Patterns of Bed Morphology at a Chute Cutoff Obstructed by ... · high angle that flow must turn to...
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Patterns of Bed Morphology at a Chute Cutoff Obstructed by Large Woody Debris Meander bend chute cutoffs develop when erosion across a point bar or floodplain forms a new channel. The main flow of the river is subsequently redirected through the cutoff channel, abandoning the original meander channel before eventually infilling (Hooke, 1995; Zinger et al., 2013). Interpretation of repeat aerial photographs of a chute cutoff on the Embarras River in east central Illinois reveal the presence of a cutoff channel over a period of decades that has yet to capture the main flow. An accumulation of large woody debris (LWD) extends from the downstream corner at the entrance of the chute cutoff across a portion of the cutoff channel. The purpose of this field study is to investigate flow structure and bed morphology at the meander bend and chute cutoff and to begin to document the impact of the LWD on the development of the cutoff channel. The field site is a 0.65 km reach of the Embarras River, a tributary of the Wabash River, consisting of a compound meander loop and a chute cutoff (Figure 1). At the site, the low-gradient naturally meandering river drains 2,308 km 2 of mostly till plains. Many of the upstream tributaries and portions the main channel itself have been straightened and channelized for the purpose of agricultural drainage (Urban, 2002). LWD has accumulated at the downstream corner of the entrance of the cutoff channel and partially obstructs it (Figure 2). Woody debris usually enters the river as a result of bank failures caused by lateral erosion along the forested river corridor. Water flows through both channels, although most of the flow continues through the meander bend. 3D velocity components and depth data were collected on March 19, 2015 with a 1200 kHz Workhorse Rio Grande acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) affixed to a mount on a small jon boat (Figure 3). The Doppler shift between acoustic pulses transmitted by the ADCP and backscatter from suspended particles and the channel bed was used to resolve velocity components and water depth. A Hemisphere A100 differential global positioning system (GPS) captured boat position and velocity. The Velocity Mapping Toolbox (Parsons et al., 2013) was used to post-process ADCP data. Depth measurements were collected longitudinally and converted to elevations based on water stage data. ESRI A Figure 5. Bed topography of portions of the meander loop and chute cutoff, March 19, 2015. Elevation above sea level in meters. The bed morphology of the meander loop conforms with patterns typically found in bends (Figure 5). The entrance to the chute cutoff is located near the inflection point between bends. The pool positioned against the outer bank of the main channel in the upstream bend extends toward a region of bed scour at the upper end of the cutoff channel. Flow entering this channel is confined to a narrow zone between the LWD and the north bank of the channel resulting in scouring of the bed and bank erosion (Figure 6). The cutoff channel rapidly shallows downstream from the LWD, where coarse gravel and even cobbles are deposited on the bed. A pronounced scour hole is also found in the main channel adjacent to the LWD. Flow likely accelerates as it is pinned between the LWD and the west bank. The LWD protects a broad point bar immediately downstream that extends across most of the channel cross section. Farther downstream, a wide pool underlies an actively eroding cut bank where the bend has elongated (Figure 7). Future work will investigate patterns of flow through the main and cutoff channels and evaluate change in the LWD and bed morphology in relation to different hydrologic events. Hooke, J.M., 1995. River channel adjustment to meander cutoffs on the River Bollin and River Dane, northwest England. Geomorphology 14, 235-253. doi: 10.1016/0169- 555X(95)00110-Q Keller, E.A. and Swanson, F.J., 1979. Effects of large organic material on channel form and fluvial processes. Earth Surface Processes 4, 361-380. doi: 10.1002/esp.3290040406 Parsons, D.R., Jackson, P.R., Czuba, J.A., Engel, F.L., Rhoads, B.L., Oberg, K.A., Best, J.L., Mueller, D.S., Johnson, K.K., and Riley, J.D., 2013. Velocity Mapping Toolbox (VMT): a processing and visualization suite for moving-vessel ADCP measurements. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 38, 1244-1260. doi: 10.1002/esp.3367 Urban, M.A., 2002. Conceptualizing anthropogenic change in fluvial systems: drainage development on the Upper Embarras River, Illinois. The Professional Geographer 54, 204- 217. doi: 10.1111/0033-0124.00326 Zinger, J.A., Rhoads, B.L., Best, J.L., and Johnson, K.K., 2013. Flow structure and channel morphodynamics of meander bend chute cutoffs: a case study of the Wabash River, USA. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 118, 2468-2487. doi: 10.1002/jgrf.20155. Thanks to Sanjiv Vajjala for assistance in the field and to Frank Engel of the United States Geological Survey Illinois Water Science Center for technical support. Dan Parsons, Ryan Jackson, and Frank Engel contributed core algorithms for the development of VMT. This research was supported by the Eastern Illinois University Foundation, College of Sciences, and the Department of Geology/Geography. The earliest aerial photos (1938, 1953) of the bend do not clearly indicate the presence of a cutoff channel, although a linear feature cutting across the point bar may depict a swale that eventually deepened to form the chute channel. Most aerial photos of the site from the 1950s–1970s have poor resolution and are not included here, but a distinct cutoff channel is present in 1966. LWD appears in numerous aerial photos and the current accumulation has been present since 2007. LWD has been shown to influence the initiation of chute cutoffs in low-gradient meandering streams (Keller and Swanson, 1979), however at this location, it seems that the LWD may increase flow resistance. When combined with the high angle that flow must turn to enter the chute, these factors may be acting to plug the cutoff. The river continues to flow through the bend of the main channel and the meander loop exhibits progressive elongation, extending toward the southeast over time. Figure 6 (left). Bank failure at the upstream corner of the entrance to the chute cutoff. Figure 7 (right). Bank erosion along the cut bank at the downstream end of the main channel. References cited Acknowledgments INTRODUCTION FIELD SITE METHODS Daniel H. Stadler & James D. Riley Department of Geology/Geography, Eastern Illinois University Flow North 50 m Figure 1. Aerial photo of the study site taken in spring 2007. An accumulation of large woody debris has since collected at the head of the small island between the cutoff and main channels. Star on inset map shows the location of this bend and chute cutoff on the Embarras River in east central Illinois. Figure 2 (left). Photograph of a portion of the LWD accumulation taken downstream on the main channel during summer 2014. Note the person for scale. Figure 3 (right). Data collection equipment mounted to the jon boat, including ADCP and differential GPS antenna. Figure 4. Aerial photographs of the study site: (A) 1938, (B) 1953, (C) 1998, and (D) 2011. A B C D North RESULTS 100 m ArcGIS was used to spatially interpolate via kriging the elevation data to produce a topographic map of the bed morphology. Historical aerial photographs of the study site were also obtained and georeferenced to evaluate channel change over time (Figure 4). Swale Cutoff channel LWD North LWD 25 m 140.5 m 138.5 m
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Patterns of Bed Morphology at a Chute Cutoff Obstructed by Large Woody Debris
Meander bend chute cutoffs develop when erosionacross a point bar or floodplain forms a new channel.The main flow of the river is subsequently redirectedthrough the cutoff channel, abandoning the originalmeander channel before eventually infilling (Hooke,1995; Zinger et al., 2013). Interpretation of repeat aerialphotographs of a chute cutoff on the Embarras River ineast central Illinois reveal the presence of a cutoffchannel over a period of decades that has yet to capturethe main flow. An accumulation of large woody debris(LWD) extends from the downstream corner at theentrance of the chute cutoff across a portion of thecutoff channel. The purpose of this field study is toinvestigate flow structure and bed morphology at themeander bend and chute cutoff and to begin todocument the impact of the LWD on the development ofthe cutoff channel.
The field site is a 0.65 km reach of the Embarras River, atributary of the Wabash River, consisting of a compoundmeander loop and a chute cutoff (Figure 1). At the site,the low-gradient naturally meandering river drains 2,308km2 of mostly till plains. Many of the upstreamtributaries and portions the main channel itself havebeen straightened and channelized for the purpose ofagricultural drainage (Urban, 2002). LWD hasaccumulated at the downstream corner of the entranceof the cutoff channel and partially obstructs it (Figure 2).Woody debris usually enters the river as a result of bankfailures caused by lateral erosion along the forested rivercorridor. Water flows through both channels, althoughmost of the flow continues through the meander bend.
3D velocity components and depth data were collectedon March 19, 2015 with a 1200 kHz Workhorse RioGrande acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) affixedto a mount on a small jon boat (Figure 3). The Dopplershift between acoustic pulses transmitted by the ADCPand backscatter from suspended particles and thechannel bed was used to resolve velocity componentsand water depth. A Hemisphere A100 differential globalpositioning system (GPS) captured boat position andvelocity. The Velocity Mapping Toolbox (Parsons et al.,2013) was used to post-process ADCP data. Depthmeasurements were collected longitudinally andconverted to elevations based on water stage data. ESRIA
Figure 5. Bed topography of portions of the meander loop and chute cutoff, March 19,2015. Elevation above sea level in meters.
The bed morphology of the meander loop conforms withpatterns typically found in bends (Figure 5). The entranceto the chute cutoff is located near the inflection pointbetween bends. The pool positioned against the outerbank of the main channel in the upstream bend extendstoward a region of bed scour at the upper end of thecutoff channel. Flow entering this channel is confined toa narrow zone between the LWD and the north bank ofthe channel resulting in scouring of the bed and bankerosion (Figure 6). The cutoff channel rapidly shallowsdownstream from the LWD, where coarse gravel andeven cobbles are deposited on the bed.A pronounced scour hole is also found in the mainchannel adjacent to the LWD. Flow likely accelerates as itis pinned between the LWD and the west bank. The LWDprotects a broad point bar immediately downstream thatextends across most of the channel cross section. Fartherdownstream, a wide pool underlies an actively erodingcut bank where the bend has elongated (Figure 7).Future work will investigate patterns of flow through themain and cutoff channels and evaluate change in theLWD and bed morphology in relation to differenthydrologic events.
Hooke, J.M., 1995. River channel adjustment to meander cutoffs on the River Bollin andRiver Dane, northwest England. Geomorphology 14, 235-253. doi: 10.1016/0169-555X(95)00110-Q
Keller, E.A. and Swanson, F.J., 1979. Effects of large organic material on channel form andfluvial processes. Earth Surface Processes 4, 361-380. doi: 10.1002/esp.3290040406
Parsons, D.R., Jackson, P.R., Czuba, J.A., Engel, F.L., Rhoads, B.L., Oberg, K.A., Best, J.L.,Mueller, D.S., Johnson, K.K., and Riley, J.D., 2013. Velocity Mapping Toolbox (VMT): aprocessing and visualization suite for moving-vessel ADCP measurements. Earth SurfaceProcesses and Landforms 38, 1244-1260. doi: 10.1002/esp.3367
Urban, M.A., 2002. Conceptualizing anthropogenic change in fluvial systems: drainagedevelopment on the Upper Embarras River, Illinois. The Professional Geographer 54, 204-217. doi: 10.1111/0033-0124.00326
Zinger, J.A., Rhoads, B.L., Best, J.L., and Johnson, K.K., 2013. Flow structure and channelmorphodynamics of meander bend chute cutoffs: a case study of the Wabash River, USA.Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 118, 2468-2487. doi: 10.1002/jgrf.20155.
Thanks to Sanjiv Vajjala for assistance in the field and to Frank Engel of the United StatesGeological Survey Illinois Water Science Center for technical support. Dan Parsons, RyanJackson, and Frank Engel contributed core algorithms for the development of VMT. Thisresearch was supported by the Eastern Illinois University Foundation, College of Sciences,and the Department of Geology/Geography.
The earliest aerial photos (1938, 1953) of the bend donot clearly indicate the presence of a cutoff channel,although a linear feature cutting across the point barmay depict a swale that eventually deepened to form thechute channel. Most aerial photos of the site from the1950s–1970s have poor resolution and are not includedhere, but a distinct cutoff channel is present in 1966.LWD appears in numerous aerial photos and the currentaccumulation has been present since 2007. LWD hasbeen shown to influence the initiation of chute cutoffs inlow-gradient meandering streams (Keller and Swanson,1979), however at this location, it seems that the LWDmay increase flow resistance. When combined with thehigh angle that flow must turn to enter the chute, thesefactors may be acting to plug the cutoff. The rivercontinues to flow through the bend of the main channeland the meander loop exhibits progressive elongation,extending toward the southeast over time.
Figure 6 (left). Bank failure at the upstream corner of the entrance to the chute cutoff.Figure 7 (right). Bank erosion along the cut bank at the downstream end of the mainchannel.
References cited
Acknowledgments
INTRODUCTION
FIELD SITE
METHODS
Daniel H. Stadler & James D. Riley Department of Geology/Geography, Eastern Illinois University
Flow
North
50 m
Figure 1. Aerial photoof the study site takenin spring 2007. Anaccumulation of largewoody debris has sincecollected at the headof the small islandbetween the cutoffand main channels.Star on inset mapshows the location ofthis bend and chutecutoff on the EmbarrasRiver in east centralIllinois.
Figure 2 (left). Photograph of a portion of the LWD accumulation taken downstream on themain channel during summer 2014. Note the person for scale.Figure 3 (right). Data collection equipment mounted to the jon boat, including ADCP anddifferential GPS antenna.
Figure 4. Aerial photographs of the study site: (A) 1938, (B) 1953, (C) 1998, and (D) 2011.
A B
C D
North
RESULTS
100 m
ArcGIS was used to spatially interpolate via kriging theelevation data to produce a topographic map of the bedmorphology. Historical aerial photographs of the studysite were also obtained and georeferenced to evaluatechannel change over time (Figure 4).
Swale
Cutoff channel LWD
North
LWD
25 m
140.5 m
138.5 m
