PATTERN RECOGNITION OF WEAR, CLASS AND IDENTIFYING ...
Transcript of PATTERN RECOGNITION OF WEAR, CLASS AND IDENTIFYING ...
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Hoosain M EbrahimDepartment of Medical IllustrationUniversity of Limpopo, Medunsa Campus
PATTERN RECOGNITION OF WEAR, CLASS AND IDENTIFYINGCHARACTERISTICS IN FOOTWEAR
IMPRESSION EVIDENCE
PATTERN RECOGNITION OF WEAR, CLASS AND IDENTIFYINGCHARACTERISTICS IN FOOTWEAR
IMPRESSION EVIDENCE
MedicalI
llust
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n & Audio-VisualServices
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IMPRESSION EVIDENCE
Objects or materials which have retained the characteristics of other
objects or materials which have been impressed against them
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Footwear impressions can beas having
been made by a specific shoepositively identified
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PHOTOGRAPHY OFFOOTWEAR IMPRESSIONS
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General crime-scene photographsExamination quality photographs
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Camera
(Impression)
Light source
-45o
-30o
-15o
OBLIQUE LIGHT PHOTOGRAPH OFTHREE-DIMENSIONAL IMPRESSIONS
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Camera
Light is reflected off dust particles and into camera
(Impression)
Light source
OBLIQUE LIGHT PHOTOGRAPH OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMPRESSION
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Light source3rd position
Light source2nd position
Light source1st position0o
70o
90o
180o190o
270o
290o
LIGHTING
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WEAR OF THE SHOE
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Position of wearDegree of wear
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Wear - The erosion of the outsoledue to frictional and abrasive forces that occur between the outsole and the ground
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INFLUENCES ON THEWEAR OF SHOE OUTSOLES
•
••
Foot type and functionOccupationHabits
••••
Body typeShoe styleShoe materialsWalking surfaces
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Wear pattern
Refers to the wear on the entire shoe or a portion of the shoe
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Wear pattern
Anatomical wear pattern
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Wear characteristics alone are not accepted as a means of
positive identification
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CLASS AND IDENTIFYINGCHARACTERISTICS
•• Pattern recognition•
Knowledge
Assessment
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CLASS CHARACTERISTICS••••
SizePattern designContour of imprintShape
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COMBINED CLASSCHARACTERISTICS
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SizeDesign
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IDENTIFYINGCHARACTERISTICS
Result when something is randomlyadded to or taken away from a shoe
outsole that either causes or contributesto making that shoe outsole unique
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Pattern Recognition Techniquesused as searching criteria
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RECOGNITION OFMANUFACTURING
METHODS
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Pantograph
Templates
Two hand-engraved moulds using same templatesand pantograph but resulting in different “gross designs”
HAND ENGRAVED MOULD-MAKING
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Preliminary classificationFeature classification
Types
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Shoe impressions
Partial Complete
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Shoe sole collection systems assist in determining the classification of full shoe
impressions
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Different pattern designs and possible small differences
within patterns
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Pattern designs
Features
RecordedImpressions(filed)
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FOOTWEAR IMPRESSIONS
A valuable form of physical evidence
Provide an important link between the criminal and the crime scene
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Development of footwear collection
Known criminals Shoe Stores
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ESTABLISHMENT OF A DATABASE
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Link crime scenesPossible suspectBrand name of shoe
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FEATURE CLASSIFICATION••••••
Pattern on edgeToe areaHeel areaCirclesShapes within shapesPatterns surrounding motifs, letters, numbers
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VampLogo
Outsole
Tongue Heel collar
Heel back strap
Heel stabilizerHeel quarter
Multi-density midsole
Brand Nameor Logo Area
Border
Arch area
Medial side
Lateral side
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PATTERN DESIGNS•
••
••
A hollow circular area inside a circular shapeNumerals inside a circular shapeUnusual shaped studs on the edgeof the soleMotif engraved in the border of the soleETC
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FEATURE CLASSIFICATIONCATEGORIES
•••••
•
The edge areaCircular areas surrounded by a valleyCertain featuresPatterns on soleA pattern/shape inside another pattern/shapeThe toe/back of heel area
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MAIN GROUPS OFTHE PATTERNS
Digit (first) Pattern01234567
MeshStudWave
Zig-ZagBar
ComplicatedCrepe and plain
Continuous border
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PATTERN TYPES IN THE MAIN GROUPS
Digit (second) Shape01
CircularTriangular
Wave or Zig-Zag
Bar patternContinuous border
= Width of line/broken/continuoushigh/low
= width of line/broken/continuous= continuous border of the shoe sole
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First Digit ShapePatternSecond Digit
ContinuousBorder
Triangular7 1
Thus 71 means that there are triangular studsin a continuous border
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DEFINITIONPattern recognition is the identificationof normal structure and appearance on
an image and those variations of appearances which may indicate a
disordered state
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PHYSICAL PATTERNSIN IDENTIFICATION
Identification based on structural features is the recognition
of a physical pattern
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PHYSICAL PATTERNSIN IDENTIFICATION
•••
Physical matchingComparison of markingsGeneral shape or form comparison
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Database of:•••
Shoeprints at scene of crimeShoes of suspectsShoes on the market
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NEURAL NETWORKSIN FORENSIC SCIENCE