Altitude Physiology Dr Barry Fudge -...
Transcript of Altitude Physiology Dr Barry Fudge -...
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Talk to English Athletics - 20th April 2011 – Font Romeu
Altitude Physiology – Dr Barry Fudge
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Altitude Training
Coach/Athlete:
• Does altitude
training work
• Lets try it
• How can we
maximise benefits
• Overall experience
and race results are
important
Scientist:
• Interesting question
• How and why would
it work
• We need scientific
proof
• Double blind,
controlled and
repetitively
Ian Stewart
George Gandy
John Nuttall
Alasdair Donaldson
Spencer Barden
Physiology
John Rogers
Physiotherapy
Soft Tissue Therapy
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Overview
Introduction Physiology UKA –
Strategy and results
Questions & Discussions
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Introduction
Altitude Training
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UKA Physiologist
• Based in Loughborough
at the NPC
• 100% UKA
• Responsibility for all event
groups but primarily
endurance
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Top Brits
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Top E. Africans
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PhD – East African Running
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Section main points
• East African athletes have a conducive environment for
developing as an endurance runner:
• Diet
• Hydration
• Rest/recovery
• The “correct genetics” for elite performance are fundamental
• The “correct genetics” are unlikely to be unique to only east Africa
• Without a conducive/optimum environment true genetic potential
shall not be realised
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Physiology
Altitude Training
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Determinants of endurance running performance…
Joyner and Coyle, 2007
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Determinants of endurance running performance…
Midgley et al, 2007
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Prevailing paradigm
Increase red cell mass
Increase VO2max
Increase Performance
What’s the scientific evidence?
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Red cell mass…VO2max
Schmidt & Prommer, 2010
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Red cell mass…VO2max
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VO2max…Performance
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
45 55 65 75 85
VO2 Max (ml/kg/min)
Be
st
Tim
e f
or
30
km
(m
in)
Karlsson & Saltin, 1971
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Altitude Training
Live High Train High
(LHTH)
Live High Train Low
(LHTL)
Live Low Train High (LLTH)
Different types of altitude training?
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LHTH – Red cell mass
• 504h (~3wks) = 7.4% increase (including non-athletes)
• 672h (~4 wks) = 12.5% increase (including non-athletes)
• Reduced “top end” work
Saunders et al, 2009
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LHTL – Red cell mass
• 1% per 100 h, but need
to be ~3% to be
confident of change
• Can complete “quality”
work
Clark et al, 2009
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LLTH – Red cell massExposure too short to stimulate erythropoiesis
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Sub-section main points• Altitude will increase red blood cells /
total hemoglobin in most athletes (not
sick, not injured) provided:
• Iron status is adequate
• Altitude is adequate (~1800-2500m)
• Duration is sufficient (>12 h/day)
• Unclear if an athlete will always respond
similarly each time they go to altitude
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Performance
• Any improvement is worthwhile, but have
to take into account within-athlete
variation (within athlete CV)
• At the elite level, the smallest worthwhile
change in performance is about half the
typical variation in an athlete's
performance from competition to
competition, or ~0.5%
Hopkins, Sportscience, 2004
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Performance – LHTH & LHTLBonetti & Hopkins, Meta-analysis of sea level
performance following adaptation to hypoxia.
Sports Medicine 39: 107-27, 2009
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Performance – LHTH & LHTL
• LHTH: enhancement of performance at very
short times (~2.5 d) followed by impairment (~5
d), enhancement (~17 d) and impairment (~33
d)
•LHTH: VO2max appears to peak around 14 d
after exposure
•LHTL: trivial improvements in VO2max can be
improved by increasing the hours of exposure
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Altitude Adaptation…Bekele
Run Altitude (m) Distance (km) Average HR (bpm) Average speed (km/h) Average Speed (min:mile)
Rift Valley Plains 1400-1600 15 139 14.9 06:32
Forest 3000-3200 18 141 14.7 06:27
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LLTH – Loughborough
• Altitude chamber
• Performance
• Rehab
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LLTH - performance
Ponsot et al, 2006
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LLTH – gene expression
• Text
Vogt & Hoppeler, 2010
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LLTH - Training
• Text
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Title
• Text
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Sub-section main points• There do appear to be tangible benefits
in performance using all protocols
• There are individual responses to altitude
that need to be taken in to consideration
• Particularly if care taken to enhance
protocols...UKA strategy
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Running economy - Chronic
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Running economy - Acute
• Text
Clark et al, 2007
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Section summary
• With some pre-requisites, altitude
training appears to increase red blood
cell mass, VO2max and performance
• There may be other benefits: running
economy
• There are individual variations to the
altitude response
• Altitude training may help athletes realise
their true aerobic potential
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UK Athletics
Endurance strategy for 2012 and
beyond
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Altitude strategies
Altitude Camps: LHTH & LHTL
Altitude Tents: LHTL
Chamber: LLTH
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Altitude model aims
Type Aim Duration
A Improve general fitness – especially
aerobic capabilities
21-28 days
B To prepare for high intensity training
following altitude
21-28 days
C Improve competitive performance 14-21 days
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Altitude location
LHTHLHTH/LHTL
Category A
Category B
Category C
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• Regular altitude training opportunities...
• ...to a wide range of athletes
• Training groups
• Role models
• Training camp effect(?)
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Pitfalls – altitude training
• Altitude is a harsh environment
• Many anecdotal reports of bad performance following altitude training
• Therefore requires careful consideration and planning prior to going and well executed programs when there
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Measurements
• Pre & post
• Ferritin
• Total Hb mass
• Physiology lab test (i.e.
Thresholds, running
economy and VO2max)
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Measurements@Altitude
• Hydration
• Body mass
• Blood chemistry (acid-
base balance)
• Key sessions (i.e. [La],
HR, GPS etc)
• Oxygen saturation
• Health & lifestyle
monitoring
• Time...
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Results – Group level
VO2max (mL/kg/min)
Athlete Pre Altitude Post Altitude
Ryan McLeod 78.5 81.2
Lewis Moses 69.9 76.6
Jonathon Thewlis 75.6 77.6
Joshua Gorecki 70.4 79.9
Mo Farah 77.1 80.2
Matt Clowes 74.3 77.9
Sonia Samuels 70.2 74.3
James Wilkinson 78.8 80.8
Mean 74.4 78.6
Change 5.7%*
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Haemoglobin mass changes
• Kenya (2450m a.s.l. for 4 weeks): mean
~5%, max ~9% (6 weeks)
• Font Romeu (1800m a.s.l for 4 weeks):
tbd but expect around 3-5%
• Tent (2800m a.s.l for 6 weeks): tbd but
expect around4-6%
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Pre & Post LHTH - Kenya
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
15 16 17 18 19 20
CHO/Fat
CHO (kcal/min)
Fat (kcal/min)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
14 15 16 17 18 19
CHO/Fat
CHO (kcal/min)
Fat (kcal/min)
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Results – Group level
*
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
2008 2009 2010
Rate
of
pro
gre
ssio
n (
%)
Pers
on
al b
est
perf
orm
an
ces
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Results
So making progress, but no cigar!
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Section summary
• UK endurance runners have a unique
opportunity to live and train at altitude
• The program is year round which allows
the opportunity to complete different
types of altitude training (i.e. A, B and C)
• Fully supported program (medicine,
science, etc)
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General Summary
•Without a conducive/optimum environment
true genetic potential shall not be realised
•Best endurance runners in the world use
altitude training
•Science appears to back this up
•GB are achieving positive results
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