PATHWAYS OF EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES

FOR SMALL TWO-WHEELERS: PAST,

PRESENT AND FUTUREN.V.Iyer,

Adviser (Technical) Bajaj Auto Ltd, Pune, India

Better Air Quality 2006 WorkshopYogyakarta, Indonesia,December 13 – 15, 2006

(narayan_iyer2000@yahoo.com)

2

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Numbers of vehicles, millions

CHINA (1999)

INIDA (2003

INDONESIA (1998)

CHINA TAIWAN (1999)

THAILAND (1996)

MALAYSIA (1999)

PAKISTAN(1999)

PHILIPPINES (1998)

SRILANKA (2005

2-wheelers

Other vehicles

Proportion of Two-wheelers in Vehicle Population of Major Asian Countries

Small two-wheelers constitute significant proportions of total vehicle fleets in many countries in Asia and come to be considered as major sources of air pollution.

3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

PM

PE

RC

EN

T O

F

TO

TA

L T

RA

NP

OR

T

PERCENT OF TOTAL TRANSPORT PM CONTRIBUTION IN INDIAN CITIES

Cars+Taxis 6.3 5.8

2-Wheelers 25.1 18.3

3-Wheelers 27.7 18.3

Trucks 29.8 28.5

Buses 11.0 29.1

KANPUR PUNE

(Sources: PUNE:Environmental Status Report, 2001-02, Pune Municipal Corporation KANPUR: ‘Report of the Expert Committee on Auto Fuel Policy’, Government India, August 2002)

CONTRIBUTION OF TWO-WHEELERS TO TOTAL TRANSPORT EMISSIONS IN INDIAN

CITIES

4

CONTRIBUTION OF TWO-WHEELERS TO TOTAL RAOD TRANSPORT EMISSIONS IN

EUROPEAN UNION, (EU 15)

Source: L. Ntziachristos et al, “Emission Control Options for Power Two Wheelers in Europe”, Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006), 4547 - 4561

0

5

10

15

20

Perc

en

t C

on

trib

uti

on

Contribution of 2-Wheelers to Total Road Transport Emissions in EU15

CO 7.5 8

HC 18 20

NOx 0.4 0.75

PM 1.6 0.9

CO2 1 0.7

2004 2012

With largereductions in emissions of four-wheeled vehicles, the relative contribution of two-wheelers has increased significantly forcing the adoption of stringent mass emission standards.

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WORLDWIDE TWO-WHEELER WORLDWIDE TWO-WHEELER EMISSION REGULATIONSEMISSION REGULATIONS

III Stage (2008)HC+NOx:1.0~1.25CO: 1.0~1.25

ChinaII Stage (2004)ECE40HC: 1.2NOx:0.3CO: 5.510,000 km

EuropeEU II (2003)ECE40Cold StartHC: 1.0NOx:0.3CO: 3.0

EU III (2006)ECE 40+EUDC/WMTCHC: 0.8NOx:0.15CO: 2.030,000 km

Japan(2006/2007)ECE40Cold StartHC: 0.3/0.5NOx:0.15CO: 2.012,000/24,000 kmTaiwanIV Stage (2004)ECE40Cold StartHC+NOx:2.0CO: 7.015,000 km

II Stage (2005)IDC Cold StartHC+NOx:1.5CO: 1.530,000 km

IndiaIndiaII Stage (2005)IDCHC+NOx: 1.5CO: 1.530,000 km

IIIStage (2008/2010)IDCHC+NOx: 1.0CO: 1.030,000 km

US Federal(2006)<170cc and170 to 279ccHC: 1.0CO: 12.0>280ccHC+NOx: 1.4CO: 12.0

(2010)>280ccHC+NOx: 0.8CO: 12.0(6,000 -18,000km)

61996 2000 2005 2010

FURTHER IMPROVED SCAVENGING, OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTERAND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

FURTHER IMPROVED CARBURETTOR,IMPROVED OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTERAND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

AIR ASSISTED DIRECT INJECTIONOXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTERELECTRONIC ENGINE MANAGEMENT

IMPROVED CARBURETTOR,IMPROVED PORTING & SCAVENGING,OPTIMIZATION OFAIR-FUEL RATIO& IGNITION TIMING

TECHNOLOGY PROGRESSION OF 2-STROKE ENGINES FOR 2-WHEELERS

19953.3

0.61

4

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

CO HC NOx*10 PM*10

2000

2.2 2.13

0.7 0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

CO HC NOx*10 PM*10

2005

1.4 1.320.8

0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

CO HC NOx*10 PM*10

2010

10.7 0.8

0.4

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

CO HC NOx*10 PM*10

71996 2000 2005 2010

IMPROVED CARBURETTOR,OPTIMIZATION OFAIR-FUEL RATIO& IGNITION TIMING,IMPROVED COMPRESSION RATIO

FURTHER IMPROVED CARBURETTORSIMPLE OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTERAND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

PORT FUEL INJECTION, THREE-WAY CATALYTIC CONVERTER WITH OR WITHOUT SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

REGULAR OXIDATION CATALYTIC CONVERTERS (ASUSED IN CARS)AND/OR SECONDARY AIR INJECTION

TECHNOLOGY PROGRESSION OF 4-STROKE ENGINES FOR 2-WHEELERS

19952.6

0.7

0.30.06

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

CO HC NOx PM

20002.2

0.7

0.30.05

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

CO HC NOx PM

2005

1.4

0.7

0.30.05

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

CO HC NOx PM

2010

0.42 0.560.2 0.05

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

CO HC NOx PM

8

40 50 60 70

4S, CARB

4S, PFI

4S, DI

40 50 60 70

2S,CARB

2S, AFI

SCOOTERETTE

SCOOTER

MOTORCYCLE

SCOOTERETTE

ESTIMATED FUEL EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF

2-STROKE AND 4-STROKE 2-WHEELERS USING FUEL INJECTION SYSTEMS

SOURCE: LEIGHTON S., AHERN S., SAE PAPER NO 2003-26-0019,

Fuel Efficiency, km/l

Fuel Efficiency, km/l

MOTORCYCLE

DirectInjection

Port FuelInjection

Carburettor

Carburettor

Air AssistedFuelInjection

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2005 2010

EU

JAPAN

INDIA

World Motorcycle Test Cycle (WMTC)Correlation of limit values Particulate emissions from CI and SI enginesDurability and in-use compliance;On Board DiagnosticsEvaporation emissions Measure CO2 emissions in type approval

Implement Stage III standards latest by 2010Strengthen in-use complianceParticipate in the development of WMTC

General tightening of emission regulationsEvaporative emissionsDurabilityOff cycle emissionsNon-regulated emissionsFuels and Lubricants

EVOLUTION OF NEW REGULATORY MEASURES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES

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Source: L.Ntziachristos et al, “Emission Control Options for Power Two Wheelers in Europe”, Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006), 4547 - 4561

ESTIMATED EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS PROPOSED MEASURES TO REDUCE HC EMISSIONS

INEUROPEAN UNION, (EU 15)

EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS MEASURES IN EU15

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

EU3MOPED RW EVAP OBD DURAB IUC

RE

DU

CTIO

N IN

HC, t

onne

s EU3MOPED: Euro 3 Emission Standards for MopedsRW: Road WorthinessEVAP: Evaporative Emission ControlOBD: On Board Diagnostics for all 4-Stroke bikesDURAB: Durability requirementsIUC: In Use Vehicle Compliance

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Effectiveness of various measures in EU15,PM reduction, tonnes

450

78

1111

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

EU3MOPED SYNTH OIL REPL 2S/ 4S

EU3MOPED: Euro 3 Emission Standards for MopedsSYNTH OIL: Use synthetic lubricating oilREPL 2S/4S: Replace two-stroke engines with four-stroke engines

EXPECTED EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS PROPOSED MEASURES TO REDUCE PM

EMISSIONS IN EUROPEAN UNION, (EU 15)

“Adoption of diesel PM regulatory procedure for two-wheelers certification and having a standard for PM can bring only a small additional benefit” , Rijkeboer quoted in reference Source: L.Ntziachristos et al, “Emission Control Options for Power Two Wheelers in

Europe”, Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006), 4547 - 4561

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INTRODUCTION OF WORLD MOTORCYCLE TEST CYCLE (WMTC)

Euro III Driving Cycle to be used for Euro III standards

g/km VEHICLE CLASS CYCLE CO HC NOx

EXISTING <150cc UDC 2 0.8 0.15

>150cc UDC+EUDC 2 0.3 0.15

NEW FROM Vmax <130km/h WMTC 2.62 0.75 0.17

1-Jul-07 Vmax >130km/h WMTC 2.62 0.33 0.22

Source: EU Commission Directive 2006/72/EC, 18th August, 2006 Amendment to Directive 97/24/EC

WMTC Driving Cycle introduced as an alternative to Euro III

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• Increased utilization of 2-stroke direct injection systems for small capacity machines

• Bigger, more sophisticated catalyst with more optimized precious metal formulation for quicker light off and longer durability

• Improved modulation of Secondary Air Injection to control exhaust Air-Fuel ratio.

• Increased sophistication of ECU control strategies for cold start and transient fuelling optimization.

• Should future legislation dictate the use of such systems– Possible development of ‘new’ systems such as EGR, and

de-NOx catalysts,– incorporation of OBD and – evaporative control systems

TECHNOLOGIES LIKELY TO BE EXPLORED IN THE SHORT TERM

Ref: “Motorcycle Unregulated Emissions Report”, Association des Constructeurs Europeens de Motocycles (ACEM), March 2002

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Gaseous fuels like ‘Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)’ or ‘Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)’. Products in

Market

Products UnderDevelopment

Battery operated electric vehiclesHybrid electric

vehiclesHydrogen powered vehicles (as internalcombustion engine)

Products inMarket

Technology Being exploredFor 3-wheelersAs internal Combustion Engine

TECHNOLOGIES/FUELS LIKELY TO EMERGE IN NEAR FUTURE

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TECHNOLOGYHydrogen Internal Combustion Engines

Battery operated vehicles and/or Hybrid electric vehicles

Fuel injection with oxidation or Three-way catalysts (Air assisted DI for 2-stroke, Port Fuel Injection or Direct injection for 4-stroke)

Improved engine with bigger and more sophisticated catalyst and optimized Secondary air injection

Improved carburetted engine with oxidation catalyst and/or Secondary air injection

201520202025

PATHWAY OF EVOLUTION OF ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES FOR

2-WHEELERS

20102005

INTRODUCTION OFTECHNOLOGY

WIDESPREADUSE OF

TECHNOLOGY

REDUCED USE OF

TECHNOLOGY

EV

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OF

TE

CH

NO

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GY

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CONCLUSIONS• Two-wheelers make significant contributions

to urban air pollution in most Asian cities• Following major reductions in 4-wheeler

emissions contributions of 2-wheelers to total HC and CO emissions in EU have now become significant

• From 1995 to 2005, technologies of both 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines have moved primarily from optimization of performance to use of sophisticated catalysts

• Post 2010, fuel injection, both in 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines, combined with catalytic converters are likely to be preferred

• Period from 2010 to 2020 is likely to see greater use of CNG/LPG as well as battery and hybrid electric vehicles

• Use of Hydrogen as an IC engine fuel in 2 and 3 wheelers is unlikely to start before 2025