Paul A. Bernhardt, Carl L. SiefringPlasma Physics Division

Andrew YauInstitute for Space Research

University of CalgaryCalgary, Canada

AMISR Science Planning MeetingAsilomar, CA

12 October 2006

Naval Research LaboratoryNaval Research Laboratory

Space Based Systems for Ionospheric Density and Scintillation Mapping in Conjunction with

Incoherent Scatter Radars

Space Based Beacons, Receivers and Radars

• CERTO Beacon System Objectives

• CERTO Space-Based Transmitter

• CITRIS Space-Based Receiver

• Science Operations with AMISR– Enhanced Tomography– Scintillation and Irregularity Detection

• Satellites, Inclinations and Launch Dates

• Ground Receivers

• Conclusions

CERTO

CERTO on ARGOSCERTO on

PICOSat (2001-2005)

(1999-2001)

CERTO/LPon NPSAT1

(2006)

CITRIS onSTPSAT1

(2006)

NRL Radio Beacon SensorsNRL Radio Beacon Sensors

SEEK2 Rockets August 2002

Past

Future

CERTO/TBB on COSMIC

(2006)

CASSIOPE (2007)

EQUARS (2008)

DMSP/F15 1998

CERTO on C/NOFS (2008)

NRL CERTO Radio Beacons and CITRIS Receiver for Ionospheric Tomography

2006 2007 2008 2009375 x 70015 C/NOFS

75020 EQUARS

56035 STPSAT1

56035 NPSAT1

325 x 150080 CASSIOPE/EPOP

80070 COSMIC 1

80070 COSMIC 2

80070 COSMIC 3

80070 COSMIC 4

80070 COSMIC 5

80070 COSMIC 6

SATELLITEINC

LIN

AT

ION

CITRIS Receiver

Check Out Operation Extended Operation

86298.6 DMSP/F15

CERTO Beacon Orbits

• Global Coverage

• Ten New Beacon Satellites

• CASSIOPE Orbit Along Magnetic Meridian

Ground Receiver Geometryfor Scintillation and TEC Measurements

from LEO Satellites with CERTO Beacons

CERTO CERTO on on

C/NOFSC/NOFS

LEO LEO ORBITSORBITS

N

CERTOCERTOon Cosmicon Cosmic

IONOSPHEREIONOSPHERE

GROUND GROUND RECEIVERSRECEIVERS

CERTO CERTO on on

C/NOFSC/NOFS

LEO LEO ORBITSORBITS

N

CERTOCERTOon Cosmicon Cosmic

IONOSPHEREIONOSPHERE

GROUND GROUND RECEIVERSRECEIVERS

Down and Side Looking Measurement Geometry for CERTO Receiver Chains

SatelliteSatellite

CERTO Data Collection and Dissemination

CERTOReceiver

#1

CERTOReceiver

#2

CERTOReceiver

#3

CERTOReceiver

#4...

Level 0Data Storage

Field Receivers

NRL CERTO Data Archive

Level 1Data Validation

NOAANESDIS

COSMICCDAC

C/NOFS

CASS-IOPE

Mission Data Centers

...

TomographicImaging

AtHigh Latitudes

• F- and E-Region Structures

• High Latitude Data Example

• Applied to Bubbles at Low Latitudes

(Images Courtesy of Dr. L. Kersley, University of Wales, Aberystwyth and and Dr. C. Mitchell, University of Bath)

TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGE OF A MODEL EQUATORIAL BUBBLE

Zonal Distance (km)

Alt

itu

de

(km

)

ReconstructionGround TEC Data

Ele

ctro

n C

on

ten

t (1

016 m

-2)

Relative Time (s)

Projections of Electron Density to

Nine Receivers

Image Formation Using Computerized

Ionospheric Tomography

Zonal Distance (km)

Model Density

Ref.: Bernhardt, P.A, et al., Space Weather, Geophys. Monograph, AGU, 2001

Tomographic Algorithm Development and Testing

Ionospheric Reconstruction

– Synthetic Electron Density Data from SAMI3 Model

– Derived TEC for Ground Receivers

– Reconstructed Electron Densities

Input TEC Data

Latitude

TE

C (

101

6 c

m-2)

Output Reconstruction

Ionosphere Model Densities

Array of Receivers for TEC Observations Around Arecibo

Incoherent Scatter

Observations of F-Region

Heating Provides Starting

Conditions for Tomographic

Imaging

Scatter From Ion Acoustic Waves

TEC Data for Tomographic Reconstructions

Reconstructed Electron Density from Radar and TEC Observations

• Ionospheric Hole Produced by HF Facility

• 3-D Image Shows Displacement From HF Beam

• ISR Data Establishes Layer Height

67.3 W Longitude 67.0 W Longitude

66.7 W Longitude

Scintillation Prediction for

CERTO Beacon

Frequencies Near the Equator

.VLA

MU RADAR

STPSAT1 Orbit Boundary

Radar and Radio-Telescope Sites with Future CERTO Receivers for Ionospheric Measurements

COSMIC Orbit Boundary

Launch of COSMIC Satellites

• 14 April 2006 0140 GMT• Six Satellites

– 72 Degree Inclination– 500 km Initial Altitude– 750 km Final Altitude

• Three Instruments– JPL/Broadreach GPS

Receiver– NRL Tiny Ionospheric

Photometer (TIP)– NRL Tri-Band Beacon

(TBB or CERTO)

COSMIC Satellite Instruments and Mechanisms

JOINT CERTO, GPS-GOX, TIP OPERATIONS ON COSMIC

SUPPORTED BY AMISR RADAR

From GPS Satellite

Ground Receivers

TIP EUV Field of View AMISR

Scans

CERTO RADIO BEACON GEOMETRY FOR TEC AND SCINTILLATION MEASUREMENTS

GPS RECEIVER and CERTO BEACON TRANSMITTER

Low Earth Orbit

N

S

Ground Receivers

To GPS Satellite Beacon

Simulation of COSMIC GPS Occultation Studies

500 1000 1500 2000

0

100

200

300

400

500

500 1000 1500 2000

0

100

200

300

400

500-400 -200 0 200 400

0

100

200

300

400

500

-400 -200 0 200 400

0

100

200

300

400

500

0 Electron Density (106 cm-3) 1.0

500

400

300

200

100

0

500

400

300

200

100

0

Tan

gent

Alti

tude

(km

)

-400 -200 0 200

Zonal Distance at Equator (km)

Horizontal Occultation Paths

0 100 200

Horizontal TEC (1012 cm-3)

500

400

300

200

100

0

500

400

300

200

100

0

Tan

gent

Alti

tude

(km

)

TIP Provides EUV Proxy for Scintillation

• Images of Equatorial Bubbles Using the GUVI Instrument on TIMED

• Radiative Recombination: O+ + e- O + h(130.4 nm)

• TIP Scintillation Proxy: Location Based on EUV Scans Validated with TBB Measurements to Ground Receivers

Orbit

Receiver

Irregularity

CERTO BeaconTransmissions

Phase III: Electron Density and Scintillation Region Tomography

CERTO/TBB Receiver SitesTaiwan NSPO

FranceAustralia

TBD

Future CERTO Stations in South Asia Region

• Three Frequency CERTO Receivers Available from SCION and NWRA

• Deployment by Expected by August 2006

SCION 3 Frequency Receiver

SCION Patch Antenna on Stand

Example of a Commercially Available CERTO Radio Beacon

Receiver

Near Term NRL CERTO Receiver Additions to Support the COSMIC Satellites

• Current Receivers on Order– 2 SCION-3– 2 NWRA ITS30-3

• Pan American Tomography Array (PATA-1)

– 5 Receivers between Jicamarca and Arecibo

– PATA1 Aligned with COSMIC Ascending Orbit

• Pan American Tomography Array (PATA-2)

– 5 Receivers between Manaus and Ottawa

– PATA2 Aligned with COSMIC Descending Orbit

• PATAs Finished in 2007• High Resolution Tomography Array

(HRTA) Delayed Until C/NOFS Launch

• CERTO Receivers Available– Power and Internet Needed– Sharing of Beacon Data

COSMIC Satellite Orbits

Ancon, Peru

Arecibo, Puerto Rico

Chesapeake, Virginia

PATA1

PATA2

C/NOFS Orbit

HRTA

ARL/UT Austin CIDR TEC from

Ancon, Peru

• Sample TEC Data– Smooth

Ionosphere– Structured

Ionosphere

Pan American Arrays• Team

– Naval Research Laboratory (Bernhardt, Huba)– Arecibo Observatory (Vo, Sulzer, Tepley)– Jicamarca Observatory (Chau)– University of Illinois (Kamalabadi)– University of Texas, Austin (Bust, Gardner)– Boston College (Valladarez)– University of Bogota (Villalobos)– University Des Andes Merida (Bendito)

• Array Locations– COSMIC PAA1: Ancon Peru to Arecibo Puerto Rico– COSMIC PAA2: Manaus Brazil to Ottawa Canada– C/NOFS HRTA: Ancon Peru to Huancayo Peru– New CASSIOPE MCTA: Arecibo Puerto Rico to Argentina

CASSIOPE Micro-Satellite: Instrument Payload

– Imaging particle instruments

• IRM: Imaging rapid ion mass spectrometer

• SEI: Suprathermal electron imager

• NMS: Neutral mass and velocity spectrometer

– Imager and wave receivers-transmitter

• FAI: Fast auroral imager• CERTO: Radio

tomography• RRI: E-Field receiver • MGF: Magnetometer • GAP: Differential GPS

Radio Beacon Receiver Chainsto Observe CERTO Beacons

UK

ARCTIC

Alaska

India

Taiwan

South America

Americas

South Africa

Ascension Kwajalein

Finland

Indonesia

Spain

Scheduling of CERTO Operations with Ground Receivers

• CERTO Radio Beacons are NOT Operating Continuously

• Overflight of Ground Receivers– Two or Three Frequencies Chosen from VHF/UHF/L-Band– GPS Occultation Data if GPS Satellite in Proper Location– Simultaneous Beacon and In Situ Probes with C/NOFS and

NPSAT1 • Supporting Ground Systems

– 50 MHz Radar: Jicamarca, Peru– 430 MHz Radar: Arecibo, Puerto Rico– All Sky Optical Imagers– Digital Ionosondes

• Send Receiver Locations and Turn-On Requests to Paul Bernhardt (bern@ppd.nrl.navy.mil)

• CERTO Beacon Satellite Updates Distributed Through IITC from NWRA

Summary• Ten New Satellite Beacons for Ionospheric Studies in

Conjunction with AMISR– DMSP/F15 (In Orbit)– COSMIC (In Orbit)– NPSAT1 (Nov 2006 Launch)– CASSIOPE (Nov 2007 Launch)– C/NOFS (2008 Launch ?)

• Alaska, Peru and Arecibo are Primary CERTO Receiver Sites– Jicamarca, Peru and Chesapeake, Virginia Lie on COSMIC Orbit

Tracks– AMISR Facilities at Poker Flat and HAARP Lie on DMSP/F15

Path

• Late 2007 Scheduled for Deployment of 20 to 40 Tomography Receivers

• New In Situ and Remote Sensing Diagnostics on Ten New LEO Satellites