RHIC and AGS Annual Users’ Meeting Heavy Flavor Workshop, June 2 nd 2009
Paul Stankus Oak Ridge RHIC/AGS Users’ Meeting June 20, 05
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Transcript of Paul Stankus Oak Ridge RHIC/AGS Users’ Meeting June 20, 05
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Paul StankusOak Ridge
RHIC/AGS Users’ Meeting June 20, 05
Quark-Gluon Plasma: The Stuff of the Early Universe Paul Stankus
Oak Ridge Nat’l LabAPS 09 April Meeting
Contents Expanding universe lightning review�
Nuclear particles in the thermal early universe�
Experimental evidence; how does it fit in?�
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Henrietta Leavitt American
Distances via variable stars
Edwin Hubble American
Galaxies outside Milky Way
The original Hubble Diagram“A Relation Between Distance and Radial Velocity Among Extra-Galactic Nebulae” E.Hubble (1929)
Distance
Vel
ocity
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USUS
NowSlightly Earlier
As seen from our position:
USUS
As seen from another position:
Recessional velocity distance
Same pattern seen by all observers!
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Photons
t
x
UsGalaxies
?
vRecession = H0 d
1/H0 ~ 1010 year ~ Age of the Universe?
1/H
0
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Original Hubble diagram
1929: H0 ~500 km/sec/Mpc
2001: H0 = 727 km/sec/Mpc
Photons
t
x
UsGalaxies
?
vRecession = H0 d
1/H0 ~ 1010 year ~ Age of the Universe?
1/H
0Freedman, et al. Astrophys. J. 553, 47 (2001)
W. Freedman CanadianModern Hubble constant (2001)
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€
dτ 2 = −ds2 = dt 2 − a(t)[ ]2 dχ 2
a(t) dimensionless; set a(now) =1χ has units of lengtha(t)Δχ = physical separation at t
Robertson-Walker Metric€
dτ 2 = −ds2 = dt 2 − dx 2
H. Minkowski German“Henceforth space by itself, and time by itself, are doomed to fade away into mere shadows, and only a kind of union of the two will preserve an independent reality" (1907)
Minkowski Metric
H.P. Robertson American
A.G. Walker British
Formalized most general form of isotropic and homogeneous universe in GR “Robertson-Walker metric” (1935-6)
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The New Standard Cosmology in Four Easy StepsP/
-1/3+1/3
-1t
now
acc
dec
a(t)eHt
Inflation, dominated by “inflaton field” vacuum energy
a(t)t2/3
Matter-dominated, structure forms
Acceleration, return cosmological constant and/or vacuum energy.
a(t)
t
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a(t)
t
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€
dE = TdS − PdVBasic Thermodynamic
sSudden expansion, fluid fills empty space without loss of energy.
dE = 0 PdV > 0 therefore dS > 0
Gradual expansion (equilibrium maintained), fluid loses energy through PdV work.
dE = -PdV therefore dS = 0 Isentropic Adiabatic
Hot
Hot
Hot
Hot
Cool
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Golden Rule 1: Entropy per co-moving volume is conserved
Golden Rule 3: All chemical potentials are negligible
Golden Rule 2: All entropy is in relativistic speciesExpansion covers many decades in T, so typically either T>>m (relativistic) or T<<m (frozen out)
€
Entropy S in co - moving volume Δχ( )3preserved
Relativistic gas SV
≡ s = sParticle TypeParticle Type
∑ = 2π 2
45
⎛ ⎝ ⎜
⎞ ⎠ ⎟T 3
Particle Type∑ = 2π 2
45
⎛ ⎝ ⎜
⎞ ⎠ ⎟g∗S T 3
g∗S ≡ effective number of relativistic species
Entropy density SV
= SΔχ( )
31a3 = 2π 2
45g∗S T 3
€
T ∝ g∗S( )− 1
3 1a
Golden Rule 4:
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g*S1 Billion oK 1 Trillion oK
Start with light particles, no strong nuclear force
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g*S1 Billion oK 1 Trillion oK
Previous Plot
Now add hadrons = feel strong nuclear force
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g*S1 Billion oK 1 Trillion oK
Previous Plots
Keep adding more hadrons….
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How many hadrons?
Density of hadron mass states dN/dM increases exponentially with mass.
Prior to the 1970’s this was explained in several ways theoretically
Statistical Bootstrap Hadrons made of hadrons made of hadrons…
Regge Trajectories Stretchy rotators, first string theory
€
dNdM
~ Mα exp MTH
⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞
⎠ ⎟
Broniowski, et.al. 2004TH ~ 21012 oK =170 MeV
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Rolf Hagedorn GermanHadron bootstrap model and limiting temperature (1965)
€
E ~ E i gistates i∑ exp −E i /T( ) ~ E dN
dE∫ exp −E /T( ) dE
€
E ~ M dNdM
exp −M /T( )dM0
∞∫ now add in dNdM
~ Mα exp +M /TH( )
~ M β exp −M 1T
− 1TH
⎡ ⎣ ⎢
⎤ ⎦ ⎥
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟ dM
0
∞∫
Ordinary statistical mechanics:
For thermal hadron gas (crudely set Ei=Mi):
Ultimate Temperature in the Early Universe K. Huang & S. Weinberg (Phys Rev Lett 25, 1970)
“…a veil, obscuring our view of the very beginning.” Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes (1977)
Energy diverges as T --> TH
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Karsch, Redlich, Tawfik, Eur.Phys.J.C29:549-556,2003
/T4
g*S
D. GrossH.D. PolitzerF. WilczekAmerican
QCD Asymptotic Freedom (1973)
“In 1972 the early universe seemed hopelessly opaque…conditions of ultrahigh temperatures…produce a theoretically intractable mess. But asymptotic freedom renders ultrahigh temperatures friendly…” Frank Wilczek, Nobel Lecture (RMP 05)
QCD to the rescue!
Replace Hadrons (messy and numerous)
by Quarks and Gluons (simple
and few)
Had
ron
gas
Thermal QCD ”QGP” (Lattice)
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Kolb & Turner, “The Early Universe”
QC
D T
rans
ition
e+ e- A
nnih
ilatio
n
Nuc
leos
ynth
esis
D
ecou
plin
g
Mes
ons
freez
e ou
t
Hea
vy q
uark
s an
d bo
sons
free
ze o
ut
“Before [QCD] we could not go back further than 200,000 years after the Big Bang. Today…since QCD simplifies at high energy, we can extrapolate to very early times when nucleons melted…to form a quark-gluon plasma.” David Gross, Nobel Lecture (RMP 05)
Thermal QCD -- i.e. quarks and
gluons -- makes the very early universe tractable; but where is the experimental
proof?
g*S
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National Research Council Report (2003)
Eleven Science Questions for the New
Century
Question 8 is:
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Also: BNL-AGS, CERN-SPS, CERN-LHC
BNL-RHIC Facility
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Temperature
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Thermal photon radiation from
quarks and gluons?
Ti> 500 MeV
Direct photons from nuclear collisions suggest initial temperatures > TH
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Pressure
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Low High
Low High
Density, PressurePressure Gradient
Initial (10-24 sec) Thermalized Medium Early
Later
Fast
Slow
€
v2 =px
2 − py2
px2 + py
2
Elliptic momentum anisotropy
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Beam energy
Lattice QCD
IHRG P/ ~ -2/7
Phys Rev Lett 94, 232302A. Bazavov et al. (HotQCD), arXiv:0903.4379 [hep-lat]
Pressure effects increase with energy density
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Not an ideal gas
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Faster
Slower
Elliptic Flow
€
η Shear viscosity ≈ (few) × s Entropy density4π
Quantum Lower Bound1 2 4 4 4 3 4 4 4
Mean Free Path ~ de Broglie
Ideal gas Ideal fluidLong mfp Short mfp
High dissipation Low dissipation
Low viscosity Low heat conductivity Low diffusion
Shear Viscosity
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QCD
Electro-weak
Total
The QGP dominates the energy density of the early Universe for T > 200 MeV
The QCD sector keeps the early universe away from global equilibrium:• Low heat conduction• Low diffusionBaryogene
sis?
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QCD
Electro-weak
Average
P/
-1/3+1/3
-1acc
dec
t
Ideal relativistic gas value
“Glitch”
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Conformal scalar fields coupled to T
-3P; quintessence (h/t Keith Olive)
Gravity waves
€
Size today = Horizon at QGP a(now)a(QGP)
≈ c10−6s T(QGP)T(now)
≈ c106s
QGP horizon now expanded:
Maggiore, Gravitational Wave Experiments and Early Universe Cosmology, Phys Rep 331 (2000)
The P/ of the universe dips away from radiation-dominance 1/3 at the QGP/Hadron transition
Brax, et.al., Detecting dark energy in orbit: The cosmological chameleon, Phys Rev D70 (2004)
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To take home:• The early universe is straightforward to describe, given simplifying assumptions of isotropy, homogeneity, and thermal equilibrium.• Strong interaction/hadron physics made it hard to understand T > 100 MeV ~ 1012 K. Ideal-gas thermal QCD makes high temperatures tractable theoretically.• We are now delivering on a 30-year-old promise to test this experimentally. Some results confirm standard picture, but non-ideal-gas nature of QCD may have new consequences.