Chapter 17 Pre-Engineered Structures - NAVY BMRnavybmr.com/study...

Chapter 17

Pre-Engineered Structures Topics

100 Pre-Engineered Buildings

200 K-Span Buildings

300 Steel Towers

400 Antenna Towers

To hear audio click on the box

Overview The primary mission tasking of the Seabees is the construction of advanced bases during the early phases of crises and other emergencies It is our job to move swiftly to build temporary facilities and structures to support US military and humanitarian operations The most widely used structure is the pre-engineered building This chapter covers the process involved with the erection of such buildings as well as k-spans and towers In this chapter we will examine the materials and methods used in building and disassembling pre-engineered structures We will also discuss the methods and techniques of using guy lines and anchors for securing towers and antennas

Objectives When you have completed this chapter you will be able to do the following

1 Describe the purpose types and procedures of pre-fabricated buildings 2 Describe the purpose types and procedures of k-span buildings 3 Describe the purpose types and procedures of steel towers 4 Describe the purpose types and procedures of antenna towers

Prerequisites None

NAVEDTRA 14250A 17-1

null

2010-06-23T144450-0500

39810528

This course map shows all of the chapters in Steelworker Basic The suggested training order begins at the bottom and proceeds up Skill levels increase as you advance on the course map

Introduction to Reinforcing Steel

S T E E L W O R K E R

B A S I C

Introduction to Structural Steel

Pre-Engineered Structures Buildings K-Spans Towers and Antennas

Rigging

Wire rope

Fiber Line

Layout and Fabrication of Sheet metal and Fiberglass Duct

Welding Quality Control

Flux Cored Arc Welding-FCAW

Gas-Metal Arc Welding-GMAW

Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding-GTAW

Shielded Metal Arc Welding-SMAW

Plasma Arc Cutting Operations

Soldering Brazing Braze Welding Wearfacing

Gas Welding

Gas Cutting

Introduction to Welding

Basic Heat Treatment

Introduction to Types and Identification of Metal


Features of this Manual This manual has several features which make it easy to use online

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bull The first time a glossary term appears in the text it is bold and italicized When your cursor crosses over that word or phrase a popup box displays with the appropriate definition

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bull Review questions that apply to a section are listed under the Test Your Knowledge banner at the end of the section Select the answer you choose If the answer is correct you will be taken to the next section heading If the answer is incorrect you will be taken to the area in the chapter where the information is for review When you have completed your review select anywhere in that area to return to the review question Try to answer the question again

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100 PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS The pre-engineered building (PEB) discussed here is a commercially designed structure fabricated by the civilian industry to conform to armed forces specifications The advantage of a pre-engineered structure is that it is designed for erection in the shortest possible time Each PEB is shipped as a complete building kit including all necessary materials and instructions for erection Various types of pre-engineered structures are available from numerous manufacturers and all are similar because each is built to military specifications However it would be impractical to try and include all of the structures that each company fabricates so this manual will use a description of the basic procedures for erecting and dismantling only a 40-foot by 100-foot building as an example The typical PEB is a 40 by 100 foot structure but a smaller 20 by 48 foot version PEB uses the same erection principles Layout and erection of either size PEB is normally assigned to Builders working in conjunction with Steelworkers The basic pre-engineered metal building shown in Figure 17-1 is 40 feet wide by 100 feet long Although the unit length of the building is 100 feet the length can be increased or decreased in multiples of 20 feet which are called 20-foot bays The true building length will be equal to the number of 20-foot bays plus 6 inches since each end bay is 20 feet 3 inches The building is 14 feet high at the eave and 20 feet 8 inches at the ridge

Pre-engineered buildings are ideal for use as repair shops or warehouses because they have a large clear floor area without columns or other obstructions as well as straight sidewalls This design allows floor-to-ceiling storage of material and wall-to-wall placement of machinery The column-free interior also permits efficient shop layout and unhindered production flow After a building is up it can be enlarged while in use by 20-foot bays providing additional space under one roof If desired PEBs can be erected side by side in multiples and when a building is no longer needed it can be disassembled stored or

Figure 17-1 mdash Completed pre-engineered building


moved to another location and re-erected because only bolted connections are used with no welding or riveting The rigid frame is strong designed for working loads of 20 pounds per square foot load plus the dead load and the load from a 70-mph wind The building can be easily modified to varying lengths and purposes by taking out or adding bays or by substituting various foundation and wall sections A bay is the distance between two column centers or between the end wall and the first column center in from the end wall Formulas used to determine the number of bays frames and intermediate frames in a building are as follows Length divided by 20 = number of bays Bays + 1 = total number of frames Total number of frames - 2 = number of intermediate frames

110 Pre-Erection Work Extensive pre-erection work is required before you start the actual erection of a building and this often includes almost all of the Seabee ratings After the building site is located and laid out by the Engineering Aids it will be cleared and leveled by Equipment Operators Batter boards are set up in pairs where each comer of the foundation is located Builders fabricate the forms for concrete while Steelworkers are cutting bending tying and placing reinforcing steel If this particular building requires under slab utilities such as plumbing and electrical service the Utilitiesman and Construction Electricians will also be on the jobsite Last all under slab work must be completed and pass all Quality Control inspections before concrete is placed and finished Most importantly as far as ease of erection is concerned before the concrete is placed templates for the anchor bolts are attached to the forms and the anchor bolts are inserted through the holes in each Then the anchor bolts and template forms are tied as necessary to make sure the bolts remain vertical You will have only a tolerance of plus or minus one eighth of an inch to work with

CAUTION Proper anchor bolt placement is absolutely critical when erecting a PEB

The threads of the bolts are greased and the nuts placed on them to protect the threads Concrete is then poured into the formwork and worked carefully

While the foundation is being prepared the crew leader will assign personnelcrews to perform various types of preliminary work such as uncrating and inventorying all material on the shipping list bolting up rigid-frame assemblies assembling door eaves and glazing windows Box 1 contains the erection manual the drawings and an inventory list it should be opened first If all of the preliminary work is done correctly the assembly and erection of the entire building is accomplished easily and quickly

into place around these bolts so they remain vertical and in place Finally according to the plans and specifications the slab is poured

All material except the sheeting should be uncrated and laid out in an orderly manner so the parts can be located easily Do not uncrate the sheeting until you are ready to install it When opening the crates use care not to cause any damage to the lumber


This is important since the lumber can be used for sawhorses and various other items around the jobsite In most situations after the building foundation has been prepared building materials should be placed around the building site near the location where they will be used (Figure 17-2) This action provides the greatest accessibility during assembly

Girts purlins eave struts and brace rods should be equally divided along both sides of the foundation Panels and miscellaneous parts which will not be used immediately should be placed on each side of the foundation on pallets or skids and covered with tarps or a similar type of covering until needed Parts making up the rigid-frame assemblies are laid out ready for assembly and in position for raising Always use care in unloading materials Remember that damaged parts will cause delays in getting the job done To avoid damage lower the materials to the ground slowly and do not drop them Figure 17-3 will help you identify the structural members of the building and their location Each part has a specific purpose and must be installed in its designated location to ensure a sound structure

CAUTION Never omit any part called for on the detailed erection drawings Each of the members parts and accessories of the building is labeled by stencil so it is not necessary to guess which one goes where Refer to the erection plans to find the particular members you need as you work

Figure 17-2 mdash Material layout


120 Erection Procedures When all the pre-erection work is completed inspected and passed by Quality Control and your inventory is completed you are ready to start erecting the PEB To give you a general guide to follow this phase of the discussion will introduce you to the basic PEB erection procedures However keep in mind that the drawings provided by the manufacturer must be followed in all cases even where they might differ from information in this training manual The manufacturerrsquos standard practice is to pack an erection manual and a set of drawings in the small parts box (Box 1) shipped with each building

121 Bolting Rigid Frames Before bolting up the rigid-frame assembly clean all the dirt and debris from the top of the foundation and then lay out and bolt the base shoes firmly to the concrete Use appropriate washers between the shoes and nuts Lay out an assembled column and roof beam at each pair of base shoes using one bolt on each side of each base shoe to act as pivots in raising the frame (Figure 17-4) Use drift pins if needed to line up the holes

Figure 17-3 mdash Location and identity of structural members


122 Frame Erection You can use a gin pole to raise the end frame of the building To prevent distortion of the frame when it is being raised attach a bridle securely to each side of the frame below the splice connection and also to the ridge on the roof beam Drop a driftpin in the frame to prevent the bridle from slipping up Set up the gin pole with a block at the top If a gin pole is not available nail together three 2 x 6rsquos 20 feet long from the longest shipping crate Attach a tag line to the frame (Figure 17-5) Now pull the end frame into the vertical position using a crew of four or five people on the erection line A tag person should have something to take a couple of turns around such as a pole anchored to the ground Then if the frame should go beyond the vertical the tag person would be able to keep it from falling To get the frame started from the ground it should be lifted by several people and propped up as high as practical Bolt an eave strut to each column (Figure 17-5) The eave struts allow the frame to be propped at every stage of the lifting After the frame is in a vertical position install guy lines and props to it so it cannot move

Figure 17-5 mdash Frame erection

Figure 17-4 mdash Frame assembly


Now raise the second frame in the same way and hold it vertically in place by installing purlins girts and brace rods You can use a crane or other suitable type of power equipment to hoist the frames into place where such equipment is available When power equipment is used use the following suggested procedure

1 Raise the columns bolt them to the base shoes and brace them in place

2 Install all sidewall girts to keep the columns as rigid as possible

3 Bolt the roof beams together and install the gable posts and end-wall header

4 Secure the guy lines and tag lines to the roof beams (Figure 17-6) Attach a wire rope sling at approximately the center of each roof beam

5 Hoist the roof beams into position on top of the columns and bolt them in place

6 When the second rigid-frame section is secured in position install all the roof purlins gable angles and louver angles Note attach the gable clips to the purlins before raising the section into position

7 Install the brace rods and align the first bay

CAUTION The first bay must be aligned before erecting additional bays

123 Brace Rods Brace rods must be installed in the first bay erected (Figure 17-7) These rods are of paramount importance since they hold the frames in an upright position

CAUTION Never omit the brace rods either sidewall or roof The diagonal brace rods are attached to the frames in the roof and sidewall through the slotted holes provided Use a half-round brace rod washer and a flat steel washer under the nuts at each end of the rods With the rods installed plumb each frame column with the carpenterrsquos spirit level Check the distance diagonally from the upper corner of one frame to the lower corner of the adjacent frame When this distance is the same for each rod the columns will be

Figure 17-6 mdash Using power equipment


plumb After the sidewall rods are installed install the roof rods The length of the roof rods can be adjusted by tightening or loosening the turnbuckle When the two diagonal measurements are the same the end bay will be square

After the two frames have been plumbed and braced square with the diagonal rods and the purlins girts and eave struts have been installed the guy lines or props can be removed and the remaining frames of the building can be erected Note the following precautions

bull Do not omit the diagonal brace rods that are required in the last bay of the building

bull Be sure to bolt the girts purlins and eave struts to the inside holes of the end frames

bull Install the eave struts girts and purlins in each bay as soon as a frame is erected

bull Exercise care to see that the diagonal brace rods are taut and do not project beyond the flanges of the end frame to interfere with end-wall sheeting

bull To raise the next frame attach blocks to the last frame raised and proceed to the next bay frame

124 Sag Rods Sag rods are used to hold the purlins and the girts in a straight line First install the sag rods that connect the two purlins at the ridge of the building Each rod must be attached from the top hole of one purlin through the bottom hole of the adjacent purlin Use two nuts at each end of the sag rods one on each side of each purlin Adjust the nuts on these rods so the purlins are held straight and rigid Next install the sag rods between the purlins below the ridge with the rod attached from the top hole of the upper purlin through the bottom hole of the lower purlin Use two nuts on each end one on each side of each purlin Follow the same procedure with the sidewall sag rods



Remember the roof purlins should show a straight line from end to end of the building Do NOT tighten the sag rods so much that the purlins are twisted out of shape

125 Brace Angles and Base Angles After two or more bays have been erected part of the erection crew can be assigned to install the diagonal brace angles To install the brace angles lay the notched portion against the frame flange and bend it into position (Figure 17-8) Diagonal brace angles are needed to support the inner flange of the frame Be sure to install them so that they are taut

CAUTION Never omit diagonal brace angles They are needed to support the inner flange of the frame Install them so they are taut

While some members of the crew are installing brace angles other members can be installing base angles When assigned this duty first sweep off the top of the concrete foundation so the base angles will set down evenly Bolt the base angles in place with a flat steel washer under the nut Leave the nuts loose to permit later adjustments after the wall sheeting has been applied

126 End-Wall FramingDoorsWindows Refer to the manufacturersrsquo specifications for proper assembly and installation procedures for end-wall framing doors (both sliding and roll-up) and windows as these procedures will vary with available building options

127 Sheeting Always start the sheeting both sidewall and roof at the end of the building toward which the prevailing winds blow For example if the winds are predominately easterlies (from the east) start your sheeting on the west end of the building to ensure that the

Figure 17-8 mdash Diagonal brace angles


exterior joint in the side laps is away from the blowing of the prevailing winds When installing roof sheeting always use a generous amount of mastic on the upper side of all roof sheets just before moving them to the roof Turn the sheet over and put a bead of mastic on the lip of one side of the corrugation and along one end--near the end but never more than one 1 inch from the end Be sure to apply a horizontal bead of mastic between all sheets in the end laps below the lap holes

128 Building Insulation

The roof sheets must be dry when mastic is applied Mastic is extremely important and you must exercise care whenever applying it to ensure a watertight seal Apply generous beads especially at the comers of the sheets Finally install the ridge cap ensuring proper watershed As previously stated the information in this manual is general information common to pre-engineered buildings

You can insulate a pre-engineered building by any of several methods You can install a blanket type of insulation in 2-foot wide strips to match the width of the roof and wall sheets between the sheets and structural panels at the same time the sheeting is installed Alternatively you can apply a hardboard insulation directly to the inside surface of the structural panels attaching it by helix nails or by sheet metal screws in holes prepared by drilling the structural panels A third option is a wood framing attached to the structural panels and hardboard insulation nailed to the wood

129 Multiple buildings Set Side by Side Pre-engineered buildings can easily be set up side by side to increase the working area under one roof When this is done the adjacent rigid frames should be bolted back to back with a channel spacer at each girt location (Figure 17-9) The eave struts are moved up the roof beam to the second set of holes to provide a gutter This arrangement provides a space between eave struts and you can install a field fabricated gutter Flat unpainted galvanized steel of 24- to 26-gauge material should be used for the gutter with downspouts located as required Gutter ends should be lapped and braze-welded for watertightness Note that wall sheets can be used to form a gutter if the outside corrugations are flattened and all the end laps are braze-welded Roof sheets must be cut shorter where they overhang the gutter The corrugations can be closed with the continuous rubber closure with mastic applied to the top and bottom surfaces of the closure An alternate method is to flatten the corrugations at the gutter and seal them with a glass fabric stripping set in plastic


130 Disassembly Procedures Disassembling a pre-engineered building is not difficult once you are familiar with the erection procedures However when you disassemble a building be sure to clearly mark or number all of the parts so you will know where the parts go when reassembling the building The following are the main steps of the disassembly procedures

bull Remove the sheeting

bull Remove the windows door leaves and end wall

bull Remove the diagonal brace angles and sag rods

bull Remove the braces girts and purlins

bull Let down the frames

Figure 17-9 mdash Buildings side by side


131 Marking It is obvious but worth repeating In disassembling a building be sure to clearly mark or number all parts You will then know where the parts go when reassembling the building Carefully handling the building components during disassembly is very important You may have to reuse these same components at another location As you complete disassembly protect those components from damage Any damaged components will have to be replaced and time might not be on your side In planning a disassembly remember you probably no longer have the original shipping containers in which to repack As offered earlier the shipping material makes good sawhorses and sometimes runners for stairs so it is not likely to be around any longer If the disassembled PEB will have significant rehandling or lengthy storage consider making secondary shipping crates of available materials for handling ease and parts accountability

200 K-SPAN BUILDINGS The K-span building has been used in the Seabee community for years (Figure 17-10) The intended uses of these buildings are as varied as the PEBs Training key personnel in the operation of the equipment associated with the K-span is essential Once trained these same personnel can instruct other members of the crew in the safe erection of a K-span The following section gives you some but not all of the key elements associated with K-span construction The ABM 120 and 240 and the UBM 120 and 240 are the machines used in K-span construction The UBM differs from the ABM in

several ways but the two major differences are the computer input system and the seaming system used by the UBM which eliminates the need for bolting the sections together saving workers and time needed for construction All other aspects are the same when comparing the ABM and the UBM ABMs will be discussed in detail below As with other equipment always refer to the manufacturerrsquos manuals

Figure 17-10 mdash Typical K-span building


210 ABM 120 System The K-span building system consists of a self-contained metal building manufacturing plant known as the ABM 120 SystemAutomatic Building Machine 120 This machine is mounted on a trailer forming a type of ldquomobile factoryrdquo that is easily towed to even the remotest construction sites (Figure 17-11) An important aspect of this machine is that it can easily be transported by air anywhere in the world In fact the ABM System has been certified for air transport by the US Air Force in C-130 C-141 C-5 and C-17

aircraft Once the machine is delivered on site it can be set up in minutes and turn coils of steel into structural strength arched panels The panels are then machine seamed together to form an economical and watertight steel structure The final shape and strength of the fabricated materials eliminate the need for columns beams or any other type of interior support All of the panel-to-panel connections are joined using an electric automatic seaming machine Because of this there are no nuts bolts or any other type of fastener to slow down construction or create leaks Once delivered to the jobsite the ldquoon-siterdquo manufacturing abilities of the machine give the ABM operator complete control of fabrication as well as the quality of the building

Figure 17-11 mdash Automatic Building Machine (ABM) 120


211 Operating Instructions The main component of the K-span system is the trailer-mounted building machine Figure 17-12 shows the primary components of the trailer as well as the general operational steps

The key position is the operatorrsquos station at the rear of the trailer (Figure 17-13) The individual selected for this station must thoroughly understand the machinersquos operations and manuals because from there the operator controls all the elements required to form the panels The operator must remain at the controls at all times forming panels is a complex operation that becomes easier with a thorough understanding of the manuals The operator first runs the coil stock through the machine to form the panel shape and then cuts it off at the correct length This length is the required length for one arched panel to run continuously from one footer to the other After cutting the panel to length the operator runs it back through the machine to give it the correct arch From the placement of the trailer on site to the completion of the curved panels attention to detail is paramount

Figure 17-12 mdash Trailer-mounted machinery


If you are selected for the operatorrsquos position as you operate the panel you will be adjusting the various machine operating components Make adjustments for thickness radius and the curving machine according to the manuals Do not permit short cuts in adjustments Any deviations in adjustments or disregard for the instructions found in the operating manuals will leave you with a pile of useless material and an inconsistent building

212 Machinery Placement To avoid setup problems preplanning of the site layout is important Uneven or sloped ground is not a concern as long as the bed of the trailer aligns with the general lay of the existing surface conditions Using Figure 17-14 as a guide consider the following items when placing the machinery

bull Allow maneuvering room for the towing of the trailer or leave it attached to the vehicle (A)

bull The length of the unit is 27 feet 8 inches long by 7 feet 4 inches wide (B)

bull Allow enough room for run-out stands to hold straight panels Stands have a net length of 9 feet 6 inches each (C)

bull Find point X From the center of the curve measure the distance equal to the radius in line with the front of the curved frame From point X scribe an arc equal to the radius This arc will define the path of the curved panel Add 10 feet for run-out stands and legs (D)

bull Allocate room for a storage area required to store coil stock and access for equipment to load it onto the machine (E)

bull Consider the direction the curved panels must be carried after being formed (F)

Figure 17-13 mdash Rear of K-span trailer


bull Allocate a level area in which to lay the panels on the ground for seaming The building will not be consistent if the panels are not straight when seaming is done (G)

bull Allocate space required for crane operations (H)

213 Foundations While the design of the foundation for a K-span building depends on the buildingrsquos size existing soil conditions and wind load the foundations are simple and easy to construct With the even distribution of the load in a standard arch building the size of the continuous strip footing is smaller and more economical than the foundations for conventional buildings The provided concrete forms and accessories to form the foundations are sufficient for a building 100 feet long by 50 feet wide and forms are available upon request from the manufacturer for different configurations The actual footing construction is based as all projects are on the building plans and specifications The location of the forms placement of steel and the psi (pounds per square inch) of the concrete are critical Since the building is welded to the angle in the footer prior to the concrete placement all aspects of the footer construction must be thoroughly checked for alignment and square Once concrete is placed there is no way to correct mistakes

Figure 17-14 mdash Machinery placement calculations


As mentioned above forms are provided for the foundation Using Table 17-1 as a guide Figure 17-15 gives you a simple foundation layout by parts designation As noted in Figure 17-15 the cross pipes are not provided in the kit They are provided by the contractor

Table 17-1 ndash Concrete Forms Included in Kit Description

(Each set of forms is sufficient to erect a building 100 feet long by 50 feet wide)

Part Number

Side form panels 1rsquo x 10rsquo 12-gauge steel Transition panels 1rsquo x 12rdquo 12-gauge steel Transition panels 1rsquo x 28rdquo 12-gauge steel End wall caps 1rsquo x 15rdquo 12-gauge steel Side wall caps 1rsquo x 19rdquo 12-gauge steel

F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5

Filler form 1rsquo x 12rsquo 12-gauge steel Sidewall inside stop 1rsquo x 12rdquo 12-gauge steel End wall inside stop 1rsquo x 12rdquo 12-gauge steel Stakes 14rdquo diameter bar steel All-thread rod 12-13 x 18rdquo

F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10

Hex nuts 12-13 Hex bolts 18-16 x 1-12rdquo Hex nuts 38- 6 Flat washers 18rdquo SAE Corner angles 2rdquo x 2rdquo x 12rdquo steel angle

F-11 F-12 F-13 F-14 F-15


214 Building Erection With the placement of the machinery and the forming of the building panels in progress your next considerations are the placement and the weight-lifting capabilities of the crane Check the cranersquos weight-lifting chart for its maximum weight capacity This dictates the number of panels you can safely lift at the operating distance or reach As with all crane operations attempting to lift more than the rated capacity or extending beyond a rated operating distance can cause the crane to turn over Attaching the spreader bar to the curved formed panels is a crucial step (Figure 17-16) Failure to clamp the panel tightly can cause the panels to slip and fall with potential harm to personnel and damage to the panel

Figure 17-15 mdash Simple form assembly


With guidelines attached as shown in Figure 17-17 and personnel attending the lines lift the panels for placement When lifting consider the following points

bull Lift only as high as necessary

bull Position two crew members at each free end to guide each panel in place

bull Remind crew members to keep their feet out from under the ends of the arches

bull Never attempt lifting any sets of panels in high winds

Figure 17-16 mdash Spreader bar attachment


Place the first set of panels on the attaching angle of the foundation and position it so there will be room for the end wall panels After positioning the first set of panels clamp them to the angle plumb them with guidelines and secure the lines to previously anchored stakes Seam each set to standing panels before detaching the spreader bar then detach the spreader bar and continue to place panel sets After about 15 panels (3 sets) are in place measure the building length at both ends just above the forms and at the center of the arch This measurement will seldom be exactly one foot per panel it is usually slightly more but it should be equal for each panel Adjust the ends to equal the center measure Panels are flexible enough to adjust slightly Check these measurements periodically during building construction Since exact building lengths are difficult to predict the end-wall attaching angle on the finishing end of the building should not be put in place until all panels are set After the arches are in place set the longest end-wall panel in the form plumb and clamp it in place Work from the longest panel outward and be careful to maintain plumb

Figure 17-17 mdash Guide rope use


When all of the building panels are welded to the attaching angle at 12 inches on center you are ready to place the concrete (Figure 17-18) When you are placing the concrete remember that it is extremely important that it be well vibrated but not over-vibrated to the point of aggregate separation This action will help eliminate voids underneath the embedded items As the concrete begins to set slope the top exterior portion of the concrete cap about 5 inches to allow water to drain away from the building (Figure 17-19) The elevation and type of the interior floor are not relevant as long as the finish of the interior floor is not higher than the top of the concrete cap

Figure 17-18 mdash Building foundation concept


The K-span building system is similar to other types of pre-engineered or prefabricated buildings in that windows doors and roll-up doors can be installed only when erection is completed When insulation is required you can install (using clips as shown in Figure 17-20) insulation boards (usually 4 by 8 feet) of any semi-rigid material that can be bent to match the radius of the building

Figure 17-19 mdash Concrete foundation


When the integrity of the end-wall panels is continuous from ground to roofline the end walls become self-supporting The installation of windows (Figure 17-21) and aluminum doors (Figure 17-22) presents no problem because the integrity of the wall system is not interrupted The installation of the overhead door (Figure 17-23) does present a problem in that it does interrupt the integrity of the wall system This situation is quickly overcome by the easily installed and adjustable (in height and width) doorframe package that supports both the door and end wall This doorframe package is offered by the manufacturer Figure 17-24 shows the fundamental steps in constructing a K-span from start to finish

Figure 17-20 mdash Insulation


Figure 17-21 mdash Aluminum window installation


Figure 17-22 mdash Aluminum door installation


Figure 17-23 mdash Overhead door frame


Figure 17-24 mdash Steps in K-span construction NAVEDTRA 14250A 17-29

220 ABM 240 System There is another type of K-span building actually referred to as a Super Span by the manufacturer the ABM 240 Even though it can use heavier coil stock and is a larger version the construction of the ABM 240 is the same as that for the ABM 120 (K- span) Figure 17-25 shows the differences between the two Keep in mind that the information provided in this section on the K- span building is basic During the actual construction of this building you must consult the manufacturerrsquos complete set of manuals

300 STEEL TOWERS Towers are framework structures designed to provide vertical support They may be used to support another structure such as a bridge or a piece of equipment such as a communication antenna or to serve as a lookout post or weapons mount Since the prime purpose of a tower is to provide vertical support for a load applied at the top the compression members providing this support are the only ones that require high-structural strength The rest of the structure is designed to stiffen the vertical members and to prevent bending under load Primarily the bracing members are designed to take loads in tension and are based on a series of diagonals Airfield observation towers harbor shipping control towers and radio towers are all erected by Steelworkers Like PEBs these towers are manufactured and packaged according to military specifications and shipped with all parts plans and specifications

Figure 17-25 mdash ABM 120 and 240 comparison chart


The framework of the tower is made up of fabricated structural shapes that are bolted together Anchor angles with base plates are furnished for setting in the concrete foundation (Figure 17-26) In most cases the foundation will be built by the Builders The manufacturer also furnishes square head bolts lock washers and nuts Spud wrenches and drift pins are supplied for each size of bolt Field bolts and shipping lists are prepared and packaged with each shipment of a tower The tower members are bundled in the most compact manner possible to keep shipping space to a minimum with erection identification marks and stock list numbers painted on all of the pieces All the nuts bolts and washers are boxed and identified by painted marks When you receive a tower shipment you must inventory all the parts and packages Check them against the shipping list to be sure that no boxes or bundles have been lost stolen misplaced or damaged in shipment When all are accounted for sort the materials The drawings tell you what is needed for each section It is smart planning to lay out all of the materials for each section from the foundation to the top before any erection is started this will save a lot of time later

310 Assembly and Erection of Sections Assemble the first section of the tower on the ground alongside the foundation Start by assembling the two-column legs on one side of the tower and bolting them loosely with one bolt each to two foundation stubs (anchor angle irons) these will act as pivot points Next loosely join the angle and the cross braces and then lift the entire side You can use a crane or gin pole to rotate it into a vertical position or if necessary lift it by hand Two people can start by lifting the far end and walking it up while two others with hand lines can complete the upward journey As the column legs fall into position use drift pins or spud wrenches to line up the holes with the holes in the embedded anchor angle irons Then insert the bolts place lock washers under each nut and tighten them use spud wrenches for this job When one side is standing in the upright position repeat the process for the opposite legs Finally connect the cross braces on the open sides and add the cross braces on the inside When the whole first section or bay is in place tighten the bolts Figure 17-27 shows the correct connection of diagonal and center horizontal members notice the alternate connections of the diagonal members at all points

Figure 17-26 mdash Anchor angles in a concrete foundation


Use a snatch block and line to lift each piece for the next section Do not tighten the bolts until the entire section is in place Then start lifting the pieces for the next section shifting the snatch block as necessary When the whole section is in place tighten the bolts Repeat this process until the whole framework of the tower is erected Bolts should be hoisted by hand lines in buckets or leather-bottom bolt bags Figure 17-28 shows a partially completed tower Assemble the ladder for the tower on the ground raise the sections by hand as the tower is erected and bolt them in place

Figure 17-28 mdash Partially erected tower

Figure 17-27 mdash Connection of diagonal and center horizontal members


The wooden cabin section shown in Figure 17-29 was constructed and raised in place by the Builders but Steelworkers will be called upon to assemble rails and platforms After the tower is complete one or two people must go over all of the nuts to confirm the following

1 Washers are inserted under each nut

2 Nuts are tightened to specs

3 Bolts are center punched to lock them in place

You can repeat this after a few weeks as a final check Refer again to Figure 17-29 which shows the top of a completed tower with control room and guys in place

320 Dismantling a Tower Like PEBs you can take steel towers down when no longer needed and re-erect them at a new location As the first step remove the electrical conduit for the aircraft red warning light atop the tower the cabin the platform and any other accessories then the guy lines Next set up your rigging gear so that one leg of the section (preferably the leg that the ladder is connected to) will serve as the gin pole Proceed to attach a shackle to the top vacant hole in the gusset plate and have a snatch block in the shackle Open the snatch block and insert the fiber line to be used as a hoist line Tie a bowline in the end of the line to keep it from unintentionally slipping through the block Take the line to be used as the tag line and secure one end to the bowline Now secure a snatch block to the base of the tower and run the hoist line from the top snatch block through this block to your source of power Be sure the snatch block at the base of the tower is located in a straight line to a source of power The source of power can be a dump truck a weapon carrier or some other vehicle NOTE When using a vehicle as a source of power you must keep it back far enough so as it comes forward it does not arrive at the base of the tower before the load is on the ground The tower is dismantled by sections and the top and second horizontal braces are the first members of the section to be removed Start by tying the hoist line and tag line to the horizontal braces Then signal the vehicle operator to back up and take a slight strain on the hoist line You are now ready to remove the bolts holding the horizontal braces in place After all the bolts are removed lower the horizontal braces to the

Figure 17-29 mdash Completed tower


ground by signaling the power source to come forward Now remove the diagonal braces in the same manner The next step is to remove the legs of the tower section except the leg being used as the gin pole First shinny up the leg to be dismantled and hang a shackle at the top Tie the hoist line to the shackle and then come back down the leg Signal the vehicle operator to take a slight strain on the hoist line just enough to take up the slack and remove the gusset plate from one side Remove the remainder of the bolts that hold the leg being removed leaving the two top bolts in place Now take the tag line and secure it with a clove hitch and a half hitch to the bottom of the load Also take a turn with the tag line around the horizontal bracing in the section that will be removed next Then remove the two top bolts as you slack off on the tag line and take up on the hoist line until the leg is hanging straight up and down against the gin pole Release the tag line to the personnel on the ground who will guide the load as it is lowered to the ground Repeat this process with all of the remaining legs until only the ladder and the leg used as a gin pole are left To remove the ladder secure the hoist line to a rung above the center Remove the bolts and then lower the ladder to the ground When you are ready to start dismantling the leg used as the gin pole shinny up it and remove the hoist line from the snatch block Secure the hoist line to the shackle remove the snatch block and hang it in your safety bit then come back down the leg to the spliced connection (Generally at all spliced connections there will be horizontal brace connections that can serve as working platforms) Signal the personnel on the ground to remove the hoist line from the base snatch block then signal the vehicle operator to take up the slack Remove the gusset plate from one side of the splice Remove the remaining bolts in the leg After all the bolts are removed ensure that all personnel are clear of where the load will land Remove the top bolt and release the nut on the other bolt one-quarter turn Signal the vehicle operator to back up slowly As the operator backs up the leg will pivot downward on the bolt and fall against the leg it has been standing upon and which will be used as the gin pole in dismantling the next section Now insert the shackle in the top hole of the gusset plate and hang the snatch block in it Put the hoist line back in both snatch blocks With the hoist line throw a half-hitch below the center of the leg Now secure the tag line Next signal the vehicle operator to take a slight strain to ease the tension off the bolt You can then remove the bolt and lower the leg to the ground This completes the dismantling of an entire section of the tower so you can proceed to the next section Repeat the above procedure with each section until the tower is completely dismantled If the tower will be put up again rather than scrapped assign a crew to wire brush each member of the tower to remove all rust loose paint and the like After the wire brush cleaning remark each member and store the tower in an orderly manner

400 ANTENNA TOWERS Modern communications in different parts of the world between ships shore stations and aircraft including United States aerospace efforts require transmitting and receiving facilities be erected all over the globe Often Steelworkers from battalion detachments receive the tasking to erect them This section will describe some of the common communications antenna towers that are erected and the procedures for erecting them


410 Guyed Towers The most commonly used guyed towers are fabricated from steel in straight sections 10 to 20 feet long These constant dimensional sections are erected one above the other to form the desired height Structural stability for this type of tower is provided by attaching guy wires from the tower to ground anchors Base supports for guyed towers vary according to the type of tower to be installed Three commonly used base supports are the following

1 Tapered tower base mdash concentrates the load from multiple tower legs to a small area on the foundation

2 Pivoted tower base mdash used primarily on lightweight structures for ease of tower

erection

3 Composite base mdash generally used with heavier towers because it affords much greater supporting strength than the other two types

All three are shown in Figure 17-30 Sections for lightweight towers are usually assembled before delivery to expedite final tower assembly whereas heavier weight towers must be assembled completely in the field Tower bracing should include diagonal bracing and horizontal struts in the plane of each tower face for the full tower height

Figure 17-30 mdash Base support for guyed towers NAVEDTRA 14250A 17-35

420 Freestanding Towers Freestanding or self-supporting steel antenna towers are characterized by heavier construction than guyed towers and by a shape that tapers in toward the top from a wide base Freestanding towers exert much greater weight-bearing pressure on foundations than most guyed towers Consequently deeper foundations are required (because of the greater size weight and spread of tower legs) to provide sufficient resistance to the load Each leg of a freestanding tower must be supported by an individual foundation Figure 17-31 shows a typical individual foundation for a freestanding tower and Figure 17-32 shows a foundation plan for a triangular steel freestanding tower Bracing and material specifications for these towers are the same as for guyed towers

Figure 17-31 mdash Square self-supporting tower and base


430 Tower Assembly For tower assembly and erection advance planning is absolutely essential to complete the project safely and correctly Before commencing study both the installation plan and the manufacturerrsquos instructions to gain a complete understanding of the tower assembly and the phased erection methods to be used Observe the following general procedures and practices for assembly and erection of towers

1 Assemble the tower sections on well leveled supports to avoid building in twists or other deviations Note Any deviations in one section will be magnified by the number of sections in the complete assembly

2 Check all of the surface areas for proper preservation Cover all the holes and

dents in galvanized materials with zinc chromate or another acceptable preservative to prevent deterioration

3 When high-strength bolts are used in a tower assembly place a hardened steel

washer under the nut or bolt head whichever is to be turned Exercise care that you do not exceed the maximum torque limit of the bolt Maximum torque values of several different sizes and types of bolts commonly used in antenna towers are listed in Table 17-2

Figure 17-32 mdash Base support for guyed towers


440 Erection of Guyed Towers The following paragraphs present methods that have been successfully used to erect guyed towers The most practical method for any particular tower will be determined by the size weight and construction characteristics of the tower and by the hoisting equipment

441 Davit Method Lightweight guyed towers are frequently erected with a davit hoist anchored to the previously erected section which then provides a pivoting hoisting arm The davit arm is swung away from the tower in hoisting the added section and swung centrally over the tower in depositing the section before bolting up the splice plates Figure 17-33 shows a ground-assembled unit being hoisted for connection to a previously erected tower section A snatch block secured to the tower base transmits the hoisting line to a source of power or hand winch A tag line secured to the base of section being hoisted avoids possible contact with the erected portion of the tower

Table 17-2 mdash Bolt Torques (foot-pounds)

Size Mild Steel High-Strength Steel

Aluminum 24 ST-4

Stainless Steel 18-8

38rdquo mdash 16 17 mdash 12 30

34rdquo mdash 13 38 105 26 43

58rdquo mdash 11 84 205 60 92

34rdquo mdash 10 105 370 82 128

78rdquo mdash 9 160 530 184 194

1rdquo mdash 8 236 850 mdash mdash

1 18rdquo mdash 7 340 1100 mdash mdash


Figure 17-33 mdash Typical davit installation NAVEDTRA 14250A 17-38

442 Gin Pole Method Light triangular guyed towers furnished with a pivoted base may be completely assembled on the ground and then raised to a vertical position with the aid of a gin pole Figure 17-34 shows the lower section of a tower that has an attached pivoted base in a horizontal position preparatory to hoisting The thrust sling shown counteracts the thrust on the base foundation from hoisting operations Rigging operations and location of personnel essential to the raising of a pivoted base tower are detailed in Figures 17-35 and 17-36 Light towers in lengths of approximately 80 feet may be raised with a single attachment of the winch line However longer towers frequently are too flexible for a single attachment and in the case of Figure 17-36 a hoisting sling furnished with a snatch block allows for two points of attachment

A gin pole with a top sheave to take the winch line is mounted close to the concrete tower base Permanent guys attached to the tower at three elevations are handled by personnel during hoisting operations (Figure 17-35) Temporary rope guys provided with a snatch block anchored to deadmen furnish the necessary lateral stability As the mast

Figure 17-35 mdash Erection plan for a pivoted tower

Figure 17-34 mdash Pivoted tower-hoisting preparation


approaches a vertical position the permanent guys are fastened to the guy anchors which were installed before erection

443 Hand Assembly Erection without a davit or gin pole may be accomplished by assembling the individual members piece by piece As the assembler you climb inside the tower and work with the lower half of your body inside the previously assembled construction You then build the web of the tower section around you as you progress upward As each member is bolted in place you tighten all of the connections immediately so you are never standing on or being supported by any loose member

450 Guying Temporary guying of steel towers is always necessary where more than one tower section is erected Under no circumstances should the tower be advanced more than two sections without guying and always install permanent guys before removing temporary guys

451 Temporary Guying Several materials including stranded wire wire rope and fiber line are acceptable for temporary guying but new manila line is the most suitable because of its strength and ease of handling The size of the guyed material you need will be determined by the height and weight of the structure to be guyed and by weather conditions at the installation site Secure the temporary guys to the permanent guy anchors to temporary type anchors or to any nearby structure that provides the required supporting strength Again leave the temporary guys in place until the structure is permanently guyed and plumbed

Figure 17-36 mdash Erection of a pivoted guyed tower


452 Permanent Guying Antenna structures are permanently guyed to pre-positioned anchors according to the installation plan with steel cables or fiberglass sections Figure 17-37 shows two methods of guying triangular steel towers Guys A B and C are secured to a single anchor while guys D E and F are secured to individual anchors Both arrangements are satisfactory however the anchor that terminates guys A B and C must be capable of withstanding much greater stresses than the individual guy anchor arrangement Triangular tower guys are arranged so that three guys are spaced 120 degrees apart at each level of guying (Figure 17-37) Square towers require four guys spaced 90 degrees apart at each guying level The following general elevation requirements apply to guy attachments for towers

Figure 17-37 mdash Tower guying arrangements


4521 Single-Guy Layer The cable attachments are placed in position at approximately two thirds of the tower height

4522 Two-Guy Layers For towers with two-guy layers cable attachments are placed in positions at approximately 30 and 80 percent of the tower height

4523 Three-Guy Layers For towers with three-guy layers cable attachments are placed in positions at approximately 25 55 and 85 percent of the tower height

453 Guy Tension Setting guy tension and plumbing a tower are done at the same time and only when wind forces are light Guy tension adjustment and tower plumbing are done as follows

4531 Initial Tension The tension on all of the guys is adjusted after the tower is in a stable vertical position Adjust all of the guys gradually to the approximate tensions specified in the antenna installation details If tensions are not specified adjust guy tension to 10 percent of the breaking strength of the strand of the guy

4532 Final Tension In one procedure used for final tensioning of tower guys the final tension is measured with a dynamometer (Figure 17-38)

NOTE Carpenter stoppers or cable grips of the proper skin designed for the lay of the wire must be used in the tensioning operation Do not use any cable grip assembly that grips the wire by biting into the cable with gripping teeth that could penetrate and damage the protective coating of guy cables In Step A of Figure 17-38 the Coffing hoist is shown in series with a dynamometer to measure the tension A turnbuckle is shown in position to receive the guy tail In Step B an additional cable grip and hoist or tackle are attached above the cable grip shown in Step A The lower end of this tackle is provided with a second cable grip attached to the guy tail previously threaded through the turnbuckle The second Coffing hoist is operated until sufficient tension is applied to cause the reading on the series dynamometer to fall off Step C shows the guy in final position secured in place with clamps With the tower properly plumbed to a vertical position only one guy at a given level need be tested with the dynamometer On some installations other procedures for tensioning guys may be necessary because of the type of guys and hardware supplied with the antenna For example preformed wire helical guy grips are sometimes used for attaching guy wires to the adjusting turnbuckles In such cases the techniques used for the guy assembly the connection of the guy wire to the anchor and the tension adjustments must be determined from the detailed installation plan or the appropriate antenna technical manual


Figure 17-38 mdash Final tensioning of guys


454 Guy Anchors Antenna design and installation plans specify the required anchor type location and hole depth Anchor shafts or rods must project above the grade sufficiently to keep all the connecting guy wire attachments free of vegetation and standing water Shafts and connecting attachments should be thoroughly cleaned and coated with a petroleum preservative to retard the effects of weather

4541 Screw Anchor The screw anchor shown in Figure 17-39 may be used to anchor guys for lightweight towers or for temporary guying This anchor is installed by screwing it into the ground in line with the direction the guy will take

4542 Expansion Anchor The expansion anchor shown in Figure 17-40 is suitable for practically all guying applications where the soil is firm This anchor is placed with its expanding plates in the closed position in an auger-drilled inclined hole not less than 3 feet deep The plates are expanded into the firm undisturbed sides of the hole by striking the expanding bar at Point B with a hammer and thereby forcing the sliding collar downward the distance D shown in Figure 17-40 The anchor installation is completed by backfilling the hole with thoroughly tamped backfill

Figure 17-39 mdash Typical screw anchor

Figure 17-40 mdash Expansion anchor


4543 Concrete Anchor Poured-in-place concrete anchors are normally used for high stress applications and where multiple guys are attached to a single anchorage

Summary This chapter discussed the assembly and disassembly of pre-engineered and K-span buildings It also discussed steel towers and antennas and presented information on how to secure them with different types of guys and anchors Falls and falling objects are the leading cause of injuries in the construction industry Working with PEBs K-spans and towers always includes working with elevated heights Use your situational awareness remember to follow the prescribed safety precautions and use your common sense donrsquot get under a hoisting load


Review Questions (Select the Correct Response)1 For which use is a K-Span building NOT designed

A Office space B Hangar C Supply building D Warehouse

2 What are the two types of K-Span building machines

A ABM 120 and ABM 240 B ABM 250 and ABM 260

C ABM 360 and ABM 380 D ABM 400 and ABM 410

3 What does the ABM 120 panel-forming machine produce for a K-span building

A L spans B Straight panels C Arched panels D Doorframes

4 The design of the foundation for a K-Span building does NOT depend on the

_______

A size of the building B existing soil conditions C wind load D local construction rules

5 (True or False) Towers are designed to provide horizontal support

A True B False

6 What is the advantage of a pre-engineered building

A Allows floor to ceiling storage of material B Allows wall to wall placement of machinery C Permits unhindered production flow D All of the above

7 (True or False) A PEB is shipped with all materials and instructions necessary for

erection

A True B False


8 The 40 by 100 foot rigid frame straight walled building can easily be disassembled moved and erected again without waste or damage because of what feature A Pre-stressed concrete pads B Large metal C clamps C Bolted connections D Fiberboard panels

9 Which task should you perform before placing concrete for the foundation piers

of a rigid frame building

A Bolt the frames together only B Place templates and anchor bolts only C Uncrate the paneling only D All of the above

10 While the foundation is being prepared for a 40 by 100 foot rigid frame building

which work assignment can you perform

A Glaze the windows only B Bolt the rigid frame assemblies only C Assemble the door eaves only D All of the above

11 Until ready for use which material should remain crated

A Girts B Sheeting C Eave struts D Brace rods

12 What should you do to ensure building materials are accessible during assembly

of a PEB

A Keep all building materials in one central location B Keep the building materials on trucks C Place the materials around the building site where they will be used D Maintain at least 50 feet of clearance between the stockpiles of building

materials 13 How is each of the members parts and accessories of the building marked so it

is not necessary to guess which one goes where

A Painted with a mark across the bottom of the part B Notched at the base of each part C Embossed with a mark on each part D Labeled by stencil on each part


14 (True or False) Once all the parts have been laid out and checked erection of a 40 by 100 foot PEB should begin with the center frame member

A True B False

15 Where must brace rods be installed to hold the frames in an upright position

A In the first bay erected B In the second bay erected C In the center bay of the building D In the last bay erected

16 Where must sheeting installation be started on the sidewall and roof

A On the first bay erected B On the last bay erected C At the end of the building toward which the prevailing winds blow D Anywhere

17 (True or False) Pre-engineered buildings can be set up side by side to increase

the working area under one roof

A True B False

18 What space requirements do you consider for K-span operations

A Maneuvering room for the towing of the trailer B Allocation of space required for crane operations C Room for run-out stands to hold straight panels D All of the above

19 In a K-span building installation of which components presents a problem

because it interrupts the integrity of the wall system

A Windows B Aluminum doors C Wood doors D Overhead doors


Trade Terms Introduced in This Chapter Guy lines A guy-wire or guy rope is a tensioned cable designed to

add stability to structures (frequently ship masts radio masts wind turbines and tents) One end of the cable is attached to the structure and the other is anchored to the ground at a distance from the structures base They are often configured radially (equally spaced about the structure) in trios quads (pairs of pairs) or other sets This allows the tension of each guy-wire to offset the others

Shinny American colloquialism--to climb a rope pole etc from the use of shins and ankles to do so


Additional Resources and References This chapter is intended to present thorough resources for task training The following reference works are suggested for further study This is optional material for continued education rather than for task training Facilities Planning Guide NAVFAC P-437 Naval Facilities Engineering Command Alexandria VA 1990 Naval Construction Battalion Table of Allowance TA-01 Department of the Navy Naval Facilities Engineering Command Alexandria VA 1987 MIC-120 ABM (K-Span) Training and Operator Manuals MIC Industries Reston VA 1993 Rigging Techniques Procedures and Applications FM 5-125 Department of the Army Washington DC 2001


CSFE Nonresident Training Course ndash User Update CSFE makes every effort to keep their manuals up-to-date and free of technical errors We appreciate your help in this process If you have an idea for improving this manual or if you find an error a typographical mistake or an inaccuracy in CSFE manuals please write or email us using this form or a photocopy Be sure to include the exact chapter number topic detailed description and correction if applicable Your input will be brought to the attention of the Technical Review Committee Thank you for your assistance Write CSFE N7A

3502 Goodspeed St Port Hueneme CA 93130

FAX 805982-5508 E-mail CSFE_NRTCnavymil

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Revision Date__________ Chapter Number____ Page Number(s)____________

Description _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ (Optional) Correction _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ (Optional) Your Name and Address _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________


A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright

SW B Table of Contents

SW Basic Ch 1 Introduction to Types and Identification of Metal

Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites

Features of this Manual

100 BASIC METAL TYPES

110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel

120 Nonferrous Metals

200 BASIC METAL IDENTIFICATION

210 Surface Appearance

220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions

Trade Terms Introduced in this Chapter

Additional Resources and References

CSFE Nonresident Training Course ndash User Update

SW Basic Ch 2 Basic Heat Treatment

Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 HEAT TREATMENT THEORY

200 STAGES of HEAT TREATMENT

210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage

300 RECOGNIZING HEAT COLORS for STEEL

400 TYPES of HEAT TREATMENT

410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal

412 Nonferrous Metal

420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA

510 Liquid Quenching

511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 3 Introduction to Welding

Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 WELDING PROCESSES

110 Gas Welding

111 OXYFUEL GAS Welding (OFW) ACETYLENE

112 OXYFUEL GAS Welding (OFW) MAPPGAS

120 Arc Welding

121 Common Arc Welding Processes

1211 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)

1212 Gas Shielded Arc Welding

12121 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)

12122 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW)

12123 Flux Core Arc Welding (FCAW)

1213 Resistance Spot Welding

200 WELDING TERMINOLOGY

210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds

300 WELDED JOINT DESIGN

310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints

400 WELDING POSITIONS

500 EXPANSION and CONTRACTION

510 Controlling Distortion

511 Preparation and Fit-up

512 Heat Input

513 Preheat

514 Number of Weld Passes

515 Jigs and Fixtures

516 Allow for Distortion

600 WELDING PROCEDURES

610 American Welding Society

620 American Society of Mechanical Engineers

700 DRAWINGS

710 Reading Drawings

711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views

715 Handling and Care

720 Welding Symbol

721 Type of Weld (Weld Symbols)

722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary

724 Additional Information

725 Multiple-Weld

726 Application of Symbol

800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet

830 Protective Clothing

840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions



SW Basic Ch 4 Gas Cutting

Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 OXYGAS CUTTING EQUIPMENT

110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design

122 MAPP Characteristics

123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators

141 Single-Stage Regulators

142 Double-Stage Regulators

143 Problems and Safety

150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body

162 Cutting Torch Tips

1621 Acetylene Tip Maintenance

1622 MAPP Tip Maintenance

200 OXYGAS CUTTING OPERATIONS

210 Equipment Setup

211 Carburizing Flame

212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame

220 Cutting Mild-Carbon Steel

221 Cutting Thin Steel

222 Cutting Thick Steel

230 Cutting Cast Iron

240 Gouging Mild Steel

250 Beveling Mild Steel

260 Electric Drive Cutting Torch Carriage

270 Cutting and Beveling Pipe

280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets

2100 Cutting Wire Rope

2110 Cutting on Containers

300 JUDGING CUTTING QUALITY

310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness

330 Top Edge Sharpness

340 Slag Conditions

400 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

410 Backfire and Flashback

420 Cylinders

421 Identification of Cylinders

4211 Color Warnings

4212 Cylinder Color Bands

4213 Decals

4214 Shatterproof Cylinders

4215 Service Ownership

422 Handling and Storing Gas Cylinders

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 5 Gas Welding

Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 OXYGAS WELDING EQUIPMENT

110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods

200 OPERATION and MAINTENANCE of OXYGAS EQUIPMENT

210 Operation

211 Selecting the Welding Torch Tip Size

212 Equipment Setup

213 Torch Lighting and Flame Adjustment

220 Maintaining the Equipment

221 Torch Gas Leaks

222 Welding Torch Tips

223 Regulator Leaks

300 OXYGAS WELDING TECHNIQUES

310 Forehand Welding

320 Backhand Welding

330 Multilayer Welding

340 Joint Edge Preparation

350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper

362 Copper-Zinc Alloy (Brasses)

363 Copper-Silicon Alloy (Silicon Bronze)

364 Copper-Nickel Alloy

365 Nickel and High-Nickel Alloys

366 Lead

367 Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys

3671 Melting Characteristics

3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes

3674 Welding Preparation

3675 Welding Techniques

370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions

Trade Terms Introduced in This Chapter



SW Basic Ch 6 Soldering Brazing Braze Welding Wearfacing

Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat

1111 Soldering Coppers

11111 Filing and Tinning Coppers

11112 Forging Soldering Coppers

1112 Electric Soldering Coppers

1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder

1121 Tin-Lead Solder

1122 Tin-Antimony-Lead Solder

1123 Tin-Zinc Solder

1124 Tin-Antimony Solder

1125 Tin-Silver Solder

1126 Lead-Silver Solder

113 Fluxes

1131 Noncorrosive Fluxes

1132 Corrosive Fluxes

120 Soldering Techniques

121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering

130 Soldering Aluminum Alloys

200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints

230 Brazing Procedures

231 Surface Preparation

232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux

320 Braze Welding Procedures

400 WEARFACING

410 Wearfacing Materials

411 Iron-Base Alloys

412 Tungsten Carbide

420 Wearfacing Procedures

421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 7 Plasma Arc Cutting Operations

Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 PLASMA ARC CUTTING PROCESS

110 Description

120 Plasma vs Oxy-Fuel Cutting

200 EQUIPMENT and CONSUMABLES

210 Equipment Requirements

211 Power Source

212 Rated Cutting Capacity

213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields

226 Consumables Used During Extended Cutting vs Drag Cutting

227 Consumable Tips for Different Amperages

228 Replacing Consumables

229 Cutting Gases

230 Improving Consumable life

300 CUTTING and GOUGING OPERATING SEQUENCE

310 High Frequency Starts

320 Contact Starts

330 Pilot Arc Control Methods

340 Starting the Cut

400 PLASMA ARC GOUGING

500 QUALITIES of a PLASMA CUT

510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross

560 Six Steps to Good Cut Quality

600 SAFETY PROCEDURES

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 8 Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Chapter 8

Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION to the PROCESS

110 Methods of Application

120 Advantages and Limitations

200 PRINCIPLES of OPERATION

210 Arc Systems

220 Electrical Terms

230 Metal Transfer

300 EQUIPMENT for WELDING

310 Power Sources

311 Types of Current

312 Power Source Duty Cycle

313 Types of Power Sources

3131 Generator and Alternator Welding Machines

3132 Transformer Welding Machines

3133 Transformer-Rectifier Welding Machines

3134 Three Phase Rectifier Welding Machines

3135 Multiple Operator System

3136 Inverter Power Sources

314 Selecting a Power Source

320 Controls

330 Electrode Holder

340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories

370 Equipment Operation and Maintenance

400 COVERED ELECTRODES

410 Classification

420 Sizing

430 Selection of Electrode Class

431 Base Metal Strength Properties

432 Base Metal Composition

433 Welding Position

434 Welding Current

435 Joint Design and Fit-Up

436 Thickness and Shape of Base Metal

437 Service Conditions andor Specifications

438 Production Efficiency and Job Condition

440 Selection of Electrode Size

450 Conformances and Approvals

500 WELDING APPLICATIONS

510 Industries

511 Field Welded Storage Tanks

512 Pressure Vessels

513 Industrial Piping

514 Transmission Pipelines

515 Nuclear Power Plants

516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation

519 Industrial Machinery

5110 Heavy Equipment

5111 Maintenance and Repair

520 Variations of the Process

530 Wearfacing

531 Workpiece Preparation

532 Preheating

533 Techniques

5331 Bulldozer Blades

5332 Shovel teeth

540 Carbon-Arc Cutting

541 Air Carbon-Arc Cutting

542 Air Carbon-Arc Gouging

543 Metal Electrode Arc Cutting

600 WELDING METALLURGY

610 Properties of the Weld

611 Chemical Properties

612 Mechanical Properties

613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels

6212 Low Alloy Steels

6213 Heat Treatable Steels

6214 Chromium-Molybdenum Steels

6215 Stainless amp Higher Chromium-Molybdenum Steels

6216 Free Machining Steels

622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron

6222 Nodular and Malleable Cast Irons

623 Copper and Copper Alloys

624 Nickel and Nickel Alloys

700 WELD AND JOINT DESIGN

710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility

750 Weld Joint Designs

760 Arc Welding Positions

761 Flat-Position Welding

762 Horizontal-Position Welding

7621 Electrode Movement

7622 Joint Type

763 Vertical-Position Welding

7631 Current Settings and Electrode Movement

7632 Joint Type

7633 E-7018 Electrode Welding Technique

764 Overhead-Position Welding


7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding

7651 Pipe welding positions

7652 Pipe welding procedures

7653 Joint preparation and fit-up

766 Tack welding

767 Spacers

768 Electrode selection

769 Weather conditions

800 WELDING PROCEDURE VARIABLES

810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type

820 Primary Variables

821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed

823 Welding Voltage (Arc Length)

824 Starting the Arc

8241 Breaking the Arc

8242 Reestablishing the Arc

8243 Peening

830 Secondary Variables

831 Angles of the Electrode

900 WELDING PROCEDURE SCHEDULES

1000 PREWELD PREPARATIONS

1010 Preparing the Weld Joint

1020 Fixturing and Positioning

1030 Preheating

1100 WELDING DEFECTS and PROBLEMS

1110 Discontinuities Caused by Welding Technique

1111 Slag Inclusions

1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity

1114 Wormhole Porosity (Piping Porosity)

1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters

11111 Excessive Weld Spatter

1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow

1132 Improper Moisture Content

1133 Fingernailing

1200 POSTWELD PROCEDURE

1210 Cleaning

1220 Inspection and Testing

1221 Welding Quality Control

1230 Repairing of Welds

1240 Postheating

1300 WELDER TRAINING and QUALIFICATION

1310 Welder Training

1311 Basic Shielded Metal Arc Welding

1312 Advanced Shielded Metal Arc Welding

1313 Shielded Metal Arc Pipe Welding

1320 Welder Qualification

1400 WELDING SAFETY

1410 Electrical Shock

1420 Arc Radiation

1430 Air Contamination

1440 Fires and Explosions

1450 Weld Cleaning and Other Hazards

1460 Summary of Safety Precautions

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 9 GasTungsten Arc Welding

Chapter 9

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources


320 Types of Welding Current

321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current

323 Alternating Current

324 High-Frequency Current






335 Square Wave Power Source

340 Controls

350 Welding Torches

360 Gas Shielding System

370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment

381 Filler Wire Feeders

382 Water Circulators

383 Motion Devices

400 EQUIPMENT SETUP ADJUSTMENT and SHUTDOWN

410 Equipment Setup

420 Preparing the Electrode Tip

430 Assembling the Torch

440 Setting Up the Shielding Gas System

450 Setting Up the Welding Parameters

460 System Shutdown and Clean Up

500 ELECTRODES SHIELDING GAS and FILLER METAL

510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium

523 Argon-Helium Mixtures

524 Argon-Hydrogen Mixtures

525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing

540 Selection of Filler Metal

550 Conformances


610 Industries


612 Nuclear Power Facilities

613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation

616 Pressure Vessels Boilers and Heat Exchangers


618 Miscellaneous

620 Arc Spot Welding





713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals



723 Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys


725 Steels

7251 Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels

7252 Cast Iron


7254 Stainless Steels

726 Titanium and Titanium Alloys

727 Other Metals

800 WELD JOINT DESIGN

810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility

860 Consumable Inserts


880 Welding Positions



910 Fixed Variables

911 Type of Electrode

912 Electrode Size

913 Type of Welding Current

914 Type of Shielding Gas

915 Electrode Taper Angle


921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed




932 Electrode Extension




1120 Cleaning the Work Metal

1130 Electrode Tip Preparation

1140 Fixturing Positioning and Weld Backing

1150 Preheating

1200 WELDING DISCONTINUITIES and PROBLEMS


1211 Tungsten Inclusions

1212 Oxide Inclusions

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Incomplete Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow

1232 Inadequate Shielding

1233 Electrode Contamination


1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating


1410 Basic Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

1411 Mild Steel

1412 Stainless Steel

1413 Aluminum

1420 Gas Tungsten Arc Pipe Welding

1421 Course Introduction

1422 Small Diameter Piping and Tubing

1423 8-lnch Diameter Pipe


1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation


1540 Compressed Gasses




Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 10 Gas Metal Arc Welding

Chapter 10

Gas Metal Arc Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer

221 Short Circuiting Transfer

222 Globular Transfer

223 Spray Transfer

224 Pulsed Current Transfer


310 Power Sources




3131 Generator Welding Machines



320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns

341 Semiautomatic Guns

342 Machine Welding Guns

350 Shielding Gas Equipment

360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories

400 INSTALLATION SETUP and MAINTENANCE of EQUIPMENT

410 Power Source Connections

420 Gun Cable Assembly

430 Wire Installation

440 Gas Cylinder Installation

450 Amperage and Voltage Settings

460 Equipment Shutdown and Clean Up

470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests

500 SHIELDING GAS and ELECTRODES

510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide


515 Argon-Oxygen Mixtures

516 Argon-Carbon Dioxide Mixtures

517 Helium-Argon-Carbon Dioxide Mixtures

518 Nitrogen

520 Shielding Gas Flow Rate

530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing

540 Electrode Selection



610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace




622 Narrow Gap Welding



711 Chemical and Physical Properties


713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels

7251 Low Carbon and Mild Steels







800 WELD and JOINT DESIGN

810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed



932 Electrode Angles






1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow


1233 Clogged or Dirty Contact Tube

1234 Wire Feed Stoppages


1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Basic Gas Metal Arc Welding

1412 Gas Metal Arc Welding Steel Pipe


1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Trade Terms Introduced in this Chapter13



SW Basic Ch 11 Flux Cored Arc Welding

Chapter 11

Flux Cored Arc Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories

400 EQUIPMENT SETUP OPERATION and SHUT DOWN

410 Protective Clothing and Tools

420 Obtaining Materials

430 Set Up Equipment

440 Adjust Equipment

450 Perform the Weld

460 Shut Down Equipment


510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide


513 Argon-oxygen mixture

520 Electrodes

521 Classification


523 Conformance and Approvals


610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads

615 Automotive Products

616 Heavy Equipment


620 Flux Cored Arc Spot Welding





740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels

7511 Low-carbon and Mild Steels

7512 Low-alloy Steels






810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Basic Flux Cored Arc Welding


1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation


1540 Compressed Gases




Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 12 Welding Quality Control

Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION

200 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING

210 Visual Inspection

220 Magnetic Particle Inspection

230 Liquid Penetrant Inspection

240 Radiographic Inspection

250 Ultrasonic Inspection

260 Eddy Current Testing

300 DESTRUCTIVE TESTING

310 Free-Bend Test

320 Guided-Bend Test

330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test

350 Fillet-Welded Joint Test

360 Etching Test

370 Tensile Strength Test

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 13 Layout and Fabrication of Sheet-Metal and Fiber and Glass Duct

Chapter 13

Layout and Fabrication of Sheet Metal and Fiberglass Duct

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 TOOLS and EQUIPMENT

110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber

112 Flat Steel Square

113 Combination Square

114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points

118 Circumference Ruler

120 Cutting Tools

130 Sheet Metal Bending and Forming Equipment

131 Stakes

132 Other Forming Tools

1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes

1323 Roll Forming Machine

1324 Combination Rotary Machine

200 SHEET METAL DEVELOPMENT

210 Parallel Line Development

220 Radial Line Development

230 Triangular Development

240 Fabrication of Edges Joints Seams and Notches

241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches

300 JOINING and INSTALLING SHEET METAL DUCT

310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams

400 SHEET METAL DUCT SYSTEMS

410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material

440 Reinforcement and Support

450 Flexible Connections

460 Hanging Duct

500 FIBERGLASS DUCT SYSTEMS

510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 14 Fiber Line

Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE

110 Types of Natural Fiber Line

111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton

120 Types of Synthetic Fiber Lines

130 Fabrication of Line

131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines

140 Types of Lays of Line

141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid

150 Size Designation

160 Handling and Care of Fiber Line

161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing

170 Strength of Fiber Line

171 Breaking Strength

172 Safe Working Load

173 Safety Factor

174 Breaking Strength of Nylon Line

180 Knots Bends and Hitches

181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot

183 Figure-Eight Knot

184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch

190 Splicing Fiber Line

191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice

1100 Splicing Nylon Line

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 15 Wire Rope

Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel

123 Improved Plow Steel

130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection

161 Tensile Strength

162 Crushing Strength

163 Fatigue Resistance

164 Abrasion Resistance

165 Corrosion Resistance

170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices


1121 Coiling and Uncoiling

1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends

1124 Sizes of Sheaves

1125 Seizing and Cutting

1130 Inspection

1140 Cleaning and Lubricating

1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 16 Rigging

Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites

100 BLOCK and TACKLE

110 Terminology

120 Block Construction

130 Block to Line Ratio

140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle

164 Single-luff Tackle

165 Twofold Purchase

166 Double-Luff

167 Three-fold Purchase

168 Compound Tackle

170 Allowance for Friction

180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS

210 Slings and Rigging Gear Kits

220 Wire Rope Slings

230 Fiber Line Sling

231 Synthetic Web Slings

240 Chain Slings

241 Metal Mesh Slings

250 Using Wire Rope and Fiber Slings

251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle

260 Sling Inspection


262 Synthetic Round Slings


264 Wire Mesh Slings

265 Alloy Chain Slings

270 Proof Testing Slings

280 Safe Working Loads of Slings

290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection

320 Safe Working Loads


400 ADDITIONAL LIFTING EQUIPMENT

410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles


422 Mousing a Shackle

430 Beam Clamps

500 OTHER LIFTING EQUIPMENT

510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks

540 Planks and Rollers

550 Blocking and Cribbing

560 Scaffolds

561 Planking and Runway Scaffold

562 Swinging Platform Scaffold

563 Needle-Beam Scaffold

564 Boatswainrsquos Chair

565 Safety

600 FIELD-ERECTED HOISTING DEVICES

610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket

613 Combination-Picket

614 Combination Log Picket

615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears

700 SAFE RIGGING OPERATING PROCEDURES

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 17 Pre-Engineered Structures

Chapter 17

Pre-Engineered Structures

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites

100 PRE-ENGINEERED BUILDINGS

110 Pre-Erection Work

120 Erection Procedures

121 Bolting Rigid Frames

122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods

125 Brace Angles and Base Angles

126 End-Wall FramingDoorsWindows

127 Sheeting


129 Multiple buildings Set Side by Side

130 Disassembly Procedures

131 Marking

200 K-SPAN BUILDINGS

210 ABM 120 System

211 Operating Instructions

212 Machinery Placement

213 Foundations

214 Building Erection

220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS

310 Assembly and Erection of Sections

320 Dismantling a Tower

400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers

420 Freestanding Towers

430 Tower Assembly

440 Erection of Guyed Towers

441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying

451 Temporary Guying

452 Permanent Guying

4521 Single-Guy Layer

4522 Two-Guy Layers

4523 Three-Guy Layers

453 Guy Tension

4531 Initial Tension

4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor

4542 Expansion Anchor

4543 Concrete Anchor

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 18 Introduction to Structural Steel

Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites

100 STRUCTURAL STEEL MEMBERS

110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES

900 PURLINS GIRTS AND EAVE STRUTS

Summary

Review Questions




SW Basic Ch 19 Introduction to Reinforcing Steel

Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites

100 REINFORCED CONCRETE

110 Concrete Materials

120 Concrete Strength

130 Purposes and Types of Reinforcing Steel

131 Reinforcing Bars

132 Tension in Steel

140 Additional Types of Reinforcing Steel

141 Expanded Metal

142 Welded Wire Fabric

143 Sheet-Metal Reinforcement

Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover

tfP0W128 A guy-wire or guy rope is a tensioned cable designed to add stability to structures (frequently ship masts radio masts wind turbines and tents) One end of the cable is attached to the structure and the other is anchored to the ground at a distance from the structures base They are often configured radially (equally spaced about the structure) in trios quads (pairs of pairs) or other sets This allows the tension of each guy-wire to offset the others

btnGUY LINES

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tfP33W40 American colloquialism--to climb a rope pole etc from the use of shins and ankles to do so

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txtCourse

txtChapter

txtNumber

txtRate

txtDate

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName

This course map shows all of the chapters in Steelworker Basic The suggested training order begins at the bottom and proceeds up Skill levels increase as you advance on the course map


S T E E L W O R K E R

B A S I C


Pre-Engineered Structures Buildings K-Spans Towers and Antennas

Rigging

Wire rope

Fiber Line

Layout and Fabrication of Sheet metal and Fiberglass Duct


Flux Cored Arc Welding-FCAW

Gas-Metal Arc Welding-GMAW

Gas-Tungsten Arc Welding-GTAW

Shielded Metal Arc Welding-SMAW



Gas Welding

Gas Cutting

















































































































Part Number


F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5


F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10


F-11 F-12 F-13 F-14 F-15

























































erection



















Aluminum 24 ST-4



34rdquo mdash 13 38 105 26 43

58rdquo mdash 11 84 205 60 92

34rdquo mdash 10 105 370 82 128

78rdquo mdash 9 160 530 184 194














































_______



A True B False




erection

A True B False












of a PEB







A True B False







A True B False
















Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover


btnGUY LINES






































btnSHINNY

dQuestionSWB17PC1a1

dQuestionSWB17PC1a2

dQuestionSWB17PC1a3

dQuestionSWB17PC1a4

dQuestionSWB17PC2a1

dQuestionSWB17PC2a2

dQuestionSWB17PC2a3

dQuestionSWB17PC2a4

dQuestionSWB17PC3a1

dQuestionSWB17PC3a2

dQuestionSWB17PC3a3

dQuestionSWB17PC3a4

dQuestionSWB17PC4a1

dQuestionSWB17PC4a2

dQuestionSWB17PC4a3

dQuestionSWB17PC4a4

dQuestionSWB17PC5a1

dQuestionSWB17PC5a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a1

dQuestionSWB17PC6a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a3

dQuestionSWB17PC6a4

dQuestionSWB17PC7a1

dQuestionSWB17PC7a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a1

dQuestionSWB17PC8a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a3

dQuestionSWB17PC8a4

dQuestionSWB17PC9a1

dQuestionSWB17PC9a2

dQuestionSWB17PC9a3

dQuestionSWB17PC9a4





































txtCourse

txtChapter

txtNumber

txtRate

txtDate

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName













































































































Part Number


F-1 F-2 F-3 F-4 F-5


F-6 F-7 F-8 F-9 F-10


F-11 F-12 F-13 F-14 F-15

























































erection



















Aluminum 24 ST-4



34rdquo mdash 13 38 105 26 43

58rdquo mdash 11 84 205 60 92

34rdquo mdash 10 105 370 82 128

78rdquo mdash 9 160 530 184 194














































_______



A True B False




erection

A True B False












of a PEB







A True B False







A True B False
















Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover


btnGUY LINES






































btnSHINNY

dQuestionSWB17PC1a1

dQuestionSWB17PC1a2

dQuestionSWB17PC1a3

dQuestionSWB17PC1a4

dQuestionSWB17PC2a1

dQuestionSWB17PC2a2

dQuestionSWB17PC2a3

dQuestionSWB17PC2a4

dQuestionSWB17PC3a1

dQuestionSWB17PC3a2

dQuestionSWB17PC3a3

dQuestionSWB17PC3a4

dQuestionSWB17PC4a1

dQuestionSWB17PC4a2

dQuestionSWB17PC4a3

dQuestionSWB17PC4a4

dQuestionSWB17PC5a1

dQuestionSWB17PC5a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a1

dQuestionSWB17PC6a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a3

dQuestionSWB17PC6a4

dQuestionSWB17PC7a1

dQuestionSWB17PC7a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a1

dQuestionSWB17PC8a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a3

dQuestionSWB17PC8a4

dQuestionSWB17PC9a1

dQuestionSWB17PC9a2

dQuestionSWB17PC9a3

dQuestionSWB17PC9a4





































txtCourse

txtChapter

txtNumber

txtRate

txtDate

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName
























































erection



















Aluminum 24 ST-4



34rdquo mdash 13 38 105 26 43

58rdquo mdash 11 84 205 60 92

34rdquo mdash 10 105 370 82 128

78rdquo mdash 9 160 530 184 194














































_______



A True B False




erection

A True B False












of a PEB







A True B False







A True B False
















Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover


btnGUY LINES






































btnSHINNY

dQuestionSWB17PC1a1

dQuestionSWB17PC1a2

dQuestionSWB17PC1a3

dQuestionSWB17PC1a4

dQuestionSWB17PC2a1

dQuestionSWB17PC2a2

dQuestionSWB17PC2a3

dQuestionSWB17PC2a4

dQuestionSWB17PC3a1

dQuestionSWB17PC3a2

dQuestionSWB17PC3a3

dQuestionSWB17PC3a4

dQuestionSWB17PC4a1

dQuestionSWB17PC4a2

dQuestionSWB17PC4a3

dQuestionSWB17PC4a4

dQuestionSWB17PC5a1

dQuestionSWB17PC5a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a1

dQuestionSWB17PC6a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a3

dQuestionSWB17PC6a4

dQuestionSWB17PC7a1

dQuestionSWB17PC7a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a1

dQuestionSWB17PC8a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a3

dQuestionSWB17PC8a4

dQuestionSWB17PC9a1

dQuestionSWB17PC9a2

dQuestionSWB17PC9a3

dQuestionSWB17PC9a4





































txtCourse

txtChapter

txtNumber

txtRate

txtDate

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName
















Aluminum 24 ST-4



34rdquo mdash 13 38 105 26 43

58rdquo mdash 11 84 205 60 92

34rdquo mdash 10 105 370 82 128

78rdquo mdash 9 160 530 184 194














































_______



A True B False




erection

A True B False












of a PEB







A True B False







A True B False
















Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover


btnGUY LINES






































btnSHINNY

dQuestionSWB17PC1a1

dQuestionSWB17PC1a2

dQuestionSWB17PC1a3

dQuestionSWB17PC1a4

dQuestionSWB17PC2a1

dQuestionSWB17PC2a2

dQuestionSWB17PC2a3

dQuestionSWB17PC2a4

dQuestionSWB17PC3a1

dQuestionSWB17PC3a2

dQuestionSWB17PC3a3

dQuestionSWB17PC3a4

dQuestionSWB17PC4a1

dQuestionSWB17PC4a2

dQuestionSWB17PC4a3

dQuestionSWB17PC4a4

dQuestionSWB17PC5a1

dQuestionSWB17PC5a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a1

dQuestionSWB17PC6a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a3

dQuestionSWB17PC6a4

dQuestionSWB17PC7a1

dQuestionSWB17PC7a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a1

dQuestionSWB17PC8a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a3

dQuestionSWB17PC8a4

dQuestionSWB17PC9a1

dQuestionSWB17PC9a2

dQuestionSWB17PC9a3

dQuestionSWB17PC9a4





































txtCourse

txtChapter

txtNumber

txtRate

txtDate

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName










































_______



A True B False




erection

A True B False












of a PEB







A True B False







A True B False
















Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover


btnGUY LINES






































btnSHINNY

dQuestionSWB17PC1a1

dQuestionSWB17PC1a2

dQuestionSWB17PC1a3

dQuestionSWB17PC1a4

dQuestionSWB17PC2a1

dQuestionSWB17PC2a2

dQuestionSWB17PC2a3

dQuestionSWB17PC2a4

dQuestionSWB17PC3a1

dQuestionSWB17PC3a2

dQuestionSWB17PC3a3

dQuestionSWB17PC3a4

dQuestionSWB17PC4a1

dQuestionSWB17PC4a2

dQuestionSWB17PC4a3

dQuestionSWB17PC4a4

dQuestionSWB17PC5a1

dQuestionSWB17PC5a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a1

dQuestionSWB17PC6a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a3

dQuestionSWB17PC6a4

dQuestionSWB17PC7a1

dQuestionSWB17PC7a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a1

dQuestionSWB17PC8a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a3

dQuestionSWB17PC8a4

dQuestionSWB17PC9a1

dQuestionSWB17PC9a2

dQuestionSWB17PC9a3

dQuestionSWB17PC9a4





































txtCourse

txtChapter

txtNumber

txtRate

txtDate

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName











of a PEB







A True B False







A True B False
















Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover


btnGUY LINES






































btnSHINNY

dQuestionSWB17PC1a1

dQuestionSWB17PC1a2

dQuestionSWB17PC1a3

dQuestionSWB17PC1a4

dQuestionSWB17PC2a1

dQuestionSWB17PC2a2

dQuestionSWB17PC2a3

dQuestionSWB17PC2a4

dQuestionSWB17PC3a1

dQuestionSWB17PC3a2

dQuestionSWB17PC3a3

dQuestionSWB17PC3a4

dQuestionSWB17PC4a1

dQuestionSWB17PC4a2

dQuestionSWB17PC4a3

dQuestionSWB17PC4a4

dQuestionSWB17PC5a1

dQuestionSWB17PC5a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a1

dQuestionSWB17PC6a2

dQuestionSWB17PC6a3

dQuestionSWB17PC6a4

dQuestionSWB17PC7a1

dQuestionSWB17PC7a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a1

dQuestionSWB17PC8a2

dQuestionSWB17PC8a3

dQuestionSWB17PC8a4

dQuestionSWB17PC9a1

dQuestionSWB17PC9a2

dQuestionSWB17PC9a3

dQuestionSWB17PC9a4





































txtCourse

txtChapter

txtNumber

txtRate

txtDate

txtDescription

txtCorrection

txtName


A True B False







A True B False
















Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover


btnGUY LINES






































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txtCourse

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Rate____ Course Name_____________________________________________




A9R581Ftmppdf

Instruction Page

SW Basic Cover

SW Basic Copyright



Chapter 1


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Ferrous Metals

111 Iron

112 Steel




220 Spark Test

230 Chip Test

240 Magnetic Test

250 Hardness Test

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 2


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites




210 Heating Stage

220 Soaking Stage

230 Cooling Stage



410 Annealing

411 Ferrous Metal


420 Normalizing

430 Hardening

431 Case Hardening

4311 Carburizing

4312 Cyaniding

4313 Nitriding

432 Flame Hardening

440 Tempering

500 QUENCHING MEDIA


511 Water

512 Brine

513 Oil

514 Caustic Soda

520 Dry Quenching

521 Air

522 Solids

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 3


Topics

Overview

Objectives



110 Gas Welding



120 Arc Welding









210 Filler Metals

220 Fluxes

230 Weld Joints

240 Parts of Joints

250 Types of Welds

260 Parts of Welds


310 Butt Joints

320 Corner Joints

330 Tee Joints

340 Lap Joints

350 Edge Joints





512 Heat Input

513 Preheat







700 DRAWINGS


711 Lines

712 Dimensions

713 Notes

714 Views


720 Welding Symbol


722 Dimensioning

723 Supplementary


725 Multiple-Weld


800 SAFETY

810 Eye Protection

820 Welding Helmet


840 Area Awareness

Summary

Review Questions




Chapter 4

Gas Cutting

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Acetylene

111 Hazards

112 Cylinder Design

120 MAPP Gas

121 Cylinder Design


123 Bulk MAPP Gas

124 MAPP Gas Safety

130 Oxygen

140 Regulators




150 Hoses

160 Cutting Torches

161 Torch Body





210 Equipment Setup


212 Neutral Flame

213 Oxidizing Flame









280 Piercing Holes

29 0 Cutting Rivets




310 Drag Lines

320 Side Smoothness


340 Slag Conditions



420 Cylinders


4211 Color Warnings


4213 Decals




Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 5

Gas Welding

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Welding Torches

120 Filler Rods


210 Operation


212 Equipment Setup



221 Torch Gas Leaks


223 Regulator Leaks






350 Ferrous Metals


361 Copper





366 Lead



3672 WELDING RODS

3673 Welding Fluxes



370 Welding Pipe

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 6


Topics

Overview

Objectives


100 SOLDERING

110 Equipment

111 Sources of Heat





1113 Gas Torches

112 Soft Solder







113 Fluxes




121 Sweat Soldering

122 Seam Soldering


200 BRAZING

210 Equipment

211 Heating Devices

212 Filler Metals

213 Fluxes

220 Joint Design

221 Lap Joints

222 Butt Joints

223 Scarf Joints



232 Work Support

233 Fluxing

234 Brazing

235 Silver Brazing

300 BRAZE WELDING

310 EQUIPMENT

311 Filler Metal

312 Flux


400 WEARFACING





421 Preheating

422 Application

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 7


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Description




211 Power Source


213 Cutting Speed

220 Consumables

221 Swirl Ring

222 Electrode

223 Tip

224 Retaining Cup

225 Shields




229 Cutting Gases




320 Contact Starts





510 Kerf

520 Bevel Angle

530 Drag Line

540 Top Rounding

550 Dross



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 8


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


230 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources











320 Controls


340 Welding Cables

350 Ground Clamps

360 Accessories



410 Classification

420 Sizing





434 Welding Current








510 Industries






516 Structures

517 Ships

518 Transportation





530 Wearfacing


532 Preheating

533 Techniques


5332 Shovel teeth









613 Microstructure

620 Metals Weldable

621 Steels

6211 Mild Steels






622 Cast Irons

6221 Gray Cast Iron





710 Strength

720 Position

730 Thickness

740 Accessibility






7622 Joint Type



7632 Joint Type




7642 Type of Welds

765 Pipe welding




766 Tack welding

767 Spacers




810 Fixed Variables

811 Electrode Type

812 Electrode Size

813 Current Type


821 Welding Current

822 Travel Speed





8243 Peening







1030 Preheating




1112 Wagon Tracks

1113 Porosity


1115 Undercutting

1116 Lack of Fusion

1117 Overlapping

1118 Burn Through

1119 Arc Strikes

11110 Craters


1120 Cracking

1130 Other Problems

1131 Arc Blow


1133 Fingernailing


1210 Cleaning




1240 Postheating







1400 WELDING SAFETY


1420 Arc Radiation





Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 9


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems


310 Power Sources



321 Direct Current

322 Pulsed Current









340 Controls

350 Welding Torches


370 Welding Cables

380 Other Equipment



383 Motion Devices


410 Equipment Setup







510 Electrodes

520 Shielding Gases

521 Argon

522 Helium



525 Nitrogen

530 Filler Metals

531 Classification

532 Sizing


550 Conformances


610 Industries



613 Ships

614 Aerospace

615 Transportation



618 Miscellaneous






713 Microstructure

720 Weldable Metals





725 Steels


7252 Cast Iron




727 Other Metals


810 Types of Metal

820 Strength

830 Position

840 Thickness

850 Accessibility






910 Fixed Variables


912 Electrode Size





921 Welding Current

922 Travel Speed











1150 Preheating





1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting


1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-through

1219 Arc Strikes

12110 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow




1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating



1411 Mild Steel


1413 Aluminum






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 10


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer



223 Spray Transfer



310 Power Sources







320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders

340 Welding Guns




360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories








470 Burn Back

480 Bird Nests


510 Shielding Gases

511 Argon

512 Helium

513 Carbon Dioxide





518 Nitrogen


530 Electrodes

531 Classification

532 Sizing




610 Industries





615 Structures

616 Ships

617 Railroads

618 Automotive

619 Aerospace









713 Microstructure

720 Metals Weldable





725 Steels









810 Strength

820 Position

830 Thickness

840 Accessibility

841 Backing Strips

850 Types of Metal


861 Welding Symbols




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Size




922 Welding Current


924 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating



1211 Inclusions

1212 Porosity


1214 Undercutting


1216 Overlapping

1217 Melt-through

1218 Whiskers


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating






1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary





Chapter 11


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites






210 Arc Systems

220 Metal Transfer


310 Power Sources






320 Controls

330 Wire Feeders


340 Fume Extractors


360 Welding Cables

370 Other Equipment


372 Motion Devices

373 Accessories









510 Shielding Gas

511 Carbon Dioxide



520 Electrodes

521 Classification




610 Industries

611 Structures

612 Ships


614 Railroads


616 Heavy Equipment







740 Microstructure

750 Metals Weldable

751 Steels








810 Process Method

820 Type of Metal

830 Strength

840 Position

850 Thickness

860 Accessibility

861 Backing Strips






8822 Joint Type



8832 Joint Type



8842 Type of Welds

885 Pipe welding




886 Tack welding

887 Spacers




910 Fixed Variables

911 Electrode Type

912 Electrode Size


921 Welding Current


923 Travel Speed









1140 Preheating




1212 Wagon Tracks

1213 Porosity


1215 Undercutting

1216 Lack of Fusion

1217 Overlapping

1218 Melt-Through


12110 Arc Strikes

12111 Craters

1220 Cracking

1230 Other Problems

1231 Arc Blow





1310 Cleaning



1340 Postheating





1500 WELDING SAFETY


1520 Arc Radiation






Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 12


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 INTRODUCTION









310 Free-Bend Test


330 Nick-Break Test

340 Impact Test


360 Etching Test


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 13


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites



110 Layout Tools

111 Scriber



114 Protractor

115 Prick Punch

116 Dividers

117 Trammel Points


120 Cutting Tools


131 Stakes


1321 Bar Folder

1322 Brakes








241 Edges

242 Joints

243 Seams

244 Notches


310 Metal Screws

320 Rivets

330 Riveted Seams


410 Shop Procedures

420 Shop Drawings

430 Duct Material



460 Hanging Duct


510 Characteristics

520 Fabrication

530 Installation

600 SAFETY

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 14

Fiber Line

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 FIBER LINE


111 Manila

112 Sisal

113 Hemp

114 Coir

115 Cotton



131 Fibers

132 Yarns

133 Strands

134 Lines


141 Hawser-Laid

142 Shroud-Laid

143 Cable-Laid



161 Uncoiling

162 Uncoiling Nylon

163 Making Up

164 Whipping

165 Inspecting

166 Storing




173 Safety Factor



181 Line Parts

182 Overhand Knot


184 Square Knot

185 Sheepshank

186 Bowline

187 French Bowline

188 Spanish Bowline

189 Running Bowline

1810 Becket Bend

1811 Clove Hitch

1812 Scaffold Hitch

1813 Barrel Hitch


191 Eye Splice

192 Short Splice

193 Long Splice

194 Back Splice


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 15

Wire Rope

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


100 WIRE ROPE

110 Construction

111 Wires

112 Strands

113 Core

120 Grades

121 Mild Plow Steel

122 Plow Steel


130 Lays

140 Lay Length

150 Classification

160 Selection






170 Measuring


190 Failure

1100 Attachments

1110 End Fittings

1111 Clips

1112 Clamps

1113 Thimble

1114 Wedge Socket

1115 Basket Socket

11151 Dry Method

11152 Poured Method

1116 Splices



1122 Kinks

1123 Reverse Bends



1130 Inspection


1150 Storage

Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 16

Rigging

Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites


110 Terminology



140 Types of Blocks

141 Standing

142 Traveling

143 Snatch

150 Reeving Blocks

160 Types of Tackle

161 Single-whip

162 Runner

163 Gun Tackle



166 Double-Luff


168 Compound Tackle


180 Block Safety

200 SLINGS





240 Chain Slings



251 Endless

252 Single Leg

253 Bridle









290 Sling Angle

2100 Storage

300 CHAINS

310 Inspection




410 Hooks

411 Slip Hooks

412 Grab Hooks

413 Mousing a Hook

414 Inspection

415 Hook Strength

420 Shackles



430 Beam Clamps


510 Spreader Bars

520 Pallets

530 Jacks



560 Scaffolds





565 Safety


610 Holdfasts

611 Natural Types

612 Single-Picket



615 Deadman

616 Steel Picket

620 Gin Poles

630 Tripods

640 Shears


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 17


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites





122 Frame Erection

123 Brace Rods

124 Sag Rods



127 Sheeting




131 Marking


210 ABM 120 System



213 Foundations


220 ABM 240 System

300 STEEL TOWERS



400 ANTENNA TOWERS

410 Guyed Towers


430 Tower Assembly


441 Davit Method

442 Gin Pole Method

443 Hand Assembly

450 Guying




4522 Two-Guy Layers


453 Guy Tension


4532 Final Tension

454 Guy Anchors

4541 Screw Anchor



Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 18


Topics

Overview

Prerequisites


110 Terminology

111 W-Shape

112 Bearing Pile

113 S-Shape

114 C-Shape

115 Angle

116 Plate

117 Bar

200 ANCHOR BOLTS

300 BEARING PLATES

400 COLUMNS

500 GIRDERS

600 BEAMS

700 BAR JOISTS

800 TRUSSES


Summary

Review Questions





Chapter 19


Topics

Overview

Objectives

Prerequisites








141 Expanded Metal



Summary

Review Questions




APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

APPENDIX III

SW Basic Back Cover


btnGUY LINES






































btnSHINNY

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Chapter 17 Pre-Engineered Structures - NAVY BMRnavybmr.com/study...

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