Pathology of Neurodegenerative disorders
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Transcript of Pathology of Neurodegenerative disorders
“Each individual creature on this beautiful planet is here to fulfill a
particular role. We are all born with a divine fire in us. Our efforts should be
to give wings to this fire and fill the world with the glow of its goodness.
- Wings of Fire: An Autobiography of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam (1999)
CNS Degenerative disorders…
2
CPC11-3.4 – Mrs. J.G. 75 year old housewife. Husband Bob, aged 75, who is a retired
accountant. I seem to be forgetting, can’t remember where she
parked the car. couldn’t remember our friends’ names, she repeats things all the time..
I don‟t want to be a burden. Sleep disrupted, often up during early hours of morning. P/H: well known in the community, active, social, popular,
intelligent … Kessler Psychological distress score K10: 36/50 * Mini mental state examination MMSE: 30/30 * Word list task : recall of 2 words after 20 minutes…?
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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2010: Helena, 65y Fem. Helena is a 65 year old married local GP. She is
known as a ‘pillar of the community’ and works full time as the senior partner at a GP surgery in Townsville. She is actively involved in many GP related educational activities. Her husband, Brad, is a local orthopedic surgeon. Although you have been their GP for sometime, they seldom consult you. Today they have booked a double appointment with you. Brad : ‘I’ve come with Helena to discuss some
memory problems she seems to be having’ Helena : “I hope it’s nothing; Brad has always been a
worrier’
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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CPC 34: Clinical Not sleeping well, I think memmory is a bit
worse- it’s stress and fatigue’ can’t remember where she parked the car She has forgotten social arrangements
several times Couldn’t remember their names … she is struggling with organizing…
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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CPC34 – Clinical Duration of symptoms: ? about 6/12 Mood: low, quite tearful at times; not
enjoying life much. Concentration: poor, struggling to read
books/journal.. Sleep: disrupted, often up during early
hours of morning. Appetite and weight: no change I am very tired. It’s probably time for me to
retire.’
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Differential diagnosis. Dementia: primary / secondary, vascular.
(Alzheimer’s Disease) Endocrine: e.g. hypothyroidism, drugs etc. Depression? – reactive – family events ? Ageing: Mild cognitive impairement * Investigations:
FBC, Liver FT & Thyroid FT normal, HIV negative. ..?CT scan: no space occupying lesion..? some
loss of grey matter with increased ventricular space. .?
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Brain: Functional areas.
Memory
Language
Broca’s area - Cingulate and Parahippocampal gyri.
Hippocampus: where short-term memories are converted to long-term memories
Thalamus: receives sensory and limbic information and sends to cerebral cortex (cognition)
Hypothalamus: monitors and controls internal clock & other activities.
Limbic system: controls emotions and instinctive behavior (includes the hippocampus and parts of the cortex)
FunctionalNeuro Anatomy
Slide 8
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Dendritic tree - vs - Intelligence
Rat CA1 pyramidal cell labeled with EGFP(Two photon laser scanning microscopy)
Synaptic bouton in rat CA1 stratum radiatum (Electron microscopy)
Cells / Structure Common Pathology Purkinje cells Alcoholism, carbon monoxide, Ischemia
Mammilaries, Purkinje cells
Wernicke's encephalopathy (alcoholism)
DM of thalamus Korsakoff's psychosis (alcoholism)
Hippocampus Alzheimer's, hypoxia, hypoglycemia
Retina Methanol toxicity
Anterior horn cells Polio, lower-ALS
Globus pallidus Carbon monoxide, Wilson's, Kernicterus.
Posterior columns B12 deficiency, syphilis (tabes)
Caudate nucleus Huntington's chorea
Fronto-temporal deg. Pick's disease
Deep brain stem Progressive supranuclear palsy
Substantia nigra Parkinson‘s
Upper motor neurons Upper-ALS (Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis)
What is Success?
"To laugh often and much; to win the respect of intelligent people and the affection of
children. To leave the world a better place. To know even one life has breathed easier
because you have lived… that is success..!
-- Ralph Waldo Emerson
13
Pathology of C.N.S. Degenerative
Disorders
Dr. Venaktesh M. ShashidharA/Prof. & Head of Pathology
James Cook University
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Age related / Senile degeneration: Dementia: All spheres of intellect affected. Decreasing mass - Slow 4th decade – rapid
7th decade. progressive neuronal loss Neuronophagia.
(hippocampus and cerebral cortex) reduction in size & numbers of dendritic
branches in surviving neurones Cortical atrophy, hydrocephalus. Thickening of leptomeninges. NF tangles, Aβ Amyloid plaques. increase in number of astrocytes Athero & artero sclerosis.
Young
Old
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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CNS Degenerations: Classification Neuronal Degenerations.
Primary Degenerations: Global – Alzheimer, Lewy body, Fronto-temporal Selective/System – Parkinsons, Huntingtons, MND
Secondary Degenerations: Toxic, metabolic(storage), infections, nutritional. Alcohol & B12 def.
Disorders of Myelin:Demyelinating Disorders - Multiple sclerosisDysmylinating disorders – Leukodystrophies.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Dementia: Acquired global impairment of intellect-intact consciousness > 15% of adults over 80 are demented…! (>30y, >70y…!) Primary & secondary dementias Primary:
Alzheimer's disease Diffuse Lewy body disease, Huntington's Dis, Pick's,
Secondary: Cerebrovascular disease – stroke. Infections (e.g. Creutzfeldt-Jakob (CJD), syphilis, HIV) Neoplasms, haematoma, hydrocephalus. drugs and toxins (barbiturates, digoxin, alcohol, heavy metals) metabolic disorders (e.g. hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism,
uraemia, hepatic failure) vitamin deficiencies (e.g. B1-Wernicke-Korsakoff sy., B2, B12)
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Alzheimer’s disease: Commonest cause of dementia in elderly insidious with mood and behavior change. Prevalence 1% in 6th to >40% 8th decade. Pathology:
Significant cortical atrophysecondary ventricular enlargementNeurofibrillary tangles – Intracellular (Tau)Neuritic plaques (Aβ amyloid) – Extracellular.Amyloid angiopathy.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Aloysius Alzheimer: German Psychiatrist. 1901 - Auguste Deter
51 year male Patient. Behavioural abnormality Short term memory loss
Colleague Franz Nissl silver stain. Observed amyloid plaques
& NF tangles. Case Presented at Berlin
1906. International Brain
Research Organization.
Aloysius Alzheimer’s first Patient
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Alzheimer’s – Pathogenesis: Deposition of neurotoxic amyloid protein
(peptide Aβ derived from APP) around blood vessels & neurons – extracellular plaques
Abnormal forms of axonal microtubule protein (protein tau) in neurons ‘neurofibrillary intracellular tangles’
Leading to Atrophy of neurons, gliosis.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
20Cortical Atrophy
Neurofibrillary tangles & Extraneuronal Neuritic plaques
Alzheimers Disease:
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Alzheimer’s disease: Genetics Autosomal dominant genetic pattern – rare. 4 genes on chromosomes 1, 14, 19, and 21,
influence initiation and progression. Chromosome 21 generates the precursor protein
for the amyloid protein (APP). Trisomy 21 produces early Alzheimer's disease in persons with Down syndrome.
Chromosome 19 generates apolipoprotein (apo) 3 allelic forms ε2, ε3, and ε4, resulting in six combinations, of these risk for Alzheimer's disease is high with ε4/ ε4 & low with ε2/ε2.
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Generation of Amyloid (Aβ)
Plaque
Normal
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Cerebrum stained with polyclonal antibody against βA4 peptide showing amyloid deposits in plaques in brain substance (arrow A) and in blood vessel walls (arrow
Alzheimer’s - Amyloid Angiopathy
Amyloid core
Dystrophic neurite
s
Congo-red Amyloid stain
Silver stain
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Congo Red stain & Polarised Microscopy showing apple green” birefringence
Alzheimer’s - Amyloid Angiopathy
Neurofibrillary Tangles
Neurons have an internal support structure partly made up of microtubules. A protein called tau helps stabilize microtubules. In AD, tau changes, causing microtubules to collapse, and tau proteins clump together to form neurofibrillary tangles.
Slide 18
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Neurofibrillary Tangles in AD:
C: Neurofibrillary (tau) tangles () within the neurons (H & E). D: Silver stain showing a neurofibrillary tangle within the neuronal cytoplasm
(Tau protein)
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Neuron degeneration- granulovcuolar.
Several neurons display granulovacuolar degeneration of the cytoplasm. B. A neuron (center) contains an eosinophilic Hirano body (arrow).
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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CNS Morphology in Alzheimer's:
A-Neuritic Plaque, B-Amyloid
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Morphology in AD:
Plaque around BV. NF Tangles-IntracellularAβ Amyloid tau protein
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Cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's:
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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• Degenration starts in the entorhinal cortex, then proceed to hippocampus.
• Neuronal loss leads to shrinkage.
• Changes can begin 10-20 years before symptoms appear.
• Memory loss is the first sign of AD.
AD Morphology – Early / Preclinical
Slide 20
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• Involves cerebral cortex
• Mild signs: Memory loss, confusion, trouble handling money, poor judgment, mood changes, and anxiety.
• Moderate signs: increased memory loss and confusion, problems recognizing people, difficulty with language and thoughts, restlessness, agitation, wandering, and repetitive statements.
AD Morphology - Mild to Moderate
Slide 21
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• Extreme shrinkage of brain.
• Patients are completely dependent on others for care.
• Symptoms: weight loss, seizures, skin infections, groaning, moaning, or grunting, loss of bladder and bowel control.
• Death usually occurs from aspiration pneumonia or other infections.
AD Morphology: Severe AD
Slide 22
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AD & Intelligence.…! In early life, higher skills in grammar and
density of ideas are associated with protection against AD in late life.
Mentally stimulating activity protects against AD.
Use it or loose it…..!
Coffee protects against Alzheimers Tea protects against Parkinsons
CNS Degenerative disorders…
Fronto-Temporal Dementia Second common, Group of dementia,
affecting personality, behaviour & speech, Memory is not affected until late* Younger age.
Pick's DiseaseFrontotemporal Lobar DegenerationProgressive Aphasia (problems speaking)Semantic Dementia (understanding language)Corticobasal Degeneration (+ motor)
35
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Pick’s Disease: Severe, 40-65y, Rare. Selective Frontal &
temporal lobe atrophy. Progressive aphasia /
language dysfunction Behaviour & personality
change. Preserved memory. Micro: Neurons with
round intracytoplasmic Pick’s bodies (tau protein)
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Knife blade Fronto-temporal atrophy in Picks.
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CNS Degenerations: Classification Neuronal Degenerations.
Primary Degenerations: Global – Alzheimer, , Lewy body, Fronto-temporal Selective/System – Parkinsons, Huntingtons, MND
Secondary Degenerations: Toxic, metabolic(storage), infections, nutritional.
Disorders of Myelin:Demyelinating Disorders - Multiple sclerosisDysmylinating disorders – Leukodystrophies.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Systemic Degenerations: Degeneration in functionally related areas
of the CNS Neuronal death neuronophagia
fibrillary gliosis Dementia: Intellectual disability. Several types with overlapping features: Many show neurotransmitter abnormalities
(Parkinsons, Alzheimers ) Mostly unknown Aetiology , some genetic
(Friedreich‘s)
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Huntington’s Dementia, depression,
choreiform movement (Jerking dementia)
5th decade. Autosomal dom.
Huntington gene on 4p Excess CAG tandem
repeats = severity.
Atrophy of caudate & putamen (striatum) Compensatory hydrocephalus of lateral
ventricles*.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Normal - Huntington’s
Striatum
Atrophy
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Parkinson’s: "shaking palsy" Parkinsonism: Clinical sy.
dopamine antagonists, post encephalitis. Toxins: MPTP(heroin),
Parkinson’s disease – Primary atrophy of substantia nigra. Dopaminergic system.
Clinical features: Diminished facial expressions, stooped posture, Slow voluntary movements, festinating gait, rigidity &
fine rolling tremors. tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity (45-60 years) Inhibition of movement & dementia in some cases.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Pathology of Parkinson’s disease: Gross: Loss of pigment in
substantia nigra. Neuronal loss,
degeneration, Loss of neurons replaced
by gliosis (microglia) Lewy bodies (α-synuclein)
in neurons.
L
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Lewy body dementia: 10-15% of Parkinsons with
dementia (Alzheimers) impaired memory of recent
events, confusion, language problems.
Dementia + visual Hallucinations.
Lewy body (α-synuclein) in many part of cortex & substantia nigra (global)
Atrophy of cortex like AD.
cortical Lewy bodies (α-synuclein) special stain.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Vascular Dementia: (Multi-infarct) Second most common after AD. Different
from senile dementia. Different pathophysiological types.
Mild vascular cognitive impairment – artereosclerosis.
Multi-infarct / single large infarctHypertensive lacunar lesions.Binswanger disese – subcortical
leukoencephalopathy - boxers, trauma.Mixed – AD+vascular.
Anybody who thinks money will make you happy, hasn't got it….!
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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CNS Degenerations: Classification Neuronal Degenerations.
Primary Degenerations: Global – Alzheimer, Lewy body, Fronto-temporal Selective/System – Parkinsons, Huntingtons, MND
Secondary Degenerations: Toxic, metabolic(storage), infections, nutritional.
Disorders of Myelin:Demyelinating Disorders - Multiple sclerosisDysmylinating disorders – Leukodystrophies.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Demyelinating Disorders: Selective myelin damage - axon sparing. Defective transmission of impulse. Prognosis repair & axon damage. Types & Classification
Immune – Multiple sclerosisGenetic – Metabolic, Leukodystrophy.Vitamin deficiency – Vit B12 Infections – JC virus
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Multiple Sclerosis Commonest. CNS only. Autoimmune (Gen+Env+AI) Limb Weakness, paraesthesia Relapsing & remitting. Progressive death in years. Multiple soft pink plaques of
demyelination- periventricular. Inflammation, perivascular T
lymphocytes & plasma cells. CSF - oligoclonal IgG. Reactive gliosis.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Multiple Sclerosis Plaque:
Section of fresh brain showing brown plaque around occipital horn of the lateral ventricle.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Multiple Sclerosis: Demyelinated plaques
Microscopy showed loss of myelination with many lipid macrophages.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Multiple Sclerosis - plaques
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Multiple Sclerosis - plaques
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MS – Periventricular plaque
MS
Like patches of grey matter within white matter…!
Normal
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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MS- Plaques – Myelin stain.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Multiple Sclerosis – Chronic plaque Sharp area of
myelin loss (white area in this blue myelin stain)
Plaque contain fibrillary astrocytes. A few lymphocytes and macrophages are present around blood vessels (V)
Normal myelinated white matter appears blue.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Metabolic CNS Disorders: Alcoholism induced CNS
disorders: Wernicke syndrome (vit B1
def.) Central pontine
myelinolysis Cortical atrophy Atrophy of vermis of the
cerebellum
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Vitamin Def & Neuropathy: A - Benign intracranial
hypertension (rare) B1 Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome B2 Peripheral
neuropathy, ataxia,dementia
B6 Convulsions in infants B12 Weakness and
paraesthesiae in the lower limbs (1 & 3)
C Scurvy E Weakness, sensory
loss, ataxia, nystagmus
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Wernicke's encephalopathy:
Recurrent petechial hemorrhages in the hypothalamus, mamillary bodies with atrophy.Wernicke’s Sy: Altered Thermal regulation & consciousness, ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus. Korsokoff Psychosis: Loss of recent memory compensated by confabulation.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Korsakoff's disease: Note: Shrunken, bodies brown mammillary bodies indicating chronic stage or Korsakoff's disease.
Central pontine myelinolysis. Demyelination of the center of the basis pontis. Cause is unknown but is usually in chronic alcoholics and is often associated with rapid over-correction of hyponatremia.
Alcoholic cerebellar atrophy. Shrunken folia and widened fissures of the anterior, superior vermis of the cerebellum. Another change which may be found in chronic alcoholics.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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Kernictirus – Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
Kern+Ictirus – yellow nuclei. Complication of Neonatal
jaundice. Polycythemia, Hemolytic disease of new born. Hemolytic anemia.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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ALS_Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Progressive motor weakness
leading to death. Degeneration of upper motor
neurons (spastic paralysis). Middle age, men more, Familial & geographic
(Guam, PNG, Japan.. ) Loss of motor neurons in
lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts.
Degeneration of lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts (myelin stain).
Degeneration of upper motor neurons and causes spasticity,
brisk reflexes, and up-going plantar responses. Lower motor neurons and their axons are not involved.
Therefore, there is no muscle atrophy.
Pathology of CNS degenerations:Disease Lesion Components Location
Alzheimer disease
Plaques &NF tangles
β-Amyloid & tau Extracellular Intracytoplasmic
Frontotemporal dementias(eg. Picks)
NF tangles tau Intracytoplasmic
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Lewy bodies α-Synuclein Intracytoplasmic
Parkinson disease
Lewy bodies α-Synuclein Intracytoplasmic
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Spheroids Neurofilament subunits/super-oxide dismutase (SOD-1)
Intracytoplasmic
Multi system atrophy
Glial inclusions
tau Intracytoplasmic
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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CPC-3.6– CNS –Degenerations Pathology - Core Learning Issues:
Pathology & Pathogenesis of common Dementias/CNS degenerations.
Overview of rare forms of degenerative CNS disorders.
Dementia diagnosis & Laboratory investigations. Basic science - Core Learning Issues:
Structure and function of brain Areas of brain dealing with higher cognitive function Age related changes in structure & function of brain.
Senile dementia.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
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…To leave the world a better place. To know even one life has breathed easier because you have lived… that is success..! -- Ralph Waldo Emerson
38y recurrent limb weakness 9m, MRI ? Diagnosis
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Multiple sclerosis
2. Parkinsons
3. Alzheimer’s
4. Huntington’s
5. Pick’s disease
38y depression, chorea ? Diagnosis
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Multiple sclerosis
2. Parkinsons
3. Alzheimer’s
4. Huntington’s
5. Pick’s disease
CNS Degenerative disorders…
A. B. C. D. E.
0% 0%0%0%0%
A 65 year old woman with 3y history of emotional disturbances, irritability, irresponsible and difficulty with activities of daily living. Now she has difficulty talking. Image shows appearance of her brain. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Briefly discuss pathogenesis of this condition?
B. List 3 gross and Microscopic feature of this disease?
C. List 3 differentiating features of Alzheimers & this disease?.
A. Huntington’s disease.
B. Alzheimer’s disease.
C. Pick’s disease.
D. Parkinson’s disease
E. Multiinfarct dementia.
A 56-year-old man is rushed to the emergency room after collapsing while shoveling snow. The patient has no pulse on admission but is resuscitated. Laboratory studies show elevated serum levels of cardiac-specific proteins, and ECG confirms a transmural infarct of the left ventricle. The patient expires 2 weeks later of cardiac tamponade. Examination of the patient's brain at autopsy would most likely reveal necrosis of Purkinje cells and selective loss of neurons in which of the following regions?
A. B. C. D. E.
0% 0%0%0%0%
A. Frontal lobes
B. Hippocampus
C. Hypothalamus
D. Occipital lobes
E. Thalamus
CNS Degenerative disorders…
A 28 year old woman with ataxia, diplopia on lateral gaze and flashes of light on eye movement. CSF analysis shows increased proteins, lymphocytes and oligoclonal IgG bands and normal glucose. Image shows gross specimen of brain with lesions typical of this disease. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Briefly discuss etiology & pathogenesis of this condition?
B. Describe the gross features shown in the image?
C. List other clinical features? What is the prognosis of this condition?
A. B. C. D. E.
23%
30%
17%17%
13%
A. Parkinson’s disease
B. MCA infarct.
C. Lacunar Infarcts.
D. Multiple sclerosis.
E. Viral encephalitis.
38y female recurrent limb weakness. Image shows white mater stained for myelin.? Diagnosis
A. B. C. D. E.
23%
17%
20%
10%
30%
A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Parkinsons
C. Alzheimer’s
D. Huntington’s
E. Pick’s disease
72y Male progressive severe dementia, Image shows amyloid stain of his brain. ? Diagnosis
1 2 3 4 5
27%
23%
13%
23%
13%
1. Pick’s disease.
2. Huntington’s disease.
3. Alzheimer’s disease.
4. Multi-infarct dementia.
5. Senile dementia.
38y fem recurrent tremor & limb weakness progressive over 13 years. ? Diag
1 2 3 4 5
17%
23%
13%
23%23%
1. Multiple sclerosis
2. Hypertensive-stroke.
3. Alzheimer’s
4. Huntington’s
5. Pick’s disease
CNS Degenerative disorders…
A. B. C. D. E.
20% 20%
10%
27%
23%
A 48 year old man with a year long history of worsening jerky, choreo-athetoid movements of all limbs, bradykinesia and rigidity. Image shows coronal section of a brain specimen showing typical features of his disease. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Briefly discuss pathogenesis of this condition? (Trineucleotide repeat dis)
B. Describe the gross features shown in the image?
C. what other clinical features are expected in this disease?
A. Picks disease.
B. Lewy body disease.
C. Huntington’s disease.
D. Multiple sclerosis.
E. Amyotropic lateral sclerosis.
A 60-year-old man with a 15-year history of diabetes mellitus type II complains of deep burning pain and sensitivity to touch over his hands and fingers. Nerve conduction studies show slow transmission of impulses and diminished muscle stretch reflexes in both ankles and knees. Sensations to vibrations and light touch are also markedly diminished. Laboratory analysis of CSF shows no biochemical abnormalities. Which of the following is the most likely type of peripheral nerve disease in this patient?
A. B. C. D. E.
23%
20%
17%
23%
17%
A. Autonomic neuropathy
B. Distal polyneuropathy
C. Inflammatory neuropathy
D. Mononeuropathy
E. Paraproteinemic polyneuropathy
58y M, Progressive bradykinesia, dementia & Hallucinations ? Diagnosis
A. B. C. D. E.
20% 20%
27%
30%
3%
A. Alzheimer’s
B. Parkinson’s
C. Motor neurone disease
D. Syringomyelia
E. Lewy body disease
A 35-year-old man with Down syndrome dies of acute lympho-blastic leukemia. Gross examination of the patient's brain at autopsy shows mild microcephaly and underdevelopment of the superior temporal gyri. Histologic examination would most likely show which of the following neuropathologic changes?
A. B. C. D. E.
17%
30%
13%
20%20%
A. AA amyloidosis
B. Lewy body dementia
C. Leukemic infiltrates
D. Neurofibrillary tangles
E. Old healed infarcts.
CNS Degenerative disorders…
A. B. C. D. E.
17% 17%
23%
13%
30%
A 35 year old HIV +ve man with Kaposisarcoma has a 3 day history of headache and confusion followed by seizures and hemiparesis. CT scan showed multiple ring-enhancing lesions. Image shows Gross appearance and MRI of a brain typical of this disorder. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Multiple Aspergilloma.
B. Cerebral TB lesions.
C. Multiple Abscesses.
D. Multiple sclerosis plaques.
E. Cerebral metastases.
A. What does “ring enhancing” lesion mean?
B. Briefly discuss etiology and pathogenesis?
C. List other pathologic findings expected in the brain of a AIDS patiets?.
38y fem, recurrent attacks of limb weakness, paraesthesia worsened over 7 years resulting in death due to respiratory failure. Image shows her brain specimen. What is the most likely Diagnosis?
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Multiinfarct dementia.
2. Parkinsons disease.
3. Multiple sclerosis
4. Motor neurone disease.
5. Lacunar infarcts.
52y male, dementia, depression with choreiform movements.
Image of his brain(B) compared with normal (A) ?Diagnosis
A B
A. B. C. D. E.
0% 0%0%0%0%
A. Binswanger disease
B. Parkinsons disease
C. Alzheimers disease
D. Pick’s disease
E. Huntington’s disease
78y M, Dementia, memory loss and spacial disorientation. Cortical biopsy. ? Diagnosis
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0%0%0%0%
Cortical biopsy - β amyloid immunostain
1. Alzheimer’s
2. Parkinson’s
3. Lewy body disease
4. Huntington’s disease
5. Pick’s disease
78y, Dementia, Aphasia, Image shows Hippocampus biopsy stained with anti tau stain. ? Diagnosis
A. B. C. D. E.
0% 0%0%0%0%
A. Multiple sclerosis
B. Parkinsons
C. Alzheimer’s
D. Multi-infarct dementia
E. Pick’s disease
78y Male progressive severe dementia, Image shows amyloid stain of his brain.? Identify structure A
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Neurofibrillary tangles.
2. Amyloid plaques.
3. Amyloid Angiopathy
4. Astrocytes - Gliosis.
5. Neuronophagia.
58y female vocalist difficulty remembering songs, depression, dementia & gait abnormality. Image shows brain biopsy. What is the most likely diagnosis?
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Alzheimer’s disease.
2. Pick’s disease.
3. Huntington’s disease.
4. Lewy body disease.
5. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
CJD: Spongiform degeneration (vacuoles) no inflammation - Slowly progressive ataxia and dementia.Prion protein (APrP amyloid) – form template to make more abnormal protein (not a living being) Infection From contaminated brain of infected animal. Prion diseases: Kuru, CJD, Scrapie, and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow disease).
38y progressive weakness, spasticity, dysphagia and loss of muscle mass. Image shows section of spinal cord stained for myelin. Diagnosis?
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0%0%0%0%
1. Multiple sclerosis2. Parkinsons3. Motor neurone disease4. Syringomyelia5. Spinal cord infarction.
30y F, 7 day history of mild tremor in her arms and impaired balance when walking. Vital signs are normal. Her symptoms disappear the following week, but recures several times over next 4 years gradually developed weakness requiring assistance when walking. Neurologic examination reveals ataxia, dysarthria, decreased vibratory sensation, absent abdominal reflexes, increased deep tendon reflexes, and a Babinski sign on the left. Fifteen years after the onset of symptoms, the patient becomes bedridden and dies. A coronal section of the patient's brain at autopsy is stained for myelin (shown). Which of the following histopathologic findings would be expected in the lesions seen in the patient's brain?
A. B. C. D. E.
0% 0%0%0%0%
A. Astrogliosis
B. Lewy bodies
C. Myelin loss.
D. Neuritic plaques
E. Neuronophagia.
What is the best clinical description for the image?
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0%0%0%0%
1. 83y man – dementia, memory loss and disorientation.
2. 43y man -abnormal movements who committed suicide
3. 56y woman -progressive paralysis
4. 60y man -tremor, rigidity and dementia
5. 73y woman –Dementia aphasia but intact memory.
What is the best clinical description for the image?
1 2 3 4 5
0% 0%0%0%0%
1. 83y man – dementia, memory loss and disorientation.
2. 43y man -abnormal movements who committed suicide
3. 56y woman -progressive paralysis
4. 60y man -tremor, rigidity and dementia
5. 73y woman –Dementia aphasia intact memory.
ADHDALSPDPick
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CPC-3.6– KFP Questions: Dementia – definition, classification. Primary:
Alzheimer's, Pick's, Huntington's & Diffuse Lewy body disease.
Secondary:CVD, Infections, Neoplasms, haematoma,
hydrocephalus.drugs and toxins metabolic, vitamin def. (e.g. B1, B2, B12).
Demyelinating disorders:Multiple sclerosis, MND,
The only real mistake is the one from which we learn nothing!
JOHN POWELL:
10 – 10 – 10minutes months years
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The 10-10-10 rule.
"I wasn't living my life. My life was living me. I realised I made many of my decisions as if I was watching from a moving car. (decisions for instant pleasure…)
“I realised all I really had to do to reclaim my life was to Start making decisions by considering their consequences in the immediate present, near term and distant future.. i.e . In ten months, in ten minutes and in ten years”.
-- Suzy Welch.
"Education is for ‘life’.. not for mere ‘living’
"The end of education is character" -
BABA
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MND: Case study: A 25 year old woman developed progressive weakness of the left arm
during the second trimester of her first pregnancy.Over the next few months she developed progressive weakness of the arms and later the legs and respiratory muscles. On examination she had reduced limb reflexes, with grade 1 power in the arms and grade 1 - 2 in the legs. Wasting and fasciculation were not seen. Sensation was normal. Nerve conduction studies showed evidence of axonal degeneration in motor nerves only. Normal investigations included MRI of the brain, cervical spine and brachial plexus, sural nerve biopsy, antiganglioside antibodies, CSF examination, lyme, syphilis and HIV serology, heavy metal levels, hexosaminidase levels, SOD-1 gene and mitochondrial DNA analyses. 10 months after the onset of her symptoms she required ventilation. Despite treatment with intravenous gammaglobulin, methyl prednisolone and plasma exchange her condition deteriorated and she became globally weak and areflexic, with involvement of bulbar muscles. Ocular movements were preserved until shortly before death. At times she appeared inappropriately cheerful, but cognition was normal. Sensation and autonomic function remained normal throughout the disease duration. She was ventilated for 27 months prior to death.
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MND: Atrophy of anterior nerve roots.
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Case study 1 62-year-old minister is having trouble
composing his sermons. wife tells that members of the church have
complained that the pastor is making many mistakes. (Patient denies)
"I can't grasp the profounder thoughts.“
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Case study 2 A 73y widow, brought by daughter. She
lives alone, and continues to drive. The daughter reports that her mother has
become more disoriented during telephone conversations. Discussions with the mother's friends reveal memory lapses and inappropriate decisions.
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Case study 3 A 62-year-old tool-and-die maker,
accompanied by his wife, appears for an office visit. He has no physical complaints, but his wife reports a progressive decline in his short-term memory.
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Case study 4 64y male, 2-year history severe depression. insomnia
and early morning wakening. The patient typically woke feeling "unrefreshed", and the collateral history from the spouse suggested that the patient was "less active" during sleep, with reduced turning, and a tendency to sleep on his back throughout the night.
attention and concentration were impaired, experiencing "slowing" and "difficulty getting going" with tasks. The patient reported feeling suspicious of others, and had concerns that people intended him harm. However, the patient did not describe any hallucinations.
When questioned further, the patient reported that he was slower in his day-to-day activities, gait change, uncontrolled walking gait.. with a reduction in spontaneity and physical activity. He also reported a relatively recent onset of anxiety and irritability with associated tremor, which he thought was perhaps more marked on the left side. His appetite and weight were unchanged.
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Neuropathies And Myopathies Neuronal / Muscular damage: Causes:
Hereditary Motor & Sensory neuropathies Inflammatory - Diphtheria, Infectious: HZV, HIV, LeprosyAcquired/ Metabolic: Diabetes, UraemiaVitamin B12 defToxins: Alcohol, Lead toxicity, Drugs
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Diabetic Neuropathy Types:
Distal symmetric sensory neuropathy: tingling numbness, loss of pain in toes, hands, legs.
Autonomic neuropathyFocal asymmetric neuropathy: cranial/
peripheral nerve involvement Pathogenesis:
Microangiopathy, ischemia, Hyperosmolar cell damage by polyols, myelin loss in sensory nerves.
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Herpetic Neuralgia (HZ infection) Sensory ganglia of spinal cord & brain
stem. Reactivation of latent infection following
decrease in cell mediated immunity. Painful vesicular lesions in the distribution
of sensory dermatome, trigeminal nerve. Intranuclear inclusions are generally not
found in the peripheral nerve lesions.
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Inflammatory/ Immune Neuropathy (Guillain-Barre Syndrome):
Life threatening spinal neuropathy following an acute viral illness:
Clinical Features: Distal limb weakness & paraesthesia which
progresses to affect proximal muscles (Ascending Paralysis)
Death usually due to respiratory paralysis Pathogenesis:
T-cell mediated response, inflammation of peripheral nerves & segmental demyelination
Pathology: CSF: Albumino-Cytological dissociation
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Myopathies: Muscular degeneration, weakness &
wasting. 3 main groups
Muscular dystrophies – Abnormal structure. Myositis – Inflammation / immune. Myopathy- Degeneration. Usually sec to
systemic disease: eg.Thyrotoxicosis or Neurogenic muscular atrophy.
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Brain Activity: PET Scan (language skills)
Hearing Words Speaking Words Seeing Words Thinking about Words
Different mental activities take place in different parts of the brain. Positron emission tomography (PET) scans can measure this activity.
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Cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's:
Severe cortical atrophy, narrow gyri, wider sulci. White matter loss leading to dilated ventricles (compensatory hydrocephalus).
Hippocampus Atrophy
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Disease Sites affected Clinical features Genetic basisFriedreich's ataxia Spinal cord
Sensory nucleiCerebellum
AtaxiaSensory lossDeafnessAutosomal recessive inheritance
CAA triplet expansion in frataxin gene on 9q
Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia type 1
Purkinje cellsGranular neuronesInferior olivary nuclei
AtaxiaNystagmusAutosomal dominant inheritance
CAG triplet expansion in ataxin-1 gene on 6p
Dentatorubro-pallidoluysial atrophy (DRPLA)
Dentate nucleusGlobus pallidusSubthalamusRed nucleus
ChoreaMyoclonic epilepsyDementiaAutosomal dominant inheritance
CAG triplet expansion in gene on 12p
Multiple system atrophy (Shy-Drager syndrome)
Substantia nigraPurkinje cellsPontine nucleiSpinal autonomic nuclei
AtaxiaSensory lossTremorOrthostatic hypotension
Unknown
System Degenrations: