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Phase-change materialFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article's lead section may not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Pleaseconsider expanding the lead t o provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of thearticle. (September 2012)

A sodium acetate heating pad . When the sodium acetate solution crystallises, it becomes warm.

A phase-change material (PCM ) is a substance with a high heat of fusion which, melting and solidifying at a

certain temperature, is capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy. Heat is absorbed or released

when the material changes from solid to liquid and vice versa; thus, PCMs are classified as latent heat storage

(LHS) units.

Contents

[hide ]

1 Characteristics and classification

o 1.1 Organic PCMs

o 1.2 Inorganic

o 1.3 Eutectics

o 1.4 Hygroscopic materials

2 Selection criteria

3 Thermophysical properties of selected PCMs

4 Technology, development and encapsulation

5 Thermal composites

6 Applications

7 Fire and safety issues

8 See also

9 References

10 Further reading

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Characteristics and classification [edit ]

PCMs latent heat storage can be achieved through solid solid, solid liquid, solid gas and liquid gas phase

change. However, the only phase change used for PCMs is the solid liquid change. Liquid-gas phase changes

are not practical for use as thermal storage due to the large volumes or high pressures required to store thematerials when in their gas phase. Liquid gas transitions do have a higher heat of transformation than solid

liquid transitions. Solid solid phase changes are typically very slow and have a rather low heat of

transformation.

Initially, the solid liquid PCMs behave like sensible heat storage (SHS) materials; their temperature rises as

they absorb heat. Unlike conventional SHS, however, when PCMs reach the temperature at which they change

phase (their melting temperature) they absorb large amounts of heat at an almost constant temperature. The

PCM continues to absorb heat without a significant rise in temperature until all the material is transformed to

the liquid phase. When the ambient temperature around a liquid material falls, the PCM solidifies, releasing its

stored latent heat. A large number of PCMs are available in any required temperature range from 5 up to 190

C .[1] Within the human comfort range between 20 30C, some PCMs are very effective. They store 5 to 14

times more heat per unit volume than conventional storage materials such as water, masonry or rock . [2]

Organic PCMs [edit ]

Paraffin (C n H2n +2) and fatty acids (CH 3(CH 2)2n COOH )[3]

Advantages

1. Freeze without much supercooling

2. Ability to melt congruently

3. Self nucleating properties

4. Compatibility with conventional material of construction

5. No segregation

6. Chemically stable

7. High heat of fusion

8. Safe and non-reactive

9. Recyclable

Disadvantages

1. Low thermal conductivity in their solid state. High heat transfer rates are required during the

freezing cycle

2. Volumetric latent heat storage capacity is low

3. Flammable. This can be easily alleviated by a proper container

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4. To obtain reliable phase change points, most manufacturers use technical grade paraffins which

are essentially paraffin mixture(s) and are completely refined of oil, resulting in high costs

Inorganic [edit ]

Salt hydrates (M n H2O)[4]

Advantages

1. High volumetric latent heat storage capacity

2. Availability and low cost

3. Sharp melting point

4. High thermal conductivity

5. High heat of fusion

6. Non-flammable

Disadvantages

1. Change of volume is very high

2. Super cooling is major problem in solid liquid transition

3. Nucleating agents are needed and they often become inoperative after repeated cycling

Eutectics [edit ]

Organic-organic, organic-inorganic, inorganic-inorganic compounds

Advantages

1. Eutectics have sharp melting point similar to pure substance

2. Volumetric storage density is slightly above organic compounds

Disadvantages

1. Only limited data is available on thermo-physical properties as the use of these materials are

relatively new to thermal storage application

Hygroscopic materials [edit ]

Many natural building materials are hygroscopic, that is they can absorb (water condenses) and release water

(water evaporates). The process is thus:

Condensation (gas to liquid) H0; enthalpy increases (endothermic process) absorbs heat (or cools).

Whilst this process liberates a small quantity of energy, large surfaces area allows significant (1 2 C) heating

or cooling in buildings. The corresponding materials are wool insulation, earth/clay render finishes, etc.

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Selection criteria [edit ]

Thermodynamic properties. The phase change material should possess :[5]

1. Melting temperature in the desired operating temperature range

2. High latent heat of fusion per unit volume

3. High specific heat, high density and high thermal conductivity

4. Small volume changes on phase transformation and small vapor pressure at operating

temperatures to reduce the containment problem

5. Congruent melting

Kinetic properties

1. High nucleation rate to avoid supercooling of the liquid phase

2. High rate of crystal growth, so that the system can meet demands of heat recovery from thestorage system

Chemical properties

1. Chemical stability

2. Complete reversible freeze/melt cycle

3. No degradation after a large number of freeze/melt cycle

4. Non-corrosiveness, non-toxic, non-flammable and non-explosive materials

Economic properties

1. Low cost

2. Availability

Thermophysical properties of selected PCMs [edit ]

Material

Organic

PCM

Meltingpoint oC

Heatoffusio

n kJ k g1

Heatof

fusion

MJ m

3

c p solid kJk

g1

K 1

c p liqui

d kJk g1K 1

sol id kgm3

l iq ui d

kgm3

k solid W

m1

K 1

VHC

soli d

kJm 3K 1

VHC

liqui d

kJm 3K 1

e solid J m 2

K 1

s1/2

Cost

US

D k g1

Water No 0 333.6 319.8 2.05 4.186 917 1,000 1.6[6]-

2.22[7] 1,880 4,186 1,8900.003125[8]

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g/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_temperaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=6

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Material

OrganicPCM

Meltingpoi

nt oC

Heatoffusion

kJ k g1

Heatof

fusion MJ m

3

c p solid kJk g1K 1

c p liqui

d kJk

g1

K 1

sol id kg

m3

l iq ui d

kgm3

k solid W

m 1K 1

VHC

soli d

kJm 3K 1

VHC

liqui d

kJm 3K 1

e solid J m 2

K 1s1/2

Cost

USD k g1

Sodiumsulfate (Na 2SO 410H 2O)

No 32.4 252 0.05 [9]

NaClNa 2SO 410H2O

No 18 286 0.05 [10

]

Lauric acid Ye s[11]

[12] 44.2[13] 211.6 197.7 1.76 2.27 1,007 862 ? 1,772 1,957 ?

1.6 [14][15]

TME (63%w/w) +H2O(37%w/w)

Ye s[11][12] 29.8 218.0 240.9 2.75 3.58 1,120 1,090 ? 3,080 3,902 ? ?

Mn(NO 3)26H 2O+MnCl 24H 2O(4%w/w)

No[16][17] 15

25 125.9 221.8 2.34 2.78 1,795 1,728 ? 4,200 4,804 ? ?

Na 2SiO 35H 2O No[16][

17] 72.20 267.0 364.5 3.83 4.57 1,450 1,2800.103

0.12 8[18]

5,554 5,850 801 8.0 4[19]

Aluminium No 660.32 396.91,007.2 0.8969 ? 2,700 2,375

237[20][21] 2,422 ? 23,960

2.04626[22]

Copper No 1,084.

62208.7 1,769.

50.3846 ? 8,940 8,020 40 1[23] 3,438 ? 37,130 6.8125

6[24]

Gold No 1,064.18 63.721,166.3 0.129 ?

19,300

17,310 318

[25] 2,491 ? 28,140 34,297.8[24]

Iron No 1,538 247.31,836.

0.4495 ? 7,874 6,980 80. 4[26] 3,539 ? 16,8700.324 8[

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Sari-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Sari-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Kakuichi-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Kakuichi-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-lexicon-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-lexicon-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-lexicon-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-lexicon-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylolethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylolethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Sari-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Sari-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Kakuichi-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Kakuichi-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Nagano-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Nagano-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Zhang-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Zhang-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Nagano-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Nagano-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Zhang-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Zhang-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Hukseflux-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Hukseflux-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Aluminium-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Aluminium-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Copper-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Copper-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Copper-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Gold-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Gold-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Gold-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Iron-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Iron-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Iron-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Iron-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Gold-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Copper-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Aluminium-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Hukseflux-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Hukseflux-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Zhang-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Nagano-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Nagano-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_silicatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Zhang-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Nagano-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Nagano-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese(II)_chloridehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Kakuichi-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Sari-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylolethanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-lexicon-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-lexicon-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Kakuichi-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Sari-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_sulfate#Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point

8/12/2019 PCM intro

6/10

Material

OrganicPCM

Meltingpoi

nt oC

Heatoffusion

kJ k g1

Heatof

fusion MJ m

3

c p solid kJk g1K 1

c p liqui

d kJk

g1

K 1

sol id kg

m3

l iq ui d

kgm3

k solid W

m 1K 1

VHC

soli d

kJm 3K 1

VHC

liqui d

kJm 3K 1

e solid J m 2

K 1s1/2

Cost

USD k g1

6

Lead No 327.46 23.02 253.2 0.1286 ?11,340

10,660 35.3

[28] 1,459 ? 7,180 2.115 1[

24]

Lithium No 180.5

4432.2 226.0 3.5816 ? 534 512 84. 8[29] 1,913 ? 12,740 62.216

4[30]

Silver No 961.78 104.61,035.8 0.235 ?

10,490 9,320 42 9

[31] 2,465 ? 32,520 492.524[24]

Titanium No 1,668 295.6 1,273.5 0.5235 ? 4,506 4,110 21. 9[32] 2,359 ? 7,190 8.046 9

[

33]

Zinc No 419.5

3112.0 767.5 0.3896 ? 7,140 6,570 11 6[34] 2,782 ? 17,960 2.1573

5[24]

NaNO3 No 310 174 [35]

NaNO2 No 282 212 [35]

NaOH No 318 158 [35]

KNO3 No 337 116 [35]

KOH No 360 167 [35]

NaOH/ Na2CO3 No 283 340 [35]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Lead-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Lead-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Lead-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Lithium-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Lithium-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Lithium-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Silver-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Silver-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Silver-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Titanium-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Titanium-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Titanium-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Zinc-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Zinc-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Zinc-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-NREL-35http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Zinc-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-33http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Titanium-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titaniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Silver-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Lithium-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-metalprices-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-GoodFellow-Lead-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Densityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat_capacityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsiushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_pointhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melting_point

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Material

OrganicPCM

Meltingpoi

nt oC

Heatoffusion

kJ k g1

Heatof

fusion MJ m

3

c p solid kJk g1K 1

c p liqui

d kJk

g1

K 1

sol id kg

m3

l iq ui d

kgm3

k solid W

m 1K 1

VHC

soli d

kJm 3K 1

VHC

liqui d

kJm 3K 1

e solid J m 2

K 1s1/2

Cost

USD k g1

(7.2%)

NaCl(26.8%)/NaOH No 370 370

[35]

NaCl/KCL(32.4

%)/LiCl(32.8%) No 346 281 [35]

NaCl(5.7%)/ NaNO3(85.5%)/Na2SO4

No 287 176 [35]

NaCl/ NaNO3(5.0%) No 284 171

[35]

NaCl(5.0%)/ NaNO3 No 282 212 [35]

NaCl(42.5%)/KCl(20.5)/MgCl2 No

385-393 410

[35]

KNO3(10%)/Na NO3 No 290 170

[35]

KNO3/KCl(4,5%) No 320 150

[35]

KNO3/KBr(4.7%)/KCl(7.3%) No 342 140

[35]

Volumetric heat capacity (VHC) Jm 3 K1

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Thermal inertia (I) = Thermal effusivity (e) Jm 2 K1 s 1/2

Technology, development and encapsulation [edit ]

The most commonly used PCMs are salt hydrates , fatty acids and esters , and various paraffins (such

as octadecane ). Recently also ionic liquids were investigated as novel PCMs.

As most of the organic solutions are water-free, they can be exposed to air, but all salt based PCM

solutions must be encapsulated to prevent water evaporation or uptake. Both types offer certain

advantages and disadvantages and if they are correctly applied some of the disadvantages becomes

an advantage for certain applications.

They have been used since the late 19th century as a medium for the thermal storage applications.They have been used in such diverse applications as refrigerated transportatio n [36] for rai l[37] and road

application s [38] and their physical properties are, therefore, well known.

Unlike the ice storage system, however, the PCM systems can be used with any conventional

water chiller both for a new or alternatively retrofit application. The positive temperature phase change

allows centrifugal and absorption chillers as well as the conventional reciprocating and screw chiller

systems or even lower ambient conditions utilizing a cooling tower or dry cooler for charging the TES

system.

The temperature range offered by the PCM technology provides a new horizon for the building

services and refrigeration engineers regarding medium and high temperature energy storage

applications. The scope of this thermal energy application is wide ranging of solar heating, hot water,

heating rejection, i.e. cooling tower and dry cooler circuitry thermal energy storage applications.

Since PCMs transform between solid liquid in thermal cycling, encapsulation [39] naturally become the

obvious storage choice.

Encapsulation of PCMs

Macro-encapsulation: Early development of macro-encapsulation with large volumecontainment failed due to the poor thermal conductivity of most PCMs. PCMs tend to solidify

at the edges of the containers preventing effective heat transfer.

Micro-encapsulation: Micro-encapsulation on the other hand showed no such problem. It

allows the PCMs to be incorporated into construction materials, such as concrete , easily and

economically. Micro-encapsulated PCMs also provide a portable heat storage system. By

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_inertiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_inertiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octadecanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octadecanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octadecanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-encapsulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-encapsulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-encapsulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-encapsulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-39http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-36http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octadecanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_effusivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_inertia

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coating a microscopic sized PCM with a protective coating, the particles can

be suspended within a continuous phase such as water. This system can be considered

a phase change slurry (PCS ).

Molecular-encapsulation is another technology, developed by Dupont de Nemours that allows

a very high concentration of PCM within a polymer compound. It allows storage capacity up

to 515 kJ /m 2 for a 5 mm board (103 MJ /m 3). Molecular-encapsulation allows drilling and

cutting through the material without any PCM leakage.

As phase change materials perform best in small containers, therefore they are usually divided in

cells. The cells are shallow to reduce static head based on the principle of shallow container

geometry. The packaging material should conduct heat well; and it should be durable enough to

withstand frequent changes in the storage material's volume as phase changes occur. It should also

restrict the passage of water through the walls, so the materials will not dry out (or water-out, if the

material is hygroscopic ). Packaging must also resist leakage and corrosion . Common packaging

materials showing chemical compatibility with room temperature PCMs include stainless

steel , polypropylene and polyolefin .

Thermal composites [edit ]

Thermal-composites is a term given to combinations of phase change materials (PCMs) and other

(usually solid) structures. A simple example is a copper-mesh immersed in a paraffin-wax. The

copper-mesh within parraffin-wax can be considered a composite material, dubbed a thermal-

composite. Such hybrid materials are created to achieve specific overall or bulk properties.

Thermal conductivity is a common property which is targeted for maximisation by creating thermal

composites. In this case the basic idea is to increase thermal conductivity by adding a highly

conducting solid (such as the copper-mesh) into the relatively low conducting PCM thus increasing

overall or bulk (thermal) conductivity. If the PCM is required to flow, the solid must be porous, such as

a mesh.

Solid composites such as fibre-glass or kevlar-pre-preg for the aerospace industry usually refer to a

fibre (the kevlar or the glass) and a matrix (the glue which solidifies to hold fibres and provide

compressive strength). A thermal composite is not so clearly defined, but could similarly refer to a

matrix (solid) and the PCM which is of course usually liquid and/or solid depending on conditions.

Applications [edit ]

Application s [1][40] of phase change materials include, but are not limited to:

Thermal energy storage

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyolefinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyolefinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyolefinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Kenisarin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Kenisarin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Kenisarin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_energy_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Kenisarin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-change_material#cite_note-Kenisarin-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyolefinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypropylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygroscopichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megajoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millimetrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_metrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilojoulehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)

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Conditioning of buildings , such as 'ice-storage'

Cooling of heat and electrical engines

Cooling: food, beverages, coffee, wine, milk products, green houses

Medical applications: transportation of blood, operating tables, hot-cold therapies

Waste heat recovery

Off-peak power utilization: Heating hot water and Cooling

Heat pump systems

Passive storage in bioclimatic building /architecture (HDPE , paraffin)

Smoothing exothermic temperature peaks in chemical reactions

Solar power plants

Spacecraft thermal systems

Thermal comfort in vehicles

Thermal protection of electronic devices

Thermal protection of food: transport, hotel trade, ice-cream, etc.

Textiles used in clothing

Computer cooling

Turbine Inlet Chilling with thermal energy storage

Telecom shelters in tropical regions. They protect the high-value equipment in the shelter by

keeping the indoor air temperature below the maximum permissible by absorbing heat generated

by power-hungry equipment such as a Base Station Subsystem . In case of a power failure to

conventional cooling systems, PCMs minimize use of diesel generators , and this can translate

into enormous savings across thousands of telecom sites in tropics.

Fire and safety issues [edit ]

Some phase change materials are suspended in water, and are relatively nontoxic. Others are

hydrocarbons or other flammable materials, or are toxic. As such, PCMs must be selected and applied

very carefully, in accordance with fire and building codes and sound engineering practices. Because

of the increased fire risk, flamespread, smoke, potential for explosion when held in containers, and

liability, it may be wise not to use flammable PCMs within residential or other regularly occupied

buildings. Phase change materials are also being used in thermal regulation of electronics.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-peakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-peakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioclimatic_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioclimatic_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioclimatic_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phase-change_material&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_generatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Station_Subsystemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_comforthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_polyethylenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioclimatic_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-peakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_heathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAC