• General summary of the questions that have appeared since about 1994

• Remember there are often graphs/tables/ diagrams within questions, some which you MUST use, others which may just prompt your answer.

1. Population

• Census (2007)• Pyramid/trend explanation and consequences

(2006, 2005, 2004, 2001, 2000, 1997, 1995, 1993)

• Migration (2006, 2002, 1999, 1996)• D.T.M. (1998, 1994)• Changes in B.R./ D.R. – case-study (2003,

1994)• Some links here, remember EMDC & ELDC

differences; time & solutions

2. Rural

• Shifting Cultivation (2007, 2002, 1999, 1995)

• Intensive Peasant Farming (2005, 2003, 2001, 1997, 1995)

• Commercial Arable Farming (2006, 2003, 1997, 1996, 1994)

• All the others are a choice – know characteristics, settlement patterns, pop density, changes and their impact

3. Biosphere

• Draw profile (2004, 2002, 1995)

• Soil forming processes (2004, 2002, 1999, 1995, 1993)

• Climax Vegetation (2005, 1999, 1994)

• Plant succession (psammosere) (2005, 2003,2001, 2000, 1998, 1997, 1996, 1994)

4. Hydrosphere

• Map (2005, 2003, 2001, 1999, 1997, 1994)

• Hydrograph (2006, 2002, 2000, 1998)

• Drawing/ explaining features (2005, 2003, 1999, 1998, 1997, 1995, 1994)

• Hydrological Cycle (2004, 1998,1996)

5. Lithosphere

• Glacial (2007, 2005, 2001, 2000, 1998, 1994)

• Coasts (2006)

• Limestone (2004, 2002, 1997, 1995)

• Mass Movement (2006, 2003, 1999, 1996)

• These questions are a mix of drawing features, explaining features, identifying on maps/ photographs

6. Atmosphere

• West Africa (2007, 2003, 2000, 1998, 1995, 1994)

• Atmospheric Circulation (2004, 1999, 1996• Global Heat Budget (2006, 2005, 2002,

1999, 1997, 1996, 1994)• Ocean Currents (2004, 1999, 1997• Climate Change (2005, 2001, 1997, 1994)• Surface winds can also be asked – 1993 &

1999, link with atmospheric circulation

7. Industry

• Mapwork (2006, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2000, 1998, 1996)

• Case-Study – why grow & new industries (2007, 2006, 2005, 2001, 2000, 1999, 1997, 1995)

• Also – environmental impact and general location factors.

8. Urban

• Map work (2007, 2006, 2004, 2002, 2000, 1999, 1998, 1996, 1995, 1993)

• Remember map work comes in the different forms (residential, environment, functions, comparisons, land use etc.)

• Case-Study (2005, 2003, 2001, 1997, 1994)

• Includes site & situation, land use and changes

PAPER 2

• These questions are very similar. Remember:– Causes– Consequences– Solutions– Effectiveness

• Social, economic, environmental

Urban Change

• The first ‘general’ question can cause confusion

• Normally a map/graph

• Differences urban growth in ELDC/EMDCs

• Distribution of cities in countries

• Remember case-studies of Pakistan and the UK in general here

Urban Change - ELDC

• Problems of growth, solutions and effectiveness of solutions (2007, 2005)

• Continued growth & problems/advantages of shanty towns (2006)

• Causes and problems of growth (2004, 2002)

• Problems for residents, solutions & effectiveness (2003)

Urban Change - EMDC

• Rural-Urban Fringe (2007)• Site/situation; Housing in the suburbs (2006)• Traffic congestion in CBD (2005)• Changes in CBD, transport/shopping/ leisure;

conflict on edge of city (2004)• Specific redevelopment area – causes,

solutions, effectiveness (2003)• Site/situation; general changes in

housing/industry/shopping/transport (2002)

Rural Land Degradation

• General question on graph/ erosion by wind or water

• Questions on case-studies– Causes– Impacts– Solutions– Effectiveness

• Human, Physical, People, Environment

Rural Land Degradation - general

• Erosion by water and wind processes; methods of conservation (2007)

• Describe & explain rainfall graph (2006)

• Describe & explain wind erosion (2005)

Rural Land Degradation – case studies

• NA & Africa causes; Africa impact (2007)• NA & Africa impact; NA & Africa solutions (2006)• Africa causes & impact; NA solutions &

effectiveness (2005)• NA causes; Africa impact; NA solutions &

effectiveness (2004)• Africa causes & impact; NA & Africa solutions &

effectiveness (2003)• NA causes; NA & Africa impact; Africa solutions

& effectiveness (2002)