculture, GOI Co-chairman

Deputy Director General (Research), ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria member

Director (Crops), DAC, Min. of Agriculture, GOI member

Director (wheat/Pulses), DAC, Min. of Agriculture, GOI member

ADG (Oilseeds & Pulses), ICAR, New Delhi, India member

Reg. Coordinator, ICARDA SACRP, New Delhi member

Director, IIPR, Kanpur member Secretary

The eight-member Steering Committee headed by DDG (CS), ICAR will monitor progress of the project based on its goals and objectives on an annual basis. The committee will advise the research coordinators to achieve research outcomes and financial targets. The meeting will be held as follows:

March/April 2011: At ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria

March 2012: At IIPR, Kanpur, India

May 2013: At ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria

March 2014: At NBPGR, New Delhi, India

The Technical members of Steering Committee along with all the collaborative scientists will also discuss and review progress of research in all the collaborating institutes. The committee will monitor implementation of appropriate research methodologies, adoption of output-based research activities and analysis of yearly research output to be discussed in “Annual Review & Planning Workshop”. The Committee will visit lab and field experiments if necessary. The meeting will be held as follows:

Sept./Oct. 2010: At IIPR, Kanpur, India

March/April 2011: At ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria

March 2012: At IARI, New Delhi, India

May/June 2013: At ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria

March/April 2014: At IIPR, Kanpur, India

Sub-project 1: LENTIL

1. Project Title: Breaking yield barriers in lentil through introgression of useful genes from unadapted landraces and wild gene pool

2. Keywords: lentil, plant types, pre-breeding, wild lentil, molecular characterization

3. Full address, phone, fax, e-mail:

Dr. Ashutosh Sarker, Regional Coordinator

ICARDA South Asia & China Program: NASC Complex, CGIAR Block, New Delhi-12

Ph:91-11-25847500,25847505; e-mail: [email protected]

Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208 024 India

Ph: 91-512-257012, Fax: +91-512-2572582

Collaborating institutions in India:

Lead centre:

Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur

Cooperating centres:

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

RVRSUA&T, Sehore, MP

NBPGR, New Delhi

Collaborating institution in Syria:

ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria

4. Institution/person which will assume overall project leadership (co-ordinator):

Dr. N. Nadarajan, Director, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208 024, India

Director, NBPGR, New Delhi

Dr Ashutosh Sarker, Regional Coordinator& Food Legume Breeder, ICARDA

South Asia & China program, New Delhi

5. Proposed project starting date and duration: September 2010; Five years

6. Total project budget: Rs. 242.05 lakhs

7. Place: IIPR, Kanpur; ICARDA, Syria

8. Date: August 2010

mailto:[email protected]

General Information

ICAR (India) ICARDA (Syria)

Involved researchers in India:

1. Dr. Jitendra Kumar, IIPR, Kanpur

2. Dr. H.K. Dikshit, IARI New Delhi

3. Dr. Ashok Saxena, RVRSUA&T, Sehore

4. Director, NBPGR, New Delhi

5. Dr S K Mishra, Pr. Scientist, Evaluation

and Characterization Division, NBPGR

Involved researchers at ICARDA:

1. Dr. Shiv Kumar Agrawal, Lentil Breeder

(PI)

2. Dr Seid Ahmed, Pulse pathologist

3. Dr Ken Street, Legume Curator

4. Dr Alauddin Hamwieh, Biotechnologist

5. Dr. Ashutosh Sarker, Coordinator, SARP &

Pulse Breeder, ICARDA

References: Annexure I

Scientific Information

1. Abstract

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus ssp. culinaris) is an important pulse crop in India with almost one million tons of production from 1.46 million ha area. However, its average yield is about 25% lower than the global average (1053 kg/ha). Most of the lentil varieties in India have been developed mainly through pureline selection and intraspecific hybridization, inadvertently leading to the narrowing-down of genetic base. This makes them vulnerable to a number of biotic and abiotic factors besides reducing their realized genetic potential due to lesser hidden variability. Sudden breakdown of a prominent variety to a certain insect-pest or disease may play havoc in already stagnant pulse production scenario of the country. Therefore, efforts are immediately required towards broadening the genetic base of lentils and developing improved plant types having earliness, early growth habit, and higher biomass so as to achieve increased yield and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In such a situation, the transfer of genes and gene combinations from under exploited sources, such as wild species and exotic landraces, into more usable breeding material and into cultivated background through wide hybridization, offers a wonderful solution for increasing genetic variability. The proposed project envisages genetic enhancement through pre-breeding for increasing the extent of useful diversity to breeders through introgression of desirable characteristics from exotic cultivated and wild species. Recent successes in germplasm utilization (FIGS) and eco-TILLING tools for circumventing crossing barriers have brightened the prospects of transferring useful traits from exotic materials as well as primary and tertiary gene pools through pre-breeding. Successful hybridization of cultivated species of lentil with wild relatives, exotic germplasm and landraces can be achieved by various in vivo and in vitro techniques such as hormonal manipulations and sequential embryo rescue. This five year project will lead to development of pre-breeding lines which may be used in ongoing breeding programme for improvement of cultivated lentils as well their release directly as varieties. Varieties with better yield potential, enhanced quality and wider genetic base will lead to increased productivity and better adaptability.

2. Project rationale

Origin of the proposal

Lentil, despite its tremendous importance in human food, animal feed and cropping systems in the Indian subcontinent, west Asia, Ethiopia, north Africa and parts of southern Europe, Oceania and North America, has remained an under –exploited and under researched crop until recently. Notwithstanding the number of varieties released, there has been a limited progress in production and productivity of this important pulse crop over the decades. Besides a high influence of environmental factors, the major constraint in this direction is the narrow genetic base of most of the existing varieties of this crop. The pedigree analysis of 35 released varieties in lentil has been traced back to only 22 ancestors, the top ten contributing 30% to the genetic base of released varieties (Kumar et al., 2003). This can lead to crop vulnerability due to pest and disease epidemics and unpredictable climatic factors. Therefore, there is an immediate need to broaden the genetic base of lentil. For this, wild relatives, exotic lines and local landraces can be wonderful sources to create variation in cultivated lentil since these are the repository of an array of useful genes,

hitherto not found in the cultivated species. This variation can be created through distant hybridization including intra- and interspecific hybridization between the wild and cultivated species, aided by in vivo hormone application as well as embryo rescue. Development of prebreeding lines will greatly help in tapping the useful genetic resources for broadening the genetic base of cultivated lentils. This will also help in transferring desirable traits from wild relatives into cultivated ones, besides helping in study of genome structure and phylogeny.

Definition of the problem:

The narrow genetic base of most of the existing varieties of lentils could pose serious threats to them by increasing their vulnerability to pest and disease epidemics and also unpredictable climatic factors. Also, the realized genetic gain in such genotypes could be much lower in comparison to the varieties with a broader genetic base due to lesser amount of hidden variability as well as a reduced scope of genetic improvement. The only way out in such situation is to widen the genetic base of this crop through distant hybridization utilizing the wild relatives, exotic germplasm and local landraces. This could be further supplemented by in vitro technologies such as embryo rescue.

Significance of the project for science and society:

The project aims at introgression of useful traits from distant sources to the cultivated species of lentil. This will lead to development of prebeeding lines which may be used in ongoing breeding programme for improvement of cultivated lentils. Furthermore, the lines developed may be also be used directly as varieties. Lentil varieties with better yield potential, enhanced quality and wider genetic base will lead to increased productivity and better adaptability with less susceptibility to insect-pests and diseases, hereby leading to increased production, and hence better food and nutritional security. This will help the lentil growing farmers in increasing their farm income and socioeconomic growth.

References and own project related work:

During the past years, under ambit of All India Coordinated Research Project on MULLaRP (AICRP on MULLaRP), different State Agricultural Universities, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur and Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi has developed high yielding varieties for various agro-ecological zones of the country. This has resulted in release of large seed viz. DPL-62, DPL-15, IPL-81 and IPL-406 and small seeded such as PL-4, VL-126 varieties for different zones. These have paved the way for further improvement in plant type with respect earliness, early growth habit, higher biomass and resistance to a-biotic and biotic stresses.

The work on interspecific hybridisation was initiated at IIPR, Kanpur with the establishment of wild accessions. The characterization of these established wild accessions are underway. Interspecific hybrids have been successfully obtained between L. culinaris and L. nigricans (Ladizinski, 1979). Pre- and post fertilization barriers have also been reported and their strategies to overcome these were suggested. Embryo rescue technique has been found quite useful in achieving success in making interspecific hybrids using secondary gene pool species. Ahamad et al. (1995) reported use of GA3 for inter-sepecific hybridization. Hybrids using embryo culture technique were obtained in cross L. culinaris x L. ervoides (Coehn et al., 1984). Recently, resistance to anthracnose has been transferred from resistant accession of L. ervoides in to

cultivated species, L. culinaris using embryo rescue techniques (Fiala et al. 2009). The work is also going on identification of molecular marker associated with wilt resistance and QTL controlling traits imparting drought tolerance at IIPR, Kanpur resulting development of improved type though marker-assisted selection.

3. Objectives and expected outputs

Objectives:

1. Identification of appropriate germplasm of lentil from ICARDA gene bank (landraces & wild species) and from Indian sources for resistance to keys biotic and abiotic stresses in addition to yield attributing traits.

2. Synthesis of new gene pool through recombination breeding with higher frequency of useful genes using exotic landraces and wild progenitor species of Near-East origin and Indian cultivars/germplasm.

3. Selection of useful recombinants in the target environments for their further utilization in crop improvement programs

4. Development of high yielding varieties through multi-location testing for adaptation to various cropping systems in major agro-ecological zones.

5. Human resource development for enhanced utilization of plant genetic resources and adoption of frontier technologies in crop improvement

Expected outputs

The project will contribute to long-term benefits to Indian lentil breeding programs on the

following areas.

Increased diversity/variability in breeding pools in the context of emerging stresses due to climate change and new consumer and market demands for direct use by breeders in lentil improvement.

Enriched genetic diversity in the national germplasm bank for long-term use.

Enhanced farmer access to a wide range of varieties by introducing locally selected material with potential adaptation to the new environments.

Enhanced farm income through cultivation of improved varieties with stable performance under various cropping system niches.

Expertise through the human resources development will result in enhanced utilization of genetic resources in crop improvement programmes.

New knowledge and information will be published internationally, and the genetic material will be made available as IPG

Time frame for targets under the project

The project will operate for five years (2010-11-2014/15)

Target 1. Acquisition of genetic resources from ICARDA to India and Indian desirable germplasm

and cultivars to ICARDA

Time schedule: Five years, germplasm and segregating populations will be received in batches from ICARDA for evaluation in India

Target 2: Identification of parental lines and execution of hybridization in India and at ICARDA

Time schedule: Four years, which will start from second year

Target 3: Identification of desirable transgressive segregants

Time schedule: Three years and this will start from third year onwards utilizing the off-season facilities

Target 4: Testing of advanced breeding lines in multilocations for direct use as cultivars and for further use in breeding programs and sharing with partners in India

Time schedule: Two years, and this will be met fourth years onwards

4. Detailed research plan

4.1. Research aspects

Experimental approach (methods)

Distant hybridization will be taken up to broaden the genetic base of existing lentil cultivars. This will be aided by hormonal manipulation and embryo rescue. Special efforts will be undertaken towards pyramid a number of desirable traits into the cultivated lines so as to develop improved plant types, particularly with respect to yield traits, earliness and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The identified donors as well as the segregants will be shared among research partners to indentify superior genotypes. Besides, technical know-how will also be shared to develop human resources.

Identification of useful germplasm accessions from the primary genepool (landrace germplasm accessions and wild relatives from specific niche environments of the crop’s origin/diversity). For the targeted and focussed objectives, we will start with representative sets that will be selected on the basis of the FIGS approach to identify high probability sub-collection from ICARDA gene bank and from Indian sources.

Extensive recombination breeding will be commissioned at IIPR and at ICARDA for introgression of useful genes from wild relatives into selected agronomic backgrounds.

Off-season nurseries in India and at ICARDA’s Terbol Station in Lebanon will be utilized for rapid turn-over of breeding generations. However, considering the large extent of asynchrony in flowering time between Indian and exotic parents, a targeted number of crosses (with available Indian parents) will be carried out at ICARDA under controlled conditions. ICARDA has well-developed facilities to carry out these crosses. Advanced generation material as well as segregating populations will be shipped to India for selection. All recombinant populations/segregating materials will also be made available to other breeding programs under AICRP, India.

A bulk-pedigree method of selection will be performed where Single Plant Selection will be carried out in F4 generation.

Multi-location evaluation of finished products will be conducted for yield performance and stability in representative lentil-growing areas in India. Promising lines will be further evaluated for release as varieties, used for hybridization programs and will be conserved at NBPGR.

At the final stage, farmers will be involved in the varietal selection process in the target environments.

Genetic materials/products will be shared between India and ICARDA.

Traits to be considered:

Early flowering and maturity with early vigor and ground coverage, shorter internode, more number of secondary and tertiary branches with more peduncles, lodging resistance, bold seed size, deep tap root and more lateral roots, drought and heat tolerance, resistance to wilt and root rots, rust and Stemphylium blight diseases, adapted to relay and intercropping cropping, resistance to post-emergence herbicide.

Year-wise work-plan

1st year (2010/2011)

Introduction of germplasm from ICARDA to India and from India to ICARDA

Evaluation and seed increase of germplasm by NBPGR and IIPR in India, and by ICARDA in Syria

Identification of parents based on disease and drought resistance, phenological adaptation, seed traits, plant architecture, etc.

Genotyping of elite parents

Preparation of scientific reports, annual coordination meeting

Recruitment of personnel mentioned in the project document and establishment of lab/field facilities

2nd

Year (2011/2012)

Acquisition of new germplasm, their evaluation and selection of promising parents

At least 50 cross combinations will be carried out each in India and at ICARDA in various combinations

Growing F1’s to confirm hybridity and generation advancement to F2 in summer nursery in Lahaul Sphiti in India and in Lebanon for ICARDA

Genotyping of newly selected parents

Preparation of scientific reports

3rd

Year (2012/2013)

Introduction, evaluation and selection of desirable parents from landraces and wilds

At least 50 crosses will be commissioned in India and 50 crosses at ICARDA with newly identified parents

Growing F3 populations in main season and F2 & F4 in summer nurseries

Genotyping of parents

Preparation of research reports

4th

Year (2013/14)

Introduction of new batch of materials, evaluation and selection

Making crosses with selected parents

Raising F1s and advanced to F2 in summer nursery from crosses in third year

Growing F3 populations and advanced to F4 generation from 2nd year crosses

Part of F4 seeds from each crosses (done in will be sent to India from ICARDA for evaluation under Indian condition

Single plant selection will be performed in F4, and F5 families will be developed with increased seed amount in summer nurseries

Preparation of research articles

5th

Year (2014/2015)

Hybridization

Raising F1 and F2 in summer nursery

Generation advancement to F4 using summer nursery

Dispatch of part of F4 segregating populations from ICARDA to India

Single plant selection in F4 population and development of F5 families

Testing of F6 lines in various zones and in disease hot-spots in India. Promising lines will be advanced to F7 and seed increase will be done in summer nursery for replicated preliminary yield trials. The fixed lines developed at ICARDA will be shared with India through special/international nursery.

The cycles of breeding program will continue to construct new genotypes

Final reporting and publication of research articles

Annual milestones / timetable

Activity 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Acquisition of germplasm > > >

Evaluation of germplasm > > > > >

Identification of parental lines > > > > >

Hybridization > > > >

Generation advancement > > > >

Screening/ selection of breeding

material/seed increase, and

distribution to collaborating

centres

> >

Preliminary evaluation, and

exchange between ICAR and

ICARDA

>

Gene profiling > > > > >

4.2. Collaboration

Project organisation and management:

The project will be jointly implemented by IIPR, Kanpur, India and ICARD, Aleppo, Syria for a period of five years.

The project will have two coordinators: Director of IIPR from India and Dr Ashutosh Sarker from ICARDA. They will monitor the progress as well as exchange the ideas. Each side will consist a team of lentil scientists.

The coordinators on both sides will be responsible for all project related activities of their respective Institutes. They will coordinate in exchange of material and facilitate their team in achieving the research objectives. Annual progress meetings and research related trainings will be scheduled in consultation with each other by them and they will also facilitate their smooth organization in their Institutes. They will also serve as liaison officer with respect to all official matters of the project.

The team working in project will be assigned individual and time bound objectives and they will report on progress to the coordinators.

Duties of the involved scientists at IIPR, collaborating institutions in India and at ICARDA, Syria

Centre Name Activities/ Responsibilities

ICAR: IIPR,

Kanpur

Dr. N.Nadarajan Overall coordination, guidance, facilitation of exchange of information

and related material

Dr. S.K Chaturvedi Coordination of project activities across the centres, supply of material

to centres for evaluation. Planning and execution of hybridization

programme for project. Assembling entire crossed material and ensuring

generation advancement at off season facility. Report preparation for

annual review.

Dr. Jitender Kumar (PI) Evaluation of germplasm and progenies, hybridization and gene profiling

IAR, New

Delhi

Dr. H K Dikshit (PI)

Dr Joyti Kumari Jah

Evaluation of germplasm and subsequent progenies at IARI.

RVRSUA&T

Sehore, MP

Dr Ashok Saxena (PI)

Dr R P Singh

Evaluation of germplasm and subsequent progenies at JNKVV for central

India

NBPGR,

New Delhi

Director, NBPGR (PI)

Dr. S. K. Mishra

Procurement of ICARDA germplasm and dispatch of Indian materials to ICARDA. Overall guidance on genetic resources activities Evaluation, characterization of exotic and local materials

ICARDA

Dr Shiv Kumar

Dr Ken Street

Dr Seid Ahmed

Dr Alauddin Hamwieh

Dr Ashutosh Sarker

RA at SARP, New Delhi

New SRFs/NPO

Overall technical coordination of the project from ICARDA end. Selection of parents, designing crosses, generation advancement, shipment of seeds to India, linkage with ICARDA South Asia office, New Delhi, visit Indian program during cropping time and presentation of research results in review meetings

Identification of parents from ICARA gene bank using FIGS approach, arranging genetic resources and shipping to India. Helping NBPGR to follow FIGS to identify parents from Indian gene bank.

Evaluation of parents and newly generated genetic materials for screening against wilt, rust and stemphylium blight diseases in Syria and in India with Indian pulse pathologist

Genotyping of parents and populations in generation advancement and other molecular studies

Linking ICARDA and ICAR institutions involved in the project, consolidating research findings from ICARDA on 4 sub-projects, facilitating meetings , travels and reporting.

Assist Dr Sarker in linking and consolidating research findings from ICARDA, documenting and publishing research articles, involved in research with Dr Dikshit at IARI and any other activities related to the project

Responsible for execution of all laboratory and field activities including crossing, maintenance of records, management and analysis of data, storing seeds, conducting multilocation testing of newly generated materials, reporting to concerned scientists

4.3. Human resources involved/required in project

Provided together for both sub-projects

4.4. Related Aspects

Material transfer agreement on exchange of germplasm and material developed under the

project

Domestic: free to all Indian partners, no imposition of IPR

International: IPR through standard MTA with ICARDA

Safety, environmental and legal aspects

Since the seed material and conventional plant breeding approaches are targeted under the project therefore the safety and environmental concerns are not there. The material will be shared as per MTA so there will not be involvement of legal aspects.

Detailed budgetary proposal (Year-wise, Institute-wise and Head-wise) for Lentil


Year-wise budget of Lentil

Recurring Yr. I Yr. II Yr.III Yr.IV Yr.V Total

Head

(i)Salary of Contractual Research Staff

(RA/SRF including skilled workers) Two

4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 23.75

(ii) Operational Cost including coordination

expenses

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 12.5

T.A. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.5

Total 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 38.75

Non-Recurring

Equipments including fixtures 13.0 - - - - 13.0

Total 20.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 7.75 51.75

Instt. Charges @10% 2.08 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.78 5.17

Grand Total 22.83 8.52 8.52 8.52 8.53 56.92

IARI, New Delhi



Head


(RA/SRF including skilled workers) One

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 12.5

(ii) Operational Cost 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 5.0

T.A. 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.25

Total 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 18.75

Non-Recurring

Equipments 6.5 - - - - 6.5

Total 10.25 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 25.25

Instt. Charges @10% 1.03 0.38 0.37 0.37 0.37 2.52

Grand Total 11.28 4.13 4.12 4.12 4.12 27.77

RVSUA&T, Sehore, MP



Head



2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 2.35 11.75


T.A. 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.25

Total 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 16.75

Non-Recurring

Equipments 6.0 - - - - 6.0

Total 9.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 3.35 22.75

Instt. Charges @10% 0.94 0.34 0.33 0.33 0.33 2.27

Grand Total 10.29 3.69 3.68 3.68 3.68 25.02

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi

Year-wise budget of Lentil (in Rs. Lakh)


Head


(RA/SRF) One

1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 1.85 9.25


T.A. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.5

Total 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 18.25

Non-Recurring

Equipments 1.15 - - - - 1.15

Total 4.8 3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65 19.4

Instt. Charges @10% 0.48 0.37 0.37 0.36 0.36 1.94

Grand Total 5.28 4.02 4.02 4.01 4.01 21.34

ICARDA, Syria



Head


(NPO/SRF & Skilled workers)

6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 30.0


expenses

12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 12.2 61.0

Total 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 91.0

Non-Recurring

Equipments 1.5 - - - - 1.5

Total 19.7 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 92.5

Instt. Charges @20% 3.94 3.64 3.64 3.64 3.64 18.5

Grand Total 23.64 21.84 21.84 21.84 21.84 111.0

Year-wise budget of Lentil for different Centres

Name of Centre/Institution Yr.-I Yr.-II Yr.-III Yr.-IV Yr.-V Total

IIPR, Kanpur 22.83 8.52 8.52 8.52 8.53 56.92

ICARDA, Syria/New Delhi 23.64 21.84 21.84 21.84 21.84 111.0

IARI, New Delhi 11.28 4.13 4.12 4.12 4.12 27.77

NBPGR, New Delhi 5.28 4.02 4.02 4.01 4.01 21.34

RVSUA&T, Sehore, MP 10.29 3.69 3.68 3.68 3.68 25.02

Total for Lentil 73.32 42.2 42.18 42.17 42.18 242.05

RA- Research Associate; SRF- Senior Research Fellow; NPO- National Professional Office

Note: R.A./SRA Salary are as per ICAR norms applicable to ICAR Institute and SAU. It may be revised as per ICAR revision in future.

Table: Contribution in kind by participating institutions

Internal Resources

(individual salary for scientists and supporting staff in the project; laboratory and field facilities/ equipments/ machineries; infrastructure)

Contribution (in Rs. lakhs)

IIPR 97

NBPGR 27

ICARDA 83

TOTAL 207

References Annexure I

1. Kumar A, Kumar J, Singh R, Garg T , Chhuneja P, Balyan HS and Gupta PK (2009) QTL Analysis for Grain Colour and Pre-harvest Sprouting in Bread Wheat. Plant Science 177: 114–122

2. Gupta PK, Kumar J, Mir RR and Kumar A (2009) Marker assisted selection as a component of conventional plant breeding: possibilities and limitations. Plant Breeding Reviews (accepted)

3. Mohan A, Kulwal PL, Singh R, Kumar V, Mir RR, Kumar J, Prasad M, Balyan HS and Gupta PK (2009) Genome wide QTL analysis for pre-harvest sprouting tolerance in bread wheat. Euphytica 168:319–329

4. Gupta PK, Balyan HS, Kumar J, Mohan A, Goyal A, Kumar A, Mir RR, Kumar S, Kumar R, Banerjee S, and Das M (2008) Development and use of molecular markers for wheat genomics and breeding. Annual Wheat News Letter 54: 59-63

5. Kumar J and Gupta PK (2008) Molecular approaches for improvement of medicinal and aromatic plant species. Plant Biotechnology Reports 2: 93-112

6. Gupta PK, Mir RR, Mohan A and Kumar J (2008) Wheat Genomics: Present Status and Future Prospects. International Journal of Plant Genomics Volume 2008: 1-36

7. Mir RR, Rustgi S, Sharma S, Singh R, Goyal A, Kumar J, Gaur A, Tyagi AK, Khan H, Sinha MK, Balyan HS and Gupta PK (2008) A preliminary genetic analysis of fibre traits and the use of new genomic SSRs for genetic diversity in jute. Euphytica 161: 413-427.

8. Kumar J, Verma V, Qazi GN and Gupta PK (2007). Genetic Diversity in Cajanus-Rhyncosia- Flemingia group based on functional markers. PNAS, India 77: 269-374

9. Kumar J, Verma V, Qazi GN and Balyan HS ( 2007). Development of simple sequence repeat markers in Cymbopogon species. Planta Medica 73: 262-266

10. Gupta PK, Balyan HS, Kulwal P, Kumar N, Kumar A, Mir RR, Mohan A and Kumar J (2007) QTL analysis for some quantitative traits in bread wheat. Journal of Zhejiang University Science 8: 80-814.

11. Mishra A, Pandey RK, Sharma JP and Kumar J (2006). In vitro propagation of petunia (Petunia hybrida) var. Cascade Burgendy through multiple shoot culture. Environment & Ecology 245: 109-111

12. Kumar J, Pandey ID and Agrawal RL (2004). Use of seed storage proteins variability in crop varieties fingerprinting. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 10: 1-14

13. Kumar J, Verma V, Sharma RD, Qazi, PH and Qazi GN (2004). Identification of a high altitude cold tolerance species of Cicer based on RAPD and 5S rRNA genes markers. Environment and Ecology, 22 (2): 651-654

14. Kumar J, Verma V and Qazi GN (2004). Selective Gene-RAPD approach for detecting the variability in ITS regions of ribosomal RNA genes in Cicer species. Crop Improvement 30: 103-108

15. Kumar J, Agrawal RL, Mani SC, Singh Y, Pandey ID and Kumar A (2001) Variability in seed storage proteins of sunflower. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 7: 89-91

16. Kumar J, Agrawal RL, Garg GK and Kumar A (2001). Ionic effects upon resolution and mobility of helianthinin protein bands of sunflower Helianthus annuus). Crop Improvement 28: 121-12

17. Kumar J (2008) Molecular mapping and marker-assisted selection in plants. Current Science 94 : 1357-1358

Sub-project 2: KABULI CHICKPEA

1. Project Title: Widening genetic base through pre-breeding for the development of high yielding cultivars of Kabuli chickpea.

2. Keywords: Kabuli chickpea, pre-breeding, wild Cicer sps.

3. Full address, phone, fax, e-mail:

Dr. Ashutosh Sarker, Regional Coordinator

ICARDA South Asia & China Program: NASC Complex, CGIAR Block, New Delhi-12

Ph:91-11-25847500,25847505; e-mail: [email protected]

Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208 024 India

Ph: 91-512-257012, Fax: +91-512-2572582

Collaborating institutionsin India:

Lead centre:


Cooperating centres:

Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi

Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri

NBPGR, New Delhi

Collaborating institutions in Syria:

ICARDA, Syria

4. Institution/person which will assume overall project leadership (co-ordinator):

Dr. N. Nadarajan, Director, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur 208 024, India

Director, NBPGR, New Delhi

Dr Ashutosh Sarker, Regional Coordinator& Food Legume Breeder, ICARDA

South Asia & China program, New Delhi

5. Proposed project starting date and duration: September 2010; Five Years

6. Total project budget: Rs. 255.15 lakhs

7. Place: Kanpur 8. Date: August, 2010

mailto:[email protected]

General Information

ICAR (India) ICARDA (Syria)

Involved researchers in India:

1. Dr. S.K. Chaturvedi, Head, Crop

Improvment Div. & Chickpea Breeder,

IIPR Kanpur

2. Mr. Uday Chand Jha, Chickpea

Breeder, IIPR Kanpur

3. Dr. Jitendra Kumar, IARI New Delhi

4. Dr. P.N.Harer, MPKV Rahuri

5. Director NBPGR

6. Dr. S. K. Mishra, Pr. Scientist E & C

Division, NBPGR

Involved researchers in ICARDA:

1. Dr. Muhammad Imtiaz, Chickpea Breeder

(PI)

2. Dr. Seid Kemal, Chickpea Pathologist

3. Dr Ken Street, Legume Curator

4. Dr. Ashutosh Sarker, ICARDA, India

References: Annexure I

Scientific Information

1. Abstract

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important food legume with worldwide area of 11 million hectares and productivity of 780 kg/ha. Out of this area around 7 million is grown in South Asia mainly in India with productivity of 700 kg/ha, which is much below than countries like Turkey, Australia and Canada. The chickpea area in the last 50 years has remained stagnant, although population has increased many folds. This as led to increase in food demand to produce more food for more people on one hand and protein rich food particularly for resources poor in South Asian countries on the other hand. The cultivation of chickpea on marginal lands with minimum inputs and the adverse effects of diseases, insects-pests, environmental stresses, soil problems, and non-adoption of modern management technologies contribute to low and unstable seed yield. In addition, global warming and change in niches of cultivation may also have implications for the area under cultivation of this crop e.g. the more emphasis on wheat in irrigated areas in Northern parts of India moved chickpea to further marginal lands. Considering the increasing demand of kabuli chickpea in India, it is pertinent to carry out the proposed research work in collaboration with ICARDA. The development of high yielding, large-seeded kabuli chickpea varieties will help in reducing the import of kabuli chickpea in India. ICARDA is actively involved in improvement of kabuli chickpea, and has majority of the kabuli chickpea germplasm accessions and many accessions of wild Cicer sps. Hence, collaborative efforts will lead to utilization of useful germplasm lines and development/identification of high yielding varieties insulated against major biotic stresses. ICARDA has developed/identified a number donors possessing resistance against Ascochyta blight and improved germplasm lines through interspecific hybridization. Although breeding efforts are underway to achieve sustainable chickpea production, the narrow genetic base of chickpea seems to be the major bottleneck. To widen the genetic base of chickpea, the available germplasm of cultigen and its wild relatives need exploitation through conventional and innovative techniques. This five year project will lead to development of new lines which may be used in ongoing breeding programme for improvement of cultivated lentils as well their release directly as varieties. Varieties with better yield potential, enhanced quality and wider genetic base will lead to increased productivity and better adaptability.

2. Project rationale

Origin of the proposal:

Discussion held among Senior level officers of ICAR (Director IIPR and others) and ICARDA during their visit at ICARDA, Syria. The constraints in enhancing chickpea productivity were discussed at length during meeting and it was decided that pre-breeding efforts should be made to broaden the genetic base of existing cultivars. The exploitation of potential of wild Cicer sps. Was recommended by the group as first step.

Definition of the problem:

Chickpea cultivars have narrow genetic base. Systematic and concerted efforts to broaden the genetic base of existing cultivars has not been taken up by several centres, hence limited number of accessions of various wild Cicer sps. Are available with Indian NARS. Kabuli chickpea cultivation in India is become more and more popular in India. Since ICARDA is working on kabuli chickpea, the collaborative efforts in broadening the genetic base by way of pre-breeding will help in improving the chickpea yield in India and Syria.

Significance of the project for science and society:

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has a wide adaptation as it can be grown from the equator to 500

north. In India, it can be grown from Assam in east to Gujarat in west and J & K in north to Tamil Nadu in south. Both types of chickpea namely desi (small and multi-colour seeds) and kabuli type (large and white seeded) are grown for its cultivation in Indian. India is the largest producer of chickpea accounting for 67% of global production. Chickpea is grown on about 7.29 million ha area with annual production of 5.77 million tonnes grains, which represent 30% and 38% of national pulse acreage and production. The present yield level is 792 kg/ha, which is far below than the potential yield of the crop. Its production has gone up from 3.65 to 5.77 million tonnes between 1950-51 and 2003-04, registering a growth of 0.58% annually, which is far less than the population growth causing a wide gap in the demand and supply of chickpea. Thus, India has to import chickpea from Mexico, Australia, Canada, Syria and Turkey spending over Rs 750 crores every year. Out of this import, major share is of extra large/ large seeded kabuli chickpea from Mexico, Syria and Turkey. Biotic and abiotic stresses are major constraints limiting chickpea production and productivity. The project will help in enhancing productivity of kabuli chickpea in targeted area and ensure reduced level of import in India. It will also help in fostering scientific linkages and ensuring nutritional security for the agrarian population of the country.

References and own project related work:

In recent years, Under ambit of All India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea (AICRP on Chickpea), different State Agricultural Universities, Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur and Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi has diverted their efforts towards development of high yielding large seeded kabuli chickpea varieties for various agro-ecological zones of the country. This has resulted in release of BG 1003, first large seeded variety of kabuli chickpea for cultivation in northeast plains of India in 1998. Subsequently, other high yielding varieties with large seeds like BG 1053, KAK 2, JGK 1, Virat and Phule G 95311 were also released for different zones. These have paved the way for further improvement in seed size and yield of kabuli types. Through screening in wilt sick plot at national level, a wilt resistant kabuli genotype, IPCK 96-3 was also identified as potential donors against wilt at IIPR, which has been used in breeding programme. IIPR has released a large seeded kabuli chickpea variety IPCK2002-29 (Shubhra) for cultivation in central India in 2008. Similarly, extra large seeded kabuli chickpea line (IPCK 02 : >50g/100 seed weight) in under multi-location evaluation.

The work on interspecific hybridization was initiated at several places including IIPR, IARI, PAU and Jabalpur and as a result few improved breeding lines could be developed. A pre-breeding line IPC 71 (C. arietinum x C. judaicum) has been developed at IIPR, Kanpur and has been used as donor under National crossing Programme. This line possesses high number of primary branches per plant, more pods per plant and green seeds. Singh et al. (1999) have reported successful interspecific hybrids between Cicer arietinum and C. reticulatum at IIPR, Kanpur. Pre- and post fertilization barriers have also been reported and their strategies to overcome these were suggested. Embryo rescue technique has been found quite useful in achieving success in making interspecific hybrids using secondary gene pool species. Hybrids between C. arietinum and C. reticulatum showed normal fertility. However, many undesirable traits are also transferred from C. reticulatum. To overcome this problem, use of C. reticulatum as male parent is suggested. Recently, interspecific crosses (C. arietinum cv ICC 87322 x C. reticulatum and crosses (C. arietinum cv K 850m x C. reticulatum) have been made at Pantnagar (D.P. Singh, Pers. Communication). IIPR, Kanpur is maintaining more than 90 donor parents possessing traits of economic importance along with 78 agronomic bases (varieties) and regularly sharing donors, F2/F3 cross bulks and advanced breeding lines with AICRP centres, which is now a major activity of chickpea improvement projects at IIPR. IARI New Delhi has recently released one chickpea variety BG 1108 through interspecific hybridization.

3. Objectives and expected outputs

Objectives:

1. Identification of appropriate landraces & Cicer wild species from ICARDA gene bank and from Indian sources for resistance to keys biotic and abiotic stresses in addition to yield attributing traits using FIGS and eco-TILLING approaches

2. Synthesis of new genepool through recombination breeding with higher frequency of useful genes using exotic landraces and wild progenitor species of Near-East origin and Indian cultivars/germplasm.

3. Selection of useful recombinants in the target environments for their further utilization in crop improvement programs

4. Development of high yielding, bold-seeded (>50 g/100-seed) varieties through multi-location testing for adaptation to chickpea growing zones of India

5. Human resource development for enhanced utilization of plant genetic resources and adoption of frontier technologies in crop improvement

Expected outputs:

The project will contribute to long-term benefits to Indian chickpea breeding programs.

Narrow genetic base of chickpea will be broadened in breeding pools in the context of emerging stresses due to climate change, new consumer and market demands

Enriched genetic diversity in the national germplasm bank for long-term use

Enhanced farmer access to a wide range of varieties by introducing locally selected

material with potential adaptation to the new environments

Enhanced farm income through cultivation of improved varieties with stable performance under various cropping system niches

Expertise through the human resources development will result in enhanced utilization of genetic resources in crop improvement programmes

Generation of new knowledge and intellectual properties

Time frame for targets under the project:

The project will operate for five years (2010-11-2014/15).

Target 1. Acquisition of Cicer genetic resources from ICARDA to India and Indian desirable germplasm and cultivars to ICARDA.

Time schedule: Five years, germplasm and segregating populations will be received in batches from ICARDA for evaluation in India

Target 2: Identification of parental lines and execution of hybridization in India and at ICARDA

Time schedule: Four years, which will start from second year

Target 3: Identification of desirable transgressive segregants for yield contributing traits and resistance to wilt roor-rot, Ascochyta blight, BGM diseases and drought and heat stresses

Time schedule: Three years and this will start from third year onwards utilizing the off-season facilities

Target 4: Testing of advanced breeding lines in multilocations for direct use as cultivars and for further use in chickpea breeding programs and sharing with partners in India.

Time schedule: Two years, and this will be met fourth years onwards

4. Detailed research plan

4.1. Research aspects

Wide hybridization will be taken up to broaden the genetic base of chickpea cultivars in India. The efforts will be made to insulate varieties against major foliar and soil borne diseases, plant architecture, seed traits and phenological adaptation. The segregating material and donors will be shared to indentify desirable genotypes with much variability for various traits.

Identification elite landraces and wilds from Near East origin and India landraces. The accessions will be identified based on agroecological origin of materials using FIGS and eco-TILLING approaches.

Extensive recombination breeding) will be commissioned at IIPR and at ICARDA for introgression of useful genes from wild relatives/unused landraces into selected agronomic backgrounds. Considering the large extent of asynchrony in flowering time between Indian and exotic parents, a targeted number of crosses (with available Indian parents) will be carried out at ICARDA under controlled conditions. ICARDA has well-developed facilities to carry out these crosses..

Generation advancement will be carried out in Lahaul Sphiti in India and in Lebanon for at

ICARDA. Advanced generation material as well as segregating populations will be shipped to India for selection All recombinant populations/segregating materials will also be made available to other breeding programs under AICRP, India.

A bulk-pedigree method of selection will be adopted where Single Plant Selection (SPS) will be carried out in F4 generation. Subsequently, F5 and F6 generations will be developed and seed increase will be done for multilocation testing

Multi-location evaluation of finished products will be conducted for yield performance and stability in representative lentil-growing areas in India. Promising lines will be further evaluated for release as varieties, used for hybridization programs and will be conserved at NBPGR.

At the final stage, farmers will be involved in the varietal selection process in the target environments

Genetic materials/products will be shared between India and ICARDA

Traits to be considered:

Early flowering and maturity with early vigor, more number of branches with higher number of pods, erect, lodging resistance, bold seed size, deep tap root and more lateral roots, drought and heat tolerance, resistance to wilt and root rots, Ascochyta blight diseases, adapted to short, medium and long season environments.

Year-wise work-plan

1st year (2010/2011)

Acquisition of germplasm from ICARDA to India and from India to ICARDA

Evaluation and seed increase of germplasm by NBPGR and IIPR in India, and by ICARDA in Syria

Identification of parents based desirable morphological traits, disease and drought resistance, phenological adaptation, seed traits, plant architecture, etc.

Genotyping of identified parents

Preparation of scientific reports, annual coordination meeting

2nd

Year (2011/2012)

Procurement of new batch of germplasm, their evaluation and selection of promising parents

At least 70-80 crosses will be commissioned in India and at ICARDA in various combinations

Growing F1’s to confirm hybridity and generation advancement to F2 in summer nursery in Lahaul Sphiti in India and in Lebanon for ICARDA.

Genotyping of newly selected parents

Preparation of scientific reports, and participation in annual meeting

3rd

Year (2012/2013)

Introduction, evaluation and selection of desirable parents from landraces and wilds

At least 50 crosses will be commissioned in India and 50 crosses at ICARDA with newly identified parents.

Growing F3 populations in main season and F2 & F4 in summer nurseries

Genotyping of parents

Preparation of research reports/scientific articles

4th

Year (2013/14)

Introduction of new batch of materials, evaluation and selection.

Making at least 80-100 crosses with newly selected parents

Raising F1s and advanced to F2 in summer nursery from crosses in third year

Growing F3 populations and advanced to F4 generation from 2nd year crosses

Part of F4 seeds from each cross will be sent to India from ICARDA for evaluation under Indian conditions

Single plant selection will be performed in F4, and F5 families will be developed with increased seed amount in summer nurseries

Preparation of research articles

5th

Year (2014/2015)

Introduction, critical evaluation and selection of promising parents

About 100 crosses will be made in India and in Syria.

Raising F1 to harvest F2 seeds in summer nursery

Generation advancement to F4 using summer nursery

Dispatch of part of F4 segregating populations from ICARDA to India

Single plant selection in F4 population and development of F5 families

Testing of F6 lines in various zones and in disease hot-spots in India. Promising lines will be advanced to F7 and seed increase will be done in summer nursery for replicated preliminary yield trials. The fixed lines developed at ICARDA will be shared with India through special/international nursery.

The cycles of breeding program will continue to construct new genotypes

Final reporting and publication of research articles

Organizing a final evaluation meeting and assessment impact of the project

Annual milestones / timetable

Activity 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15

Acquisition of germplasm > > >

Evaluation of germplasm > > > > >

Identification of parental lines > > > > >

Hybridization > > > >

Generation advancement > > > >

Screening/ selection of breeding

material/seed increase, and

distribution to collaborating

centers

> >

Preliminary evaluation, and

exchange between ICAR and

ICARDA

>

Gene profiling

Capacity building

>

>

>

>

>

>

>

>

>

>

4.2. Collaboration

Project organisation and management:

Dr. N. Nadarqajan, Director, IIPR will be responsible for implementation of the project in India from ICAR side. He will be supported by the breeders of respective centres (Institutes and SAUs) for handling the technical programme of the project. Overall coordinator (Director, IIPR) will be responsible for submission of the periodical reports etc. and maintain liaison with ICARDA. The principal Investigator of the lead centre will be responsible for compiling the reports.

Duties of the involved scientists:

Dr. S.K. Chaturvedi, IIPR Kanpur (PI): (a) Maintenance and evaluation of germplasm, exotic lines and local landraces against

abiotic and biotic stress. (b) Interspecific hybridization to broaden the genetic base. (c) Advancing breeding material and making desirable selections. (d) Distribution of the seed material and evaluation protocols.

Mr. Udai Chandra Jha, IIPR Kanpur:

(a) Interspecific hybridization using C. echinospermum and C. judaicum using embryo rescue as per need.

(b) Molecular and biochemical characterization of accessions of wild Cicer spp.,

germplasm lines and elite material. (c) Assessment of variability released through wide hybridization.

Dr. Jitendra Kumar (PI) & Dr C. Bharadwaj, IARI New Delhi

(a) Maintenance and evaluation of germplasm, exotic lines and local landraces against abiotic and biotic stress

(b) Interspecific hybridization programme (c) Advancing breeding material and making desirable selections. (d) Molecular and biochemical characterization of germplasm and elite material

Dr. P. N. Harer, (PI) & Mr. L.B. Mhare, MPKV Rahuri (a) Maintenance and evaluation of germplasm, exotic lines and local landraces against

abiotic and biotic stress (b) Interspecific hybridization programme (c) Advancing breeding material and making desirable selections.

For NBPGR

Director (NBPGR): Procurement of ICARDA germplasm and dispatch of Indian materials to ICARDA. Evaluation of partial germplasm, characterization, documentation and sending materials to breeding centres

Dr S K Mishra: Evaluation, characterization of exotic and local materials (NBPGR)

For ICARDA

Dr Muhammud Imtiaz: Overall technical coordination of the project from ICARDA end. Selection

of parents, designing crosses, generation advancement, shipment of seeds to India, linkage with

ICARDA South Asia office, New Delhi, visit Indian program during cropping time and presentation

of research results in review meetings

Dr Ken Street: Identification of parents from ICARA gene bank using FIGS approach, arranging genetic resources and shipping to India. Helping NBPGR to follow FIGS to identify parents from Indian gene bank.

Dr Seid A Kemal: Screening of wild Cicer sps. And primitive land races against biotic stresses.

Dr Ashutosh Sarker: Linking ICARDA and ICAR institutions involved in the project, consolidating research findings from ICARDA on sub-projects, facilitating meetings , travels and reporting

4.3. Human resources involved/required in project

ICAR/ICARDA: A consolidated table across all sub-projects have been attached

4.4. Related Aspects

Material transfer agreement on exchange of germplasm and material developed under the project.

Domestic: free to all Indian partners, no imposition of IPR

International: IPR through standard MTA with ICARDA

Safety, environmental and legal aspects :

Since the seed material and conventional plant breeding approaches are targeted under the project therefore the safety and environmental concerns are not there. The material will be shared as per MTA so there will not be involvement of legal aspects.

Detailed budgetary proposal (Year-wise, Institute-wise and Head-wise) for Lentil


Year-wise budget of chickpea (in Rs. Lakh)


Head


(RA/SRF including skilled workers) Two

4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 4.75 23.75


expenses

3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 3.75 18.75

T.A. 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.5

Total 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 45.0

Non-Recurring

Equipments including fixtures 19.30 - - - - 19.30

Total 28.3 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 64.3

Instt. Charges @10% 2.83 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 6.43

Grand Total 31.13 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 70.73

IARI, New Delhi

Year-wise budget of Chickpea


Head



2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 12.5


T.A. 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.25

Total 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 25.0

Non-Recurring

Equipments 5.0 - - - - 5.0

Total 10.00 5.00 5.0 5.0 5.0 30.0

Instt. Charges @10% 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.0

Grand Total 11.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 33.0

MPKV, Rahuri, Maharashtra



Head



2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 2.45 12.25


T.A. 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 1.25

Total 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 18.5

Non-Recurring

Equipments 5.0 - - - - 5.0

Total 8.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 3.7 23.5

Instt. Charges @10% 0.87 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.37 2.35

Grand Total 9.57 4.07 4.07 4.07 4.07 25.85

National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi

Year-wise budget of chickpea


Head

(i) Operational Cost 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 11.00

T.A. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.0

Total 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 13.0

Instt. Charges @10% 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 1.3

Grand Total 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 14.3

ICARDA, Syria



Head


(NPO/RA & Skilled workers)

9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 9.75 48.75


expenses

12.25 12.25 12.25 12.25 12.25 61.25

Total 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 110.0

Non-Recurring

Equipments 1.5 - - - - 1.5

Total 23.5 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 111.5

Instt. Charges @20% 4.7 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 22.3

Grand Total 28.2 26.4 26.4 26.4 26.4 133.8

Year-wise budget of Chickpea for different Centres


IIPR, Kanpur 31.13 9.9 9.9 9.9 9.9 70.73

ICARDA, Syria/New Delhi 28.2 26.4 26.4 26.4 26.4 133.8

IARI, New Delhi 11.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 33.0

NBPGR, New Delhi 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 14.3

MPKVV, Rahuri, Maharashtra 9.57 4.07 4.07 4.07 4.07 25.85

Total for Chickpea 82.76 48.73 48.73 48.73 48.73 277.68

RA- Research Associate; SRF- Senior Research Fellow; NPO- National Professional Office

Note: R.A./SRA Salary are as per ICAR norms applicable to ICAR Institute and SAU. It may be revised as per ICAR revision in future.

Table: Contribution in kind by participating institutions

Internal Resources


Contribution (in Rs. lakhs)

IIPR 102

NBPGR 15

ICARDA 88

TOTAL 205

For the above mentioned sub projects, ICARDA South Asia office at New Delhi, India shall employ a Research Associate (RA). The Research Associate (RA) should have a Ph. D degree and will be recruited locally. He/she will be stationed at ICARDA South Asia Regional Program (SARP) office to liaise with national programs and ICARDA headquarters, and to consolidate research findings. He/she shall also be involved in research and prepare research reports and scientific articles as and when necessary.

RECURRING COSTS: a) Salaries (personnel) Research Associate* (1)

Year-1

4.5

Year-2

4.5

Year-3

4.5

Year-4

4.5

Year-5

4.5

Total

22.5

References:

1. Berger, J.D.; Ali, M.; Basu, P.S.; Chaudhary, B.D.; Chaturvedi, S.K.; Deshmukh, P.S.; Dharamraj, P.S.; Dwivedi, S.K.; Gangadhar, G.C. And Gaur, P.M. 2006. Genotypes by environment studies demonstrate the critical role of phenology in adaptation of chickpea (C. arietinum L.) to high and low yielding environments of India. Field Crops Research 98: 230-244.

2. Srinivasan, S.; Gaur, P.M.; Chaturvedi, S.K. and Rao, B.V. 2006. Allelic relationships, penetrance and expressivity of genes controlling number of flowers per axis in chickpea. Euphytica 152 (3): 331-337.

3. Turner, N.C., Abbo, Shahal, Berger, J.D., Chaturvedi, S.K., French, R.J., Ludwig, Christiane, Mannur, D.M., Singh, S.J. and Yadav, H.S. 2007. Osmotic adjustment in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has low heritability and results in no yield benefit under terminal drought. Journal of Experimental Botany 58 (2): 187-194.

4. Basu, P.S., Berger, J.D., Turner, N.C., Ali, Masood, Siddique, K.H.M., Chaturvedi, S. K. 2007. Osmotic adjustment of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is not associated with changes in carbohydrate composition or leaf gas exchange under drought. Annals of Applied Biology 150: 217-225.

5. Basu, P. S., Ali, Masood and Chaturvedi, S K. 2007. Osmotic adjustment increase water uptake, remobilization of assimilates and maintains photosynthesis in chickpea under drought. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 45: 261-267.

6. Singh, KP and Chaturvedi, SK. 1998. Genetics of triple floweredness in chickpea. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 11(1): 15-17.

7. Chaturvedi, SK; Gurha, SN; Shiv Sewak; Ahmed, R; Dikshit, HK and Bhaduoria, Pankaj. 1998. Possible combined resistance against fusarium wilt and pod borer in chickpea. Indian Journal of Pulses Research 11(2) :117-119.

8. Arun Kumar; Ram Krishna and Chaturvedi, SK. 1998. Genetic divergence in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Indian Journal of Genetics & Plant Breeding 58(3) :337-342.

9. Chaturvedi, SK; Dikshit, HK; Gupta, SR; Asthana, AN and Pankaj.1997. Recent advances in chickpea breeding for biotic stress resistance. Crop Improvement 24 (2): 143-150.

Contribution of Institutions in kind:

Internal Resources


Total Contribution across all four projects

(in Rs. lakhs)

IIPR 199

NBPGR 42

ICARDA 171

TOTAL 412

Budget for Project Monitoring & Management meetings: (Steering Committees & Scientists Group Meet)

STEERING COMMMITTEE

Schedule Cost (in Rs. lakhs)

Aug/Sept. 2010: At IIPR, Kanpur, India 2.4

March/April 2011: At ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria 8.4

March 2012: At IIPR, Kanpur, India 2.4

May 2013: At ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria 8.4

March 2014: At NBPGR, New Delhi, India 1.7

TOTAL 23.3

STEERING COMMMITTEE TECHNICAL PERSONS & COLLABORATIVE SCIENTISTS GROUP-MEET

Schedule Cost (in Rs. lakhs)

Sept./Oct. 2010: At IIPR, Kanpur, India 3.6

March/April 2011: At ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria 8.4

March 2012: At IARI, New Delhi, India 3.6

May/June 2013: At ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria 8.4

March/April 2014: At IIPR, Kanpur, India 3.6

TOTAL 27.6

GRAND TOTAL 50.9

Human Resources Development Component (Training and Visits)

SUB PROJECTS -

LENTIL & CHICKPEA YR-1 YR-2 YR-3 YR-4 YR-5 TOTAL BUDGET

Training of young Indian scientists* 6 4 6 4 - 20 33.6

Visit of senior Indian scientists to ICARDA** 10 5 4 6 6 31 37.2

Visit of ICARDA scientists to India** 4 4 4 4 4 20 24.0

TOTAL 20 13 14 14 10 71persons Rs.94.80 lakhs

CONSOLIDATED HRD (in Rs. lakhs)

ITEM YR-1 YR-2 YR-3 YR-4 YR-5 TOTAL

Training of young Indian scientists* 10.08 6.72 10.08 6.72 - 33.6

Visit of senior Indian scientists to ICARDA** 12.0 6.0 4.8 7.2 7.2 37.2

Visit of ICARDA scientists to India** 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 24

TOTAL 26.88 17.52 19.68 18.72 12 Rs. 94.80 lakhs

* Rs. 1.68 lakhs per training [4 weeks]

** Rs. 1.2 lakhs per visit [1 week]

Consolidated budgetary proposal (Year-wise and Head- wise) for lentil and

Kabuli Chickpea Pre-breeding Project (in Rs. Lakh)


Salary of Contractual Research

Staff

36.9 36.9 36.9 36.9 36.9 184.5

Operational Cost including

coordination & Overhead /Instt.

Charges

57.53 51.33 51.31 51.3 51.31 262.78

T.A. 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 13.5

HRD 26.88 17.52 19.68 18.72 12.0 94.80

Steering Committee for

monitoring, management, material

evaluation & selection

10.8 12.0 6.0 16.8 5.3 50.9

Non-Recurring Equipments 58.95 - - - - 58.95

Total 193.76 120.45 116.59 126.42 108.21 665.43

Note: Except the Salary, the budget in different heads may be re-appropriated as per

work need, keeping the total budget same

Consolidated budgetary proposal (Year-wise and Institute wise) for Lentil and

Chickpea Pre-breeding Project (in Rs. Lakh)

S.N

o


1. IIPR, Kanpur 53.96 18.42 18.42 18.42 18.43 127.65

2. IARI, New Delhi 22.28 9.63 9.62 9.62 9.62 60.77

3. JNKVV, Sehore, MP 10.29 3.69 3.68 3.68 3.68 25.02

4. MPKV, Rahuri, Maharastra 9.57 4.07 4.07 4.07 4.07 25.85

5.. NBPGR, New Delhi 8.14 6.88 6.88 6.87 6.87 35.64

6. ICARDA, Syria/New Delhi 51.84 48.24 48.24 48.24 48.24 244.8

7. HRD 26.88 17.52 19.68 18.72 12.0 94.80

8. Steering Committee for

monitoring, management,

material evaluation &

selection

10.8 12.0 6.0 16.8 5.3 50.9

Total 193.76 120.45 116.59 126.42 108.21 665.43

Total Budget = Total (ICAR) + Total (ICARDA) + HRD + Budget for Steering Committee & Scientists Meet

= Rs. 665.43 lakhs Contribution by institutes in kind

= Rs. 412 lakhs Total Final Budget

= Total (ICAR) + Total (ICARDA) + HRD + Budget for Steering Committee & Scientists Meet

+ Contribution by institutes in kind

=Rs. 1077.43 lakhs

Annual Progress Report 2010-11

DAC-ICARDA-ICAR collaborative project

on

“PRE-BREEDING AND GENETIC ENHANCEMENT

IN BREAKING YIELD BARRIERS IN KABULI

CHICKPEA AND LENTIL”

Submitted to

National Food Security Mission Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (Crop Division)

Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India

Submitted by

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) South Asia & China Regional Program (SACRP), New Delhi

In collaboration with Indian institutions

- 2 -

GENERAL INFORMATION

Name of the project : Pre-breeding and genetic enhancement in breaking

yield barriers in Kabuli chickpea and Lentil

Sanction No. & Date : CPS No. 5-25/2009-NFSM dated 25-08-2010

RESEARCH STAFF

ICARDA, SYRIA Project Coordinator : Dr Ashutosh Sarker

Regional Coordinator, ICARDA-South Asia and China Regional Program, NASC Complex, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012

Research Scientist : Chickpea : Dr Muhammad Imtiaz Lentil : Dr Shiv Kumar Agrawal

Research Associate : Dr Aqeel Hasan Rizvi

ICARDA-South Asia and China Regional Program, NASC Complex, Pusa Campus, New Delhi-110012

ICAR, INDIA

CHICKPEA

Project Coordinator : Dr N Nadarajan

Project Scientists : Dr S K Chaturvedi IIPR, Kanpur

: Dr J Kumar, Dr C Bharadwaj, IARI, New Delhi

: Dr P N Harer, MPKV, Rahuri

: Dr M Datta, NBPGR, New Delhi

LENTIL

Project Coordinator : Dr N Nadarajan

Project Scientists : Dr J Kumar, IIPR, Kanpur

: Dr H K Dikshit, IARI, New Delhi

: Dr Ashok Saxena, RVRSUA & T, Sehore

: Dr M Datta, NBPGR, New Delhi

- 3 -

Pre-breeding and genetic enhancement in breaking yield barriers in kabuli chickpea and lentil through ICAR-ICARDA collaboration

Executive summary

There is a perception and concern that the existing cultivars of chickpea and lentil has limited

genetic diversity, both within production systems and in breeding programmes in India, and

that there is need for concerted and targeted efforts for genetic enhancement of crops so that

genetic yield potential can be enhanced. ICARDA has a wealth of germplasm (landraces and

wild relatives) of chickpea and lentil besides barley and wheat collected from their “Center of

Origin and Diversity” in the Near East region, which can be utilized in breeding programs as

parents to harvest new desirable alleles needed. A collaborative research programme “Pre-

breeding and genetic enhancement in breaking yield barriers in kabuli chickpea and lentil

through ICAR-ICARDA collaboration” funded by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation

(DAC). Govt. of India has been initiated from rabi (winter) season of 2010-11with the

objectives of increasing the extent of useful diversity available to breeders to deal with

emerging concerns of drought, heat, new variants of pathogens, and other stresses in India.

The Work Plan for the Year 1 (2010-11) was discussed and prepared during Annual Group

Meet of All India Coordinated Research Project on Chickpea (AICRPC) at RSVRS, College of

Agriculture, Indore, Madhya Pradesh.

Procurement of land races, wild species and seed increase: As per work plan, 100 land

races of chickpea and 160 land races of lentil were procured from ICARDA through NBPGR. At

the same time, 71 accessions of 5 wild Cicer species and 150 accessions of 5 species of wild

lentil were procured from ICARDA and established at different locations. For some of the

accessions, seed could not be harvested and again indent has been placed for their

procurements. All these land races of both crops, chickpea and lentil have been preliminary

evaluated for morphological and yield traits and seed has been multiplied for further

evaluation and screening against major targeted biotic and abiotic stresses. Since, the material

is of different origins at least one year/season is required for acclimatization of such diverse

genotypes. Further, establishment of wild species is also difficult task and sincere efforts were

- 4 -

made to establish all of them at different locations. IIPR Kanpur, MPKV Rahuri, IARI New Delhi

and NBPGR have created facilities to establish all accessions of wild chickpea and lentil for

their utilization.

Hybridization involving accessions of wild species and land races was taken up at IIPR and

MPKV in chickpea, and IIPR and IARI in lentil. Accordingly, 17 interspecific crosses involving

C. reticulatum and C. echinospermum were made in chickpea besides two crosses involving

land races. Similarly, in lentil, 8 interspecific, 5 involving land races and 12 crosses involving

material received from ICARDA were made to develop newer plant types and generate

variability of traits of interest.

Molecular diversity analysis and genotyping of three interspecific crosses in chickpea which

were received from ICARDA was performed and results have confirmed the hybridity of the

F1s in chickpea.

Human resources development: Four scientists from IIPR Kanpur and RMVRSUA (RAK

College of Agriculture), Sehore attended training programme at ICARDA, Aleppo (Syria).

Implementation meeting: Implementation meeting among all partners were held at Indore,

MP and Kanpur, UP to implement work plan of 2010-11

Review & planning meeting: Review and planning meeting of the project was held on 17-18

June 2011 at NASC Complex, New Delhi. This meeting was chaired by Sri P.K. Basu, Secretary,

DAC, Ministry of Agril., Govt. of India.

Steering Committee Meeting: Steering committee meeting of the project was held on 11

October, 2011 in the Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi under the chairmanship of Dr S K Dutta, (DDG

Crop Science). The progress made under the project was reviewed and the work plan for the

2011-12 was approved.

- 5 -

Sub-Project:

Widening genetic base through pre-breeding for the development of high

yielding cultivars of Kabuli chickpea.

Introduction

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important food legume with worldwide area

of 11 million hectares and productivity of 780 kg/ha. Out of this area around 7 million is

grown in South Asia mainly in India with productivity of 700 kg/ha, which is much below than

countries like Turkey, Australia and Canada. The chickpea area in the last 50 years has

remained stagnant, although population has increased many folds. This has led to increase in

food demand to produce more food for more people on one hand and protein rich food

particularly for resources poor in South Asian countries on the other hand. The cultivation of

chickpea on marginal lands with minimum inputs and the adverse effects of diseases, insects-

pests, environmental stresses, soil problems, and non-adoption of modern management

technologies contribute to low and unstable seed yield. In addition, global warming and

change in niches of cultivation may also have implications for the area under cultivation of

this crop e.g. the more emphasis on wheat in irrigated areas in Northern parts of India moved

chickpea to further marginal lands.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has a wide adaptation as it can be grown from the equator to 500

north. In India, it can be grown from Assam in east to Gujarat in west and J & K in north to

Tamil Nadu in south. Both types of chickpea namely desi (small and multi-colour seeds) and

kabuli type (large and white seeded) are grown for its cultivation in Indian. India is the largest

producer of chickpea accounting for 67% of global production. Chickpea is grown on about

7.29 million ha area with annual production of 5.77 million tonnes grains, which represent

30% and 38% of national pulse acreage and production. The present yield level is 792 kg/ha,

which is far below than the potential yield of the crop. Its production has gone up from 3.65 to

5.77 million tonnes between 1950-51 and 2003-04, registering a growth of 0.58% annually,

which is far less than the population growth causing a wide gap in the demand and supply of

chickpea. Biotic and abiotic stresses are major constraints limiting chickpea production and

productivity. Thus, India has to import chickpea from Mexico, Australia, Canada, Syria and

Turkey spending over Rs 750 crores every year. Out of this import, major share is of extra

- 6 -

large/ large seeded kabuli chickpea from Mexico, Syria and Turkey. The project will help in

enhancing productivity of kabuli chickpea in targeted area and ensure reduced level of import

in India. It will also help in fostering scientific linkages and ensuring nutritional security for

the agrarian population of the country. Development of new lines may be used in ongoing

breeding programme for improvement of cultivated chickpea as well their release directly as

varieties. Varieties with better yield potential, enhanced quality and wider genetic base will

lead to increased productivity and better adaptability.

Objectives

i. Identification of appropriate landraces & Cicer wild species from ICARDA gene bank

and from Indian sources for resistant to key biotic and abiotic stresses in addition to

yield attributing traits using FIGS and eco-TILLING approaches.

ii. Synthesis of new gene pool through recombination breeding with higher frequency of

useful genes using exotic landraces and wild progenitor species of Near East origin and

Indian cultivars/germplasm.

iii. Selection of useful recombinants in the target environments for their further utilization

in crop improvement programs.

iv. Development of high yielding bold seeded (>50 g/100 g) varieties through multi-

location testing for adaptation to chickpea growing zones of India.

v. Human resource development for enhanced utilization of plant genetic resources and

adoption of frontier technologies in crop improvement.

Work plan- Year 1 (2010-11)

i. Acquisition of germplasm from ICARDA to India and from India to ICARDA

ii. Evaluation and seed increase of germplasm by NBPGR and IIPR in India, and by

ICARDA in Syria

iii. Identification of parents based desirable morphological traits, disease and drought

resistance, phenological adaptation, seed traits, plant architecture, etc.

iv. Genotyping of identified parents

v. Preparation of scientific reports, annual coordination meeting

- 7 -

PROJECT PARTNERS

International institute : International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria

Lead centre : Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur (India)

Cooperating centres

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi

Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV), Rahuri , Maharashtra

National Bureau of Plant Genetic resources (NBPGR), New Delhi

- 8 -

PROGRESS REPORT

ICARDA, SYRIA

Acquisition of germplasm: During 2010-11, ICARDA-Syria provided 72 accessions

representing four wild species, namely C. judaicum, C. pinnatifidum, C. reticulatum, and C.

echinospermum to IIPR, IARI and MPKV. In addition, they also shared 100 land races from

WANA region for their use in Indian breeding program.

Identification of parents for hybridization: Ten chickpea lines each were identified for

transferring resistance to Ascochyta Blight and Fusarium wilt, tolerance to drought and cold,

large seed size, and high yield in Indian germplasm.

Introgression of alleles from wild sources: Seeds of three interspecific crosses involving

Indian parents with Cicer reticulatum, namely Pusa 1053 x ILWC 118, KAK 2 x ILWC 118 and

KAK 2 x ILWC 118 were tested for hybridity at IARI using STMS markers. Based on the

hybridity test, selfs were removed to carry forward only the hybrid plants for developing

mapping populations. ICARDA also made 12 fresh crosses involving Indian parents with wild

species (C. reticulatum and C. bijugum) during 2010-11 in order to transfer resistance to BGM,

a major disease for which resistance in the cultivated germplasm is not available.

Crosses made in 2010-11

S. No. Indian Parent Wild parent Species/Purpose

1 KAK-2 X IG72933 C. reticulatum; BGM

2 PUSA1057 X IG72959 C. reticulatum

3 CICA511 X IG69981 C. bijugum, BGM,



6 CICA857 X IG72933 C. reticulatum; BGM,

7 FLIP94 -079C X IG72959 C. reticulatum; BGM,

8 FLIP94 -090C X IG72941 C. reticulatum; BGM

9 FLIP97 -114C X IG72959 C. reticulatum; BGM

10 FLIP91-96 X IG72959 C. reticulatum; BGM, 11 FLIP91-150 X IG72941 C. reticulatum; BGM

12 FLIP91-186 X IG72959 C. reticulatum; BGM

- 9 -

Three Indian released cultivars, Pusa-1053, IPCK-02-29 (Shubhra) and Phule-0517 arrived

late in 2011 for use in the crossing program at ICARDA. These cultivars will be used in the

2011-12 crossing program to generate segregating populations for sharing with Indian

national programs for testing under their agro-ecological conditions.

IIPR, KANPUR

At IIPR Kanpur, 100 land races of chickpea procured from ICARDA, Syria were grown at main

farm of the Institute on 7th December 2010 to multiply and evaluate the land races in Indian

environments. Large amount of variability among genotypes were observed for various

quantitative traits. Out of 100 land races evaluated only one (ILC 10) was of prostrate type and

others were semi erect. The range for the various traits along with genotypes is given as:

Character Minimum (Genotype) Maximum (Genotype)

Days to first flower 57 (ILC 142, ILC 148) 83 (ILC 137)

Days to 50% flower 64 (ILC 142, ILC 148) 89 (ILC 137)

Days to first pod initiation 70 (ILC 147) 91 (ILC 164)

Days to 50% podding 76 (ILC 148) 101 (ILC10, IL 52, ILC157, ILC 158)

Days to maturity 109 (ILC 40 125 (ILC 140,142, 144, 146)

Plant height (cm.) 32 68 (ILC156)

Pod per plant 7 60 (ILC 28)

Seed yield/ plant (g) 2.39 21.47 (ILC 161)

100 seed weight (g) 8.12 48.36 (ILC 149)

Plant type Prostrate (ILC 10) Semi-erect (99 acc.)

Maintenance of wild Cicer species

78 accessions of 4 wild Cicer species (C. reticulatum: 51 acc., C. judaicum: 10 acc., C.

echinospermum: 12 acc., C. pinnatifidum: 5 acc.) have been maintained under green house

condition. Morphological characterization of all the accessions has been done. All accessions

will be sown during 2011-12 to increase seeds for their screening against major biotic and

abiotic stress.

- 10 -

Generation of breeding material

6 Interspecific crosses involving C. reticulatum (Shubhra x ILWC 21, GNG 469 x ILWC 21, ILWC

21 x IPC 2008-57) and C. echinospermum (IPC 2006-88 x ILWC 179, IPCK 2002-29 x ILWC

245) were made to generate new variability and broaden the genetic base of cultivated types.

Nine crosses made during 2009-10 were advanced during 2010-11 and true to the type 9 F2s

were harvested during period under report.

IARI, NEW DELHI

Landraces

100 land races from ICARDA and 3 varieties of Kabuli each from IIPR Kanpur and MPKVV,

Rahuri were received. All the accessions have been established under field conditions and data

recording on distinguishing characters is being taken on them. Leaf samples have been

collected and DNA extracted. Characterization of these land races using morphological and

molecular techniques is underway.

Visit of ICARDA scientist at IARI Landraces

- 11 -

Diversity analysis

In a separate study diversity in a world

collection of 50 chickpea accessions was done

using STMS markers. The salient findings are:

Seventy one STMS primer pairs were used to

dissect the genetic relatedness in a

geographical collection of fifty accessions of

chickpea. They generated on an average 3.210 amplicons per primer pair. Polymorphic

Information content (PIC) between cultivars ranged from 0.409 to 0.858. DARwin's tree

constructed using the STMS marker data showed two distinct clusters with accessions of

ICARDA, Syria and wild types forming a distinct sub cluster quite divergent from those of

Indian sub-continent including that of ICRISAT, Hyderabad. The primary grouping appears to

follow geographic distribution from where these germplasm lines were obtained ie source or

more precisely the origin of cultivars. All the lines which were from Central Asia grouped as

one major cluster including the wild progenitors while those from India sub continent

grouped as one major subcluster. Both the arms in the radial tree between these two sub-

clusters are quite diverse indicating large variability at molecular levels between the Syrian

group and the Indian group. Within Cluster I, the accessions of ICRISAT and IARI were

grouping into distinct sub cluster though at nearer levels when compared to the Syrian group

of Cluster II. Within this cluster all the kabuli and desi genotypes collected from IARI, New

Delhi which are released varieties have grouped distinctively into two sub groups. In cluster II

also the grouping has followed a definite pattern with all the cultivated types of Cicer

arietinum L. falling into distinct group while the wild C. reticulatum grouped into a single

cluster with the genotype Pusa 1103 (IC 411513) falling into this group. The pedigree of this

genotype involves use of C. reticulatum as one of the parents and is the only chickpea variety

released using wild derivative. There is very narrow genetic variation in Cicer arietinum

species and the use of wild species in pre breeding programmes greatly increases the available

genetic variation. Greater genetic gains can be obtained by crossing the lines from the Indian

sub-continent with that of ICARDA lines and wild types and pre-breeding would be the most

suitable breeding approach to achieve this strategy.

- 12 -

WILD SPECIES

81 accessions of wild species were received [2 accessions from IIPR, Kanpur on 30/11/10; 70

accessions from ICARDA on 30/11/10 and 9 accessions from MPKVV, Rahuri on 4/12/10). All the wild

species have been established in the pot cultures in net house and twenty did not germinate. Leaf

samples have been collected and DNA extraction carried out for further analysis.

Pre-breeding for introgression of alleles from wild sources (C. reticulatum)

Three crosses seed (15 seeds each) of wild species and Indian parents along with seeds of parents for

testing hybridity and development of mapping population were received on 6th December 2010.

C. reticulatum

Pusa

1103

C. judaicum & C. echinospermum

ICARDA lines

and

3 ICRISAT lines

of Syrian origin

IARI

ICRISAT lines

ICRISAT lines

- 13 -

28 confirmed F1 have been raised of the following crosses

• Pusa 1053 x C reticulatum (ILWC 118) -10

• KAK 2 x C reticulatum (ILWC 118) - 10

• KAK 2 x C reticulatum (ILWC 118) - 8

• F1 hybridity was confirmed using STMS markers and selfs were removed.

EVALUATION OF WILD SPECIES

Thirty STMS primer pairs were used to dissect the genetic diversity and relationship of 14 wild and one

cultivated accessions of chickpea. The thirty five STMS primer pairs generated on an average 3.433

amplicons per primer pair. Polymorphic Information content (PIC) ranged from 0.246 to 0.775 and

genetic similarity between cultivars ranged from 0.10 to 0.77. Dendrogram constructed after STMS

marker data showed four distinct clusters with a tendency of accessions of similar species clustering

together.

List of 14 wild chickpea lines used in the present study

Species No. of accessions

Accession name

C. arietinum 1 Pusa 1103

C. echinospermum 4 ILWC 235 ILWC 238 ILWC 179 ILWC 230

C. judaicum 4 ILWC 148 ILWC 31 ILWC 43 EC-556288

C. reticulatum 1 EC-556270

C. pinnatifidum 5 ICC 17160 ICC 17121 ICC 17124 ICC 17123 EC 328870

KAK 2 ILWC

118

Selfs

- 14 -

UPGMA based Clustering of 14 wild chickpea accessions using SSR primer

UPGMA based clustering of annual wild species of chickpea

EVALUATION OF INTERNATIONAL NURSERIES

To identify specific lines/traits, ICARDA developed breeding lines were introduced in India to provide

additional support to the project

Five International Nurseries were received from ICARDA viz., CAT-2011, CIDTN-2011, CIENSL-

1, CIENSL-2 and CIF3N -2011. Germination and crop stand is very good. Observations as per the

schedule are being recorded.

Cluster no.

No. of genotypes

Genotype name

1 6 Sub group A: ILWC 235, ILWC 230, ILWC 179, ILWC 238

Sub group B: EC 556270, Pusa 1103

2 1 EC 556288

3 3 ILWC 31, ILWC 148, ILWC 43

4 5 EC 3288870, ICC 17123, ICC 17124, ICC 17160, ICC

17121.

- 15 -

MPKV, RAHURI

The following 71 accession of wild chickpea (annuals) received from ICARDA (five seed each)

were sown on 7.12.10. The sharp cut was given to each seed and after soaking overnight the

seed was sown. The germination was about 75%. The details are as below.

S.N Acc. No. Latin name No. of plant

survived No. of seed harvested

1 IG –72933 Cicer reticulatum 1 8 2 IG –72940 Cicer reticulatum 2 1 3 IG –72943 Cicer reticulatum 2 86 4 IG –72944 Cicer reticulatum 2 13 5 IG –72945 Cicer reticulatum 1 4 6 IG –72947 Cicer reticulatum 1 34 7 IG –72950 Cicer reticulatum 2 36 8 IG –72952 Cicer reticulatum 1 17 9 IG –72953 Cicer reticulatum 3 127 10 IG –72954 Cicer reticulatum 3 15 11 IG –72957 Cicer reticulatum 3 3 12 IG –72958 Cicer reticulatum 2 1 13 IG –72967 Cicer reticulatum 1 9 14 IG –73011 Cicer reticulatum 2 16 15 IG –73013 Cicer reticulatum 4 19 16 IG –73047 Cicer reticulatum 1 2 17 IG –73048 Cicer reticulatum 2 43 18 IG –73058 Cicer reticulatum 2 10 1 IG –69982 Cicer judiacum 2 45 2 IG –70030 Cicer judiacum 1 9 3 IG –72977 Cicer Judiacum 1 8 1 IG –69948 Cicer pinnatifidum 3 18 2 IG –69988 Cicer pinnatifidum 4 24 3 IG –70036 Cicer pinnatifidum 1 2 4 IG –73001 Cicer pinnatifidum 4 5 1 IG –73059 Cicer echinospermum 2 6

- 16 -

Similarly two accessions viz; ILWC-120(C. rati) and ILWC-21(C. rati) received from IIPR,

Kanpur were sown but they didn’t set the seed.

In addition to this accessions following wild chickpea accessions available with this project

were sown on 2.11.2010. The details are as below

S.N. Genotype Latin name No. of plant germinated

No. of plant

survived

No. of seed harvested

1. ICC - 17123 C. reticulatum 7 5 - 2. ICC – 17121 C. reticulatum 4 0 - 3 ICC -17163 C. reticulatum 8 5 24 4. ICC – 17160 C. reticulatum 14 9 150 5. ICC -17164 C. reticulatum 10 8 122 6. ICC -17124 C. reticulatum 15 11 8 7. ICC -17116 C.yamashitae 5 1 136 8. ICC -17117 C. yamashitae 6 0 - 9. ICC -17122 C. bijugum 5 2 - 10. ICC -17125 C. bijugum 5 0 123 11. ICC -17141 C. chorassanium 5 0 69 12. ICC -17159 C. echinospermum 5 0 - 13. ICC -17162 C. cuneatum 5 2 - 14. ICC -17149 C. judiacum 5 1 33 15. ICC -17151 C. judiacum 12 6 107 16. ICC -17153 C pinnatifidum 5 0 130 17. ICC – 17126 C pinnatifidum 5 2 - 18. ICC -17152 -- 5 0 - 19. ICC -17148 -- 5 1 - 20. EC 556270 (R) -- 13 7 170 21. C. Judiacum (185) 5 0 - 22. C. Judiacum (182) 5 0 - 23. EC – 556258 (J) -- 5 0 - 24. ILWC -115 C. bijugum 5 1 4 25. ILWC - 292 C. bijugum 5 3 107 26. ILWC - 141 C. bijugum 5 3 4

The flowering was observed in ILWC-115 and ILWC-292 on 10.01.2011 i.e. after 73 days from

the date of sowing and for EC 556270 on 25.01.2011 i.e. 88 days after sowing. Flowering in

remaining accessions was observed 98 days after sowing. C. cuneatum does not flower and

plants were died due to increase in temperature.

- 17 -

Wide hybridization programme:

Following crosses between desi x wild chickpea were effected

Sr. No. Name of cross Number of crosses made

Number of crossed pod obtained

1 Vishal X ILWC – 115 43 3

2 Digvijay X ILWC -115 24 2

3 Vijay X ILW- 115 16 -

4 PG 03110 X ILWC-115 14 -

5 Digvijay X ILWC - 292 18 2

6 Vishal X ILWC – 292 39 5

7 Vishal X EC – 556270 17 -

8 Digvijay X EC 556270 11 5

The solution containing 50 ppm G.A., 10 ppm NAA and 10 ppm kinetin per litre was applied to

the pedicel of ovary for better setting of the seeds.

- 18 -

Evaluation of landraces:

Out of 100 land races received, 46 accessions were selected on the basis of seed size, plant

growth vigour for further evaluation and utilization in kabuli chickpea breeding programme.

S.N. Accession number Seed size S.N. Accession number Seed size

1 IG-5839 Medium 24 IG-5863 Bold

2 IG-5840 Extra large 25 IG-5864 Small

3 IG-5841 Medium 26 IG-5865 Extra large

4 IG-5842 Bold 27 IG-5866 Bold

5 IG-5843 Small 28 IG-5867 Bold

6 IG-5844 Medium 29 IG-5868 Bold

7 IG-5845 Bold 30 IG-5869 Bold

8 IG-5846 Medium 31 IG-5870 Medium

9 IG-5847 Medium 32 IG- 5871 Bold

10 IG-5848 Bold 33 IG-5873 Small


12 IG-5850 Bold 35 IG-5875 Medium

13 IG-5851 Medium 36 IG-5876 Extra large

14 IG-5852 Small 37 IG-5877 Medium


16 IG-5854 Bold 39 IG-5880 Small

17 IG-5855 Small 40 IG-5900 Very small

18 IG-5856 Medium 41 IG-5901 Very small

19 IG-5857 Bold 42 IG-5902 Very small

20 IG-5859 Bold 43 IG-5907 Medium


22 IG-5861 Very small 45 IG-6000 Medium

23 IG-5862 Bold 46 IG-6001 Bold

In addition to this BGD 72, Pusa 362, Pusa 1053, Pusa 1108, Pusa 2074, IPCK 02-29 (Shubhra),

IPCK 02, IPCK 04-29 (Ujjwal) were evaluated during rabi 2010-11.

- 19 -

NBPGR, NEW DELHI

Evaluation for agro-morphological traits

Fifty wild accessions of four Cicer species (Cicer reticulatum, Cicer echinospermum, Cicer

pinnatifidum and Cicer judaicum) were procured from ICARDA and characterized and

evaluated for their performance under glasshouse conditions during rabi 2010-11 at NBPGR,

New Delhi. These accessions were evaluated for various agro-morphological traits like, days

to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number of primary and secondary branches

per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, biological yield per plant and

seed yield per plant. Substantial amount of variation were present in these wild Cicer species

as reflected by the range, mean and coefficient of variation. Some accessions were found

promising for characters like high number of internodes and branches per plant in Cicer

reticulatum (ILWC 36 and ILWC 17121).

Wide hybridization

Three inter-specific crosses have been attempted between Pusa 1103 X ILWC46, Pusa 256 X

ILWC 46 and Pusa 1103 X ILWC 15 for widening the genetic base and one intraspecific cross

combination was also attempted between ICKG96029 X PB5 for introducing Ascochyta blight

resistance.

Wild species of chickpea, Cicer reticulatum (ILWC 36) with shorter internodes and

Cicer reticulatum (ICC 17121) with high number of primary branches per plant

- 20 -

Evaluation for biotic stresses (Fusarium wilt, Ascochyta blight and root knot nematode)

A total of 90 lines of chickpea have been screened using 1-9 scale for Fusarium wilt resistance

under wilt sick plots maintained by the Division of Genetics at IARI, New Delhi. Out of which

four lines (IC552274, IC552274, IC521140 and IC514022) were recorded as resistant and

eight were found moderately resistant to Fusarium wilt. The same set of germplasm was also

evaluated for Ascochyta blight at CSKHPKV Regional Station, Dhaula Kuan, and Himachal

Pradesh. Four accessions were recorded as resistant (IC552069, IC552007, IC562011 and

IC552021) and nine were found moderately resistant to Ascochyta blight. The same ninety

accessions were also screened for root knot nematode (M. incognita) under pot culture and

none of the accessions were found resistant.

Performance of F1 hybrid (centre) derived by crossing Cicer arietinum (Pusa 1103)

and Cicer reticulatum (ILWC 46)

- 21 -

Germplasm exchange

Germplasm import

During Rabi 2010-11 all genetic materials (wild species and land races) procured from

ICARDA were processed for quarantine measures at NBPGR, New Delhi and immediately

distributed to the various recipient centres viz, Division of Genetics, IARI, New Delhi; Indian

Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur and Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri.

Germplasm export

Three varieties of Kabuli chickpea namely, Pusa 1053, Phule G 0517 and Shubhra have been

sent to Dr Muhammad Imtiaz, Chickpea Breeder, Biodiversity and Integrated Gene

Management (BIGM), ICARDA, Syria under this collaborative research programme.

- 22 -

Sub-Project

Breaking yield barriers in lentil through introgression of useful genes from

unadapted landraces and wild gene pool

Introduction

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus ssp. culinaris) is an important pulse crop in India with almost

one million tons of production from 1.46 million ha area. However, its average yield is about

25% lower than the global average (1053 kg/ha). Most of the lentil varieties in India have

been developed mainly through pureline selection and intraspecific hybridization,

inadvertently leading to the narrowing-down of genetic base. This makes them vulnerable to a

number of biotic and abiotic factors besides reducing their realized genetic potential due to

lesser hidden variability. Sudden breakdown of a prominent variety to a certain insect-pest or

disease may play havoc in already stagnant pulse production scenario of the country.

Therefore, efforts are immediately required towards broadening the genetic base of lentils and

developing improved plant types having earliness, early growth habit, and higher biomass so

as to achieve increased yield and resistance to various biotic and abiotic stresses. In such a

situation, the transfer of genes and gene combinations from under exploited sources, such as

wild species and exotic landraces, into more usable breeding material and into cultivated

background through wide hybridization, offers a wonderful solution for increasing genetic

variability. The proposed project envisages genetic enhancement through pre-breeding for

increasing the extent of useful diversity to breeders through introgression of desirable

characteristics from exotic cultivated and wild species.

Lentil, despite its tremendous importance in human food, animal feed and cropping systems in

the Indian subcontinent, west Asia, Ethiopia, north Africa and parts of southern Europe,

Oceania and North America, has remained an under –exploited and under researched crop

until recently. Notwithstanding the number of varieties released, there has been a limited

progress in production and productivity of this important pulse crop over the decades. Besides

a high influence of environmental factors, the major constraint in this direction is the narrow

genetic base of most of the existing varieties of this crop. The pedigree analysis of 35 released

varieties in lentil has been traced back to only 22 ancestors, the top ten contributing 30% to

the genetic base of released varieties (Kumar et al., 2003). This can lead to crop vulnerability

- 23 -

due to pest and disease epidemics and unpredictable climatic factors. Therefore, there is an

immediate need to broaden the genetic base of lentil. For this, wild relatives, exotic lines and

local landraces can be wonderful sources to create variation in cultivated lentil since these are

the repository of an array of useful genes, hitherto not found in the cultivated species. This

variation can be created through distant hybridization including intra- and interspecific

hybridization between the wild and cultivated species, aided by in vivo hormone application as

well as embryo rescue. Development of prebreeding lines will greatly help in tapping the useful

genetic resources for broadening the genetic base of cultivated lentils. This will also help in

transferring desirable traits from wild relatives into cultivated ones, besides helping in study of

genome structure and phylogeny.

The project aims at introgression of useful traits from distant sources to the cultivated species

of lentil. This will lead to development of prebeeding lines which may be used in ongoing

breeding programme for improvement of cultivated lentils. Furthermore, the lines developed

may be also be used directly as varieties. Lentil varieties with better yield potential, enhanced

quality and wider genetic base will lead to increased productivity and better adaptability with

less susceptibility to insect-pests and diseases, hereby leading to increased production, and

hence better food and nutritional security. This will help the lentil growing farmers in

increasing their farm income and socioeconomic growth.

Objectives

1. Identification of appropriate germplasm of lentil from ICARDA gene bank (landraces &

wild species) and from Indian sources for resistance to keys biotic and abiotic stresses in

addition to yield attributing traits.

2. Synthesis of new gene pool through recombination breeding with higher frequency of

useful genes using exotic landraces and wild progenitor species of Near-East origin and

Indian cultivars/germplasm.

3. Selection of useful recombinants in the target environments for their further utilization

in crop improvement programs

4. Development of high yielding varieties through multi-location testing for adaptation to

various cropping systems in major agro-ecological zones.

5. Human resource development for enhanced utilization of plant genetic resources and

adoption of frontier technologies in crop improvement

- 24 -

Work plan – Year 1 1st year (2009/2010)

1. Introduction of germplasm from ICARDA to India and from India to ICARDA

2. Evaluation and seed increase of germplasm by NBPGR and IIPR in India, and by

ICARDA in Syria

3. Identification of parents based on disease and drought resistance, phenological

adaptation, seed traits, plant architecture, etc.

4. Genotyping of elite parents

5. Preparation of scientific reports, annual coordination meeting

6. Recruitment of personnel mentioned in the project document and establishment of

lab/field facilities

- 25 -

PROJECT PARTNERS

International institute : International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas

(ICARDA), Aleppo, Syria

Lead centre : Indian Institute of Pulses Research (IIPR), Kanpur (India)

Cooperating centres

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi

RSVRS, RAK College of Agriculture, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh

National Bureau of Plant Genetic resources (NBPGR), New Delhi

- 26 -

PROGRESS REPORT

ICARDA, SYRIA

Landraces of WANA Region and wild germplasm shared: ICARDA provided 160 accessions

of lentil germplasm representing 9 WANA countries to Indian partners for their multiplication

and evaluation. In addition, we also shared 24 micro-nutrient rich elite lines (41 drought

tolerant, 35 short duration, 35 Fusrium wilt resistant, 27 rust resistant) emanating from SA x

WA crosses to other Indian collaborators.

S. No. Country Landraces

1 Jordon 20

2 Syria 26

3 Iraq 8

4 Morocco 17

5 Turkey 29

6 Lebanon 13

7 Ethiopia 11

8 Iran 18

9 Egypt 18

During the year, ICARDA provided 209 accessions representing five Lens species to Indian

collaborators for seed multiplication and evaluation under the local agro-climatic conditions.

This included 159 accessions from 5 wild species to IIPR; 50 accessions of Lens culinaris ssp.

Orientalis to IARI; F4 populations of 48 wide crosses and Pre-breeding nursery.

S. No. Species Number of accessions sent to Indian

collaborators

1 Lc ssp. orientalis 82 + 50

2 L. ervoides 32

3 Lc ssp. odemensis 29

4 Lc ssp. tomentosus 4

5 L. nigricans 12

- 27 -

Introgression of alleles from wild sources: In order to introgress useful traits from wild

species, ICARDA made 21 crosses involving wild species with Indian germplasm. These

parents were selected on the basis of the past screening at ICARDA. F2 populations of these

crosses will be provided to Indian collaborators during the next season.

Purpose Crosses made

FW resistance ILL 4605 x ILWL 76, ILL 4605 x ILWL 37, ILL 4605 x ILWL 79,

ILL 4605 x ILWL 113, ILL 2585 x ILWL 76

Micronutrient

enrichment

FLIP96-54L x ILWL 74, FLIP97-33L x ILWL 74

Yield genes BARI M6 x ILWL 90, ILL 7723 x ILWL 90, ILL 2585 x ILWL 90,

ILL 4401 x ILWL 245, ILL 5883 x ILWL 245, ILL 8006 x ILWL

245, Ranjan x ILWL 203, ILL 1880 x ILWL 297, ILL 1880 x ILWL

368, ILL 1880 x ILWL 371, ILL 1880 x ILWL 417, ILL 4400 x

ILWL 11,ILL 4401 x ILWL 11, ILL 1005 x ILWL 371

IIPR, KANPUR

Procurement and maintenance of germplasm resources: One hundred and sixty land races

of Mediterranean regions (Table 1) and 150 wild accessions from ICARDA were received

during 2010-11 from ICARDA. However the seed of wild accessions could not be multiplied

thus year because it was received delay and hence store for next year season and

multiplication. However, during 2009-10, IIPR multiplied the wild accessions in green house

and used the seeds of 39 accessions during the current season 2010-11 for multiplication in

pots under natural conditions. Out of these, sufficient seeds were only received from 24

accessions. The accessions of landraces were also multiplied, but sufficient seeds were

obtained from 42 landraces. These accessions of wild species and land races will be shared

with partner center for using in breeding program.

- 28 -

Table : List of wild accession received from ICARDA

NO ILWL / IG Taxa Name

1 4 Lens culinaris subsp. orientalis



4 13 Lens nigricans

5 17 Lens nigricans

6 23 Lens nigricans

7 27 Lens nigricans

8 28 Lens nigricans

9 31 Lens nigricans



12 41 Lens ervoides

13 42 Lens ervoides

14 46 Lens ervoides

15 48 Lens ervoides

16 55 Lens ervoides

17 56 Lens ervoides

18 60 Lens ervoides

19 62 Lens ervoides








27 91 Lens culinaris subsp. tomentosus










- 29 -


38 111 Lens nigricans




42 126 Lens ervoides












54 153 Lens culinaris subsp. odemensis






















- 30 -








































- 31 -





































- 32 -

Figure: View of wild species maintained at IIPR

Pre-breeding: Thirty nine (39) wild accessions from seeds obtained from last year and 42 out

of 160 land races belonging to Iran, Turky, Ethopia and Egypt were also grown in pots for

making crosses with cultivated genotypes (DPL-62 and DPL-58). At IIPR, F1 seeds were

harvested from 8 crosses made between cultivated (DPL-62 and DPL-58) and wild species (L.

culanaris sp. orientalis and sp. tomentosus) and 4 crosses made between cultivated (DPL-62

and DPL-58) and Mediterranean land races. These crosses are given below.

Wild × Cultivated: 8 crosses viz., {L. culinaris sps. tomentosus (ILWL- 199 ) × DPL-58},

{L. culinaris sps. tomentosus (ILWL- 198 ) × DPL-58}, {L. culinaris sps. tomentosus (ILWL- 196 )

× DPL-58}; {L. culinaris sps. orientalis (ILWL-200) × DPL-58}, {L. culinaris sps. orientalis

(ILWL-192) × DPL-58}, {L. culinaris sps. orientalis (ILWL-118) × DPL-58}, {L. culinaris sps.

orientalis (ILWL-194) × DPL-62}, and {L. culinaris sps. orientalis (ILWL-143) × DPL-62} were

made.

Landraces × Cultivated : Five crosses viz., {DPL-15 × IG-71352 (Iran)}, {DPL-62 × IG-69513

(Ethopia)}, {DPL-58 × IG-69513 (Ethopia)}, {IG-69517 × DPL-62 (Ethopia)} and {IG-129317 ×

DPL-58 (Egypt)} were made using land races.

Evaluation for heat tolerance: Two hundred and thirty seven accessions of core collection

were evaluated for heat tolerance at three locations (IIPR, IARI and Sehore). A core collection

of 237 accessions of lentil, 42 accessions of ICARDA drought nursery (LIDTN-2011) and 55

accessions of active germplasm were grown in late sown conditions (15 Jan 2011) for heat

tolerance evaluation. Out of these, 176 accessions were flowered early and matured after 80-

85 days of sowing. Among remaining 158 accessions, 62 accessions were not flowered or

flowered rarely and hence considered highly sensitive to heat tolerance. Ninety six (96)

accessions had flowering and podding after 85 days of sowing were considered for recording

the data on pod and seed development on the terminal of branches.

L. ervoides L. Culinaris ssp. orientalis

- 33 -

NBPGR, NEW DELHI

To fulfill the above broad objectives envisaged in the project, NBPGR was assigned the

following activities:

a. Procurement of ICARDA germplasm and dispatch of Indian materials to ICARDA.

Overall guidance on genetic resources activities.

b. Evaluation, characterization of exotic and local materials

Characterization and evaluation for agro-morphological traits

Sixty wild lentil accessions belonging to various Lens species (Lens orientalis, Lens odemensis,

Lens nigricans, Lens lamottei, Lens tomentosus and Lens ervoides) were procured from ICARDA.

These were multiplied for further characterization and evaluation in an off- season nursery

(Summer 2010) at CSKHPKV Regional Station, Sangla, Himachal Pradesh. The accessions were

extensively characterized and evaluated during rabi 2010-11 at NBPGR, New Delhi for various

agro- morphological traits viz., days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, number

of primary branches/plant, number of flowers per peduncle, number of pods per peduncle,

number of peduncles per plant, peduncle length, number of leaflets per leaf, leaflet size, length

of internodes, number of seeds per pod, number of pods per plant, number of pods per cluster,

100-seed weight, biological yield per plant and seed yield per plant. The results revealed

sufficient variability as evident from the analysis of variance for various traits in all the Lens

species and was further reflected by range, mean and coefficient of variation. A wide range of

variability in these Lens species could be due to their diverse origin. During the cropping

period under evaluation accessions of wild Lens species were found promising for various

traits like high number of pods/cluster in Lens nigricans (ILWL 15), shorter internodes in Lens

nigricans (ILWL 17), more number of primary branches/plant in Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris

and Lens ervoides (ILWL117 & ILWL398). However, overall harvest index ranged from 19.45%

(Lens ervoides, ILWL56) to 39.70% (Lens odemensis, ILWL 20)

- 34 -

Wide hybridization

During rabi 2010-11 seven interspecific crosses were attempted between cultivated and wild

Lens species (L830 X ILWL 7; ILL 10829 x ILWL 7; L830 X ILWL56; L830 X ILWL81; Precoz X

ILWL15; ILL8006 X ILWL15 and ILL8006 X ILWL62) for broadening the genetic base of

cultivated gene pool. The F1s of these inter-specific crosses were raised to produce the F2

seeds in off-season nursery during summer 2011 at CSKHPKV Regional Station, Sangla,

Himachal Pradesh. Besides these inter-specific crosses, eight intra-specific cross combinations

( L830 X PL024, L6183 X PL024, Precoz x PL026, L830 X EC1, L7904 X L6183, L7904 X L830,

ILL8006 X Precoz and ILL8006 X L7904) were also made for the induction of earliness, wilt,

blight and rust resistance.

Performance of F1 hybrid derived by crossing Lens culinaris (ILL 10829) and Lens

culinaris ssp odemensis (ILWL 81)

Wild species of lentil, Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris ILWL 117 and Lens

ervoides ILWL 398 having higher number of branches pert plant

- 35 -

Evaluation for biotic stresses (rust and root knot nematode)

Thirty wild Lens accessions were screened for rust resistance using 1-9 rating scale at CSKHPKV

Regional Station, Dhaulakuan, Himachal Pradesh. Out of these five lines (ILWL30, ILWL62, ILWL15,

ILWL81 and ILWL 19) were found resistant to lentil rust. The same set of accessions was also screened

for root knot nematode where two accessions (ILWL18 and ILWL72) were recorded resistant to root

knot nematode (M. incognita).

Screening of wild Lens species against root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita)

ILWL18

18

ILWL56

Susceptible

ILWL 56

Resistant ILWL18

2011-12

C. Financial Progress: Sl.No

Project Sanction Year

Total outlay

Outlay 2011-12

u.spent 1/4/11

Rel. Pro.Exp.

1. Pre-Breeding and Genetic Enhancement in breaking yield barriers in lentil and Kabuli chickpea

2010-11 314.21 120.45 24.48

50.0 106.75 (30/9/11)

D. Physical Progress:

1. Hundred land races of chickpea of 56 origin countries imported through ICARDA,Sariya Viz. Country of origin No. of Landraces Country of Origin No. of landraces Afghanistan 2 Kazakhstan 2 Africa 1 Kenya 1 Algeria 2 Kyrgyzstan 2 Armenia 2 Latvia 2 Australia 2 Lebanon 2 Azerbaijan 2 Libya 2Bangladesh 2 Mexico 2Bulgaria 2 Moldova 2Chile 2 Morocco 2China 1 Nepal 2Colombia 1 Pakistan 2Cuba 2 Palestine 1 Cyprs 2 Peru 2 Czech Republic 1 Portugal 2 Ecuador 2 Romania 3 Egypt 2 Russia 2 Ethiopia 2 Spain 2 France 2 Sudan 2 Georgia 1 Syrian 2 Germany 1 Tajikistan 2 Greece 2 Tunisia 2 Guatemala 1 Turkey 2 Hungary 1 Turkmenistan 2 India 2 Tkraine 2 Iran 2 UK 1 Iraq 2 US 2 Italy 2 Uzbekistan 2 Jordan 1 Yugoslavia 1

• Fifty wide chickpea accessions were imported and shared with the project partners. C. judaicum (22), C. pinnatifidum (15), C. bijugum (8), C. reticulatum (1), C. chorassnicum (1), C. cuneatum (2), and

C. yamashitae (1)

• Various Chickpea germplasm nurseries / segregating populations were imported and distributed to the Indian partners for the evaluation of the selected traits.

• Thirteen different Lentil germplasm nurseries / segregating populations were imported from ICARDA, Syria and distributed to Indian Partners for the evaluation in different agro-ecological condition for selected traits.

• Multiplied accessions of Lentil (landraces + wilds) imported in 2010-11 from various countries viz. Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Lebanon, Ethiopia, Iran, Egypt and Morocco have been distributed to the project partners for the sowing and screening for Earliness, tolerance to heat and drought, resistance to Stemphylium blight, root rots traits in 2011-12 season.

Progress made under the project will be received in the Streening Committee Meeting, Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi scheduled on 11th October, 2011 and figure guideline/work plan will be discussed.

******

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry...

Documents

Transcript of International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry...