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Documentos – acessos eletrônicos
ORGANIZAÇÃO DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS. Disponível em: http://www.un.org. Acesso em: 07 de Agosto de 2008. _____. An Agenda for Peace. Preventive diplomacy, peacemaking andpeacekeeping. Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to the statement adopted by the Summit Meeting of the Security Council on 31 January 1992. A/47/277 –S/24111, on 17 June 1992 (ONU, 1992). Disponível em: http://www.un.org/Docs/SG/agpeace.html. Acesso em 24 de Junho de 2008.
_____. A More Secure World: our shared responsibility. Report of the Secretary- General’s High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change. Disponível em:http://www.un.org/secureworld/. Publicado em 2004. Acesso em: 07 de Agosto de 2009. _____. Departamento de Operações de Peacekeeping. Disponível em: http://www.un.org/Depts/ dkpo/dpko/index.asp. Acesso em: 12 de outubro de2008. _____. Peacekeeping Best Practices Unit, Department of Peacekeeping Operations. Handbook on United Nations Multidimensional Peacekeeping Operations, December 2003. Disponível em: http://www.peacekeepingbestpractices.unlb.org/Pbps/library/Handbook%20on%20UN%20PKOs.pdf _____.Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects (Brahimi Report). A/55/305–S/2000/809, 2000. Disponível em: http://www.un.org/ peace/reports/ peace_operations/. Acessado em 7 de abril de 2008.
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_____.Report of the Secretary-General on the protection of civilians in armed conflict. S/2007/643. Disponível em http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/573/58/PDF/N0757358.pdf? OpenElement. Acesso em 12 de Março de 2009. _______.Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization, General Assembly Official Records - Supplement to an agenda for peace: position paper of the secretary-general on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the United Nations. (A/50/60 - S/1995/1), 1995. Disponível em: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/50/60 . Acessado em 20 de março de 2008. ______.United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Department of Field Support. Principles and Guidelines. New York, 2008 Disponível em: http://pbpu.unlb.org/ pbps /Library/ Capstone_Doctrine_ENG.pdf. Acessado em 12 de janeiro de 2009. Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization, General Assembly Official Records Sixtieth Session, Supplement No. 1 (A/60/1), 2005 , Disponível em: http://www.un.org/en/peace-keeping/resources/reports.shtml. Acessado em 16 de Julho de 2009. Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization, General Assembly Official Records Sixty-third Session,Supplement No. 1 ( A/63/1), 2008, Disponível em: http://www.un.org/en/peace-keeping/resources/reports.shtml. Acessado em 16 de Julho de 2009. Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization General Assembly Official Records · Fifty-second Session Supplement No.1 (A/52/1), 1997. , Disponível em: http://www.un.org/ en/ peace-keeping/resources/reports.shtml .Acessado em 16 de Julho de 2009. Report of the Secretary-General – Implementing the responsibility to protect, A/63/677, 2009. Disponível em: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/resources/reports.shtml. Acessado em 20 de março de 2008. ______.The Responsibility to Protect -Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, http://www.idrc.ca, 2001. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR COORDINATION OF HUMANITATIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA) http://ochaonline.un.org/HumanitarianIssues/ProtectionofCiviliansinArmedConflict/Introduction/ tabid/1115/language/fr-FR/Default.aspx . Acesso em 20 de maio de 2010. UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR COORDINATION OF HUMANITATIAN AFFAIRS (OCHA) – Policy and Study Series 2011 http://ochanet.unocha.org/p/Documents/Stay_and_Deliver.pdf, acessado em 10 de janeiro de 2011. UNITED NATIONS TRUST FUND FOR HUMAN SECURITY http://ochaonline.un.org/ Default.aspx?alias=ochaonline.un.org/humansecurity, acessado em 16 de abril de 2008. WORLD FEDERATION FOR MENTAL HEALTH, 2010, Disponível em: Erro! A referência de hiperlink não é válida.. Acessado em 08 de janeiro de 2011. WHO. The effectiveness of mental health services in primary care: The view from the developing world. WHO: Geneva., 2001. Disponível em: http://www5.who.int/mental _health/ download .cfm?id=0000000050 _____.World Health Report 2001. Mental health: New understanding, new hope. WHO: Geneva. http://www.who.int/whr2001/2001/main/en/pdf/whr2001.en.pdf, 2001. _____.Department of Mental Health and Substance Dependence. Mental health in emergencies - Mental and Social Aspects of Health of Populations Exposed to Extreme Stressors. Geneva, 2003.
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Disponível em: http://www.who.int/mental_health/media/en/640.pdf. Acessado em 8 de setembro de 2008. _____.Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice: Report of the World Health Organization, 2005. Disponível em: http://www.who.int/ mental_health/ evidence/MH_Promotion_Book.pdf. Acessado em 06 de Março de 2010. The Secretary General- Message on World Mental Health Day, 2010. Disponível em: http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhgap/UN_message_mhgap_english_2010.pdf. Acessado em 01 Setembro de 2010. _____.IASC Reference Group for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings. Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Humanitarian Emergencies: What Should Humanitarian Health Actors Know? Geneva, 2008. Disponível em: Erro! A referência de hiperlink não é válida.mental_health/emergencies/guidelines_iasc_mental_health_psychosocial_april_2008.pdf. Acessado em 3 de janeiro de 2010. _____.IASC Reference Group for Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Emergency Settings. Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Humanitarian Emergencies: What Should Humanitarian Health Actors Know? Geneva, 2010. Disponível em: http://www.who.int/ mental_health/ emergencies/what_humanitarian_health_actors_should_know.pdf. Acessado em 3 de Janeiro de 2010.
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Tabela 3.1 Segurança na visão tradicional e Segurança centrada no indivíduo
Segurança centrada no
estado (ótica neorealista)
Segurança centrada no
indivíduo
Referente (objeto)
O estado é o objeto a ser protegido. Se o estado está protegido, todos que vivem dentro dele também estarão protegidos.
Indivíduos são tão importantes quanto os estados. A segurança do estado é um meio e não um fim.
Valores
Soberania, poder, integridade territorial, independência nacional
Segurança pessoal, bem estar e liberdade individual: 1.Segurança física e provisão de necessidades básicas 2.Liberdade pessoal (de associação) 3.Direitos Humanos, econômicos e sociais
Ameaças
Violência direta organizada por outros estados, violência e coerção provenientes de outros estados e atores não estatais
Violência direta: morte, drogas, desumanização, discriminação, armas de destruição em massa, violência contra mulheres Violência indireta: privações, doenças, desastres naturais, subdesenvolvimento, deslocamento populacional, degradação ambiental,desigualdade, pobreza, opressão e sectarianismo étnico. Ameaças de fontes identificáveis ( estados e atores não estatais) e de fontes estruturais ( relações de poder desde a família até a economia global)
Meios de proteção
Uso da força ou ameaça de uso, equilíbrio de poder, meios militares, fortalecimento do poder econômico, pouca atenção às leis e instituições
Promoção do desenvolvimento humano: necessidades básicas, igualdade, sustentabilidade, e maior democratização e participação em todos os níveis. Promoção do desenvolvimento político: normas globais e instituições internacionais mais o uso da força coletiva assim como sanções em caso de genocídio; cooperação entre estados. Confiança nas instituições internacionais, redes e coalizões e organizações internacionais.
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Fonte: Human Security, Concepts and Implications, Shahranou Tadjbakhsh and Anuradha M. Chenoy, Routledge, NY,2009,p.41.
Tabela 3.2. Comparação entre as concepções de Segurança Humana estabelecidas pela UNDP e pela iniciativa das Potências Médias encabeçadas pelo Canadá
UNDP Potências Médias
Segurança para Quem
O indivíduo O indivíduo, porém o Estado é também
importante Segurança de que
valores Segurança Pessoal
Bem estar e liberdade individual
Segurança Pessoal Bem estar e liberdade
individual Segurança contra que
ameaças Violências direta e indireta; Maior ênfase nas violências
indiretas, sobretudo decorrentes de fatores
econômicos e ambientais
Violências direta e indireta; Maior ênfase nas violências
diretas e em dois níveis- nacional/societal e internacional/global
Segurança por que meios Promoção do desenvolvimento humano;
necessidades básicas somadas à igualdade,
sustentabilidade e maior democratização e
participação em todos os níveis da sociedade global
Promoção de desenvolvimento
político:normais globais e instituições ( governança),
mais o uso da força coletiva e sanções se e
quando se fizerem necessárias.
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Tabela 3.3. Violências Diretas e Indiretas à Segurança Humana
Violência Direta Violência Indireta
Morte violenta/ deficiências: vítimas de crimes violentos, assassinato de mulheres e crianças, violência sexual, terrorismo, ataques entre grupos, genocídio, tortura e morte de dissidentes, assassinato de representantes oficiais, morte em decorrência de guerra.
Privação: de necessidades básicas ( alimento,
água potável, atendimento básico básico, educação primária)
Desumanização: escravidão e tráfico de mulheres e crianças; uso de crianças soldados, abuso físico de mulheres e crianças ( em ambientes domésticos); seqüestro, rapto, detenção ilegal de opositores políticos
Doenças: Incidência de doenças que ameaçam a vida (infecciosas, cardiovasculares, cancerígenas)
Drogas: dependência de drogas
Desastres naturais ou causados pelo homem: inflação, desemprego, desigualdade, crescimento ou declínio populacional, pobreza nacional, baixo PIB, baixa renda per capita, desigualdade regional e instabilidade econômica global, estagnação, mudanças demográficas
Discriminação e dominação: práticas e leis discriminatórias contra minorias e crianças; banimento ou fraude em eleições; subversão das instituições políticas e da mídia
Deslocamento Populacional: nacional, regional e global – refugiados e migrantes
Disputas internacionais: tensões/crises entre
estados/ crises bilaterais/regionais + tensões/crises entre grandes potências
Degradação Ambiental: local, nacional, regional, global
Armas de grande potencial de destruição: a proliferação de armas de destruição em massa,
armas convencionais de potencial avançado, minas terrestres.
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Tabela 5.1
O processo de Securitização
Tabela 5.2