PBLBy

: Ase

m s

hadid

OBJECTIVE :

1. Describe the female reproductive system cycle

2. What test is required for diagnosis of pregnancy

3. Describe fertilization and implantation and early changes in the development of embryo

4. What is the importance of nutrition and drugs during pregnancy

5. Describe the importance of the listed test in the pregnancy

6. What is the normal schedule of visit during the pregnancy

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM http://www.hccs.edu/

• These are the internal organs that make up a woman's reproductive system.

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WHAT TEST IS REQUIRED FOR DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY ?

•A pregnancy test attempts to determine whether a woman is pregnant or not . Markers that indicate pregnancy are found in urine and blood.

blood

urine

Yes. There are two types of pregnancy tests. One tests the blood for the pregnancy hormone, hCG (human chorionic gonadotrophin ). The other checks the urine for the hCG hormone.

• You need to see a doctor to have a blood test. You can do a urine test at a doctor's office or at home with a home pregnancy test (HPT).

Are there different types of pregnancy tests?

• HPTs will be able to tell if you're pregnant about one week after a missed period.

home pregnancy test (HPT).

• fertilization and implantation and early changes in the development of embryo

• fertilization and implantation and early changes in the development of embryo

• The main aim of any pregnancy test is to identify a potential or existing health condition before any obvious physical signs are present and early enough to start treatments to help prevent or minimize the effects of a condition.

1. Blood pressure2. Urine tests3. Weighing4. Blood tests – group,

antibodies and rhesus factor

5. Iron and platelets 6. Hepatitis B and C, HIV/AIDS7. Glucose tolerance test or GTT8. Pap test (cervix) 9. Kick charts

What is urine tested for?

SugarIt's normal to have a small amount of sugar in urine during pregnancy, but if she has high levels at a couple of prenatal visits in a row or at one visit it could mean you have gestational diabetes.

ProteinExcess protein in urine can be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI), kidney damage, or certain other disorders.

KetonesKetones are produced when the body starts breaking down stored fat for energy. This can happen when ther're not getting enough carbohydrates ,If ketones are found in combination with sugar, it could be a sign of diabetes.

Blood cells or bacteriaAlong with protein, white cells may be a sign of a urinary tract infection (UTI)

• Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy

• Typically begins between the fourth and seventh week after the last menstrual period .

• Affects approximately 75% of pregnant women.

• the reason remains unclear. There is some evidence that it is related to hormone levels of human chorionic gonadotropin( hcg ) and estrogen.

• Severe cases may require hospitalization, anti-emetics.

• Nutrition for Pregnancy:

• during pregnancy , eating healthy foods is more important than ever. pregnant women needs more protein, iron, calcium, and folic acid than she did before pregnancy. She also need more calories.

• Nutrition for Pregnancy: Protein • affects the growth of fetal tissue including the brain. It also helps the breast

and uterine tissue to grow during pregnancy.

• Pregnancy Nutrition: Calcium• Calcium helps the body regulate fluids, and it helps build the baby bones and

tooth.

• Pregnancy Nutrition: Folate/Folic Acid• Folic acid plays a key role in reducing the risk of neural tube defects.

• Nutrition for Pregnancy: Vitamin C• Vitamin C will help with wound healing, tooth and bone development, and

promotes metabolic processes.

• The physiology of pregnancy affects the medications used and certain medications can reach the fetus and cause harm.

• The concern about medication use during pregnancy and lactation has been influenced by historical events, including thalidomide crisis in the 1960's .

• its could affect the placenta; the product of conception is the functional unit between fetal blood and maternal (mother) blood. The functions of the placenta include nutrition, respiration, metabolism, excretion and endocrine activity to maintain fetal .

• In pregnancy drug treatment presents a special concern due to the threat of potential teratogenic effects of the drug and physiologic changes in the mother in response to the pregnancy.

Drugs During Pregnancy :

• What is the normal schedule of visit during the pregnancy

• It’s important to keep seeing the health care provider or the doctor during pregnancy. Regular prenatal care can helps having a healthy pregnancy and baby.

• she may be able to follow a schedule like this ( if she is in a normal condition ) :\

• If she have a health problem during pregnancy, she may want to see her provider more often.

PBL

By : Asem shadid

• Thank you