International Training Veterinary

Paula Boyden BVetMed MRCVS

Veterinary Director

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

BiosecurityBiosecurity

Population managementPopulation management

Duty of CareDuty of Care

Quality of lifeQuality of life

Stress managementStress management

BIOSECURITYBIOSECURITY

Purpose:Purpose:

Minimise risk of infectionMinimise risk of infection

Minimise effects of an infectionMinimise effects of an infection

Factors Affecting Spread:Factors Affecting Spread:

IncubationIncubation

Excretion of infectionExcretion of infection

TRANSMISSION OF INFECTIONTRANSMISSION OF INFECTION

DirectDirect

IndirectIndirect

ZoonosisZoonosis

Direct TransmissionDirect Transmission

Indirect TransmissionIndirect Transmission

What is a fomite?What is a fomite?

Floors/wallsFloors/walls

Bowls/blanketsBowls/blankets

AirAir

PeoplePeople

ZoonosisZoonosis

What is a zoonosis?What is a zoonosis?

Rejects foreign cells e.g.Organ transplants

The Immune SystemDefends the body against Foreign (non self) antigens

Rejects and destroysabnormal cells e.g. cancer cells

Reactions to allergens e.gPollens, foods, drugs etc

Attacks body’s own cellsi.e. Autoimmune disease

FIGHTS INFECTIOUS ORGANISMS

ImmunityImmunity

Types of ImmunityTypes of Immunity

In h erited A cq u ire d N a tu ra lly A cq u ire d A rtif ic ia lly

Im m u n ity

Naturally Acquired ImmunityNaturally Acquired Immunity

ActiveActive

following infection following infection (antibodies & CMI)(antibodies & CMI)

PassivePassive

MDAMDA

via dam’s milk (90%)via dam’s milk (90%)

via placental transfervia placental transfer

Artificially Acquired ImmunityArtificially Acquired Immunity

ActiveActivevaccine or toxoidvaccine or toxoid

PassivePassiveinjection of antibodies (antiserum)injection of antibodies (antiserum)

Factors Affecting ImmunityFactors Affecting Immunity

• FeedingFeeding

• PregnancyPregnancy

• StressStress

• DrugsDrugs

INFECTION & IMMUNITYINFECTION & IMMUNITY

ImmunityImmunity

InfectionInfection

Rising Infection and ImmunityRising Infection and Immunity

ImmunityImmunity

InfectionInfection

InfectionInfection

ExcretionExcretionstartsstarts

SymptomsSymptoms

Infection and Passive ImmunityInfection and Passive Immunity

ImmunityImmunity

TimeTime

Low infectionlevels

InfectionInfection SymptomsSymptoms

ExcretionExcretionstartsstarts

High and Low Levels of InfectionHigh and Low Levels of Infection

ImmunityImmunity

TimeTime

High infectionHigh infectionlevelslevels

Low infectionLow infectionlevelslevels

InfectionInfection

ExcretionExcretionstartsstarts

SymptomsSymptoms

MATERNALLY DERIVED MATERNALLY DERIVED ANTIBODYANTIBODY

Weeks

MD

A

VaccinationVaccination

MATERNALLY DERIVED MATERNALLY DERIVED ANTIBODYANTIBODY

Weeks

MD

A

VaccinationVaccination

Low infectionLow infectionlevellevel

VaccinesVaccines

Vaccines are used to protect against:Vaccines are used to protect against:

Viruses - eg ParvovirusViruses - eg Parvovirus

Bacteria - eg LeptospirosisBacteria - eg Leptospirosis

Protozoa/Helminths eg HuskProtozoa/Helminths eg Husk

(sets off immune response identical to (sets off immune response identical to natural infection)natural infection)

Types of VaccineTypes of Vaccine

Live, attenuated e.g. DHPLive, attenuated e.g. DHP

Killed (inactivated) e.g. LeptospirosisKilled (inactivated) e.g. Leptospirosis

Heterologous e.g. smallpoxHeterologous e.g. smallpox

Toxoids e.g. Tetanus ToxoidToxoids e.g. Tetanus Toxoid

Specific Antigen (Sub unit)Specific Antigen (Sub unit)

Live VaccinesLive Vaccines

‘‘Better’ stimulation of Better’ stimulation of immune systemimmune system

V. rapid responseV. rapid response

Usually single doseUsually single dose

More persistent level of More persistent level of immunityimmunity

Killed VaccinesKilled Vaccines

Generally require two Generally require two injections for primary injections for primary coursecourse

Require more frequent Require more frequent boostersboosters

NB - both must pass the NB - both must pass the same safety testssame safety tests

Primary Course VaccinationPrimary Course Vaccination

1

10000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

LiveLive

KilledKilled

Antibody Antibody titretitre

Age (weeks)Age (weeks)

CLEANINGCLEANING

• Remove all faecesRemove all faeces

• Clean thoroughlyClean thoroughly

• Pressure hosePressure hose

• DisinfectDisinfect

• Leave 20-30 minutesLeave 20-30 minutes

• DryDry

AIR MANAGEMENTAIR MANAGEMENT

AIR MANAGEMENTAIR MANAGEMENT

AIR MANAGEMENTAIR MANAGEMENT

PEOPLEPEOPLE

Personal hygienePersonal hygiene• Hand washingHand washing• Personal gels Personal gels • ClothingClothing

How to Wash Your HandsHow to Wash Your Hands

Any Questions?Any Questions?

MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

QuarantineQuarantine

IsolationIsolation

ProgressionProgression

SectioningSectioning

Questions so far?Questions so far?

WHY MANAGE STRAYS?WHY MANAGE STRAYS?

WelfareWelfareZoonoses:Zoonoses:

RabiesRabiesToxocara/EchinococcusToxocara/EchinococcusEnteric organismsEnteric organismsInsect borne organismsInsect borne organismsRingwormRingworm

Public nuisancePublic nuisance

MEASURING NUMBERSMEASURING NUMBERS

MobilityMobility

Lack of individual identificationLack of individual identification

Catch/mark/releaseCatch/mark/release

Calculation:Calculation:

Total population = Total population = number marked x total countednumber marked x total countedmarked countedmarked counted

Alternatives Alternatives

FACTORS AFFECTING NUMBERSFACTORS AFFECTING NUMBERS

FoodFood

WaterWater

Nesting spacesNesting spaces

Birth ratesBirth rates

DiseaseDisease

Mortality ratesMortality rates

METHODS OF CONTROLMETHODS OF CONTROL

KillingKilling

SanctuarySanctuary

Trap/neuter/releaseTrap/neuter/release

NEUTERINGNEUTERING

Benefit to individual:Benefit to individual:

Reproductive system diseaseReproductive system disease

NeoplasiaNeoplasia

BehaviourBehaviour

Population controlPopulation control

CostCost

POPULATION DYNAMICSPOPULATION DYNAMICS

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

8 pups/10yr 6 pups/10yr 6 pups/5yr 3 pups/5yr

Start

0%

70%

80%

90%

MALE OR FEMALE?MALE OR FEMALE?

Males onlyMales onlyFirst year -First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs10 male, 10 female, 20 dogsResult:Result: 60 pups produced60 pups produced

Neuter 9 adult malesNeuter 9 adult malesSecond year-Second year- 1 entire male, 9 neutered 1 entire male, 9 neutered

males, 10 females, 60 pupsmales, 10 females, 60 pupsResult:Result: 60 more pups produced60 more pups produced

Population 130 dogsPopulation 130 dogs1 very tired but happy male1 very tired but happy male

MALE OR FEMALE?MALE OR FEMALE?

Females onlyFemales only

First year -First year - 10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs10 male, 10 female, 20 dogs

Result:Result: 60 pups produced60 pups produced

Neuter 9 adult femalesNeuter 9 adult females

Second year-Second year- 10 males, 9 neutered females, 10 males, 9 neutered females, 1 entire female, 60 pups1 entire female, 60 pups

Result:Result: 6 pups produced6 pups produced

Population 86 dogsPopulation 86 dogs

www.icawc.org/tnrwww.icawc.org/tnr

Questions so far?Questions so far?

DUTY OF CAREDUTY OF CARE

An animal’s needs:An animal’s needs:for a suitable environmentfor a suitable environmentfor a suitable dietfor a suitable dietto be able to exhibit normal behaviour to be able to exhibit normal behaviour

patternspatternsto be housed with, or apart from, to be housed with, or apart from,

other other animalsanimalsto be protected from pain, suffering, to be protected from pain, suffering,

injury and diseaseinjury and disease

QUALITY OF LIFEQUALITY OF LIFE

Animal’s feelingsAnimal’s feelings

Relationship to welfareRelationship to welfare

Affected by:Affected by:

HousingHousing

ExerciseExercise

CompanionshipCompanionship

FeedingFeeding

MeasurementMeasurement

CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARYCASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY

CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARYCASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY

CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARYCASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY

CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARYCASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY

CASE STUDIES – SANCTUARYCASE STUDIES – SANCTUARY

Questions so far?Questions so far?

STRESS MANAGEMENTSTRESS MANAGEMENT

Mental stimulationMental stimulation

Social interaction – Social interaction –

conspecificsconspecifics

Social interaction – humansSocial interaction – humans

ToysToys

DrugsDrugs

NeutraceuticalsNeutraceuticals

SUMMARYSUMMARY

Biosecurity – down to youBiosecurity – down to you

Population management – down to Population management – down to

your relationshipsyour relationships

Duty of care – your managementDuty of care – your management

Quality of life – needs more workQuality of life – needs more work