Patients when All Blood is Incompatible · g/dl, transfusion recommended All blood ... ‐base...
Transcript of Patients when All Blood is Incompatible · g/dl, transfusion recommended All blood ... ‐base...
Robin Cusick, MDLifeStream 2019 Transfusion Medicine ForumMarch 9, 2019
Transfusing Patients when All Blood is Incompatible
Roles, Disclosures, & Acknowledgements• Division Chief Medical Officer – Vitalant, Southwest Division
• Medical Director of Vitalant Immunohematology Reference Laboratory – Tempe Lab
• Medical Director for Creative Testing Solutions – Phoenix Lab
• No disclosures
• Many thanks to Dolores Figueroa & Dr. Joe Chaffin
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What we’ll talk about ‐
• Panreactive crossmatches & the most likely cause
• Appropriate transfusion recommendations when all or most blood is incompatible
• The role of communication when all or most blood is incompatible
Spoiler alert – aka Take Home Points
• Panreactive crossmatches may be caused by autoantibodies, alloantibodies, or patient‐related factors
• Patients should not be denied transfusions if compatible blood is not available or does not exist
• Communication is crucial but it may not be easy
Transfusion Safety
Causes of Panreactivity
Autoantibodies• Underlying allos ruled out
• Underlying allos not ruled out
Alloantibodies to high prevalence antigens
Multiple alloantibodies
Patient-related factors• Disease states
• Drug therapy (e.g. anti-CD38)
Clinical Case
• 73‐year‐old female, PMH of hemolytic anemia
• Presented to ED early Friday morning, brought by husband
• Lab and clinical findings suggestive of and compatible with hemolytic anemia – Hb 4.5 g/dl
• Hem‐Onc consulted, recommended 125 mg of Solu‐Medrol and ordered 2 units of PRBC.
Autoantibodies
Antibodies directed at some aspect of red cells (e.g. – component of membrane)
Usually broad specificity – all cells react• Patient (native and autologous), donor, or reagent red cells
Reactivity of autoantibody varies with temperature
AutoantibodiesCan be idiopathic, due to drugs, or underlying disease
May or may not cause hemolysis
Clinical significance relates to…• Hemolytic potential
• Interference with pre‐transfusion compatibility testing
Sloane 1998, Wheeler et al 2004
Crossmatching blood with autoantibodies
Autoantibodies complicate and prolong blood bank evaluation
Patients may not be able to wait for the conclusion of the work up – may need to be transfused
Usually all blood is crossmatch incompatible – transfusing provider signature required
As laboratory professionals, how we communicate this to the clinical team can be pivotal for the patient!
A quick, high level tour of the blood bank behind the scenes…..
Overview of pretransfusion testing
• ABO determination• Rh determination• Antibody detection/identification • Final crossmatch
Autoantibodies may interfere with any of these steps.
DAT aka Direct Coombs
Direct antiglobulin test (DAT) indicates that something—IgG or complement—is already coating the cells.
Direct Antiglobulin Test
Poly IgG C36%Alb.
IS 3+ 3+ 0 0RT NT 0 0
Antibody screen and panel cells will show panreactivityand positive autocontrol
Now the BB needs to rule out underlying alloantibodies…
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Excluding Underlying Alloantibodies
Clinicopathologic Correlation
• Thorough blood bank evaluations can be very time‐consuming.
• Communication between lab and clinical team is essential.
To Transfuse or Not to Transfuse?
If patient is stable, best to avoid transfusion
But…transfusion should not be delayed for completion of work‐up if patient is clinically unstable!
If transfusion is indicated, • Transfuse slowly and give the smallest amount needed • May consider pharmacologic “cover”
Clinical case, continued
• ~15 h later (1 am on Saturday), ICU physician called lab wanting to know when compatible blood would be available.
• Patient Hb at that time was ~3.9 g/dl.
• Once clinical team understood that compatible blood was not possible, ICU MD signed for 2 units ‘least incompatible’ PRBC to be transfused.
• Patient tolerated transfusion but did not survive hospital course.
Pathologists and laboratory staff can impact these situations.
Presented to ER with Hb 4.5 g/dl, transfusion recommended
All blood incompatible –extensive lab
w/u in progress
Patient receives blood ~18 h
later, Hb 3.9 g/dl
Patients without preexisting cardiovascular disease:• If no significant s/sx of anemia or hypoxia, avoid RBC transfusion when Hb is > 7‐8 g/dl.
Patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease• If no significant s/sx of anemia or hypoxia, avoid RBC transfusion when Hb is > 8 g/dl.
No consensus on hemodynamically stable patients with acute coronary syndrome ‐ base transfusion decisions on patient factors as well as laboratory data.
• Retrospective study of 300 patients who refused transfusion for religious reasons
• 30 day in‐hospital mortality with postoperative hemoglobin levels:
• 7.1 to 8: 0% (9.4% Morbidity)
• 5.1 to 7: 9%
• 3.1 to 5: 30%
• <3.0: 64%
Oxygen delivery physiology
Normal oxygen consumption to oxygen delivery ratio is 0.20 to 0.25• Anaerobic metabolism begins when ratio reaches 0.50
Normal individuals can reduce Hb to 3.5 to 4 g/dl before extraction to delivery ratio increases to 0.50• In models of coronary stenosis, anaerobic state (aka ratio of 0.50) occurs at Hb ~6 ‐ 7 g/dl
Risks per Unit Transfused
ASCP Case Reports TM‐16‐7 Cusick, 2016, www.ascp.org
How We Can Help
Autoantibodies: what information would we ideally have?
RBC phenotype• Use to provide phenotypically matched RBC for Rh and K antigens
Are there underlying antibodies present?• If yes, provide antigen negative units• Regardless, all crossmatches will still be incompatible!
Autoantibodies: How will we proceed?
If patient cannot wait,
• Transfuse ABO compatible RBCs• Give phenotypically matched RBC for Rh and K antigens
If patient can wait, there are options,
• Give phenotypically matched RBC for Rh and K antigens
• Adsorptions to rule out underlying allos
Causes of Panreactivity
Autoantibodies• Underlying allos ruled out
• Underlying allos not ruled out
Alloantibodies to high prevalence antigens
Multiple alloantibodies
Patient-related factors• Disease states
• Drug therapy (e.g. anti-CD38)
Alloantibodies to high prevalence antigens
May be nuisance only – e.g. HTLA
May be clinically significant or variably clinically significant• Anti-Vel
• Anti-Dib
• Anti-U
• Anti-Yta
Harmening, Modern Blood Banking & Transfusion Practices – 6th ed
A bird in hand is worth two in the bush…
Even if compatible units exist, they are only helpful if• they are immediately available or
• the patient can wait for them
If patient can wait, there are options• Import unit from sister center
• Rare unit search• Rare donor recruitment
• Sibling recruitment
• Obtain MMA
If patient cannot wait, give ABO compatible RBCs
Patients with ab to high prevalence antigens: how will we proceed?
Monocyte Monolayer Assay (MMA)
What it is: an predictive, in vitro assay to get an estimate of how clinically significant a particular antibody is
What it is good for: helpful in situations when patients will be transfused with an antigen corresponding to their antibody
What it is not good for: situations requiring urgent resolution or rapid TAT
Monocyte Monolayer Assay (MMA)
Figures from Dr. Ghislain Noumsi ‐ SCABB presentation
Interpretation of the MMA
Causes of Panreactivity
Autoantibodies• Underlying allos ruled out
• Underlying allos not ruled out
Alloantibodies to high prevalence antigens
Multiple alloantibodies
Patient-related factors• Disease states
• Drug therapy (e.g. anti-CD38)
Panel with Multiple Alloantibodies
•Anti‐c•Anti‐E•Anti‐S•Anti‐Fya
•Anti‐Jkb
Patients with ab to multiple antigens: how will we proceed?
If patient cannot wait, transfuse ABO compatible RBCs
If patient can wait, there are options• Obtain unit from sister center
• Rare unit search• Donor recruitment
• Sibling recruitment
• MMA is not as useful in this situation
Between 2005 and 2012, ARDP had 6834 requests for rare units
33% of these were for multiple common alloantibodies• 67% were antibodies to high prevalence antigens
6% of requests were unfilled ‐ inadequate supply• Sickle cell patients – 16%• “Highs” – 8%
A bird in hand is worth two in the bush…
Even if compatible units exist, they are only helpful if• they are immediately available or
• the patient can wait for them
Causes of Panreactivity
Autoantibodies• Underlying allos ruled out
• Underlying allos not ruled out
Alloantibodies to high prevalence antigens
Multiple alloantibodies
Patient-related factors• Disease states
• Drug therapy (e.g. anti-CD38, anti-CD47)
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Patient Factors: Rouleaux
Erythrocytes seem to overlap one another
Correlate with clinical findings
Aggregation interferes with pretransfusion compatibility testing• ABO discrepancies, falsely positive DATs, falsely positive serologic crossmatches
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Patient Factors: Rouleaux
Use saline replacement technique (AABB TM) to replace plasma with saline and complete the pretransfusion compatibility testing.• True antibody‐mediated agglutination will not disperse with saline replacement
• Adherent RBCs of rouleaux will separate
Electronic crossmatch, IS crossmatch with saline replacement, or a full serologic crossmatch using AHG are options.
Patient Factors: Multiple myeloma, and monoclonal anti‐CD38 therapy
Communication is essential
• Hospital blood banks and reference labs must be notified that a patient has received anti‐CD38 therapy.
• Type & screen and obtain phenotype for patients prior to starting treatment
• If urgent transfusion is required, transfusions should not be withheld
Anti‐CD47 – a new monoclonal IgG4 antibody
To mitigate, BB options include…• Requesting drug history for patients requiring transfusions
• Performing multiple RBC alloadsorptions
• Using monoclonal Gamma-clone IgG for IAT ABID - does not detect IgG4s like anti-CD47
ASCP Case Reports TM-16-7
Cusick, 2016 www.ascp.org
Summary of
Key Findings in
“Tough”
Crossmatches
ASCP Case Reports TM‐16‐7 Cusick, 2016 www.ascp.org
High Level
Approach to
Managing
“Tough”
Crossmatches
How We in the Laboratory Can Help
Crucial Conversations
What are they?
Ideally who would facilitate them?
Is there any back up?
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What are the additional resources?Blood center medical director • (24/7/365 coverage)
IRL or reference lab medical director• (24/7/365 coverage)
Additional hospital physicians (Hem‐Onc, Anesthesia, Critical Care)
These resources are available to support hospital BB medical directors, cross‐covering pathologists, and hospital laboratory staff
Success! The treating team agrees to take emergency release units for our patient who has no compatible blood available.
Now what?
During the transfusion…• Adhere to hospital policy re: release of incompatible blood
• Follow usual blood administration procedures
• Consider pharmacologic “coverage”
• Transfuse slowly and least amount possible
• Watch for signs/symptoms of a transfusion reaction
• If a transfusion reaction occurs, follow routine procedures
• IVIG – established usage in hyperhemolysis
• IVIG use in non-ABO incompatible RBC transfusion less established
• Dosage not standardized
• HH high dose/low dose regimen can be applied
• Steroids may have synergistic effect on IVIG
• Dosage not standardized
• Most reported cases use IVIG and steroids
After the transfusion…
Patients should be monitored for signs/symptoms of a delayed reaction• Delayed serologic transfusion reaction• Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction
Communication between lab and clinical team can prevent an extensive FUO work up.
In Summary
Panreactive crossmatches may be caused by autoantibodies, alloantibodies, or patient‐related factors
Patients should not be denied transfusions if compatible blood is not available or does not exist
Communication is crucial but it may not be easy
“Thank you!”