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![Page 1: PCSIR, Labs Lahore. Provide an overview of the types of chemical and microbial contamination of drinking water and their remedies.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062715/56649db15503460f94aa09e5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Contamination of Drinking Water& Their Remedies
PCSIR, Labs Lahore
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Objective
Provide an overview of the types of
chemical and microbial contamination of drinking water and their remedies
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World Water Resources
Over two thirds of the earth's surface is covered with water
97.2% of which is contained in the five oceans.
only less than 2.7% of global water is freshwater.
Only less than 0.7% is available for human use.
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Sources of water
Surface Waters 1. Rain Water
2. River Water
3. Lake Water
4. Sea water
Underground Water 1. Spring
2. Well water
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World water Resources
Over the last century
Human population has
increased 3 timesGlobal water
withdrawalhas increased 7
times
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World water utilization
22%
8%
70%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Agriculture Domestic Industry
Water uses
% o
f to
tal
wat
er u
sed
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Sources of drinking water in Pakistan
Glacieres--- hamalayan Mountains (Chenab,Indus, Jehlum)
Drinking water to Urban areas (Tehsil & District managemnt bodies—WASA & PHED)
Ruler areas ---river, canal, sub soil,pond, rainwater)
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Uses of water resources in Pakistan
Agriculture 93% Industry 5%Domestic 2%
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Human Water Need
A person needs about 1 gallon water for hydration Usage in Pakistan / person/day 6.0 gallon
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Water for Life Over 1.1 billion people lack access to
safe water supply, while 2.6 billion people lack adequate sanitation.
Water associated to infectious disease claim upto 3.2 million lives each year, approx. 6% all deaths globally.
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Health impact scenario
Rs. 14 billion is spent on the water borne disease
(world Bank) 33 % death are due to typhoid,
cholera, Diarrhea, dysentery, and hepatitis (UNICEF)
Pakistan rank 2nd among 31 countries in annual diarrhea episode o f children (WHO)
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Health impact scenario
80% of all illness in developing countries is caused by water related diseases.
90% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged directly into rivers and streams without treatment.
Poor health status of Pakistan----infant mortality rate 12.6%
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WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
Physical. Suspended solid (SS), color, taste, smell, temp.
Chemical. Dissolved substances, alkalinity, hardness, fluoride, heavy metal, organic compound, nutrient (nitrogen & phosphorus), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD).
Biology. Bacteria, virus, protozoa, helminthes
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Safe drinking water
There is no pure water in nature, as it can contain up to 90 possible unacceptable contaminants
Free from pathogenic organisms
Clear
Not saline
Free from offensive taste or smell
Free from compounds that may have
adverse effect on human health
Free from chemicals that cause corrosion of
water supply systems
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Colour, taste & Odor
Color may be due to the Presence of organic matter, metals (iron, manganese) or highly colored industrial waste
Desirable that drinking water be colorless Taste & odor are mainly due to organic
substances, ,Biological activity, industrial pollution
Taste buds in the oral cavity specially detect inorganic compounds of metals like magnesium, calcium, sodium, copper, iron and zinc
Water should be free from objectionable taste and odour.
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Colour/odour
Pure water---colourless Iron salts ---afetr oxidation ---ferric
hydrooxide—red brown colourOff flavour/off ordour -----
decomposition of organic matter by non pathogenic bacteria
Sulphate --- sulphide by the action of reducing bacteria
Wells---proteolytic organisms
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Turbidity, pH
Turbidity is caused by suspended matter
High level turbidity shield and protect
bacteria from the action of disinfecting
agents
Desirable pH limit 6.5-8.5
Beyond this limit the water will affect the
mucous membrane and water supply
system
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Substances that change pH of water
Acidic Industries
Sugar - 5 –
6
Distillery 3 -
4
Electro-Plating
unit
2.5-4
Pickle 2 -
3
Basic Industries
Paper 8 –
10 Textile 8.5-
11 Fertiliser
6.5- 9 Oil Refineries
6.5-9.5
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HARDNESS
Capacity of water for reducing and
destroying the lather of soap
It is total concentration of calcium and
magnesium ions
Temporary hardness – Bicarbonates of
Calcium and Magnesium
Permanent hardness – Sulphates, chlorides
and nitrates of calcium and magnesium
Surface water is softer than ground water
Causes encrustations in water supply
structures
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ALKALINITY
Capacity to neutralize acidPresence of carbonates, bi-carbonates
and hydroxide compounds of Ca, Mg, Na and K
Alkalinity = hardness, Ca and Mg saltsAlkalinity > hardness - presence of basic
salts, Na, K along with Ca and Mg Alkalinity < hardness – neutral salts of
Ca & Mg present
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IRON
One of the earth’s most plentiful resource
High iron causes brown or yellow staining of laundry, household fixtures
Metallic taste, offensive odour, poor tasting coffee
Cause iron bacteria
Acceptable limit – 0.3 mg / l
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CHLORIDE
Dissolution of salt depositDischarge of effluentsIntrusion of sea waterNot harmful to human beingsRegarding irrigation – most
troublesome anionAcceptable limit - 250 mg/l
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NITRATE
Increasing level of nitrate is due to
Agricultural fertilizers, manure,animal dung, nitrogenous material ,sewage pollution
(blue baby diseases to infants)
Maximum permissible limit 45 mg / l
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FLOURIDE
Occurs naturally Long term consumption above
permissible level can cause – dental flurosis (molting of teeth) Skeletal flurosis Acceptable limit – 1 mg / l Remedy – 1) Deflouridation 2) Mixing Fluride free
wate 3) Intake of vitamin C,D, calcium,antioxidants
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Heavy Metals
Non degradable and are toxic to human health
Common heavy metals are Lead, Mercury, cadmium, arsenic
Produced by industrial activities and are slowly deposited in surrounding water and soil
Transported by food, water ,air, absorption, adsorption on materials
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Toxicity of heavy metals
Heavy Metals Health effects
Cadmium Lung, liver ,kidney damage
Lead Lung, liver ,kidney damage
Arsenic Lung, liver ,kidney damage
Mercury (inorganic) Lung, liver ,kidney damage
Zinc Skin irritation
Copper liver ,kidney damage
chromium
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Pesticides
Insecticides – kill insects Herbicides – kill weeds Fungicides – suppress or kill fungi
Effects CancerBirth defectsBlood disorderNervous disorderGenetic damage
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All Microbes Live in an Aqueous Environment
A
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Water Systems
Types of water systems that serve asbreeding grounds for potentially pathogenic species:
Surface Water Ground Water Pipes and storage tanks
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Bacterial Water Quality in Pakistan
Waterborne pathogens are present in large numbers
Largely due to problems with inadequately maintained pipes, low pressure, poor hygiene standards and intermittent delivery, even municipal well water is unsafe
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pathogens
E.coliSalmonella typhimouriumLegionella neumpphiliPseudomonosShigellaVibrio cholera
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WATER BORN VIRAL DISEASES
WATER BORN VIRAL DISEASES
VIRUS DISEASE
HEPATITIS- A VIRAL HEPATITIS
ROTA VIRUSINFANTILE DIARRHEA
POLIO VIRUS POLIO
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Water Borne Diseases/Pathogens
Protozoa Entamoeba histolytica - amoebic
dysentery Giardia lamblia - intestinal disease Cryptosporidium - intestinal disease
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Purification on Large scale
When sources of water are Rivers,Streams,Lakes etc. then water is Purified by
Storage Sedimentation Filtration (rapid sand & slow sand) Disinfection (chlorination)
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Purification on Medium Scale
When sources of water are wells,Springs,Tanks etc.Then water is purified by the addition of
Bleaching powder/Chlorinated Lime as it is
Cheep Easy to use Reliable and safe Water filters( R.O, UV )
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Purification on Small Scale(Domestic Methods)
BOILING: for 5-10 minutes kills almost all organisms &
removes temporary Hardness Bleaching Powder: 5% solution is used Dose: 3-6 drops/L
contact time of ½ hour. Chlorine Tablets/Halazone Tablets. one tablet/litre. Iodine Solution: 02 drops of 2% Soln./litre KMnO4: an amount that gives just pink coloration to the
Water. Alum: used for turbid water in a dose of 0.1-0.4 grains/5
litres of Water.
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Purification of water in Emergency/EpidemicBoiling: for 5-10 minutes.High Test Hypo chlorite: used in
granular form Dose: 01gm./10 litres of water.
Liquid Bleach/5% Sodium Hypo chlorite solution: Dose: 14 ml./1000 litres of water.
Bleaching Powder: used in a dose of 2.3gm./1000 litres of water.
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DISINFECTION OF WATERCHEMICAL METHODS / GERMICIDES CHLORINE: is used for purification of water
on large scale KMnO4: used for disinfection of water in
wells especially during epidemics CuSO4/CaCl2: used for the removal of algae Lime: used for muddy water Ozonization & U.V. irradiation: both
methods are used for disinfection of water in swimming pools
Silver: sand coated with silver used in slow sand filters instead of plain sand
Charcoal: used as adsorbent to remove color,odor & taste
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Properties of Chlorine
Killing of pathogenic bacteria by inhibiting their protein synthesis.
Oxidizes Iron, Manganese & Hydrogen Sulphide.
Destroys taste & odor producing constituents.
It controls algae growth. It helps in coagulation and suspension of
the organic matter. Efficiency of chlorine increases, when it
combines with Ammonia It decreases, when it combines with
Sulphides, Ferrous salts & inert matter in suspension form
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Advantages/Disadvantages
Advantages
Effective and Economical
Stable and does not deteriorate on storage
No impurities such as salts are introduced.
Can be used at high as well as low temp.
Disadvantage
THM(Trihalomethanes) are carcinogenic
Choroamine disinfection reduce THMs production
due to preferential reaction of chlorine with
ammonia
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Sr. #
Parameter (A.P.H.A., 2005)
PS:4639-2004(R)
WHO Limits 2008
1 pH at 25oC 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5
2 Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 (meq/L) --- ----
3 Carbonates (mg/L)
4 Bicarbonates (mg/L)
5 Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L)
250 500
6 Calcium Hardness as CaCO3
(mg/L)--- ---
7 Magnesium Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L)
---
8 Total suspended solids (mg/L)
Nil Nil
9 Total dissolved solids (mg/L)
500 1000
10 Calcium as Ca2+ (mg/L) 100 ----
11 Magnesium as Mg2+ (mg/L) 50
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Sr. #
Parameter (A.P.H.A., 2005)
PS:4639-2004(R)
WHO Limits 2008
12 Potassium as K+ 10 ----
13 Sodium as Na+ 50 200
14 Chloride as Cl- 250 250
15 Sulphate as SO42- 250 250
16 Conductivity at 25oC (µS/cm)
--- ---
17 Nitrate as NO3- (mg/L) 10.0 50
18 Nitrite NO2- (mg/L) 1.0 0.5
19 Fluoride F- (mg/L) 0.7 1.5
20 Arsenic (µg/L) 10.0 10.0
21 Iron (mg/L) 0.3 0.3
22 Manganese (mg/L) 0.05 0.1
23 Zinc (mg/L) 3.0 3.0
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Typical Water Quality Standards
Drinking Water No coliforms contamination acceptable
Recreational water 200 fecal coliforms /100 ml
Fish and wildlife habitat 5000 fecal coliforms/100 ml
Shellfish 14 fecal coliforms/100 ml
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Analytical services at PCSIR
Microbiology
Heavy Metals
Physical Testing
Pesticide residue
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SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY TESTING LAB. AT LLC
Water/Drinks testing (APHA)
Enumeration of Heterotrophic Plate
CountEnumeration of Total Coliforms
Enumeration of Fecal coliforms
Enumeration of E.coli
Enumeration of Pseudomonas spp.
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INSTRUMENTS
Ion Chromatogram
HPLC
ELISA
PCR
Atomic absorption
GC
ICP
Spectrophotometer
Flame photometer
LCMS
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Water purification sachet
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What Can We Do?
Fertilize your garden and yard plants with manure or compost instead of commercial inorganic fertilizer.
Minimize your use of pesticides. Never apply fertilizer or pesticides
near a body of water. Grow or buy organic foods. Compost your food wastes. Do not use water fresheners in
toilets. Do not flush unwanted medicines
down the toilet. Do not pour pesticides, paints,
solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other products containing harmful chemicals down the drain or onto the ground.
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Reducing Water Pollution Prevent groundwater contamination Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff Reuse treated wastewater for
irrigation Find substitutes for toxic pollutants Work with nature to treat sewage Practice four R's of resource use
(refuse, reduce, recycle, reuse) Reduce resource waste Reduce air pollution Reduce poverty Reduce birth rates
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Key actions for effective management strategies
Establishment ground water regulatory framework.
Proper disposal& sanitary inspection of waste water
Mapping of ground water quality Monitoring of water quality at District
level Up gradation of analytical labs.&
equipments Strengthening of R&D institutions to
develop appropriate water purification techniques.
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