Patient’InformationHandout’ - Bellevue Bone & Joint … ·  ·...

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Patient Information Handout OSTEOARTHRITIS OF THE WRIST (SLAC (scapholunate advanced collapse) and (SNAC (scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse) pattern. ANATOMY OF SLAC AND SNAC ARTHRITIS: Arthritis in the wrist follows a fairly predictable pattern (Figure 1 IIV). The arthritis begins near the tip of the radius called the radial styloid and then progresses around the scaphoid and finally involves the joints in the middle of the wrist or carpus before going on to involve the entire wrist or carpus. This can occur when the ligament between two of the key bones that helps stabilize the wrist. tThe scaphoid and the lunate then become disrupted or incompetent from chronic strain or arthritis (Figure 2 and 3). The other cause for this arthritis is a nonunion (a fracture that has not healed of the scaphoid). This destabilizes the wrist and allows the wrist joint or carpus to collapse. WHO HAS SLAC OR SNAC WRIST PATTERN ARTHRITIS? Although the injury may have occurred in earlier decades with a fracture of the scaphoid or a rupture of the ligament, the arthritis typically develops when individuals are in their 50s or 60s. There is pain, swelling, and stiffness of the wrist. The swelling oftentimes is diagnosed as a cyst or ganglion, but xrays will reveal the underlying arthritis. Simply removing the cyst will not solve the problems, unless the arthritis is treated. HOW DO WE DIAGNOSE SLAC OR SNAC WRIST ARTHRITIS? These are best diagnosed with xrays. Those show the area of varying degeneration in the wrist. Occasionally computerized tomography (CT) scans can be helpful to obtain a threedimensional picture to determine precisely, which joints to become involve in order to be able to treat the patient and still safe as much motion as possible for the wrist. HOW DO WE TREAT SLAC OR SNAC PATTERN ARTHRITIS? 1. In mild cases with swelling and inflammation, an oral, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory (NSAIDs) medication can be helpful. In patients with more severe pain, corticosteroid injections can provide substantial relief, although these do not cure the problem, they can provide patients with months and occasionally years of relief. 2. Surgical treatment provides the most predictable longterm relief of SNAC or SLAC arthritis. When the arthritis is in the Stage I format, a simple excision of the wrist with the bone spurs impinging the patient, it can provide relief. This is known as a radial styloidectomy. 3. When the arthritis involves the area of the scaphoid, but the rest of the joint is spared, there are more options. In our experience, often times a simple excision of the scaphoid and repair of the joint capsule can provide relief. This is known as a scaphoidectomy and capsule repair. In this surgery, the scaphoid is removed, the capsules are repaired and patient is splinted for two weeks. Once the sutures are removed in two weeks, Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3

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   OSTEOARTHRITIS  OF  THE  WRIST  (SLAC  (scapholunate  advanced  collapse)  and  (SNAC  (scaphoid  nonunion  advanced  collapse)  pattern.        ANATOMY  OF  SLAC  AND  SNAC  ARTHRITIS:    Arthritis  in  the  wrist  follows  a  fairly  predictable  pattern  (Figure  1  I-­‐IV).    The  arthritis  begins  near  the  tip  of  the  radius  called  the  radial  styloid  and  then  progresses  around  the  scaphoid  and  finally  involves  the  joints  in  the  middle  of  the  wrist  or  carpus  before  going  on  to  involve  the  entire  wrist  or  carpus.    This  can  occur  when  the  ligament  between  two  of  the  key  bones  that  helps  stabilize  the  wrist.  tThe  scaphoid  and  the  lunate  then  become  disrupted  or  incompetent  from  chronic  strain  or  arthritis  (Figure  2  and  3).    The  other  cause  for  this  arthritis  is  a  nonunion  (a  fracture  that  has  not  healed  of  the  scaphoid).    This  destabilizes  the  wrist  and  allows  the  wrist  joint  or  carpus  to  collapse.          WHO  HAS  SLAC  OR  SNAC  WRIST  PATTERN  ARTHRITIS?    Although  the  injury  may  have  occurred  in  earlier  decades  with  a  fracture  of  the  scaphoid  or  a  rupture  of  the  ligament,  the  arthritis  typically  develops  when  individuals  are  in  their  50s  or  60s.    There  is  pain,  swelling,  and  stiffness  of  the  wrist.    The  swelling  oftentimes  is  diagnosed  as  a  cyst  or  ganglion,  but  x-­‐rays  will  reveal  the  underlying  arthritis.    Simply  removing  the  cyst  will  not  solve  the  problems,  unless  the  arthritis  is  treated.      HOW  DO  WE  DIAGNOSE  SLAC  OR  SNAC  WRIST  ARTHRITIS?    These  are  best  diagnosed  with  x-­‐rays.    Those  show  the  area  of  varying  degeneration  in  the  wrist.    Occasionally  computerized  tomography  (CT)  scans  can  be  helpful  to  obtain  a  three-­‐dimensional  picture  to  determine  precisely,  which  joints  to  become  involve  in  order  to  be  able  to  treat  the  patient  and  still  safe  as  much  motion  as  possible  for  the  wrist.      HOW  DO  WE  TREAT  SLAC  OR  SNAC  PATTERN  ARTHRITIS?  1.                        In  mild  cases  with  swelling  and  inflammation,  an  oral,  nonsteroidal  antiinflammatory  (NSAIDs)  medication  can  be  helpful.    In  patients  with  more  severe  pain,  corticosteroid  injections  can  provide  substantial  relief,  although  these  do  not  cure  the  problem,  they  can  provide  patients  with  months  and  occasionally  years  of  relief.  2.                        Surgical  treatment  provides  the  most  predictable  long-­‐term  relief  of  SNAC  or  SLAC  arthritis.    When  the  arthritis  is  in  the  Stage  I  format,  a  simple  excision  of  the  wrist  with  the  bone  spurs  impinging  the  patient,  it  can  provide  relief.  This  is  known  as  a  radial  styloidectomy.  3.                        When  the  arthritis  involves  the  area  of  the  scaphoid,  but  the  rest  of  the  joint  is  spared,  there  are  more  options.    In  our  experience,  often  times  a  simple  excision  of  the  scaphoid  and  repair  of  the  joint  capsule  can  provide  relief.    This  is  known  as  a  scaphoidectomy  and  capsule  repair.    In  this  surgery,  the  scaphoid  is  removed,  the  capsules  are  repaired  and  patient  is  splinted  for  two  weeks.    Once  the  sutures  are  removed  in  two  weeks,  

Figure  1  Figure  2  

Figure  3  

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the  splint  is  replaced  with  a  removable  brace  and  early  therapy  is  started.    No  long-­‐term  casting  or  bracing  is  required  and  the  patient  is  usually  able  to  return  to  most  activities  within  one  month  and  regain  maximum  strength  and  motion  in  three  months.  Another  option  for  the  patients  with  stage  II  SLAC  is  to  remove  not  only  the  scaphoid,  but  also  the  lunate  and  triquetrum  (Figure  4).  This  is  a  proximal  row  carpectomy  (PRC).    The  goal  of  this  surgery  is  to  allow  the  capitate  (the  large  bone  in  the  center  of  the  wrist)  to  find  a  new  joint  surface  with  the  radius  instead  of  with  the  lunate,  which  has  been  removed.    This  operation  does  not  require  long-­‐term  casting  or  immobilization.    If  patients  have  early  stages  of  arthritis  involving  the  capitate,  they  can  have  a  progression  of  the  arthrosis  and  require  additional  treatment.      4.                        Once  the  middle  of  the  carpus  is  involved  with  arthritis  (SLAC  or  SNAC  stage  III,  it  is  necessary  to  fuse  that  portion  of  the  wrist  joint.    When  combined  with  the  scaphoid  excision,  this  is  termed  a  four-­‐bone  fusion.    (Figure  5  and  6).    These  require  casting  or  bracing  for  at  least  six  weeks  until  the  bone  fusion  or  arthrodesis  consolidates.    At  that  point  range  of  motion  strengthening  exercises  is  started,  which  can  continue  for  approximately  six  weeks  after  surgery.    Grip  strength  and  range  of  motion  improve  for  3-­‐6  months  following  the  surgery.    Occasionally,  the  plate  or  pins  that  are  used  for  fusion  need  to  be  removed  if  they  cause  any  irritation  of  the  tissues.  

   Key  concerns  for  any  of  the   above  procedures  include  infection,  stiffness,  nerve  or  tendon  injury  and   need  for  revision  surgery.    Most  of  these  complications  are  quite  rare.    The  major  concern  is  for  progression  of  the  arthritis  that  would  advance  to  stage  IV  arthritis.      Stage  IV,  when  the  arthritis  involves  the  entire  wrist  joint,  the  only  viable  option  is  to  either  fuse  or  replace  the  joint.    In  osteoarthritis  for  most  patients,  joint  fusion  is  the  most  predictable  (Figure  7).  In  this  case  a  plate  is  placed  from  the  radius  across  the  wrist  joint  or  carpus  and  on  to  the  metacarpal  in  the  hand.    This  allows  the  entire  area  to  become  consolidated  to  fuse  this.  Similar  to  other  fusions,  mobilization  with  splinting  or  casting  of  over  six  weeks  after  surgery  is  recommended.    Then  protective  bracing  with  range  of  motion  strengthening  exercises  are  advanced.    It  may  take  3-­‐6  months  for  the  patients  to  regain  strength  and  range  of  motion,  especially  for  rotation  of  the  forearm.    Once  the  wrist  is  fused,  there  is  a  permanent  loss  of  wrist  flexion  and  extension  and  ulnar  deviation.    Rotation  of  the  forearm  is  preserved.  The  key  concerns  for  this  procedure  are  similar  to  that  for  the  other  wrist  fusion  procedures.    In  most  cases,  the  plate  is  removed  in  1-­‐2  years  following  the  surgery  because  the  firm  strong  plate  fixation  often  causes  some  irritation  of  the  skin  during  heavy  use.    This  could  be  done  as  a  simple  outpatient  procedure.  

     ______________________  Thomas  E.  Trumble,  M.D.  Figures  courtesy  of  Principles  of  Hand  Surgery  and  Therapy  edited  by  Dr.  Trumble    

Figure  4  

Figure  5  

Figure  6  

Figure  7