Zoonotic Diseases Affecting International Trade

NIAA Annual MeetingMarch 16, 2010

Paul ClaytonU.S. Meat Export Federation

Technical Barriers To Trade

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

Ave

rage

Tar

iff ra

te

050

100150200

250300350400

450500

Num

ber o

f AD

Mea

sure

s in

Pla

ce

Avg. TariffsMeasures in Force

Source: Cato Institute

Trade Concerns Reported Solved After 10 Years

Partially Solved

7%

Not Solved

66%

Solved27%

Source: WTO

SPS Trade Concerns by Subject- last 10 years -

Other Concerns

4%Food

Safety27%

Animal Health &

Zoonoses40%

Plant Health

29%

Source: WTO

USDA FSIS Export Certificate 9060-5

USDA FSIS Export Certification on Diseases

• FMD• Rinderpest• Contagious Bovine (Caprine)

Pleuropnaumonia• Peste des Petitis – Ruminants• Anthrax• Tuberculosis• Brucellosis• Vesicular Stomatitis• Blue Tongue• Lumpy Skin• Rift Valley Fever• Theileriosis Hemorrhagic Septicemia• Bovine Babesiosis• African Swine Fever• Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)• Swine Vesicular Disease• Teschovirus Encephalomyelitis • Pseudo Rabies/Aujesky Disease• Swine Erysipelas• NIPAH Virus • Vesicular Exanthema• Sheep (Goat) Pox• Contagious Agalactia

Alternative Language• The United States has been free of foot and mouth

disease for the past 12 months and has been free of rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, lumpy skin disease, Rift Valley fever for the past 24 months. Vaccination has not been carried out against the aforementioned diseases (Korea).

• The animals from which the meats originate come from healthy herds under State supervision for the diseases regulated by the State and/or the United States Department of Agriculture, including OIE listed diseases which affect the species and may be carried through meat, and were not slaughtered as a result of any infectious, contagious, or parasitic disease eradication program. The meat is deemed by USDA to not pose a risk of transmission of brucellosis or tuberculosis (Dominica).

Current Restrictions• Beef

– BSE– Vesicular Stomatitis

• Pork– Trichinae– PRRS/PCVAD – H1N1

• Lamb– Scrapies– Full Bans – Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Russia– Partial Bans Require EV programs

• Mexico and Canada

Vesicular Stomatitis

• Beef products originating from animals raised in states with counties which have had confirmed bovine cases of vesicular stomatitis within the last 12 months.

• Russia and Saudi Arabia

BSE Restrictions

• Full Bans – 20 Countries– South America – 6– Pacific Rim – 7– Africa/Middle East – 5– Eastern Europe – 2

• Partial Bans – Require Export Verification – Mexico, Egypt, Hong Kong, Korea, Japan, Lebanon,

Singapore, Taiwan, Russia, Thailand, Vietnam, Columbia, Malaysia, Panama, Peru, Chile, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, St. Lucia, Ukraine and UAE.

Summary of U.S. BSE Mitigation Procedures

Production Pre-Slaughter

Beef Slaughter &Carcass Chilling

Carcass Disassembly Rendering

FDA Mammalian to Ruminant Feed Ban

Feed Affidavits

Animal Identification

Feed Mill Reviews

Feed Testing

Exclusion of Downer Cattle

FSIS Antemortem inspection

Test & Hold Policy

APHIS Surveillance

No air injection stunning

Age Determination

Age Segregation & Carcass Identification [30 mo. of age & older]

SRM Removal & Disposal

Sanitation & Dedicated Equipment

FSIS Postmortem Inspection

Carcass Identification & Segregation [30 Months of Age & Older]

SRM Removal & Disposal

Equipment Sanitation

Product Separation & Labeling

AMR & MSM Policies

MBM Labeling

Inedible Processing of SRM’s

MBM sales designation

Handling Equipment Clean-out Procedures

FDA Verification

BSE Certification Language• The feeding of ruminants with meat and bone meal and greaves derived from

ruminants has been banned and the ban has been effectively enforced." • "The meat comes from cattle that were not rendered insensible by a device

injecting compressed air or gas into the cranial cavity prior to slaughter, or by any method that cuts the spinal cord."

• "The meat or meat products were not derived from the following specified risk materials: the brain, skull, eyes, trigeminal ganglia, spinal cord, vertebral column (excluding the vertebrae of the tail, the transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and the wings of the sacrum), and dorsal root ganglia of cattle 30 months of age and older, and the tonsils and distal ileum of the small intestine of any cattle, regardless of age."

• "The meat or meat products were not produced by a process of mechanical separation."

• "The meat comes from cattle less than 30 months of age that were subjected to ante and post mortem inspection and showed no evidence of systemic contagious or infectious diseases of animal or public health concern, including suspected or confirmed cases of central nervous system disorders."

• "The country or zone of origin is declared as free of foot-and-mouth disease without vaccination, rinderpest, and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia before the International Office of Epizootics and this sanitary condition is recognized by Chile."

• "The cattle from which the beef is derived were born, raised, and slaughtered in the exporting country or in a zone with similar epidemiological conditions."

Determination of <30moa

Bovine Dentition

Production records of birth dates can also be used

Japan’s Requirements for Age <20moa

• Basics for the cow calf producer– Calving Records (documented and

filed)– Unique Animal Identification

(individual or group qualifies)– Transfer of Information– Defined Calving Season– Maintain Records (3 yrs)

• Plants can also use A40 bone maturity

Identifying, Marking, & Segregating Carcasses of Cattle

that are>30 Months of Age

Specified Risk Materials (SRM) Definitions Associated with U.S. Beef Exports

SRM Definition

> 30 months of age: tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, trigeminal ganglia, skull, dorsal root ganglia, vertebral column (excluding the vertebra of the tail, the dorsal spinous processes and transverse processes of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, and the wings and median crest of the sacrum)All ages: tonsil and distal ileum of the small intestine

> 30 months of age: tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, trigeminal ganglia, skull, dorsal root ganglia, vertebral column (excluding the transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebra, the wings of the sacrum and the bones of the tail)All ages: tonsils and distal ileum

> 30 months of age: tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, , skull, vertebral column All ages:tonsils, distal ileum

>12 months of age: the skull (excluding the mandible) brain, eyes, and the spinal cord, tonsils, intestines from the duodenum to the rectum, and the mesentery> 30 months of age: dorsal root ganglia, vertebral column (excluding the vertebrae of the tail, the spinous and transverse processes of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, and the wings and median crest of the sacrum), tonsils, intestines from the duodenum to the rectum, and the mesenteryAll ages: tonsils, intestines from the duodenum to the rectum, and the mesentery

All Ages: Tonsils, brain, eyes, spinal cord, skull, small intestine (bone-in beef)Tonsils, small intestine (boneless beef)

All Ages: tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, skull, trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root ganglia, vertebral column (excluding the bones of the tail, transverse processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and the wings of the sacrum)

All ages:Tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, skull, vertebral column (including the vertebrae of the tail, the transverse process of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, and the wings of the sacrum

All Ages:Tonsils, distal ileum, brain, eyes, spinal cord, skull, vertebral column

All ages:Tonsils, brain, eyes, spinal cord, skull vertebral column, small intestine (pylorus to rectum)

Countries where definition is applied for trade purposes

***** FSIS definitionBelize, Cayman Islands, Chile, DR, El Salvador, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Ukraine, Philippines, Indonesia, Canada, Lebanon, South Korea

OIE definitionfor Controlled Risk classificationColumbia, Malaysia, Panama, Peru

European Union Mexico Japan, Vietnam, Taiwan, Thailand

Russia Singapore Hong Kong, Egypt,

Removal of Spinal Cord

SRM Removal & Disposal Carcass Disassembly

Vertebral Column [DRG] is removed from Carcasses ≥ 30 MOA

Removal of Vertebral Column [DRG]

Wash/Sanitize Affected Equipment after Carcasses

of Cattle ≥30 MOA

U.S. Packer

AMS

FSIS

Product Code

USDA Export

Certificate

Role of USDA in Certifying

Boneless Ribeye Roll

Bone in short rib

SOVEC

Two signatures: SOV signature from AMS and Export Certificate signature from FSIS

Trichinae Restrictions

• Freezing according to 9 CFR 318.10 (c)(2)(iv) • Chilled requires testing at approved USDA AMS

lab – Trichinae Analyst and Laboratory Certification Program

• Cooking according to 9 CFR 318.10 (c)(1)(i) – 140°F for 1 min. or 144°F Instantaneous

• EU, Russia, Singapore, Columbia, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Tahiti, Peru, South Africa, Venezuela

Max. Internal Temp. - °F Minimum Time - Hours

0 106

-5 82

-10 63

-15 48

-20 35

-25 22

-30 8

-35 ½

Freezing Requirements for Trichinae Mitigation

PRRS/PCVAD• U.S./Australia Free Trade Agreement

– Only able to export cooked pork products to Australia• The meat has not been derived from the head or neck (this

includes all head and neck tissues cranial to the fourth cervical vertebrae but does not include the shoulders), major peripheral lymph nodes (popliteal – if present, iliac, inguinal, axillary – if present, ventral, middle and dorsal superficial cervical) have been removed and the meat has been deboned.

• Raw Packaged Product can go direct to cooking in Australia

• 56° C (133° F) for 60 min.• 65° C (149°F) for 20 min.• 70° C (158°F) for 11 min.

Market Displacement• Korea: FMD January 2, 2010• Taiwan FMD February 13, 2010• China: FMD October 29, 2009• Russia: African Swine Fever Sept. 16,

2009• Russia Classical Swine Fever August

3, 2009• Brazil Classical Swine Fever March

20, 2009

Summary

• “Most countries”– Follow the OIE Code for Animal Disease

restrictions for meat imports– BUT may require additional mitigation

procedures

• USDA FSIS is the competent authority

• Disease situations can provide economic opportunities or challenges