Patent for a packet-switched smart grid - patent application 9

Concept HouseCardiff Road

NewportSouth Wales

NP10 8QQ

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Mr. Nicholas Paul Robinson17 West End Road, Cottingham, HU16 5PL

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3 Title of the invention: Packet-Switched Smart Grid

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1013324.7 1013136.5 1014086.1

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09 / 08 / 2010 05 / 08 / 2010 24 / 08 / 2010

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Packet-Switched Smart Grid

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Abstract

A low environmental impact virtual circuit ring located within a distributed ribbon

mesh network topology provides a peripheral extension to the National Grid Power

Supply with D.C. power cable-integrated charge packet-switching and messaging.

Local charge-caching, generation, community electric fuel stations and combined heat

and power CHP with local micro-generation and environmentally-sourced generation

enable semi-autonomous grid operation, enhanced energy security, evening-out

upstream supply and demand variation with electric vehicle battery caching and

improved reliability and efficiency. Facilitating greener energy provision with a

“value-added network” topped up by offshore macro and domestic micro renewable

energy generation, this coastal ring network extension facilitates peripheral power

transmission and electric transport from the substation level down.

Backed up at the substation level by local caches of electricity as supplied by electric

vehicle charging substations, home battery backup, operating with routing switched

mode power supply units switched-mode PSUs, coupled with un-interruptible power

supplies UPS’s with inverters capable of providing step-up / step-down chopped AC /

DC domestic power supply; this networked National Grid extension facilitates an

(un)interruptible ‘stand together’ virtual ring facilitating drive-through electric fuel

stations as active vehicle battery storage charge-caching sub-stations to compliment

and extend the existing centralised National Grid network topology into a ‘Spiders

web’.

This proposal may be developed as a new IEEE 802.x standard e.g. “802.3x Ethernet”

for high reliability self-regulating cable-integrated power packet switched peripheral

power grid network extensions whilst reusing existing AC power grid cabling.

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Fig. 1a Fig. 1b

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1

23

4

7

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9 10

13

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20 19

21

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5 5

5

5

Fig. 1c

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Fig. 1d

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92 93

95 97

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90

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Fig. 2

TCP/IP Protocol Stack 16

Application (the Grid controllers displays

with manual power control override commands)

IIS & Winsock APIs, remote database stubs

with pointers for charge accounting,

client user HMIs[1]

TCP

IP

Ethernet Driver

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Ethernet Frame 20

46 – 1,500 Bytes (variable) x 8 = 12,000 bits per Frame

Ethernet Header14 Bytes

IP Header20 Bytes

TCP Header20 Bytes

The Power Packet containing the Chopped Charge (Application Data)Variable length

Ethernet Transmission Line (the physical network cable Comprising the power line)

IP Datagram (Packet)

Ethernet Trailer 4 Bytes

User Data the actual chopped charge pulse transmitted

Application Header

User Data

IP Header

TCP Header

Application ‘Message’

The Power Packet containing the Chopped Charge (Application Data)

TCP Header

The Power Packet containing the Chopped Charge (Application Data)

TCP Segment (addressed charge packet)

21 direction of switched packet charge travel through one network leg at 1-10 mbps.

15

Fig. 3a

13

8

11 12 11

9 17

10

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Direction of fragmented power packet travel through each leg of the Ethernet-work

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Fig. 3b

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32

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28 29

Fig. 4

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42 400KV -> 132KVAC

43 33KVAC

33KVAC

11KV AC

49 230VDC Packet-switched

3.3KVDC drive-throughpacket-switched forecourt

3KVDC ->230VDC Packet-switched local ring energy cache 41Electric fuel station charging (intermittent)Ethernet or token ring

11KVDC / 3.3KVDC Chopping Packet-switchedSub Station Node

49 230VDC chopped packet switched

12VDCCharging

44 3.3KVDC Packet-Switched

3.3KVDC Packet-Switched

45

46

40

47

48

51

50

52

Packet switching charge-caching power router step-up3.3KVDC -> 11KVDC

66 (Fig. 6)

CHP GeneratorIntermittent

Backbone DC Segments

53

53

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Fig. 5

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52

63

53 65

59

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50

5554

45

48

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67 66

64

UPS

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Fig. 6a Fig. 6b

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65

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67 64

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7465

63

63

74

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Fig. 7 [10]

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70

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76 74

Green inward-pointing arrows 77 show offshore distributed peripheral ribbon mesh energy input

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72 75 77

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Fig. 8

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80 84 81 101 86 85

87

Write / ReadEthernet Protocol encoder-decoder

Switching Router Decoder

90

Street 3.3KV

Diac writes power pulsesTo Triac

102 103

Read

Read

100 Write

Street switch up / down link

92

93 94

91

95

102

RL

RL

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Packet-Switched Smart Grid

The current invention relates to a low environmental impact power line-integrated

network standard for a smart National Grid electricity supply infrastructure extension

with a combined means of supply and demand-lead, interruption-tolerant, peripheral

environmental energy transmission, distribution, storage, caching, ordering and

generation.

This proposal for a peripheral extension to the National Grid is made in light of the

UK “Energy mix” based on a ‘level playing field’ [7] energy diverse market in

response to The Secretary of State for Energy’s call to develop a “Smart Grid” and

General Electric’s US/International “Smart Grid” Competition Announcement in July

2010 where intermittent decentralised wind solar wave ocean and tidal flow combined

with more continuous centralised Fossil fuels and Nuclear generation contribute to

National energy provision.

This development may form the basis for a Green Paper on future UK and US digital

energy provision.

Trickle-through, charge packet-switched digital DC grid topologies can provide a

decentralised extension to the traditional trickle-down AC centralised National Grid

topology, providing the basis for a new “IEEE 802.x Physical Layer” Standard for

integrated smart electrical distributed power grids [6].

Key advantages of deploying this invention

It is possible to transmit electrical power at relatively low voltages hence with low

environmental impact over large distances using mesh network power cable topologies

with distributed intermittent environmental energy generation, substation vehicle

charge caching (Figure 4), and repeater stations, creating a “value-added network” or

VAN. Because of the highly parallel nature of mesh or ‘spiders-web’ circuits as

distributed (Figure 1) through wind farms and communities, high tension power

cabling can be kept to a minimum (Figures 3b and 6). By deploying 3.3KVDC cabling

for routing across and extending the existing peripheral AC Grid cabling distribution

infrastructure, said power lines may be laid in the ground and under water rather than

routed through visually intrusive pylons. Whilst wind turbines are visually intrusive

especially when deployed onshore, intermittent wave tidal and ocean flow

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generation combined with this invention can provide much lower overall

environmental impact at lower cost. Electric vehicle charge caching at the substation

level down combined with CHP cover the shortfalls caused by generation

intermittency as produced by wind, tidal flow and solar energy. Along with domestic

micro-generation, source-independency is achieved by digital charge packet switching,

meeting the demand and supply requirements for semi-autonomous, smarter, Greener

Grid operation.

This invention outlines the requirement for an integrated smart National Grid

peripheral power infrastructure extension, able to accommodate a green mix of ‘supply

and demand-led’ distributed packet-switched energy generation with variable

dynamics and distributed charge storage as provided by electric vehicles domestic

battery caches. Deploying adapted bridges switches and routers capable of switch-

chopping power loads in electricity cables using adapted switched mode chopper

power supply units switched-mode PSUs and UPS [2] principles of operation, this

invention utilises a distributed peripheral ‘ribbon mesh’ topology to route switch-

chopped, medium-voltage (3.3-11KV) low environmental impact DC digitally-

switched routed charge packets with smart power supply infrastructure.

This digital infrastructure enables the supply of conventional compatible single phase

230VAC front-end clients (in the UK) and 115VAC (in the US) at the socket with

high reliability ‘seven-nines’ electricity from intermittent interruptible and multi-

sourced chopped DC domestic and community generated power supplies including

wind, wave, solar, ocean and tidal flow in interoperation with a conventional National

grid infrastructure.

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Notes:

1. IBM’s redundant “Token Ring” for example, suited to electric fuel station battery

charge-caching, conforms to 802.5x, an accepted but defunct industry standard and

“Ethernet for example conforms to 802.3x at the physical layer (they use different

cables connectors and network signalling hardware) with both sharing higher

levels of logical addressing and flow messaging e.g. encapsulated TCP/IP

protocols in common [7] [9].

2. There are advantages of adopting different protocols for power vs. communication

standards, including providing security from hackers:- for example denial of

service DOS attacks with ‘malware’ by restricting commercial access to hardware

along with more secure ‘firmware locked-down’ router design, encryption and by

using alternative (other-standard) networked operating systems.

3. Packet collision does not cause power cables to overload and datagram collisions

(dropped packets) are absorbed or re-routed by local router or bridging router [9]

energy caches creating self-regulation.

4. When the National Grid was originally conceived, electronic power switching and

chopped high voltage DC power supply technology as used in today’s computers

did not exist. Full-wave silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs, thyristors, Diacs and

Triacs) and high power and high speed electronic power transistor voltage and

current switching has since the 1960s become commonplace, replacing and

improving older and less reliable noisy electro-mechanical switching.

5. Sufficient electric vehicle batteries are held in a storage charging stack to

overcome peripheral green energy supply intermittency e.g. from renewable

resources especially wind wave solar and tidal flow.

6. This proposal also facilitates the ‘piecemeal’ upgrade of the National Grid using

the more versatile “connectionless” and “connection-oriented” virtual circuit

network protocol-driven soft switching technology to compliment and gradually

replace the existing physical point-to-point physical networks junction boxes hard

switching hubs and step-down transformers and adding new cross-network digital

controlled chopped and packet-switched 3.3KVDC 1,000A street-level cabling to

create a mesh or ‘spiders web’

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Deploying DC chopped switching power supply as a known power engineering

alternative to stepping-up and down voltages with transformers as supplied by The

National Grid substation infrastructure is known in the prior art to include personal

computer mains power supplies. Grid power has however been traditionally generated

centrally and distributed and transmitted over large distances through high voltage AC

three-phase cable networks (132-400KV AC, 33KV DC UK; 345-1,000KV AC US) to

sub-stations where it is transformed into lower voltage networks for local distribution

via substations (11KV, 3.3KV UK) with further step-downs via cables and

transformers into separate legs for distribution at street level, supplied to each

household consumer at 230VAC per phase and 3-phase to industrial clients.

By originally opting for alternating (AC) rather than direct (DC) current

infrastructures (Tesla Vs. Edison, USA), step-down transformers could be readily

deployed, thereby providing power engineers with a standardised tool-set i.e. an AC

infrastructure for transmitting and distributing power to remote communities [7].

Communications networks have in the prior art evolved from the DC signalling of the

“Ancient Telegraph”; through from mechanical-switched multiplexing “point-to-

point” services to electronic digital transmission with digital repeaters to “virtual

connection-oriented and connectionless” packet-switched services [6].

Power amplification with low signal to noise has always been required for maximising

the distance between digital repeaters and bandwidth as deployed in submarine cables

for example, but the transmission of power over large distances has not been the

primary objective; rather bandwidth and reduced cable materials and hence cost.

Power grids however also require to undergo a comparable transformation to

communications networks to meet the new challenges of demand and supply posed by

distributed environmental energy generation, energy diversity and energy security.

A technical network summary of the proposed networked power grid system will now

be provided: -

A distributed virtual ring with a ribbon mesh network topology provides a peripheral

extension to the National Grid Power Supply with DC power cable-integrated packet-

switching and local charge caching and environmentally-sourced generation enables

enhanced energy security reliability and efficiency provision.

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The existing National Grid provides “point-to-point” connections that can be described

as: real, physical, hard-wired, switched, transformer stepped-down, AC three phase

with routing for fixed distribution within each leg: the proposed complimentary

peripheral extension to the Grid provides more flexible and adaptive “connectionless

services” delivered by packet switching routed through “connection oriented” and or

“connectionless” power networks deploying communications protocols to target

demand more efficiently thereby establishing “virtual circuit connections” for

“streaming” power efficiently overcoming the fixed tree branch and phase leg’s rigid

structural topology limitations, with decentralised power generation and consumption

made available across and between distributed networks thereby efficiently targeting

all the available limited supply to points of demand [1].

Chopped Switched-mode PSUs modified to run under intelligent charge packet-

switching bridge-router control supply power cabling infrastructures. Featuring DC

charge converters and inverters to step-up and step-down mains voltages they can re-

create the sinusoidal power waveforms at synchronised mains frequency to boost

existing AC power lines efficiently. Such systems are capable of intervening at

different locations in the switched power generation hierarchy, enabling bi-directional

and distributed power flow in a ‘trickle-through’ networked Packet-switched DC Grid

topology extension as described, assisted by battery backup providing uninterrupted

power supplies UPS’s charge-caching functionality [2] [6]. Said power switched-mode

PSUs exist in the prior art in computer power supplies [5] however and they offer a

better route forward when combined with packet switching for future power

distribution than existing step-down transformer substation networks, with client ‘front

end’ local AC electronic inverters being readily available off the shelf to power

domestic appliances at the socket in a similar way to un-interruptible power supplies

UPS’s featuring inverters and batteries.

By adopting chopped time-sliced DC packet switching for mains distribution with

Ethernet Protocols embedded, a tunnelling remote power supply can be implemented

across networks to prioritise supply and demand. The power is thereby transmitted

through an ‘intranet-work’ to another intranet forming an ‘extranet’ with a ‘tunnelling

protocol’, forming a ‘virtual connection’ or ‘connection orientated’ rather than a

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‘connectionless’ link, whilst retaining it’s signalling instructions with ‘encapsulation’

for indirection within each intranet. Each intranet leg forms an Ethernet.

When a generated chopped switched power packet leaves the intranet, the gateway

power packet-switching router reads and then strips its local over-laid intranet

addressing instructions from its protocol signalling header, spreading out and

fragmenting it to allow it to discover the exit gateway router, freeing it to continue its

journey to its programmed destination via the extranet as described.

Demand-led Remote Power Supply

The Internet packets are by the nature of the TCP/IP protocol dispersed throughout an

internet-work or grid, with each node sharing part of the load. The packets permeate

everywhere populating every node with traffic in connectionless protocol mode in

practise. The Internet was originally designed as a mesh topology to survive nuclear

attacks knocking out members of the network. It became interruptible, recoverable and

fault-tolerant with other nodes automatically re-distributing switching and sharing the

load. The network topology became self adapting, re-configuring dynamically to

supply and demand loading.

When a load demand is placed on the network by a grid member as a client, the

signalling client first broadcasts, using the Internet control messaging protocol ICMP

or tunnelling a protocol with encrypted header and data virtual private networks VPNs

with Microsoft’s L2TP for example, a request for power supply. This is achieved by

setting a bit in its signalling protocol packet header which is read by routers in the

local power supply hierarchy. Power is then routed as packets through the grid to the

client, which may form a routed stream, a tunnel or virtual circuit connection or

alternatively may comprise a re-assembled stream of chopped packet segments sent in

a ‘connectionless’ configuration. The upside of this is that power is always made

available to all the clients on demand, but that it may on be shared-out in a pro-rata

basis and prioritised according to the type of connection demanded by the messaging

protocol deployed as described.

High quality ‘VPN tunnelled’ demand to include life support systems and mission-

critical computer power supplies which may be prioritised at the expense of low

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quality demand such as heating, electric vehicle battery charging and ventilation,

similar to “Off-Peak” electricity generally supplied overnight to clients at a lower rate

due to its interruptible and therefore lower grade nature when demand is low. Nodes

may have both server (supply) and client (sink) or active and passive roles; whilst

acting as distributed energy caches comprising electric vehicle battery banks, CHP

generators, micro-generation (rooftop-mounted low-power domestic systems).

The interruptible distributed ring topology may be implemented in the community as

an opt-in with ‘Stand-alone vs. Stand-together’ community status allocated. With

some more fortunate communities becoming self-sufficient in local energy generation,

they may also elect to ‘opt out’. They may then also however choose to become

servers or extranets to relay power to other neighbouring and more distant

communities via their networks, forming a ribbon of tunnelling networks to economise

on cabling and hence infrastructure overheads. Laying cables is expensive and

duplication is wasteful.

Local decentralised power generation for remote communities becomes more

favourable than remote centralised power supply and cabling, but the distributed

nature of ‘trickle-through’ energy provision minimises waste and is more economical

to deploy ‘bottom up’ rather than ‘top-down’ involving the whole community.

Opting in to communal energy provision also means supplying energy into the Grid

when a surplus is generated as frequently occurs with solar and wind-driven systems.

Whilst some communities will be self-sufficient by accident of location rather than

design for example by living near to a power station or an electric fuel station node,

they will require equal treatment. Advantageously, said virtual ring may provide

energy on a value added distributed renewable resource networking VAN basis to

supply adjacent mesh members and transmit power at relatively low voltages when

tunnelled as described over larger distances.

Substations interfacing with the 33KVAC National Grid via step-down high voltage

transformers to 11KVAC medium-high voltage supply are implemented as electric

fuel stations with large a battery charging storage capacity for charging electric

vehicles with de-mountable battery replacement. These substations are designated the

new community substation networked power nodes. Said nodes provide energy

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caching for connecting to peripheral systems to accommodate intermittent wind solar

wave and tidal power supply.

Urban, Suburban and Remote areas, depending upon location and co-operation, may

benefit more from standing together than standing alone for example through the

provision of electric fuel stations that may charge customers home energy accounts for

providing remote charging facilities for their electric vehicles.

By incorporating proven Ethernet power packet switching technology with

encapsulated routed Internet packet switching technology into power distribution, it is

possible technically to fully harness and overcome the problems of intermittent

decentralised environmental power generation whilst routing and prioritising demand

and load balancing with minimum energy loss and local charge caching.

The advantage of such a ‘packet charge-switched’ digital inter-network is that the load

can be distributed, intermittent and the demand can be multiple, intermittent and also

located anywhere within the internet-work, thereby targeting demand with supply

more efficiently. Packets can be re-assembled into near-continuous streams at the

receiving client end of the network, having travelled via diverse ‘trickle-through’

routes, depending upon the supply protocol. In an inter-network, electricity flows as

packets of information headed with signals embedded which the routers decode, read,

amplify, re-code and retransmit; directing and switching flows of information rather

than as power flowing through wires.

According to the present invention there is provided: -

A charge packet switched caching D.C. Electricity Grid Infrastructure extension

comprising: - a distributed peripheral virtual circuit tunnelling ring driven by

connection-oriented protocols co-located in a ribbon mesh topology driven by

connectionless network protocols, charge caching for local environmental power

sourced generation, demand-led micro-CHP generation from the substation level

down, power cable-integrated network protocol messaging, network mesh cabling

with routing charge packet chopping Ethernet electricity box repeater street switching

hubs and electric domestic and substation vehicle battery charge caching smart nodes.

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The invention will now be described: -

The Smart Electricity Grid extension advantageously facilitates a combined means of

distributed generation digital distribution and routing storing consuming and

producing packet-switched electricity continuously from distributed peripheral and

centralised mixed uninterrupted and interruptible sources to include combinations of

wind tidal flow ocean flow wave hydro-electric solar coal combined heat and power

oil gas coal and nuclear sources operating within a peripheral distributed ring network

of charge caching substation nodes to include electric vehicle battery-charging stations

and charge-coupled client caches.

Both power and information including voice may be conveyed economically along

existing single cable ‘noisy’ AC mains networks over short range. By combining

electronic power switching, chopped charge packet switched routing and computer

networking and signalling capabilities, a “Smart Grid” can be realised technically that

provides a flexible upgrade route for a National Grid, whilst maintaining service

provision and backward-compatibility with AC systems devices and clients. Ethernet

is currently being introduced ‘across the board’ in industrial processes to provide

mechanical control combined with reduced energy consumption and enhanced

production [4].

Detail UK and outline USA examples of the Invention will be described with

reference to the following figures: -.

Figure 1a shows the real hard-switched tree and Figure 1b the virtual circuit soft

switched mesh forming one element of the “ribbon mesh” topology.

Figure 1c shows one mesh-cell of the packet-switched network topology comprising

four router nodes connected by power cables at the domestic distribution street level.

Each house may demand, supply, draw, cache or provide power charge packets from

any addressable available source including its neighbours.

Figure 1d shows one mesh of the Grid providing street hub DC cable routing inter-

operating with the conventional and offshore macro green energy sources.

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Figure 2 shows the structure of an encapsulated power packet as it is prepared for

transmission through a smart 3.3KV DC grid for example comprising physical power

cables bridges gateways and router nodes which can convey transmit boost signal

switch chop redirect fragment and store said power packets of variable length as

electrical charge.

Figure 3 shows the fragmentation and switching of packets at the Physical Layer as a

development of the ‘Trickle-Through’ Grid Topology Figure 1 (right).

Figure 4 shows in schematic overview the extension to the AC National Grid

Infrastructure from the substation level down as an electric fuel station with DC

packet-switched extensions from supply-side sub-station offshore-onshore generation

to onshore micro-generation and demand-side consumption.

Figure 5 shows in schematic overview one domestic electricity box node with

integrated router-controlled switched-mode PSU and UPS with local charge caching

storage human-machine interface and energy generation.

Figure 6 shows in schematic form the full distributed ribbon mesh topology as an

extension mapped onto the UK National Grid.

Figure 7 shows the design principles extended to cover the main coastal and tidal areas

of the USA suited to ocean and tidal flow collection on a larger scale.

Figure 8 shows the hardware architecture of one street power switching robotic hub

with a domestic switched cable drops to smart UPSs

Referring to Figure 1;

The 400KVAC (UK) National Grid 7 backbone connects centralised conventional

power stations 4 which provide 132KVAC transmission lines 2 feeding remote

33KVAC stations 12 which then further transmit and distribute power underground 5

as 11KVAC to DC switching sub-station distribution transformer nodes 14. Power

network interconnection line 1 (centre) shows the interface between the existing AC

National Grid infrastructure hard-switched tree topology (Figure 1a, left) and the

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proposed soft-switching topology “trickle-through” extension as shown in Figure 1b

(right) inter-operating, connected at the 11KV sub-station level 14. The two inter-

network topologies are shown overlaid, forming the ‘spiders web’ ribbon mesh

topology with said sub-stations forming the distributed 11KVDC network switching

hubs whilst acting as charge-caching electric fuel stations.

Green-generated and cached electricity 6 is shown flowing into and across the mesh

weaving a 3.3KVDC said packet-switched spiders web and conventionally-sourced

grid electricity is shown flowing through the mesh vertically 8. The street nodes can

then switch traffic in the network as described to meet distributed supply and demand.

The Green grid topology extension running round the periphery of the country so

combined forms a super-set of the ‘trickle-through mesh’ grid topology (below), laid-

out as a “Ribbon mesh” of interconnected Ethernet legs 9 10 forming also a virtual

connection circuit switching ring routing charge packets 5 across and through the

networks (left to right) forming a “Virtual circuit” using “Connection orientated

TCP/IP protocol under “Application” control. Refer also to Figures 2 and 6.

The circular 11KVAC switching nodes also comprise electric vehicle fuel stations 14

as described. Incoming charge packets are chopped and routed down separate Ethernet

Network legs 9 10 as also shown in Figure 3. Networked nodes joining networked

power cables 9 10 (arrows depicting active pathways) are connected to switching

routers (circles). Traditional remote fossil fuel-burning central power station

generators are shown as circles in rectangles 4 in this simplified version of the

National Grid network driving two adjacent “point-to-point” hard-wired existing AC

street mains power transmission fan-outs forming distribution tree topologies.

The invention is described as a new 902.3x Ethernet Standard for smart distributed

powered grids. The Internet Protocol (transport layer protocol) may remain

unchanged.

Power is also routed through the cable network as stepped AC sine wave or DC

chopped charge packets (connecting arrow 1 shown dashed), which can act as a

conduit for distributed power transmission to neighbouring networks forming an inter-

network (right), which may be used to connect, extend, bridge and support the existing

grid (left) whilst providing simultaneous local power generation transmission and

distribution. Refer to [6] [8].

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Referring to Fig. 1c; one mesh cell is shown (bottom right) with street cabling

supplying packet switching street electricity box routers 17 connecting to up to 54

client node domestic dwellings 18 each. Refer also to Figure 2. Said mesh cell

comprises two Ethernet legs with two VAN-booster segments 19 with street hubs

connected, bounded by four corner routers. Domestic smart routers 18 may source

electricity locally 20 from the DC Green Grid Extension 19 and or the existing AC

National Grid networks 21 as shown.

The maximum permissible length of one 10mbps Ethernet street backbone segment 15

is 500M with up to 500M per domestic cable drop segment 16 using 10Base5 UTP

cable with RJ45 connectors. The number of “Value Added Network” VAN 500M

booster node-chained segments (domestic client nodes) per street of routers spanning

two gateway routers as shown (left) is limited to about five* giving up to 2.46KM*

maximum combined Ethernet cabling distance before packet collision rates increase

[8]. Up to 1,024 addressable smart domestic nodes (many homes) are available on one

Ethernet chained 3.3KV 100A DC charge packet-switching backbone (several streets)

with up to 54 houses connected to each street hub.

Rooftop domestic energy generation may be ‘value-added’ as UPS-accumulated pulse

charge packets to each segment of the switched VAN network 16 via said street

electricity box nodes to facilitate remote energy transmission through the ribbon mesh

virtual circuit as described.

As the street electricity supply is upgraded from 230VAC to 3.3KV DC packet-

switched, the existing AC domestic street supply cabling may also be upgraded to a

higher-voltage 3.3KV DC infrastructure as described or retained with broadband fibre-

optic communications cabling bundled.

*Notes: In practise, these quoted 10mbps Ethernet standard maximum cable drop

lengths may be extended many times by using: - 1. Inevitably greater power capacity

wire in single gauge, 2. higher signalling current and voltage and 3. slower 1mbps

Ethernet power rather than complex high-speed information switching as described.

The Internet by contrast to the National Grid also comprises a cluster forming a mesh

topology or ‘spiders web’ of distribution networks connected via transmission cables

by packet switched DC gateway smart routers comprising smart soft switching and

bridging dumb or hard-switching (street) routers [8]. However this system functions

by segmenting up the load into shorter switched packets and distributing the chopped

P 36 / 53

charge packets, defined as “packet-switching” through the whole network via said

gateways bridges and routers, which respond to supply the domestic “service demand”

signalling protocol ICMP with service provision.

Referring to Figure 1d; switching station 91 switches centralised generated 133KV AC

98 into four 33KV lines, which further divide into 3 x 11KVAC distribution cables

comprising electric fuel stations 96.

One mesh with street nodes 94 and power cabling topology is shown routing 133KV

offshore-generated 90 and centrally-generated 98 133KV power peripherally through

the mesh forming a virtual circuit 92 93 forming one building block or repeating

element of said ribbon mesh topology. Electric fuel station 96 forms a sub-station as

described providing both 11KVAC to 230VAC conventional transformer stepped-

down mains provision 97 and DC packet charge switching gateway nodes with under-

street 3.3KVDC packet-switched routing 98. The mesh is described as a physical

topology showing the actual economical under-street cable routing. Not every node is

connected to every other physically, but each node can access every other node in the

mesh logically through at least one DC cable passing through each local street hub.

The physical wiring rules are developed from Ethernet and geographical ‘lie of land’

constraints. Individual street power cable runs 97 connecting street electricity box

repeater hubs (black circles) as described comprise Ethernets with mixed bus star

topologies, further connected to form a mesh topology as shown.


The grid signalling headers comprise a transmission control protocol/internet protocol

stack TCP/IP [1] 16. The table shown [1] forms The Standard Internet Protocol /

Transport Protocol “TCP/IP Stack” as built on the cabling “Physical Layer” and Power

routing “Network Layer” forming the “Smart Grid”.

The Ethernet-encapsulated Internet Protocol IP OSI TCP/IP Stack is also accompanied

by a time-switched power packet of finite or variable short duration of pre-determined

known length (similar to the switched chopped DC computer power supply [5] but

modified by routers at the “Transport Layer” as shown in Figure 2 to switch the supply

into chopped shorter lengths supply as routed between multiple clients following

different paths in a ‘trickle-through’ network topology as further described in Figure 3.

P 37 / 53

The “TCP/IP Stack” [1] left forms a super-set of the Ethernet Protocol Stack enabling

packets to be routed across multiple Ethernets whilst retaining their global TCP/IP

addressing.

A typical under-street 3.3KVDC laid power cable network leg would enable 46 -

1,518 Bytes per Ethernet Frame 20 transmission allowing for network padding to be

distributed between 54 clients per network during peak demand with a 10 mega bit per

second mbps network transmission speed with intermittent and variable power

demands. In practise with domestic energy-caching this figure may be extended to

provide more clients with domestic charge electricity box caching as described,

especially when inter-operating with the traditional National Grid deploying a

“National Energy Mix” with up to 20% environmentally-sourced intermittent energy

generation, supply and demand [7].

The above 10 mbps Ethernet network clock speed would provide a distributed charge

transmission rate of up to about 540 un-fragmented Frames per second and shared

between 54 clients and this would result in each said client receiving 10 un-

fragmented charge Frames per second of 1msec duration, allowing for about 30%

network “Link Layer” transmission protocol signalling and negotiation padding.

In practise the Ethernet-work reaches saturation loading before 70% capacity, with the

onset of packet fragmentation and the dropped frame rate increases occurring beyond

about 540 Ethernet Frames per second [8]. Said dropped frames are however

committed to the battery caches as described allowing the system to run into saturation

when deploying “connectionless” IP routing and bridging.

Comprising a 10mbps Ethernet running with TCP/IP embedded protocol controlled

packet switching transmitting up to 800 fragmented 3.3KV chopped charge Ethernet

Frames per second, a theoretical network packet Ethernet Frame saturation loading

capacity of 9,600,000 / 10,000,000 bps or 96% is assumed, with local street routers

(electricity boxes) receiving an additional power boost 800% from the existing

230VAC (UK) grid infrastructure.

With the degradation threshold for mains ‘brown-out’ in mission-critical 230VAC

mains power systems being 100msec without charge caching in any second under peak

demand network loading, the higher 3.3KVDC charge pulse train however contains a

P 38 / 53

fraction of the power of a traditional 230VAC continuous sine wave train per second

and with local domestic charge caching and capacitor smoothing it is more tolerant of

delivery intermittency. The RMS voltage of said 3.3KVDC pulse trains shared out

between 54 rather than 80 clients of 1msec duration x 10Hz supply frequency under

full network load is 33VDC.

Using a slower 1mbps network clock speed results in clients receiving 10msec

duration pulses at a rate of 1Hz which would with domestic UPS battery charge

caching suffice. The lower 1 mbps clock speed improves the cable segment signalling

range from 2.5km to 10km or more and is compatible with existing switched-mode

PSU chopping clock speeds brought under direct router control as described. Reducing

the number of domestic clients per street electricity box switching hub to 18 rather

than 54 would thereby increase the ‘green energy mix’ of said peripheral Grid’s

contribution to 99VDC RMS under full network load providing 43% of total domestic

consumption at 230VRMS equivalent at the UPS’s socket.

By splicing-in five times more 1msec pulses as derived from other sources including

from other legs (phases) of the National Grid, CHP battery caching and solar rooftop

micro-generation as described, a 60Hz x 1msec 3.3KV 30A charge packet switched

pulse train domestic mains supply is obtained which boosts the RMS voltage obtained

to 6 x 33VDC = 198VDC at 30A with the 33v shortfall peak demand being met by

said battery-backed domestic UPS’s additional temporary load caching, giving

230VAC RMS at the socket. Smart networks allow low-priority supply to appliances

such as heating and battery charging to be temporarily interrupted to regulate demand

to supply.

Loading the system with more battery-backed UPS-cached clients and running into

saturated load (meeting peak demand) creates TCP/IP packet fragmentation in a

connectionless protocol consumer supply network and dropped packets with

contingency data and routing instructions as described held in the ‘Application

Header’ e.g. for dropping charge packets into capacitive or battery cache storage and

directed packet fragmentation. This loading reduces non-local routed tunnelling said

virtual circuit capacity under load, with ICMP messaging requesting CHP generator

P 39 / 53

kick-in and increased vehicle battery substation charge caching to even-out and

increase the peak grid loading to meet peaks in demand as described.

Additionally, backwards-compatible systems will be required to provide the interface

with the existing National AC Grid at the sub-station level Refer to 6 in Figure 1.

Chopped routed DC charge packets as distributed throughout the network from AC

National Grid entry points 7 or 8 for local transport and are re-assembled into near-

continuous streams at the target nodes as shown and converted into digitally-

composed stepped AC waveforms as is known in the prior art. Mains power

interruptions of greater than 0.1 sec form the threshold for power supply ‘brown-out’

[2] causing power loss and jeopardising mission-critical computer systems not fitted

with UPS’s [2]. It is well known that information can be sent along power line

modems as a side-band with frequency modulation, accompanying the AC power

cycle and that this can be read as computer programmed instructions to powerful

switching routers using the above SCR or powerful thyristor charge packet switching

technology.

The Ethernet represents the local network charge packet chopped DC transport

technology comprising a transmission line (the physical power cable and its routing

packet-switching hardware), with network switching termination routers and

electricity boxes (hubs), with the TCP segment containing the encapsulated chopped

network tunnelling power charge packet and signalling addressing. The IP Datagram

contains source and destination node addresses, total packet length, the fragmented

charge packet, protocol, type of service, identification, flags time to live and header

checksum. This ‘charge encapsulation’ into an Ethernet Frame (Figure 2) can be

compared with wrapping goods for posting in a ‘packet’, posting and addressing with

a return address, franking mark, weight and contents declaration; as placed into the

local Post (one Ethernet) to have it’s postcode read for redirection between the local

and remote sorting offices and finally name and street address instructions for the local

or remote delivery agents (the Postmen). Upon delivery, the goods are un-wrapped

(stripped of their encapsulation by the recipient, checked for completeness and

consumed or returned if faulty or damaged or in this case stored as re-usable charge).


P 40 / 53

Signalling pre-ambles 11 12 (refer also to Figure 2) as an Ethernet header 14 Bytes

followed by an Ethernet Trailer of 4 Bytes. The load is distributed in the ratio 1: 2: 3

fragmented charge packet lengths into legs 9 10 and consumed locally 13 respectively.

The voltage frequency modulation and waveforms of these data link layer messaging

protocols allow routers to recognise read and interpret the datagram as it is transmitted

over distance through power lines. Refer to [6].

Referring to Figure 3a;

Power and signalling wave forms are shown in two downstream legs of the routed

switched Ethernet Network and one upstream, depicting the function of the

fragmenting switching router nodes. The fragmentation and switching of packets at the

Physical Layer is a development of Figure 1 (right).

Network timing clocks of a pre-determined frequency 17 synchronise the actual power

pulse transmission timings 15 within and between network nodes similar to an older

902.3x Ethernet clock-speed for example 10MHz or 10mbps, but at a slower rate to

cope with the larger cabling distances involved with rapid protocol signalling (1,800

Metres per leg using standard power cables as opposed to 180 Metres (550 Feet) range

for 10mbps Ethernets using single core coaxial cable) [6].

Referring to Figure 3b;

Partially fragmented high power D.C. charge packet encapsulated by an Ethernet

Frame 30 arrives at a gateway router 33 in the distributed ring where it is further

fragmented by router protocol-enabled switched-mode PSU technology as described

and placed onto three lower power Ethernet legs 32 37 38 in sequence similar to

multiplexing. The charge packets then travel through the networks over time and in

direction 36 to discover by messaging exit gateway router 35, boosted by charge

packet-switched environmental energy generation 34 forming a VAN. Said partially

fragmented entry packet is thereby re-assembled into a completed exit packet stream

31, driving the network into full saturation load, which will never happen in practise as

the network will drop additional packets to prevent too many packet collisions

overloading the messaging protocols.

The virtual circuit is however shown as a switched multiplexing real point-to-point

cable network to illustrate the principle of inter-network operation.

P 41 / 53

Dropped packets are advantageously retrieved and retained by the routers local charge

cache capacitors and batteries 39. Advantageously this means that as network power

supply reaches saturation, a greater proportion of charge is retrieved or retained as

charge storage, creating self-regulation, preventing cable overload and increasing

efficiency thereby reducing transmission power losses to a minimum. As intermittent

environmental power generation reduces in strength, their rate of charge packet pulse

generation decreases, allowing additional stored charge to be released from the charge

caches to create more constant packet flow through said gateway routers over time,

giving local CHP generators time to kick-in to provide increased targeted local

demand.

Street charge packet-switching electricity box 29 is also cross-wired to existing

230VAC mains infrastructure phase legs 28 making up the shortfall of up to 80%

continuous power provision completing the ‘spiders web’ mesh ribbon topology as

described.


The electric fuel station forms said sub-station network node sources its energy from

multiple distributed intermittent environmental energy sources including wind 44 and

solar domestic micro-generation 45. Drive-through electric vehicle battery charging

caches 41 46 are also supplied from a single centralised remote constant stepped-down

traditional AC 43 National Grid electricity supply 42 to include a conventional fossil

fuel powered power station 40.

The vehicle battery-charging fuel station may for example comprise an Ethernet or

Token Ring packet-switched routing charging stack of de-mountable said vehicle

batteries arranged in a ring or carousel to prioritise customers old spent battery

charging early in the charging cycle located at the bottom of the stack, with charging

priority given to said discharged batteries and caching priority given to charged

batteries located in mid-position of said stack and fully-charged batteries are located at

the top of the stack when made available to customers. Said stack requires to hold a

week’s supply of charged batteries when fully charged from intermittent sources

especially wind in “stand alone” remote communities.

P 42 / 53

Domestic housing provision is via street electricity boxes 47 featuring packet-charge

power switching DC Ethernet repeater distribution hubs, capable of chopping existing

230VAC 53 49 and the new 3.3KV 48 mains domestic street infrastructure cabling to

supply in-house domestic UPS-caching smart electricity box nodes. Said street

repeater distribution hubs boost the distributed virtual bridging circuit ring of

Ethernet(s), as fed by the excess power generation creating value added networking

VAN power transmission, assisted by domestic housing nodes as described. Repeater

hubs are positioned up to 180 Meters apart [6], with each repeater hub capable of

supplying up to about 50 houses, communicating with embedded 10mbps Ethernet

Protocols routing green generated transmitted and distributed 1ms 3.3KV 30A power

packet pulses at 10Hz to provide 20% to 40% of the “Energy mix” to households as

described with 80% being provided by the existing AC Grid Infrastructure 53.

Said micro-generation domestic low-voltage provision from rooftop environmental

devices to include solar panels 45 for example supplies a domestic battery 50 located

in the domestic electricity box with intermittent DC charge which is subsequently

stepped-up by an inverter along with mains supplied external trickle-charging to

provide 230VAC at the wall sockets AC ring main 51 for existing electrical appliances

and supply surplus 230VDC packet switched charge back to the sub-station via the

UPS bi-directional packet-switched 230 VDC router node 52 to the 3.3KV street

repeating router and cabling infrastructure intermittently along with protocol

signalling providing VAN functionality as described.

A “stand-alone” off-grid electric fuel station, wholly reliant on intermittent wind and

solar energy for charging, may hold 700 vehicle batteries in its charge storage-cache

and be capable of supplying on average 100 regular customers reliably each day with a

re-charged electric vehicle battery. Said fuel station is therefore capable of holding up

to one weeks reserve charged supply in the absence of wind with the assistance of soar

generation.

By adding a diesel generator to match the wind power when absent, the number of

customers supplied each day can be reliably increased three-fold. To charge 700x3

vehicle batteries of 50KWH capacity each week would require 105MWH/week,

requiring a wind-matched generator output of 15MWH/day or 625KW continuous

P 43 / 53

peak generation, matching the output of a wind farm of eight large 800KW rated wind

turbines with a wind factor of about 23%.


UPS 52 [2] as used by home computers and servers comprising a domestic or local

charge cache has a 230VAC (UK) or 115V (US) inverter 55 powered by a DC chopper

54 which is in turn powered by a battery 50 and domestic environmental charging

device 45. The chopper provides the inverter with DC and the chopper alternatively

draws chopped DC mains current from switched household ring main 58 as supplied

by electricity box 57. Said electricity box node supplies and receives chopped DC

packets 61 from street mains switching router hub electricity box 66 on demand 60

using network protocols as described.

Said electricity box has switched charge-chopping router 56 which routes electricity

between low grade vehicle battery charging 64 and other appliances on low-grade DC

leg 59 and domestic switched DC ring main 58 for supplying high-grade DC

appliances including lighting 65. Advantageously this leg may be further smoothed

with a battery cache. Environmental micro-generation device e.g. domestic solar roof

panel 45 provides low voltage DC to said UPS 54. UPS inverter provides battery

backed-up 230VAC for high quality AC domestic devices 53 via lighting ring main

for example 51.

Street switching router electricity box 66 also routes charge packets on demand to and

from 3.3KV DC street infrastructure power cable 48 and alternatively from 3-phase

existing AC infrastructure 67. Advantageously power packets may be sourced from

different legs of 3-phase supply via charge chopping router with local energy caching

using protocols as described. Advantageously again, said 3.3KVDC cable network

may be used to ‘cross-wire’ supply between adjacent legs of AC mains power

provision thereby providing the basis for said peripheral distributed virtual ring or

ribbon grid topology extension as described in Figure 6.

Referring to Figure 6: -

Figure 6a; The trickle-through peripheral grid distributed virtual circuit ring topology

is shown in schematic form 72 inter-operating with the (UK) National Grid

400KVAC, 132KVAC and 132KVAC centralised tree grid infrastructure 68 with

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distributed and clustered environmental off-shore macro-generation 33KVAC 63,

11KVAC and on-shore domestic micro-generation 11KVDC 3.3KVDC 64 and below.

The actual locations of off-shore and onshore wind and water energy farms, nodes,

power stations and grid have been chosen for the purposes of functional illustration

rather than physical or proposed geographic location. Said distributed ribbon mesh

topology housing said distributed virtual circuit actually forms a continuous ribbon 74

in many heavily populated metropolitan locations but is shown as a series of conjoined

rectangular meshes, forming seg-ways of said peripheral virtual circuit ring grid

extension. These rectangular mesh segments may be located primarily in offshore

generation mode 63 and or onshore in sink or generator mode 64 with mixed roles.

The “connectionless” virtual circuit ring forms a distributed ribbon mesh topology

allowing neighbouring supply and demand routes to be established cross-connecting

rigid ‘point-to-point’ hard wired branches of the National Grid through bridging router

spanning cable nodes 69 shown as white circles facilitating soft virtual rather than

hard switched routed cable connections 65 with connection-oriented TCP/IP protocols

encapsulated as described. National grid -interfacing substations 71 are shown as black

circles forming the link between the existing centralised and extended decentralised

packet-switched grid topologies. The distributed ring segments 67 are shown dashed to

illustrate the discontinuous switched DC charge packet migration through the network

with nodes 69 forming gateway routers for bridging between distant segments with

conventional point-to-point power cables.

Major centralised existing Grid power station members are shown as rectangles, hard-

wired “point to point”. Conceptually the discrete segment may form a fully-distributed

peripheral mesh with highly parallel 3.3KVDC cross-cabling connections forming said

ribbon mesh topology, but it is shown as discrete mesh segments for interconnection

and transmission at higher voltages using pylons and existing AC Grid infrastructure

technology over larger distances 73 through unpopulated areas.

Figure 6b shows an enlargement of one mesh segment from Fig. 6a with the trickle-

through switching protocol in one said segment forming the distributed ribbon mesh

virtual ring topology. In this representation, the vertical and diagonal lines show

existing AC grid and the digital grid logical interconnection topology respectively.

P 45 / 53

Said mesh segment may comprise an off shore wind farm, tidal, wave or ocean flow

generator cluster, neighbourhood or a combination of both connecting to the

distributed grid mesh facilitating independent fault-tolerant device operation with

packet-switched connection-oriented streamed routing around the network shown in

arrows and bold dashed 65. The connection orientated switching protocol is shown

routing power through the ribbon mesh segment and the connectionless switching

protocol is shown routing power across the network 74 providing mixed source highly

reliable prioritised supply and demand-led energy to clients. Figure 1 (below) shows

the ribbon mesh virtual ring network topology in greater detail.


The three main USA-based said VAN ribbon mesh 74 grid extension topologies

overlaid on the existing and proposed National Grid extensions 70 include ocean flow

along the Eastern 71 and Western 72 Seaboards with tidal flow from the Great Lakes

73. The ribbon mesh packet-switching topology is shown as a series of low

environmental impact dashed rectangles 76 routed through AONBs by underground

cables bounded by sub-station nodes 75 and interconnected by long-haul peripheral

high-voltage power transmission lines 74, re-using and or upgrading the existing AC

infrastructure where economical to do so.


The 1 mbps clocked Ethernet street switching hub or bridging robotic gateway router

80 switches power to and from domestic switched mode PSUs 90 alternatively

described as smart UPSs with a 1mbps or 1MHz network clock 84 to deliver

3.3KVDC Ethernet switched packets to and from individual houses 90. Said switching

street hub acts as an amplifier to boost the street cable segments 91 output facilitating

a “Value-Adding Network” VAN network for either-directional sequential power

packet remote transmission 92 93.

This power switching street router is therefore described as robotic as it switches

packets of power rather than information. The router transmits (writes) and listens

(reads) the power lines for Ethernet control protocol messaging signals using

CSMA/CD sent along the cables at 30V between encapsulated charge transmissions as

described (the “Application data”: Fig. 2). Alternatively the signalling is sent via

power cable-integrated fibre optic cable 94 shown dashed. The power consumed by

P 46 / 53

high frequency high voltage messaging and frequent fragmented power-switching is

dissipated as heat and is wasteful, making a 1 mbps Ethernet with low voltage

message switching more efficient at transmitting power than a 10 mbps Ethernet for

example.

One said street electricity box switching hub comprises one optically-coupled

switching router 80 which reads 3.3KVDC street digital power line segments 85 92 91

via optically-coupled transistor switches and routes switched charge packets through

switched-mode PSU array comprising bi-directional Triac and Diac SCRs 102 to and

from individual household nodes 90 (4 out of 18 shown). Said domestic smart nodes

90comprise smart Ethernet power interfaces which are also described as smart battery-

backed UPS where said battery may advantageously comprise an electric vehicle

battery as described.

Ethernet network clock 84, running at 1 mbps or alternatively 10mbps as described

also controls the timing of packet and switch-mode power supply power packet-

switching under optically-coupled Diac and Triac control as shown 81 95. Signal

switching is optically de-coupled from the high voltage source 86 81 to prevent

damage to switching hub hardware and provide full signalling isolation. Optically-

coupled power line signal reads 85 and power writes 101 are shown in symbolic form

with LED LDR decoupling read and writes coupled via amplifiers to Triac and Diac

switching electric circuit component form. With the alternative optic fibre cable

packet-switching messaging embodiment 94, the requirement for optically-decoupling

the Ethernet switch 80 becomes partially redundant.

Signal power switching circuitry however is still optically de-coupled from high

voltage source 81 95 to prevent damage to hardware and provide full signalling

isolation. Optically-coupled power line signal reads 100 and power writes 101 are

shown in symbolic LED/LDR electric circuit component form. With the power cable-

integrated signalling and messaging embodiment, balanced line switched segment

terminations with inductive and capacitive couplings are shown in schematic form

102 to reduce noise and provide low voltage power for switching circuitry 103.

P 47 / 53

References

[1] Kris Jamsa Ph.D. and Ken Cope,“Internet Programming”,Jamsa Press,Las Vegas, U.S.A. © 1995ISBN 1-884133-12-6

[2] Schneider Electric, APC Battery Computer Backup Un-interruptible AC Mains Power Supply UPS, www.apc.com compatible via USB port with OEM software and Microsoft Windows Server 2003 USB smart switching software, USA ca. 2000

[3] Microsoft TechNet Presentation, USA ca. 2000“Delivering the five-nines and better in mission-critical systems”

[4] “Drives & Controls” Trade Magazine,Cape House 60A Priory Road, Tonbridge, Kent TN9 2BLwww.drives.co.uk

[5] ‘PC-ATX’ 3.3 / 5 / 12 VDC 450W typical-rated digital chopping switched mode mains domestic computer power supply unit PSU.

[6] Uyless D. Black,“Data Communications and Distributed Networks”,Prentice Hall International, Inc. USA, 1983ISBN 0 – 13 – 090853-3

[7] Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, October 2001http://www.parliament.uk/post/home.htm“Post note UK Electricity Networks”, 7 Milbank, London SW1P 3JA

[8] David Groth, Matthew Perkins,“Network Test Success”,Network+ Press, Sybex Inc. USA 1999,ISBN 0-7821-2548-4

[9] Businessgreen.com July 2010 GE Smart Grid Competition announced by General Electric (Google)

[10] Google “US National Grid”

[11] A.A. Berk,Practical Robotics and Interfacing for the Spectrum

P 48 / 53

Granada Technical Books, London, 1984, ISBN 0-246-12576-4

[12] By M. H. RashidAdvanced Book Power electronics handbook: devices, circuits, and applications

P 49 / 53

Claims

1. A charge packet switched-caching D.C. Electricity Grid Infrastructure

extension with a distributed peripheral virtual circuit tunnelling power transmission

ring driven by connection-oriented protocols co-located in a ribbon mesh power

distribution topology driven by connectionless network protocols.

2. A charge packet-switched D.C. Electricity Grid Infrastructure extension as

claimed in Clam 1 featuring charge caching for intermittent domestic environmental

power sourced generation.

3. A charge packet-switched D.C. Electricity Grid Infrastructure extension

as claimed above with electric domestic and local substation vehicle battery charge

caching combined with demand-led micro-CHP generation from the substation level

down.


as claimed above with power cable-integrated network protocol messaging.


as claimed above with power cable-integrated fiber-optic network protocol messaging

and electricity cable conducting charge packet routing.


as claimed above network mesh cabling routing charge packet chopping Ethernet

electricity box street repeater distribution hub switches.


as claimed above with switching routing charge packet chopping Ethernet electricity

box repeater street distribution hubs and electric domestic and substation vehicle

battery charge-caching smart nodes.


P 50 / 53

as claimed above with domestic electricity box smart nodes comprising network

protocol router-controlled chopping switched-mode power supplies and AC inverters

functioning as charge-caching battery-backup UPS’s.


as claimed above with street electricity boxes acting as value added power networked

repeater switching hubs to convey power around said virtual circuit tunnelling ring

Grid periphery.

10. A charge packet-switched Electricity Grid Infrastructure extension as claimed

above with an encapsulated transmission control and messaging internetwork routing

protocol providing a means of supplying digital packet-switched electricity power

charge on demand to users


above with a means of reassembling distributed peripheral and central mixed

interruptible power sources into a single un-interruptible domestic power supply UPS.


above with a protocol stack enabling switched charge packet supply and demand

routing with local distributed charge caching.


above with an Ethernet-encapsulated TCP/IP protocol stack enabling virtual circuit

connection-less and connection-oriented switched charge packet supply and demand

routing.

14. A charge packet-switched Electricity Grid Infrastructure as claimed above

which includes combinations of wind tidal flow ocean flow wave hydro-electric solar

coal combined heat and power oil gas coal and nuclear sources operating within a

peripheral distributed ring network of charge caching substation nodes to include

electric vehicle battery-charging stations and charge-coupled client caches.

P 51 / 53


above wherein said packet switched electricity charge routing is controlled by an local

Ethernet Protocol encapsulating a non-local TCP/IP Protocol Stack.


above wherein said packet-switched charge routing is controlled by and delivered to

remote clients by network transport protocol signalling on demand.


above wherein said clients domestic electricity box smart nodes comprise batteries

charged by local low-power environmental device-powered DC micro-generation

devices to include rooftop domestic solar panels combined with battery-backed AC

mains inverters to power domestic appliances.


above comprising charge-router integrated switched-mode PSUs with local charge

caching smart UPSs providing a means of supplying continuous mains AC on demand

at the socket and DC energy from intermittent DC environmentally sourced provision

by router re-assembled packet charge fragments.


above that utilises existing AC mains power cabling provision from the substation

level down adding cross-wired junction boxes between existing 230VAC phase legs at

street level thereby completing said distributed mesh topology.


above that provides through packet switching with charge caching a means of

independent fault-tolerant environmental supply device operation within a farm or

mesh of said devices.

P 52 / 53

21. A charge packet-switched Electricity Grid Infrastructure with a distributed

peripheral virtual circuit ring driven by connection-oriented protocols co-located in a

ribbon mesh topology mesh as claimed above facilitating low environmental impact

medium voltage power cable VAN transmission underground without pylons through

AONBs for example.


as claimed above with electric fuel stations comprising stacks of de-mountable electric

vehicle battery packet-switched smart charge-caching located at the sub-station level

of the National grid infrastructure and below.


with electric fuel stations as claimed above powered by distributed local generation

sources to include intermittent wind and solar with periodic water wave and tidal flow

augmented by CHP in inter-operation with conventional sources from said Grid to

include conventional more continuous fossil-fuelled centralised power stations.


with electric fuel stations as claimed above wherein said stacks of de-mountable

electric discharged vehicle batteries are selectively charged cached and re-charged

ready for further use in sequence from the tail to the head of rotating said stack.

25. A charge packet-switched D.C. Electricity Grid Infrastructure extension as

claimed above wherein said extension switches 3.3KVDC 100A for example or charge

pulses of other medium voltages through value-adding switches bridges and or routers

via highly parallel underground cabling circuits.

P 53 / 53

Patent for a packet-switched smart grid - patent application 9

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Transcript of Patent for a packet-switched smart grid - patent application 9