PDF 8.1 Radiation and Modern Life I

8/22/2019 PDF 8.1 Radiation and Modern Life I

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A Look at NuclearScience and Technology

Larry Foulke

Radiation and Modern Life

8.1 Course Recap


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Humanitys Top Ten Problems for the next 50 years*

1. ENERGY2. WATER3.

FOOD

4. ENVIRONMENT5. POVERTY6. TERRORISM & WAR7.

DISEASE

8. EDUCATION9. DEMOCRACY10. POPULATION 2012 7.0 Billion People2050 8-10 Billion People

Adapted from a presentation by Richard Smalley At the MIT Enterprise Forum 1/22/03Image Source: See Note 1


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Where is tomorrows energy going to

come from?

Image Source: See Note 2


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Nuclear Engineering Program

Fission



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Closed Nuclear Fuel Cycle

Exploration &

Mining

Enriching

Processing

Milling

Fuel Fabrication

Spent Fuel

Reprocessing

Interim Storage

Reactor

GeologicalRepository

Plutonium

Uranium

Front End Back End

Transmutation



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The Einstein Connection

E=mc2


7/25Nuclear Engineering Program

One truck load per month (2,000 kilograms) versus 25trainloads of coal per month (260,000,000 kilograms)

Image Source: See note 13





Cross Section Hierarchy

t=

a+

s

a=

c+

f

s=

e+

i

Micros on eachlevel are the sum

of all constituent

micros on lower

levels.




Neutron Interactions

Fission

Fission fragments (some unstable)

Pre-Collision

protonneutronsElectrons (beta particles)

ray

Image Source: See Note 5 for Ionized nucleus



Equiv Dose Sv (Rem) Symptoms Lethality

0.05-0.2 (5-20) None 0%

0.2-0.5 (20-50) No external. Temporary reduction in red blood count. 0%

0.5-1 (50-100) Mild radiation sickness. 0%

1-2 (100-200) Nausea and vomiting. Immune system depressed. LD 10/30

2-3 (200-300) Nausea and vomiting. Loss of hair, loss of white blood

cells.

LD 35/30

3-4 (300-400) Uncontrollable hemorrhaging. LD 50/30

4-6 (400-600) Widespread internal bleeding. Near shutdown of immune

system.

LD 60/30

6-10 (600-1000) Complete destruction of bone marrow. Widespreaddamage to organs.

LD 100/14

10-50 (1000-5000) Direct damage to central nervous system. Direct burning

damage to skin.

LD 100/7

>50 (>5000) Increased severity of symptoms listed above. LD 100/2

Radiation Dose Effects

LD xx/yy gives the percentage of fatalities (xx%)within yy days, without medical attention.

Mild radiation

sickness

No detectableresponse


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Human Health Effects of Radiation Dose

3.7 mSv Above 1 Sv


100mSv


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NEUTRON MULTIPLICATION

k

Critical = 1 = 0

Subcritical < 1 < 0

Supercritical > 1 > 0

k= effective multiplication factor = neutron production/neutron loss

= reactivity = (k-1)/ k

neutron population

steady state

decreasing

increasing


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Response to Positive

Power x10

~ 0.25 sec

n(t)n(0)

= a1et/T



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Pressurized Water Reactors!

Image source: See Note 7


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Fuel Assembly Features

Top Nozzle

Bottom Nozzle

Grid Strap

Grid Strap

Grid Strap

Grid Strap

Guide Tubes

Fuel Rods

Rod Cluster ControlAssembly

(not in all assemblies)shown partially withdrawn



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Sodium Cooled Fast Reactor

Three loops Sodium coolant No moderator Fast Spectrum Breeder



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Accident Types - Overcooling

OvercoolingRemoving too much energy fromworking fluid on secondary side



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Multiple Barriers

1st & 2nd Barriers

Pellet & Cladding

4th Barrier

Reactor

Containment

3rd Barrier

Primary-System Boundary



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Engineered Safety Features



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Nuclear has best safety record

400-page study of 4,290 energy-

related accidents: 15,000

deaths related to oil, 8,000

related to coal, 5,000 related togas.

Paul Scherrer Institute,

Switzerland, 2001

Deaths from Accidents from Generating

Electricity per Billion MWe-hr

101

39

10

1

Hydro

Coal

Gas

Nuclear*Includes Chernobyl



21/25Image Source: See Note 16

Solar panels fillneeds for innersolar system

Deep-spaceresearch requires

alternate powersource

Radioisotopepower sources

have been used

for many missions


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1. Public domain:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg

2. Public domain:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/NASA-Apollo8-Dec24-Earthrise.jpg

3. Reprinted with permission from the AmericanNuclear Society. Source:Nuclear Engineering

Theory and Technology of Commercial NuclearPowerby Ronald Allen Knief, 2nd Edition, AmericanNuclear Society. Copyright 2008 by the AmericanNuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois. Figures 2-7(slide 4), 1-2 (slide 5), 2-10, (slide 8), and 5-1 (slide13).

Image Source Notes


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4. Public domain:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein-formal_portrait-35.jpg

5. Public domain:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alpha_Decay.svg6. Reprinted with permission from Alan Waltar, World

Nuclear University, Oxford, UK, 7-11-12.

7. Public domain:http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/students/animated-pwr.html

8. Reprinted with permission from Westinghouse.Source: The Westinghouse Pressurized WaterReactor Nuclear Power Plant (The Masche Book)

Image Source Notes


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9. Public domain:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sodium-Cooled_Fast_Reactor_Schemata.svg

10. Reprinted with permission from the USNRC.http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/regulatory/research/soar/soarca-accident-progression.html

11. Reprinted with permission from Nuclear Energy Institute.http://www.nei.org/corporatesite/media/filefolder/containment_wall_construction.jpg

12. Graph based on data from Comparison Of Severe Accident Risks InFossil, Nuclear And Hydro Electricity Generation," S. Hirschberg, etal., Invited Paper, EAE'2001, International Conference onEcological Aspects of Electric Power Generation, 14-16 November2001, Warsaw, Poland (2001) 13.1-13.21, Paul Scherrer Institute,Switzerland.http://manhaz.cyf.gov.pl/portal/cykle-paliwowe/strona_konferencja_EAE-2001/13 - Paper Hirschberg Polish

Conference November 2001a.pdf

Image Source Notes


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13. Public Domain:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_train#Bulk

14. Reprinted with permission from the USNRC.15. Reprinted with permission from Erik Arroyo University of Pittsburgh16. Public domain:

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/rps/contact.cfm

Image Source Notes

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