PCIA WGIPP 2011_Peace & Conflict Impact Assessment for Waterton Glacier International Peace Park
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Transcript of PCIA WGIPP 2011_Peace & Conflict Impact Assessment for Waterton Glacier International Peace Park
Megan GreeleyProgram Specialist
Todd WaltersExecutive Director
[email protected]@peaceparkexpeditions.org
Cory WilsonBrand Director
peaceparkexpeditions.org
Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace & Conflict Impact Assessment
Expedition
October 2010
PCIA Publication
October 2011
Documentary Release
January 2011
Edition 1 — 2011.10
Contents
Executive Summary
Introduction
Context
Approach
Findings
Core Conflict Drivers
Mitigating Factors
Additional Opportunities
Challenges
Conclusion
Bibliography
Annex
Stakeholder Profile
Conflict Profile
Peace Profile
Documentary Profile
Resources
EIA Worksheet
PCIA Worksheet
Acknowledgements
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5Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Executive Summary1
In October 2010, International Peace Park Expeditions (IPPE)
conducted an Exploratory Expedition in Waterton-Glacier
International Peace Park (WGIPP), with funding from the
University of Vermont’s Institute for Environmental Diplomacy
& Security (IEDS). The purpose of the WGIPP Exploratory
Expedition was to examine the relationship between the
Blackfeet Confederacy and WGIPP in preparation for IPPE’s
experiential peacebuilding expedition with youth living in
communities surrounding WGIPP. The secondary purpose
was to create a documentary delineating the attitudes and
perspectives surrounding transboundary issues occurring
within WGIPP and the surrounding communities.
IPPE incorporated a Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
(PCIA) into the WGIPP Exploratory Expedition to help evaluate
the potential peace-enhancing or peace-reducing value01 of an
Experiential Peacebuilding Expedition in WGIPP. Through the
process of uncovering conflict drivers (actions perpetuating
conflicts) and mitigating factors (actors mobilizing resiliencies)
that exist in and around WGIPP, IPPE designs programs that
help strengthen ongoing peacebuilding efforts and explore
new mitigating factors with stakeholders in and around
WGIPP. Moreover, organizations implementing programs and
researchers conducting studies in and around WGIPP, can use
the PCIA resources developed by IPPE to better understand
how programs impact or are impacted by the conflicts and
the environment in and around WGIPP.
01 Hammill, A. and Charles Besançon. 2007. “Measuring Peace Park Performance: Definitions and Experiences,” in
Saleem H. Ali, ed., Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution, Cambridge: The MIT Press: 31.
J. Todd WaltersExecutive Director
International Peace Park Expeditions
Executive Summary1
6Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Introduction2
For the purposes of this report, peace parks can be de-fined
as “transboundary protected areas that are formally dedicated
to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity,
the preservation of natural and cultural resources, and to the
protection of peace and cooperation.”02
WGIPP became the world’s first peace park in 1932 after Rotarian
members successfully lobbied the US and Canadian governments
to link Waterton Lakes National Park in Alberta, Canada with
Glacier National Park in Montana, USA. Located in the center
of the Crown of the Continent ecosystem, WGIPP is one of the
most unique ecosystems in North America. In 1995, UNESCO
designated WGIPP as a World Heritage site03 for having “more
than 1,200 species of vascular plants, 70 species of mammals,
including all of North America’s native carnivores, 270 species of
birds and 25 species of fish among an aquatic life richer than any
place in the Rockies between the Yukon and Mexico.”04 However,
the effects of global climate change – species extirpation, species
extinction, habitat fragmentation, lost business revenue and
livelihoods – are threatening to destroy this vital ecosystem, as
well as the cultural identity of the original human inhabitants of
the area.
In addition to the environmental conflict, this Park is also the
central focus of a one hundred year structural conflict over land
dispossession between the U.S./Canadian governments and the
four tribes of the Blackfeet Confederacy - the Piikani, Siksiska
and Blood/Kainai Nations in Alberta and the Blackfeet Nation in
Montana.05
02 Ali, Saleem H. 2007. “Introduction: A Natural Connection between Ecology and
Peace?” in Saleem H. Ali, ed., Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution, Cam-
bridge: The MIT Press: 2.
03 United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). 2005.
World Heritage. http://www. whc.unesco.org/.
04 P. R. Dingwall, K. Rao. 2009. “Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Report of
the Reactive Monitoring Mission,” UNESCO World Heritage Centre/International Union for
Conservation of Nature
05 National Geographic Society. 2008. Long the great warriors of the eastern slopes, the
Blackfoot Confederacy includes the Piikani, Siksiska and Blood/Kainai Nations in Alberta
and the Blackfeet Nation in Montana. On the west side are the mountain bands of the
Historically, the establishment of national parks in both countries
took away land rights and implemented harsh policies toward
original inhabitants.06 The land dispossession, enforcement of
the artificial U.S./Canadian border, and subsequent assimilation
techniques imposed by the U.S. and Canadian Governments
segmented the cultural identity of the Blackfeet Confederacy
while generating animosity between the Blackfeet Confederacy
and the U.S./Canadian Governments that would be passed down
through generations.
Although both the environmental and structural conflicts in and
around WGIPP are not overtly violent, the former exacerbates
the latter causing the latent cultural degradation of the Blackfeet
people’s identity, which is equally damaging. In the words
of a Blackfeet Chief, recounted by Lea Whitford, Blackfeet
Department Chair at the Blackfeet Community College, “To take
this land from me is like chopping off my head.”07
Ktunaxa Nation in British Columbia and the Ksanka/Kootenai in Montana. Farther south, the
Interior Salish people, including the Bitterroot Salish and Pend d’Oreille, are closely related
to other Salish-speaking nations in British Columbia, Washington, and Idaho. http://visitmt.
com/Images/cofc/CoCHistLowResFinal.pdf
06 Spence, M.D. 2000. Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the Making of
the National Parks. New York: Oxford University Press.
07 Lea Whitford Interview, October 13, 2010
Thirty thirty swath border cut at 49th Parallel U.S./Canadian border. Flags and Blackfeet art installation at U.S./Canadian Border
ContextA
7Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Introduction2
OverviewOver the course of eight days in Montana and Alberta, in WGIPP and
the surrounding buffer communities, IPPE conducted thirteen interviews
with a variety of stakeholders exploring their relationship to WGIPP
and transboundary issues. IPPE staff volunteered their time and energy
before, during and after the Exploratory Expedition to complete the
research, writing and production of the complementary educational
tools: this PCIA report and the accompanying documentary video. The
budget covered only travel expenses. As such, we recognize its limitations
as a snapshot in time, and that we view this as a living document to
be continually updated over time to include additional stakeholder
perspectives, and evolving social, cultural, economic and political context.
The complementary PCIA report and documentary video allow our work
to reach a broad audience with multiple learning styles, harness the power
of social media, provide educational tools for the classrooms, provide
professional tools for the implementation and evaluation of projects within
WGIPP and the surrounding buffer communities. We look forward to the
opportunity to update this edition in the future with the help a growing
stakeholder community.
ApproachB
Transcending Boundaries: Perspectives from Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park
Montana, United States / Alberta, Canada
Documentary / 13:00
http://vimeo.com/ippe/transcendingboundaries-wgipp
Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment: Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park
Montana, United States / Alberta, Canada
13 Interviews / 8 Days
http://peaceparkexpeditions.org/public/ippe_pcia_wgipp_11ed01.pdf
�
8Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Introduction2
Conflict Levels
Environment
Social
Political
Economic
Cultural Identity
Security
Blackfeet Confederacy
U.S. National Parks Service
Parks Canada
United States Federal Government
Canadian Federal Government
Blackfeet Community College
Crown of the Continent Research Inst.
Rotary International & Local Clubs
Conflict Drivers
Mitigating Factors
Time
Context Stakeholders Influencers
The WGIPP PCIA focuses on mapping the conflicts that exist in
and around WGIPP, while also identifying useful future program
opportunities that can help mitigate conflict drivers and negative
environmental impacts in and around the Park. IPPE developed
conflict, peace, and stakeholder profile tools to identify the
conflict drivers, mitigating factors, and the actors involved.
Conflict Drivers can be defined as actors or phenomena that are
actively perpetuating the conflict through perceived injustices or
unintended consequences.
Mitigating Factors can be defined as actors or phenomena that
mobilize resiliencies found in communities or institutions.
Conflicts of any kind become more manageable and less likely to
spark into violence if the mitigating factors outweigh the conflict
drivers. Peacebuilding programs, as well as other programs in
and around WGIPP, should be designed with an understanding of
the conflict drivers and mitigating factors that exist, in order to
strengthen current activities and encourage new opportunities
which mobilize resiliencies within communities and institutions. A
key part of that understanding is who are the stakeholders, where
are they active, and how are they related to each of the mitigating
factors and conflict drivers. To foster clarity, IPPE developed
an Environmental Impact Worksheet, as well as a Peace and
Conflict Impact Worksheet to help evaluate existing programs in
a new light, and design future programs that take into account
the impact of their activities on the environment and the conflict
context.
Conducting a PCIA is essential to designing a successful and
sustainable program, as it provides important information
concerning the social, cultural, political, and economic needs of
relevant stakeholders.08 After conducting desktop reviews of
previous WGIPP assessments, it became apparent that previous
WGIPP assessments focused uniformly on the environmental
aspect of the Park09 and buffer zone communities. This PCIA
provides a much greater context than previous on-the-
ground studies. It utilizes the Interagency Conflict Assessment
Framework10 and the Conflict Prevention and Post-Conflict
Reconstruction (CPR) Network’s Framework11, in order to create
an impact profile of the conflict by identifying who and what
is perpetuating the conflict (conflict drivers) and where the
communities’ and institutions’ resiliencies reside (mitigating
factors). (See Annex A: Stakeholder Profile, Annex B: Conflict Profile, and Annex C: Peace Profile)
08 Bush, Kenneth. 1998. “A Measure of Peace: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
(PCIA) of development projects in conflict zones. Working Paper 1. The Peacebuilding and
Reconstruction Programme Initiative and the Evaluation Unit, IDRC.
09 P. R. Dingwall, K. Rao. 2009. “Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Report of
the Reactive Monitoring Mission,” UNESCO World Heritage Centre/International Union for
Conservation of Nature
10 U.S. State Department, Office of the Coordinator for Stabilization and Reconstruc-
tion. 2010. Interagency Conflict Assessment Framework. http://www.state.gov/s/crs/
what/144930.htm
11 Peacebuilding Centre, Saferworld. 2009. PEACE and CONFLICT IMPACT ASSESS-
MENT (PCIA) HANDBOOK Version 3.2. http://peacebuildingcentre.com/pbc_documents/
PCIA_HandbookENv3.2-Nov2009.pdf
Adapted from Maire Dugan’s nested model in “A Nested Theory of Conflict.” Women in Leadership 1(1) (Summer 1996) 9-20.
Conflict Analysis: Nested Variables
ApproachB
9Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Introduction2
The methodology used to gather information for this PCIA
includes:
• Desktop research of background materials provided by
the U.S. National Parks Service, Parks Canada, Blackfeet
Tribal Council, Montana State Legislature, and the
Blackfeet Community College.
• Email correspondence with key stakeholders who work
in and around WGIPP (Annex C: List of Stakeholders).
• Semi-structured in-person interviews with stakeholders
in and around WGIPP. Stakeholders answered open-
ended interview questions about their individual and/
or organization’s relationship to WGIPP. Interview
sessions were recorded with permission from subjects,
and were edited into a documentary format (Annex D: Transcending Boundaries).
Future IPPE programming will incorporate surveys to
further analyze the changes in conflict dynamics, as well as
IPPE programs’ impact on the conflict and generation of
new peacebuilding opportunities. Future assessments will
be conducted during program implementation and post-
programming in order to re-evaluate program design, and provide
an opportunity for necessary course corrections.
In addition to IPPE’s internal use of the PCIA tools and baseline
information, other future program implementers, including any
organization or researcher who conducts a program/study in
and around WGIPP, can use this PCIA to understand how their
program/study impacts, or is impacted by, the conflicts in and
around WGIPP. Specifically, Annex E: Environmental Impact Worksheet and Annex F: Peace & Conflict Impact Worksheet give any program implementer from any field (peacebuilding,
conservation, eco-tourism, etc.) a framework to analyze their
program’s impact in the conflict context so that they can adjust
their activities to mitigate negative impacts, and further foster
positive impacts.
Using a short documentary video as an innovative PCIA analytical
and dissemination tool allowed the WGIPP Exploratory Expedition
team to distill interviews and secondary location footage to
augment and disseminate the PCIA findings to a wider audience
including policy makers, stakeholders, academia, and the
general public; as well as individuals involved in transboundary
collaboration efforts in different geographic regions throughout
the world. Using the PCIA framework as the foundation for
constructing a compelling, and as objective as possible narrative,
allows IPPE and its partners the unique ability to raise awareness
about the multitude of factors associated with conflict in and
around transboundary areas, as well as generating greater public
support for continued conflict resolution initiatives, both in the
WGIPP area, and other transboundary areas.
ApproachB
From top left to bottom right: John Davis, Bill Hayden, Dan Davis, Keith Tatsi, Len Broberg, Lea Whitford
10Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Findings3
Environmental DegradationGlobal climate change has increasingly threatened WGIPP’s
ecosystem. In 2002, a National Parks Conservation Association
assessment indicated global climate change has and will continue
to cause increasingly negative environmental and ecological
impact on WGIPP.12 The deleterious effects of global climate
change can be seen in the dwindling number of glaciers in the
Glacier National Park side of the WGIPP. In the 1880s, scientists
reported there were 150 glaciers, whereas today (October 2010)
only 25 remain. If global climate change continues unabated,
scientists estimate that there will be no glaciers by 2030 and
predict that the effects will reach far beyond the borders of
the WGIPP, including impacting the livelihoods of landowners
and communities around the Parks. Scientists also predict “a
slightly higher average annual temperature will cause greater
fragmentation and homogenization of alpine vegetation,
expansion of cedar-hemlock forests at lower elevations, and
accumulation of forest fuels that could cause more large,
catastrophic fires. All of these changes could force plants and
animals to seek suitable habitat elsewhere, causing significant
alterations in species composition.”13
These secondary and tertiary effects of global climate change
are the practical threats to the environmental, economic and
social welfare of communities surrounding WGIPP. Moreover,
environmental degradation in WGIPP could come in other forms,
including: highway expansion effects; open-pit coal mining;
extraction of oil (including shale oil), gas, and timber; poorly
planned residential and commercial development; illegal wildlife
hunting and the proliferation of invasive species.14
12 National Parks Conservation Association. 2002. State of the Parks: A Resource Assess-
ment – Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. http://www.npca.org/stateoftheparks/
glacier/glacier.pdf
13 Ibid.
14 Ibid.
Cultural Erosion of the Blackfeet Confederacy Identity The environmental threat posed by species extirpation, extinction,
and habitat fragmentation is not only harmful to the ecosystem,
but also to the cultural identity of the Blackfeet Confederacy.
For the purposes of this report, the PCIA looked at the potential
effects on the cultural identity of the Blackfeet Tribe located in
Browning, Montana.15
The Blackfeet Tribe believes that they are the caretakers of
the land given to them by ‘the creator’. Their origin stories are
often based on landmarks located within and around WGIPP.
These landmarks can be defined as traditional cultural property
“associat[ed] with cultural practices or beliefs of a living
community that (a) are rooted in that community’s history, and
(b) are important in maintaining the continuing cultural identity
of the community.”16 Unlike national identity formation that
is built upon an idea of a common political community17, the
Blackfeet Confederacy’s cultural identity is rooted in landmarks
and in the ecosystem – mountains, plants, animals, and minerals.
These are the basis for sacred ceremonial bundles that transmit
origin stories and power.18 If landmarks change or plants/animals
become extinct or scarce due to deleterious effects of global
climate change, their origin stories will necessarily change which
threatens to erode their cultural identity.
15 National Geographic Society. 2008. http://visitmt.com/Images/cofc/CoCHistLowRes-
Final.pdf
16 U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service 1998. “Guidelines for Evaluating and
Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties,” National Register Bulletin No. 38. http://www.
nps.gov/history/nr/publications/bulletins/nrb38/nrb38.pdf.
17 Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso, 1991, pp. 5-7
18 National Parks Conservation Association. 2002. State of the Parks: A Resource Assess-
ment – Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. http://www.npca.org/stateoftheparks/
glacier/glacier.pdf
A Landslide at the foot of Chief Mountain, Blackfeet Reservation, Montana, U.S. Blackfeet sacred ceremonial land with offerings, in the shadow of Chief Mountain.
Core Conflict DriversA
11Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Findings3
Another threat to the erosion of Blackfeet cultural identity is
the heightened security measures at the U.S./Canada border
which restrict free movement, particularly between the Blackfeet
Nation (U.S.) and Kainai Nation (Canada), of (1) sacred ceremonial
bundles and (2) the tribal members who have been ordained to
transport, open, and process the bundles. “The Blackfeet cultural
identity has been disrupted by the political border at the 49th
Parallel creating an artificial separation between the tribes in
the US and in Canada.”19 The events of September 11, 2001 led
to an increase in the amount and level of security at the 3 U.S./
Canada border crossings in and around WGIPP20. As a result, the
border crossings have become more difficult for Blackfeet Tribal
members to carry their sacred ceremonial bundles across the
border to perform rituals.21 Often times, Blackfeet members are
either turned away because of restrictions regarding perishable
items (plants/animal parts) or the bundles are desecrated due
to security officials opening of the bundles without observing
the proper religious process necessary to opening the bundle
appropriately. As a Blackfoot Tribal member stated, “bundle
transfers have been happening for millennia...agencies need to
understand the meaning of the bundles. It’s not just a suit-case.
They must follow process/protocol.”22 If the origin stories are not
19 Len Broberg, University of Montana Professor, Interview, October 15, 2010.
20 Randy Tanner, Wayne Freimund, Brace Hayden and Bill Dolan, 2007. “The Waterton–
Glacier International Peace Park Conservation amid Border Security,” in Saleem H. Ali, ed.,
Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution, Cambridge: The MIT Press: 31
21 Lea Whitford, BCC Blackfeet Department Chair, Interview, October 13, 2010.
22 Ibid.
transmitted both physically and verbally from one generation to
the next, these cultural traditions will be lost.
Legacy of Land DispossessionThe legacy of American and Canadian dispossession of land
from the Blackfeet Confederacy Tribes is omnipresent. During
interviews with Blackfeet Tribal members, they commonly refer to
the land being ‘stolen’ by the US Government. Successive treaties
in the late 1880s between the U.S. Government and the Blackfeet
Nation considerably reduced the Blackfeet Nation’s land size and
rights until a final treaty in 1910 set the current boundaries and
land rights for the Blackfeet Nation that still exist today. The 1910
treaty negotiation can be viewed as the Blackfeet Nation’s chosen
trauma.23 The Blackfeet Nation thought they were signing a 99-
year lease, whereas the U.S. Government considered the treaty a
land sale.24 According to the treaty’s terms, the Blackfeet Nation
maintained the right to gather timber, hunt and fish on the land.25
Although the Congressional Act26 that created Glacier National
Park stated that all rights prior to the establishment of the Park
would be honored, the National Parks Service who managed the
Park did not historically honor those rights.
Water rights, among other natural resource rights (i.e. oil and
gas), have also been a contentious issue between the Blackfeet
Nation and the U.S. Government due to the legacy of land
dispossession. The Blackfeet Nation, the state of Montana and the
U.S. Federal Government have been negotiating water rights for
the last 20 years. The issue involves the Blackfeet Nation wanting
to receive more water rights to millions of acre-feet of water
and $591 million in federal funding (from 2011-2015) to develop
it under a water rights bill currently in Congress.27 Historically,
water which flows down from the glacial mountains through the
Blackfeet Reservation has been developed and used mostly by
the communities and companies located downstream.
23 Volkan, V., 1997. Blood Lines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism, Colorado: West-
view Press.
24 Lea Whitford Interview, October 13, 2010.
25 Kappler, Charles J. 1904a. Agreement with the Indians of the Blackfeet Indian Res-
ervation Montana (1896). Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. (Vol. I; Sec 9). Compiled by the
Clerk to the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs. Government Printing Office. Washington,
D.C.
26 16 U.S.C. § 161 (2000)
27 S.3290 : Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement Act of 2010
Waste challenges on Blackfeet Reservation, Browning, MT, U.S.
Core Conflict DriversA
12Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Findings3
Environmental Transboundary CollaborationThe effects of global climate change has continued to create
enormous challenges for Park Management. Luckily, both Park
Management staff in Waterton Lakes and Glacier National Park
have continually increased their cross-border collaboration over
the last 75 years to help manage the difficult challenges presented
by species extirpation, species extinction, invasive species and
habitat fragmentation. The park management staff in both the US
and Canada recognize that WGIPP is part of a single ecosystem
where the vegetation, fisheries, and wildlife roam free and do not
stop at the border. In order to understand the ecosystem, park
management staff and scientists study both sides of WGIPP and
the impact on and from the surrounding communities.28 In 2005,
the Crown of the Continent Research Learning Center (CCRLC) in
Glacier National Park initiated the Citizen Science Program where
volunteers assist in monitoring wildlife and vegetation to track
the distribution of species over periods of several years. Waterton
Lakes has begun to follow Glacier’s lead to assess the distribution
of species in their half of WGIPP.29
In addition to the Citizen Science Program, the CCRLC started
WGIPP Science and History Days, where researchers present their
work in the park to the public. This event is held every other year
in either Glacier or Waterton, and allows both Park Management
staff as well as researchers from each country to learn about
the other park’s activities and studies. Another example of
Transboundary collaboration in WGIPP was the creation of the
seamless vegetation map that documents all the plant and forest
areas within WGIPP. This has been invaluable for wildlife biologists
and other scientists who utilize the vegetation map to track
different forest types and their locations in order to create links to
wildlife species and their movement,30 as well as habitat migration
due to global climate change. Also, in conjunction with a Canadian
Anthropologist, the National Park Service published a 2002
baseline ethnographic study entitled, Ethnographic Overview
and Assessment for Glacier National Park, that uses information
gathered from Blackfeet Elders who live on the Blackfeet
Reservation in Montana and the Kootenai tribe in Alberta. The
National Park Service also identified areas of historical and
cultural importance within both Glacier and Waterton Lakes
National Parks.31
Civil Society Peacebuilding Activities For the past 78 years, the Rotary Clubs in Alberta and Montana
continue to meet at the U.S./Canadian border in WGIPP and
shake hands to symbolize the enduring friendship between
these two countries. The September 2010 hand shake ceremony
also celebrated the 100th Anniversary of the creation of Glacier
National Park. Participants included U.S. and Canadian students,
Rotary International Exchange students, and Rotary Club
members. Leading up to the September 2010 hand-shaking event,
current Glacier National Park Superintendent Chas Cartwright
said, “While not open to the public at large, these annual festivities
provide a significant symbol of enduring friendship between
citizens of the United States and Canada and a manifestation of
28 Tara Carolyn Interview, October 14, 2010
29 Ibid.
30 Ibid.
31 National Parks Conservation Association. 2002. State of the Parks: A Resource Assess-
ment – Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. http://www.npca.org/stateoftheparks/
glacier/glacier.pdf
the fruitful longstanding fellowship of Rotary Clubs in Montana
and Alberta. The Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park
serves as a venerable, successful model of cooperation across
international boundaries worthy of emulation around the world.”32
Political Institutional & Law Enforcement PeacebuildingThere has been a long-standing Montana State-Tribal Relations
Committee in the Montana State Legislature which acts as a
liaison with the Blackfeet Nation and encourages state/tribal and
local government/tribal cooperation.33 This Committee meets on
a quarterly basis to discuss activities or existing laws, propose
new laws, or make other recommendations to the legislature.
Rep. Frosty Calf Boss Ribs (D-MT 15th District), the first Blackfeet
Indian woman to sit in the Montana Legislature, serves on this
committee.
In 2010, The Blackfeet Community College (BCC) and the
Montana Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association (MSPOA)
began cultural sensitivity trainings for law enforcement officials
at the local level with plans to expand the trainings to include
state, federal, and border control authorities.34 BCC Blackfeet
Department Chair, Lea Whitford, taught the cultural training in
collaboration with MSPOA Executive Director, Jim Smith, who
lectured on the Tribal Law and Order Act of 200935 that clarifies
the responsibilities of federal, state, tribal, and local governments
with respect to crimes, communication, and empowerment of
public safety officials in tribal communities.
According to the law, tribal police cannot arrest non-Native
Americans outside the reservation. There is a significant lack
of law enforcement on the Blackfeet Reservation due to lack of
empowered and trained officers. At certain times, there are only
two law enforcement officers patrolling about 1.5 million acres of
the reservation.36 Future cultural sensitivity trainings are planned
for prosecutors, judges, and other law enforcement staff, in
addition to the police officers.
Academic PeacebuildingEach Summer, the BCC Natural Resource Department hosts a
six week program with the United States Forest Service bringing
together elementary and secondary school students from three
Blackfeet communities in Montana, South Dakota, and Wyoming,
in order to teach them about indigenous science from the Native
American perspective. During the culminating field trip to Chief
Mountain at the border of WGIPP and the Blackfeet Reservation,
Blackfeet Confederacy Elders from the Canada come down to
speak to the students and give them another perspective about
the medicinal value of vegetation in and around WGIPP. The
cultural program teaches the Blackfeet students about their
cultural identity and connects them to their relatives in Canada
who they normally do not have many opportunities to interact
with due to the heightened border security.
32 National Park Service. 2010. “Commemorating Waterton-Glacier International Peace
Park” http://www.nps.gov/glac/parknews/news10-81.htm
33 Montana State-Tribal Relations Committee 2009-2010. http://leg.mt.gov/css/Commit-
tees/interim/2009_2010/State_Tribal_Relations/default.asp
34 Lea Whitford Interview, October 14, 2010 and Montana Sheriffs and Peace Officers
Association Executive Director Jim Smith Conversation, September 2010
35 Montana State-Tribal Relations Committee 2009-2010. http://leg.mt.gov/css/Commit-
tees/interim/2009_2010/State_Tribal_Relations/default.asp
36 Ibid
Mitigating FactorsB
13Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Findings3
Cross-Cultural Transboundary Dialogues During the course of WGIPP Exploratory Expedition, multiple
stakeholders including the WGIPP Park Management from
Glacier National Park and Waterton Lakes as well as the
Blackfeet Community College suggested that there need to
be more dialogues between the Elders who represent the
Blackfeet Confederacy and the staff of both Parks. According to
discussions with Blackfeet Community College staff, there is a
wide disconnect between the Elders and the Park Management
in terms of their perception of the other. To help both groups
better understand each other, more facilitated dialogues could
occur in the WGIPP by utilizing the experiential peacebuilding37
potential of this unique ecosystem area that both groups prioritize
protecting for different reasons.
Environmental Transboundary Peacebuilding with Blackfeet Confederacy InvolvementIn meeting with representatives of CCRLC in Glacier National Park
and the Environmental Departments of the Blackfeet Community
College, there were mirrored discussions regarding wanting to
have more Blackfeet Confederacy involvement in the research
studies and the Citizens Science Program to monitor wildlife and
vegetation and to assess the number of species over the years.38
Activities or programs that enable researchers and students from
the U.S., Canada, and the Blackfeet Confederacy to conduct
research together would help all sides to understand different
monitoring and assessment methodologies as well as migration
patterns and species from a ecosystem perspective; all while
building cross group relationships.
Moreover, further efforts need to be taken to ensure the Park
Management in both Glacier National Park and Waterton Lakes
include more Blackfeet Confederacy staff members in technical
areas of park management. Representatives from Glacier National
Park highlighted that Blackfeet Native Americans worked in the
37 Walters, J. Todd. “Experiential Peacebuilding,” Oxford Encyclopedia of International
Peace. 2009.
38 Lea Whitford Interview, October 14, 2010 and Montana Sheriffs and Peace Officers
Association Executive Director Jim Smith Conversation, September 2010.
National Parks system as guides and waste management staff.39
Having National Park internships with Blackfeet Community
College students could help build the capacity of Blackfeet youth
so they are technically able to perform roles and responsibilities
that require greater technical understanding (i.e. Park
Management, etc.).
Youth Peacebuilding Youth living around WGIPP are influential stakeholders who could
be prioritized for their conflict mitigation potential. The BCC
Native Science Field Center and Rotary Clubs have already shown
the conflict mitigation capabilities of youth. Future activities could
also include the Boys & Girls Club and AmeriCorps, who both have
chapters in the Blackfeet Reservation. Programs that highlight
environmental conservation, civic responsibility, and positive
cross-cultural understanding between the Blackfeet Confederacy
and the U.S./Canadian youth living around WGIPP would help
build the relationships between these groups who will be the
stewards of WGIPP in the decades to come. These programs
can further conflict mitigation activities through discussions
on diversity and cross-cultural learning and interpersonal
conflict resolution skill training. Youth will attempt to overcome
stereotypes and assumptions about their neighboring societies
and develop Environmental Steward Action Plans that they can
implement in their home communities.
39 Tara Carolyn Interview, October 14, 2010
ConflictLevels
- Environmental Transboundary Collaboration- Civil Society Peacebuilding- Political, Institutional and
Law Enforcement Peacebuilding- Academic Peacebuilding
Mitigating Factors Recommended Mitigating Factors
- Cross-Cultural Transboundary Dialogues- Environmental Transboundary Peacebuliding
w/ Blackfeet Confederacy Involvement- Youth Peacebuilding
Current Conflict Drivers
- Environmental Degradation- Cultural Erosion of
Blackfeet Confederacy Identity- Legacy of Land Dispossession
Current Conflict Analysis
Additional Opportunities for Mitigating FactorsC
14Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
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Challenges4 Conclusion5
The WGIPP Exploratory Expedition team
encountered a few challenges in undertaking
this PCIA. Due to funding constraints and the
limited time available (eight days) on the ground
to conduct interviews, the team was not able to
interview all stakeholders included in Annex C.
Future assessments will allow IPPE staff to meet
with additional pertinent stakeholders during
assessments of program activities, both during
and after program completion. The limited
timeframe specifically did not allow the team
to meet and interview representatives from the
Canadian side of WGIPP. Therefore, the majority
of the PCIA uses information from the U.S. and
Blackfeet Native American perspective. First
Nation representatives and Waterton Lakes
community representatives were unfortunately
not able to be included in this PCIA, although
the team was able to travel into Waterton Lakes
National Park, and visit the 49th parallel to see
the ten meter wide border swath which is cut
every ten years from the Great Lakes to the
Pacific Ocean. Future assessments will include
perspectives from these important stakeholders
with adequate time to meet and interview them.
The conflict dynamics highlighted above will shape the
world’s first International Peace Park over the coming
decades. With the effects of global climate change
continuing at an accelerated rate, all stakeholders will
need to prioritize mitigating environmental impacts for
any upcoming programs while trying to create more
opportunities for collaborative management and cultural
understanding so all stakeholders can enjoy one of the
world’s most vital ecosystems.
IPPE hopes that the snapshot provided by this PCIA and
the accompanying documentary video will disseminate
this knowledge amongst stakeholders and community
members that live around WGIPP, and serve as an
example for people involved in transboundary issues in
other geographic regions around the world. The PCIA
can be utilized by policy makers, project directors,
academia and others. The documentary video provides
a visual tool for understanding and sharing this story,
raising awareness, and encouraging individuals to read
the PCIA and to utilize the tools included in the Annexes
to enhance mitigating factors and to understand and
avoid exacerbating conflict drivers as they grapple
with the complex relationship among people, cultures,
borders, sovereignty and the ecosystem upon which
they all depend. The ability to do this effectively will
determine the resiliency of this crucial region including
the world’s first International Peace Park.
16Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Ali, Saleem H. 2007. “Introduction: A Natural Connection between Ecology
and Peace?” in Saleem H. Ali, ed., Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict
Resolution, Cambridge: The MIT Press: 2.
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and
Spread of Nationalism. Revised Edition ed. London and New York: Verso,
1991, pp. 5-7.
Broberg, Len. University of Montana Professor, Interview, October 15, 2010.
Bush, Kenneth. 1998. “A Measure of Peace: Peace and Conflict Impact
Assessment (PCIA) of Development Projects in Conflict Zones.” Working
Paper 1. The Peacebuilding and Reconstruction Programme Initiative and the
Evaluation Unit, IDRC.
Carolyn, Tara. Interview, October 14, 2010.
Hammill, A. and Charles Besançon. 2007. “Measuring Peace Park
Performance: Definitions and Experiences,” in Saleem H. Ali, ed., Peace
Parks: Conservation and Conflict Resolution, Cambridge: The MIT Press: 31.
Kappler, Charles J. 1904a. Agreement with the Indians of the Blackfeet
Indian Reservation Montana (1896). Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. (Vol. I;
Sec 9). Compiled by the Clerk to the Senate Committee on Indian
Affairs. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.
Montana State-Tribal Relations Committee 2009-2010. http://leg.mt.gov/
css/Committees/interim/2009_2010/State_Tribal_Relations/default.asp
National Geographic Society. 2008. Long the great warriors of the eastern
slopes, the Blackfoot Confederacy includes the Piikani, Siksiska and Blood/
Kainai Nations in Alberta and the Blackfeet Nation in Montana. On the west
side are the mountain bands of the Ktunaxa Nation in British Columbia and
the Ksanka/Kootenai in Montana. Farther south, the Interior Salish people,
including the Bitterroot Salish and Pend d’Oreille, are closely related to other
Salish-speaking nations in British Columbia, Washington, and Idaho. http://
visitmt.com/Images/cofc/CoCHistLowResFinal.pdf
National Geographic Society. 2008. http://visitmt.com/Images/cofc/
CoCHistLowResFinal.pdf
National Parks Conservation Association. 2002. State of the Parks: A
Resource Assessment – Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. http://
www.npca.org/stateoftheparks/glacier/glacier.pdf
National Park Service. 2010. “Commemorating Waterton-Glacier
International Peace Park” http://www.nps.gov/glac/parknews/news10-81.
htm
Dingwall, P.R. and K. Rao. 2009. “Waterton-Glacier International Peace
Park: Report of the Reactive Monitoring Mission,” UNESCO World Heritage
Centre/International Union for Conservation of Nature.
Peacebuilding Centre, Saferworld. 2009. PEACE and CONFLICT IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (PCIA) HANDBOOK Version 3.2. http://peacebuildingcentre.
com/pbc_documents/PCIA_HandbookENv3.2-Nov2009.pdf
Tanner, Randy, Wayne Freimund, Brace Hayden and Bill Dolan. 2007. “The
Waterton–Glacier International Peace Park Conservation amid Border
Security,” in Saleem H. Ali, ed., Peace Parks: Conservation and Conflict
Resolution, Cambridge: The MIT Press: 31.
S.3290 : Blackfeet Water Rights Settlement Act of 2010.
Spence, M.D. 2000. Dispossessing the Wilderness: Indian Removal and the
Making of the National Parks. New York: Oxford University Press.
United Nationas Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
(UNESCO). 2005. World Heritage. http://www. whc.unesco.org/ .
U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service. 1998. “Guidelines for
Evaluating and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties,” National
Register Bulletin No. 38. http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/publications/
bulletins/nrb38/nrb38.pdf .
U.S. State Department, Office of the Coordinator for Stabilization and
Reconstruction. 2010. Interagency Conflict Assessment Framework. http://
www.state.gov/s/crs/what/144930.htm
Volkan, V. 1997. Blood Lines: From Ethnic Pride to Ethnic Terrorism,
Colorado: Westview Press.
Walters, J. Todd. “Experiential Peacebuilding,” Oxford Encyclopedia of
International Peace. 2009.
Whitford, Lea. Interview, October 13, 2010.
Whitford, Lea. Interview, October 14, 2010 and Montana Sheriffs and Peace
Officers Association Executive Director Jim Smith. Conversation, September
2010.
Bibliography6
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Stakeholders Actions Motivations Opportunities
Environmental
Cultural Identity
Political
Economic
Social
Security
U.S. National Parks Service, Parks Canada, Crown of the Continent Research Institute, Blackfeet Community College Natural Resource Summer Institute, University of Montana, University of Calgary, (other Universities), National Parks Conservation Association, Ranchers
Research projects, conservation initiatives, guided tours of cultural and environmental sites of significance inside the Park, and in the buffer zone surrounding the Park
Environmental Conservation, Protect the Park, Encourage Transboundary Coordination, Scientific Study, Education
Network already established with commitment to protect the park
Blackfeet Community College, Red Crow Community College
Imparting cultural heritage to the next generation, ensuring transboundary ritual celebrations, and preserving locations of cultural and historical significance
Looking for more ways to hold cross-cultural programs, encouraging more connections to the Park within the Blackfeet Confederacy
The Blackfeet Confederacy have all the historical records at their disposal, and eager and capable leaders who can impart cultural information to the next generation
Blackfeet Tribal Council, County governments, state governments, Department of Interior
Tribal Council holds all powers on the reservation, government bodies are able to repeal/initiate policies
Tribal Council does not want anyone gaining more power than it. Government bodies want established laws respected
Tribal Council has supreme power on the reservation (for better or worse). Uncertain of the needs of the county, state, and Department of Interior.
Sun Tours, Red Buses (Dial Corp), Hotels, Small Businesses, National Geographic GeoTourism
Guided tours through the park, tourism in general, geotourism
Make money, promote culture and park
Cultural awareness is low on the list of tourism concerns. Competing tourism companies, GeoTourism Map provides a loose network that could be harnessed more effectively
Rotary International, Rotary Clubs of Whitefish, Kalispell, Pincher Creek, etc, Browning Boys & Girls Club, AmeriCorps,
Transboundary relationship building and celebration, civic education, youth programs
Nurture transboundary celebration, encourage positive citizenship, foster the growth of educated youth leaders
Need more involvement from Boys and Girls Club, Rotary Club members, and AmeriCorp.
Montana Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association, U.S. Border Patrol, Homeland Security, Blackfeet Peace Officers
Cross-cultural programs, Abide by the rule of law in the U.S. and Canada and respect the culture of Blackfeet Confederacy Tribes
Need more buy-in from all security bodies involved. Need more community involvement.
Stakeholder P
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Historical Root Causes Structural/Institutional Perpetuating Causes Current Manifestations
Environmental
Cultural Identity
Political
Economic
Social
Security
Global climate change, invasive species and human involvement in the degradation of the ecosystem, including the park and surrounding buffer zone
Lack of mainstream transboundary cooperation programs and collaborations, limited connections between private businesses and park management
Only 25 of 150 glaciers remain today, invasive weed infiltration, poaching wildlife, timber, natural gas, oil shale extraction up river affecting the eco-system, general degradation of the WGIPP
Artificial border constraining the Blackfeet Confederacy tribal connections. Changes in use of land, changes the cultural identity of the Blackfeet Confederacy. Legacy of the development of U.S. Canada national border, state and province borders and reservation borders.
Assimilation procedures adopted by the U.S. Government vis-à-vis Blackfeet people after the Blackfeet "leased/sold" their land to U.S. Government; stricter regulations since September 11, 2001 on border crossing items
Disconnect between Blackfeet Confederacy in Canada and in U.S. Disconnect between the Blackfeet on Reservation and in other areas around their traditional territory. Risk of changing/losing identity as the degradation of the Park continues
The Blackfeet Treaty with the U.S. is superseded by the federal laws adhered to by the Park Management. The Legacy of border creation and enforcement at the 49th Parallel between U.S. and Canada.
Tribal Government of Blackfeet and Kainai are organized as both a political and economic business corporation. Strained relationship between Tribal Councils and Park Management.
Blackfeet Confederacy and their livestock can't enter the park without permission. Blackfeet can't hunt or extract timber or medicinal roots/berries. Park Management have strained relations with Tribal Council and some tribe members.
Tribal Council does not want to give up monopoly on business decisions on the reservation. Legacy of tourism concessions within the Park. Railroad passing through Blackfeet land without any economic benefit to the Tribe.
Poverty, autocratic business decisions by Tribal Council, lack of a free and open market for small to medium business ventures to thrive. Competition from other tourism in towns closer to the park
Blackfeet Reservation is in economic decline. 2) Only 1 Blackfeet owned tourism company and it took a 20+ year legal battle to receive the concession, 4 other commercial companies can operate in the Park. Illegal Natural Resource extraction occurring in the Park (poaching, coal, timber)
Legacy of the development of Reservations in the U.S. and Canada, and the cultural assimilation of the boarding school system
Weak educational system, lack of readily available jobs, culture of drug dependencies, lack of integration of communities, feeling of isolation
High levels of drug use and domestic violence on Blackfeet Reservation
Different codes of law apply in the Blackfeet Reservation, Montana and Alberta counties, and within WGIPP.
Lack of cultural awareness between law enforcement agencies; Jurisdiction problems between the Blackfeet Confederacy Nations and U.S./Canada
Blackfeet Confederacy members have a difficult time crossing borders with items in sacred bundles to perform cultural and religious rituals, Peace Officers vs. Montana Sheriffs Jurisdiction disconnect
Conflict Driver Synergies
1) Environmental Degradation of the park threatens to erode the cultural identity of the Blackfeet Confederacy and destroy the heart of the Crown of the Continent eco-system.
2) Legacy of U.S. government and Native Americans conflict. Land Dispossession through treaties.
3) U.S.- Canada border caused a strain on the cultural ties between the Blackfeet Confederacy tribes that were separated by the artificial border, specifically the Blackfeet Nation (U.S.) and Kainai Nation (Canada).
4) Different codes of law and understanding of land ownership: The Blackfeet Confederacy believes no one can own land - humans are only caretakers of the land. The U.S. and Canadian governments believe land can be bought and sold.
Conflict P
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Ongoing Peace Efforts Existing Structures & Processes Peacebuilding Gaps
Environmental
Cultural Identity
Political
Economic
Social
Security
Transboundary Cooperation between Scientists, Researchers, and Park Management on specific issues; Natural Resource Summer Institute for youth established by the Blackfeet Community College's center for Natural Resource Management
Crown of the Continent Conference in August bringing researchers/scientists together; Park Management has designated a Ranger/Warden who is responsible for transboundary cooperation; Academic programs bring university students together for transboundary environmental conservation; Summer Institute brings together Blackfeet youth living in Browning, MT and two other Blackfeet communities in S.D and WY
Creation of a Map where researchers/scientists/park management/cultural heritage/tourism companies can see the various projects occurring in the park; More transboundary cooperation between youth who will be stewards of the park over the next generation
1) Crown of the Continent National Geographic map detailing the cultural sites in and around the park; 2) Blackfeet Elders hold ritual ceremonies around the park
Network between Conservation, Cultural Heritage, and Transboundary Cooperation exists; Connection between the Cultural Studies professors between Red Crow Community College and the Blackfeet Community College
More programs to connect the Blackfeet Confederacy across the 49th parallel; Need to further engage the Park Management to work with Blackfeet Tribal Elders to have ritual ceremonies in the park
No violent reactions; non-violent protests during the 1990s when the only Blackfeet owned tourism business tried to receive a tourism concession from the Park; 1st International Peace Park and UN designated the Park a world heritage site
Blackfeet Tribal Council are open to discussions with Park Management
More dialogues between Park Management and Tribal Councils
Transboundary tours through the WGIPP There is one Blackfeet-owned company that provides guided tours
More opportunities that connect the Blackfeet community (specifically youth) with the Park
Rotary International Annual Event in September brings together Canadian, US and international groups together to celebrate the peaceful relationship between the US and Canada; “Handshake across the Border”
Rotary Club Connections; Boys and Girl Clubs established on Blackfeet Reservation and in surrounding communities
More Rotary Club and Boys and Girls Club interactions between students on Blackfeet reservation and communities around the Park
Cross-cultural understanding programs between Law enforcement agencies in Montana and Blackfeet Community College
Montana Sheriffs and Peace Officers Association and Blackfeet Community College representatives are interested in doing more program incorporating the Park and the surrounding communities
Using experiential learning techniques for cross-cultural programs that incorporate environmental stewardship and community involvement
Peacebuilding & Conflict Mitigation Synergies
1) Networks are already established that can carryout peacebuilding programs.
2) Positive reception from WGIPP park management to engage in additional transboundary activities.
3) Commitment on the part of Blackfeet Community representatives to engage in youth-focused and environmental conservation programs.
4) Support from the Blackfeet Community for dialogues between the Tribal Elders and WGIPP Park Management.
5) Cultural Heritage is a main focal point of Park Management-led tours; tours conducted by Blackfeet owned tourism companies; and National Geographic GeoTourism maps.
6) Support for AmeriCorps projects concerning environmental conservation, civic responsibility and cross-cultural engagement
Peace P
rofileC
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Annexes7
��� ������"��������
Title
Description
Run Time
Primary Source Links
Technical Specifications
Crew
Transcending Boundaries: Perspectives from Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park
Transcending Boundaries is the first in a series of documentaries exploring transboundary issues in and around International Peace Parks through various stakeholder perspectives. This episode takes us to Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park on the border of Montana, United States and Alberta, Canada where we explore a variety of geographic, cultural, and ecological issues with people engaged in conserving this critical ecosystem
13m 12s
http://vimeo.com/ippe/transcendingboundaries-wgipphttp://vimeo.com/thecollaborative/transcendingboundaries-wgipp-collabhttp://www.youtube.com/ippexpeditions#p/u/0/M0GATeltMIs
1080p (1920x1080); 24fps, QuickTime ProRes 422; 44.1kz; 16-bit
Director/Producer - Cory Wilson; Co-Producers - Todd Walters, Megan Greeley, Saleem Ali
Documentary ProfileD
21Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Resources8
22Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Resources8��� ���������������
Program Title
Location / Date
Program Author(s)
Standards Used (SPHERE, IUCN/UNEP)
Evaluation of Environmental Impact (describe of program
activities)
�������������������!�����RiskRiskRisk
Low Moderate HighPotential Environmental Impact Mitigation Actions
1
2
3
...
Definitions
Low Risk - not likely to have adverse impacts at all, or the impacts would be negligible (i.e. workshops, trainings, etc.)
Moderate Risk - location specific in nature and do not significantly affect human populations or alter environmentally important areas, including wetlands, native forests, grasslands, and other major natural habitats.
High Risk - likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented within the ecosystem; or affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical work.
*If Moderate or High Risk, complete the Potential Environmental Impact and Mitigating Actions columns providing as much detail as possible, and citing existing IEA’s for precedent where available.
��������������!�� �����
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Evaluation
Environmental Impact Analysis WorksheetA
23Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
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Program Location
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25Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park: Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1 | October 2011
Acknowledgements9
Todd WaltersProgram Director / Lead Editor
Executive Director
International Peace Park Expeditions
Megan GreeleyProgram Specialist / Lead Writer
Fundraising Director
International Peace Park Expeditions
Cory WilsonDocumentary Producer / Editor / Photographer
Brand Director
International Peace Park Expeditions
Director of Collaboration
The Collaborative
Saleem AliDocumentary Co-Producer / Editor
Professor
University of Vermont
Rubenstein School of Natural Resource Management
Director
Institute for Environmental Diplomacy and Security
International Peace Park Expeditions / peaceparkexpeditions.org
The Collaborative / thecollaborative.net
The Institute for Environmental Diplomacy and Security / uvm.edu/iedsand International Peace Park Expeditions
© The Collaborative / Cory Wilson
Published by
Produced by
Funded by
Photography
Blackfeet Community CollegeUnited States National Park Service at Glacier National ParkParks Canada at Waterton Lakes National ParkRotary Club of Whitefish, MontanaCrown of the Continent Research Learning Center
Special Thanks
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Megan GreeleyProgram Specialist
Todd WaltersExecutive Director
[email protected]@peaceparkexpeditions.org
Cory WilsonBrand Director
peaceparkexpeditions.org
�Transcending Boundaries: Perspectives from
Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park
http://vimeo.com/ippe/transcendingboundaries-wgipp
Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park:
Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment
Edition 1
http://peaceparkexpeditions.org/public/ippe_pcia_wgipp_11ed01.pdf