Past, Present and Future Application of Radio Waves ...
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INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR RADIO SCIENCE (ICRS) “OM-NIWAS”, A-23, SHASTRI NAGAR, JODHPUR Past, Present and Future Application of Radio Waves – Hertz to Terahertz 17 th Sir J.C. Bose Memorial Lecture At Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Kolkata On Wednesday, 30 th November 2011
Transcript of Past, Present and Future Application of Radio Waves ...
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR RADIO SCIENCE (ICRS) “OM-NIWAS”, A-23, SHASTRI NAGAR, JODHPUR
Past, Present and Future Application of Radio Waves
– Hertz to Terahertz
17th Sir J.C. Bose Memorial LectureAt
Institution of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineers, Kolkata
OnWednesday, 30th November 2011
InternatIonal Centre for radIo SCIenCe
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• ICRS is a Registered society, was registered on 24th June 1997 with objective of conducting Research, Training and Teaching in Radio Science, Telecommunication, Electronics, Computer and Information Science.
• Shri Ramkrishna Paramhamsa-Spiritual Guru
• Sir J.C. Bose - Inspirer.
• ICRS has entered into its 15th year on 24th June 2011.And will celebrate this 15th year by technical and social awareness.
Regd. No : 61/Jodhpur /1997-98Regd. Office : OM NIWAS, A-23, Shastri Nagar
Jodhpur-342003 E Mail : [email protected]
[email protected], [email protected]: - 0291-2613123/2640063, Fax – 0291-2626166
Website: www.radioscience.org
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Acharya Sir J.C. Bose(Maharishi)
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(30 November 1858 – 23 November 1937)D.Sc. (1896), University of London, UKSpecialization: Optics, Electromagnetic Radiation,Plant Physiology
A Rare photograph of Sir J.C. Bose
Father- Bhagaban Chandra Bose Mother-Bamasundari Debi
Wife: Abala Bose.8th August 1865 - 1951
An Educationist & Torch Bearer for Women Education in India.A constant inspiration For Sir J.C. Bose.
Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time.
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Chronology
According to D. M. Bose, the research activities of J. C. Bose, extending from 1894 to 1937, the year he died, can be divided into three periods.
1894-1899
1. During the first period, extending from 1894 to 1899, he produced the shortest of the then possible electro-magnetic waves (the microwaves),and extensively studied their quasi-optical properties. His researches with coherers not only led to the anticipation of semi-conductors but the effect of microwaves on the coherers led to the next important phase of his research.
5Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time.
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2. During the second period, extending from 1899 to 1904, began with his study of the fatigue effect in metallic coherers, used for detection of electric waves, from which he went over to the study of various other inorganic systems which exhibit stress under different kinds of physical stimulation. The similarities in responses of inorganic and organic systems led to his famous and controversial generalization about the responses in the living and the non-living.
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1899 - 1904
Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time.
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3. The third period that logically followed from the second phase led to his studies of Plant Electrophysiology and led to monumental investigations, which like most of his researches, were ahead of his time. These researches lasted till the end of his life.
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1904 - 1937
Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time.
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Microwaves
Sir J.C. Bose had come across a book by Oliver Lodge on Hertzian waves and intuitively felt that this was an area that needed attention.
Bose made a spectacular discovery, of producing radiation of wavelength of the order of 5 mm
(called millimeter waves or microwaves, 1/130 that of Hertz’s waves).
Bose was the first to demonstrate Microwaves.Bose undertook research on what may be termed
as “Microwave Optics”.
8Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time.
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Who Invented the Radio?
A question that is frequently asked in India is: “Who invented the radio? Or, should not J. C. Bose have received the Nobel Prize for inventing the Radio, at least jointly?” This has been discussed by Das Gupta*. Das Gupta questions the commonly held belief that Bose anticipated Marconi by two years, and provides evidence to the contrary. Kochar16 also shows that it was Bose’s intransigence towards patenting that came in the way of his being recognized as one of the inventors of wireless telegraphy. The 1909 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to Guglielmo Marconi (1874–1937) and C. F. Braun (1850–1918) for wireless telegraphy.
9*S. Dasgupta, Jagadis Chandra Bose and the Indian Response to Western.Ref: D. P. Sen Gupta, Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Man and His Time.
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Wired and Wireless Communication
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The electrical telegraph owned and built by Samuel F. B. Morse
Electrical telegraph(invented in 1836-37)
Acharya Sir J.C. Bose gave the first demonstration of wireless communication in 1895. In Calcutta Town Hall, in the presence of the Lt. Governor of Bengal, he transmitted electromagnetic waves from the lecture hall through intervening walls - covering a total distance of 25 meters tripping a relay which threw a heavy iron ball, fired off a pistol and blew a small mine.
telephone networks, cable television or internet access, and fiber-optic communication. Also waveguide(electromagnetism), used for high-power applications
J.C. Bose with Apparatus Set upRef: D.T. Emerson(NRAO), THE WORK OF JAGADIS CHANDRA BOSE:100 YEARS OF MM-WAVE RESEARCH
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Bose’s Experimental Set Up for Wireless Communication
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The Microwave transmitter and receiver developed by Bose
Image Courtesy :www.qsl.net
The Galena detector developed by Bose
Apparatus for generating electromagnetic waves of wavelengths
25 to 5 mm
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Sir J.C. Bose’s inventions
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Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose was a polymath: a physicist, biologist, botanist, archaeologist, and writer of science fiction. He pioneered the investigation of radio and microwave optics, made very significant contributions to plant science, and laid the foundations of experimental science in the Indian subcontinent. He is considered the father of radio science, and is also considered the father of Bengali science fiction. He was the first from the Indian subcontinent to get a US patent, in 1904.
complete setup
Two of Bose's point contact detectors, removed from the receiving antennas.
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Sir J.C. Bose’s inventions
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One of Bose's free-space radiation receivers, recently described [3] as a "space-irradiated multi-contact
semiconductor (using the natural oxide of the springs)." The springs are kept in place in their tray by a sheet of glass,
seen to be partly broken in this photograph.
the twisted-jute polarizers used by Bose.
One of Bose's polarizers was a cut-off metal plate grating, consisting of a book (Bradshaw's Railway Timetable) with sheets of tinfoil interleaved in the pages.
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Sir J.C. Bose and Plants- Biophysics
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He Invented Crescograph- to measure the rate of growth of a plant and the death recorder to record the exact moment of death of a plant.
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Effect of Radio waveson Plant Growth
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Acharya MEETS Swami ji
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(Aversion to Patenting)
Swami Vivekananda gave the documents of Sir J.C. Bose’s inventions to one of his disciples Sara Chapman Bull who filed application of patent for "Detector for Electrical Disturbances" of Sir J.C. Bose on 30th September 1901 and was granted as US 755840 on 29 March 1904.
Acharya Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose Swami Vivekananda
(12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902)
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The Poet &The Scientist
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It was only to Tagore that he would, at moments of deep despair, pour out his heart.
7th May 1861- 7th August, 1941
Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore
Tagore, the lifelong friend of Bose
Sir J.C. Bose hadan equipment fabricated to turn oxygen into ozone (by electric sparks) whichHelped Tagore’s second daughter for breathing. Tagore hadvery high regards for Abala Bose who reciprocated his feelings.
As translated by Sujata Basu Sengupta
“Across the oceans, on the western shore,Reigns the temple of the GoddessOf wealth of science.There you have journeyed, my friend,And returned richly crowned.You anointed the motherland,Modest at heart, poor and shy.
The great and the gloried Or those far off landsAssembled and acclaimedYour work in unison,The words resounding their message,Far and wide, the seas beyond.
Her eyes welled up in tears.Mother sends you the blessingsOf her jumbled heart,Through a poet of whom The world of science has never heard.Only in the inner self of yours,Will these words echo As gentle murmurs of Mother’s whispered tone.”Magnolia
Indian Stamp: Birth Centenary
of Sir J. C. Bose (Botanist &
Physicist)(15np)Date Of Issue:-
30.11.1958.
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Some Honors to Sir J.C. BOSE
•Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) (1903)•Companion of the Order of the Star of India (CSI) (1911)•Knight Bachelor (1917)•Fellow of the Royal Society (1920)
Sister Nivedita(1867–1911)
close friend of theBose couple
Sara Chapman Bull (1850–1911)
Responsible for Patenting Bose’s document
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Experiment
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Alexander Stepanovich Popov16 March 1859- 13 January 1904
Microwaves produced by Sir J.C. Bose (of 60GHz) penetrated through walls and fired a pistol(gun powder)
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(October 24, 1890 – August 13, 1963)
The first experimental evidence of E-region of the ionosphere was obtained by Mitra and his coworkers
Prof. Sisir Kumar Mitra
Kalpathi RamakrishnaRamanathan -Indian physicist and meteorologist. Carried outresearch into unsolvedproblems of the earth'satmosphere, theionosphere, cosmic rays.Research on the low-latitude ionosphere. K. R. Ramanathan
28 February 1893 – 31 December 1984)
(21 February, 1927 - 3 September, 2007)
Radio & Space Physics was his area ofspecialization. He performed major work in thefield of earth's near-space environment, throughgroup based and space techniques. He workedon cosmic radio noise for studying the upperatmosphere led to a series of discoveries inionosphere, solar physics and cosmic rays.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Percentage transmission through the earth’s atmosphere, along the vertical direction, under
clear sky conditions
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Radio Waves
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James Clerk MaxwellIn 1865 Maxwell noticed wavelike properties of light and similarities in electrical and
magnetic observations. He then proposed equations that described light waves and radio waves as waves of electromagnetism that travel in space
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Faraday’s law of Induction
Gauss Law of Magnetism
Ampere’s Circuit Law• is Electric charge density (c/m*m)
Q is Electric ChargeD is Electric flux density (C/m2)J is Conduction current density
(A/m2)H is Magnetic field strength (A/m)
is Displacement electric current density (A/m2)
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Radio Propagation
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Applications of Radio Waves
• Communication• Remote Sensing
• Medical• Industrial• Scientific
• Astronomy• Planetary Exploration
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Communication & RADAR
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LOS Communication Troposcatter Communication
Duct Communication Satellite Communication
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Satellite Communication
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Dr. Vikram Sarabhai
The establishment of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) by Dr. Vikram Sarabhai
First to propose a satellite communication system in 1945 -Arthur C. Clarke
The father of Indian space program
ATS-6 (Applications Technology Satellite-6)
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Satellite Instructional Television Experiment
The Satellite Instructional Television Experiment or SITE was an experimental satellite communications project launched in India in 1975, designed jointly byNASA and the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). The project made available informational television programmes to rural India. The main objectives of the experiment were to educate the poor people of India on various issues via satellite broadcasting, and also to help India gain technical experience in the field of satellite communications.Zone covered by the SITE ExperimentThe ATS-6 satellite was used for SITE
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Children eagerly watching a TV programme beamed from NASA ATS-6 satellite during ISRO’s pioneering Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) conducted during 1975-76.
About Antenna:30 ft parabola, 28–29 dB gain with 0.8 x 7.5 deg fan beam, 38.5 dB gain with 1.5 deg pencil beam, circular polarization
Ref: ISRO and www.aero.org
Transmitter (ATS 6 to ground link)One of 3750, 3950, or 4150 MHz12 W output, 28 dBWEIRP on axis
Receiver (ground to ATS 6 link)One of 5950, 6150, or 6350 MHzG/T: –17 dB/K peak
ISRO deployed TV sets across 2400 villages to receive educational programs
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Propagation Studies
ATS-6 was launched May 30, 1974 and decommissioned July 1979
Prof. O.P.N. Calla was Principal Investigator for 13/18 GHz Millimeter Wave Propagation Studies using American ATS-6 Satellite to study the effects of rain rates on propagation above 10 GHz during 1975 to 76,these were first Satellite based Propagation Studies in India.
ATS 6 had two millimeter-wave experiments. The NASA experiment used a C-band uplink and 20 and 30 GHz downlinks, whereas the Communications Satellite (Comsat) Corporation experiment used 13 and 18 GHz uplinks and a C-band downlink.
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“Propagation Studies at 13/18 GHz using ATS-6 Satellite”
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Site 5
Site 4
Site 3
Site 2
Site 1
Site 6
* ISRO supported Propagation studies used a transmitter operating at 13/18 GHz was located at different location in India, received on LOAN from NASA.•Signals were received at C-Band at MADRID SPAIN**UNDP supported this propagation experiment and was conducted with ground based Radiometer and line of site links at 13 GHz.•Principal Investigator – Prof. O.P.N. Calla
Site 1 Delhi
Site 2 Ahmedabad
Site 3 Jodhpur
Site 4 Chennai
Site 5 Ranchi
Site 6 Mumbai
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Communication Satellite
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GSAT-12
GSAT-8
INSAT -3AInsat-1A INSAT -2B INSAT–4CR
GSAT-4 GSAT-5P
INSAT–4CR
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Satellite Specification Table
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Satellite
Launch date
Launch Vehicle
Remarks
INSAT-1A10 April 1982
Delta launch vehicle
First operational multipurpose communication and meteorology satellite. Procured from USA. Worked for only six months.
INSAT-1B 30 August 1983Space Shuttle Challenger
Identical to INSAT-1A. Served for more than design life of seven years.
INSAT-1C 21 July 1988 ArianeSame as INSAT-1A. Served for only one-and-a-half years.12 C-band & two S-band transponders
INSAT-1D 12 June 1990Delta launch vehicle
Identical to INSAT-1A. Still in service.
INSAT-2DT 26 February 1992 ArianeLaunched as Arabsat 1C. Procured in orbit from Arabsat in 1998.
INSAT-2A 10 July 1992 Ariane
First satellite in the second-generation Indian-built INSAT-2 series. Has enhanced capability over INSAT-1 series. Still in service. Transponders:12C-band (for FSS),6 ext. C-band (for FSS)2S-band (for BSS),1Data relay transponder (for met.data), 1 transponder for research and rescue,Very High Resolution radiometer (VHRR) for meteorological observation with 2 km resolution in the visible and 8 km resolution in the IR band.
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Satellite Launch date
Launch Vehicle
Remarks
INSAT-2B
23 July 1993 Ariane
Second satellite in INSAT-2 series. Identical to INSAT-2A. Still in service. Transponders:12C-band (for FSS),6 ext. C-band (for FSS)2S-band (for BSS),1Data relay transponder (for met.data), 1 transponder for research and rescue, Very High Resolution radiometer (VHRR) formeteorological observation with 2 km resolution in the visible and 8 km resolution in the IR band.
INSAT-2C 21 July 1988 Ariane
Same as INSAT-1A. Served for only one-and-a-half years. Transponders:16C-band / extended C-band transponders (forFSS), 2 high power C-band transponders (for BSS), 1S-band transponder (for BSS),1C/S-band mobilecommunication transponder, 3 Ku-band transponders
INSAT-2D 04 June 1997 ArianeSame as INSAT-2C. Inoperable since 1997-10-04 due to power bus anomaly. two S-band transponders and 25 C-band transponders.
INSAT-2E/ Intelsat APR-2
03 April 1999 ArianeMultipurpose communication and meteorological satellite. very High Resolution Radiometer will operate in three spectral bands with 2 km resolution in visible band and 8km resolution in thermal infrared and water vapour bands.
INSAT-3B 22 March 2000 ArianeMultipurpose communication: business communication, developmental communication, and mobile communication. 12 extended C – band Transponders,Five Ku band Transponders,Mobile Satellite Services (MSS)
GSAT-1 18 April 2001 GSLV-D1Experimental satellite for the first developmental flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, GSLV-D1. 3 C-band transponders and 1 S-band transponder
INSAT-3C24 January 2002
Ariane
Designed to augment the existing INSAT capacity for communication and
broadcasting and provide continuity of the services of INSAT-2C. 24 C band transponders, 6 Extended C - band Transponders, 2 S - band Transponders
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Satellite
Launch date
Launch Vehicle
Remarks
INSAT-3A 10 April 2003 Ariane-5Multipurpose satellite for communication, broadcasting, and meteorological services along with INSAT-2E and Kalpana-1.
GSAT-2 08 May 2003 GSLV
Experimental satellite for the second developmental test flight of Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) four C-band
transponders, two Ku-band transponders and a Mobile Satellite
Service (MSS) payload operating in S-band and C-band for
forward link and return link respectively. GSAT-2 also carries four scientific experimental payloads - Total Radiation Dose Monitor (TRDM), Surface Charge Monitor (SCM), Solar X-ray Spectrometer (SOXS) and Coherent Radio Beacon Experiment (CRABEX).
INSAT-3E28 September 2003
Ariane-5Communication satellite to augment the existing INSAT System. 24 Normal C-band and 12 Extended C-band transponders.
INSAT-4A 22 December 2005 ArianeAdvanced satellite for direct-to-home television broadcasting services.dozen Ku transponders and another dozen of C-band transponders.
INSAT-4C 10 July 2006 GSLV Geosynchronous communications satellite. Did not achieve orbit.
INSAT-4B 12 March 2007 Ariane
12 Ku band high power transponders covering Indian main land using140W radiatively cooled TWTAs. 12 C band high power transponderswith extended coverage, covering southeast and northwest regionapart from Indian main land using 63 W TWTAs
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INSAT-4CR
02 September 2007
GSLV-F04
Identical to INSAT-4C. Provides direct-to-home (DTH) television services, video picture transmission (VPT), and digital satellite news gathering (DSNG).
GSAT-4 15 April 2010 GSLV-D3Communications satellite technology demonstrator. Failed to reach orbit due to GSLV-D3 failure.
GSAT-5P /INSAT-4D
25 December 2010 GSLV-F06
C-band communication satellite, failed to reach orbit due to GSLV-F06 failure. 24 Normal C-band and 12 Extended C-band transponders.
GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G
21 May 2011 ArianeCommunications satellite carries 24 Ku-band transponders and 2 channel GAGANpayloadoperating in L1 and L5 band.
GSAT-12 15 July 2011 PSLV-C17
GSAT-12 communication satellite built by ISRO, weighs about 1410 kg at lift-off. GSAT-12 is configured to carry 12 Extended C-band transponders to meet the country's growing demand for transponders in a short turn-around-time.The 12 Extended C-band transponders of GSAT-12 will augment the capacity in the INSAT system for various communication services like Tele-education, Telemedicine and for Village Resource Centres (VRC).Mission life About 8 Years.
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MOBILE PHONES & Electronic Gadgets
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An evolution of mobile phones:From 1980s-1G network to2000s-3G networks
i-Phone Latest Intel Core Laptop Computer
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Future Mobiles and Gadgets
Ref: drewsmumblesalot.blogspot.com
the evolution of miniature of computers
The Future Of The Internet Search
Search Geographical And Planetary Objects through phone/Tablets
“Window Phone”makes accurate predictions and even changes its display to reflect the climatic conditions outdoors
Tracking RADAR
Typical tracking radars have a pencil beam to receive echoes from a single target and track the target in angle, range, and/or doppler. Its resolution cell—defined by its antenna beamwidth, transmitter pulse length (effective pulse length may be shorter with pulse compression), and/or doppler bandwidth—is usually small compared with that of a search radar and is used to exclude undesired echoes or signals from other targets, clutter, and countermeasures. Electronic beam-scanning phased array radars may track multiple targets by sequentially dwelling upon and measuring each target while excluding other echo or signal sources.
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Conical scanning concept
Mono-pulse radar
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For tracking Rockets in early years the Radar Range was to be extended using Transponder which were placed onboard Rocket in India for first time transponders were developed for extending range of Radar for Tracking. Development of dual polarized feed for Troposcatter and satellite communication antenna feeds was done by Microwave Division of ISRO which was Headed by Prof. O.P.N. Calla.
This Ushered the Era of Space borne Microwave System in India.
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RADAR
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Indian Doppler Radar (INDRA-I): INDRA is a 2D mobile surveillance radar for low level target detection.
Rajendra Radar: Rajendra, multifunction phased array radar, is the primary sensor at battery level for Akash SAM system - an air defence system for the Indian Army as part of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP).
3-Dimensional Central Acquisition Radar (3D-CAR): to tactical forces for all types of operations with matching mobility. This is a medium range surveillance radar for Akash at Group level, with high mobility and excellent high and low level coverage
Ref: drdo.gov.in
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MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING
Obtaining information about an object throughanalysis of data acquired by a sensor, that is not indirect contact with the object.
These remote sensors are operated in MicrowaveFrequencies.
It has evolved into an important tool for monitoringthe atmospheres and surfaces of Planetary objects.
It has diverse applications and is very efficienttechnique to help the growth of economy and solvesome of its problems.
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UNIQUE CAPABILITIES OF MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING
• For some Remote Sensing Applications Microwave RemoteSensing is UNIQUE and has Stand Alone applications.
• Microwaves have capability to Penetrate clouds.• Microwaves are Independent of sun as SOURCE and so
Microwave Sensors can be used in Day as well as in Night.• Microwaves are capable of penetrating more deeply into
vegetation as compared to optical waves.• Microwaves are sensitive to the moisture content.• Microwaves are capable of penetrating into the ground
itself. The depth of penetration is function of moisturecontent in the soil.
• Microwave sensors give complementary information insome applications and supplementary information in others,to the optical and infrared sensing.
• The Combination of microwaves, visible and infraredradiation allows a study of the geometric, bulk-dielectricand molecular resonance properties of a surface.
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Sensors for Microwave Remote Sensing
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microwave Sensors
Passive microwave
Sensors
Non imaging Sensor
Radiometer
Imaging Sensor
Active microwave
Sensors
Non Imaging Radar
Scatterometer Altimeter
Imaging Radar
Real Aperture
Radar
Synthetic Aperture
Radar
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Microwave Remote Sensing Parameters• Microwave Remote Sensing uses two types of sensors. They
are:• Active Sensors
• Passive Sensors
• These Sensors measures• Brightness Temperature/Emissivity
• Scattering Coefficient
• The Brightness Temperature/Emissivity and Scattering coefficient are function of Dielectric Constant of the Target Material.
• Dielectric Constant is a very important electrical parameter of a natural material.
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Total power radiometer
A Passive Microwave Sensor used for measuring the brightness temperature of the target.
Radiometer
Ref. Ulaby F T. et. al. , Microwave Remote Sensing& Neils Skou, Microwave Radiometer Systems
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isolator Mixer
isolator
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∫
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Integrator
τ =1sec
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TB = ℮ TREC
TB= Brightness temperatureTREC= physical temperature
℮ = Emissivity
DICKE Radiometer
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Equivalent RxI/P Noise Source PREDETECTION SECTION
+
Noise-freePre-detection
sectionGain=G
Bandwidth=B
Switchdriver
Square-wave
Generatorfs
+
LPF(INTEGRATOR)
- +
TA
TREF Synch. Detector
VOUT
Square law detector
V syn
V d
T’REC
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Mixer
LNA
IF Amplifi
er
Coupler
Source
Power Amplifier
Horn Antenna
Soil Surface
Horn Antenna
TRANSMITTERRECEIVER
Power Meter
Detector
Volt-meter
Scatterometer The Scatterometer measures scattering coefficient. It is non imaging radar.
( )AGGP
PR
rtt
r2
430 4
λπσ =
Scattering
Coefficient
Block diagram of Scatterometer
Photograph of Scatterometer Frequency : around 10 GHz X-Band
Real Aperture RadarThe real aperture radar will provide
image of the scene and has tworesolutions like
-Along the track resolution-Across the track resolutionThese resolutions depend on the
beam width of the antenna andthe pulse width of the radar
51
Block Diagram of Real Aperture Radar (RAR)
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Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR)
52Geometry of Side Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR)
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SyntheticAperture Radar
The synthetic aperture radar also works on similarprinciple of radar but the information that the radargathers include the amplitude of the return signal aswell as the phase of the signal. this also takes theDoppler history as the radar is placed on the movingplatform .the antenna is synthesized and so the alongtrack resolution improves. Thus both the resolutions incase of synthetic aperture radar are better than that ofreal aperture radar.
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Areas of Application for Microwave Remote Sensing
54
ICRS
Land Ocean Atmosphere
the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve located on the Seward Peninsula in Northwestern Alaska. Satellite: EnvisatInstrument: ASARAcquistion: 09-Oct-2004
Arctic Ocean swirls, GreenlandSatellite: EnvisatInstrument: MERISAcquistion: 14-Jun-2008
Dust and plankton, Portugal, UK, Ireland and FranceSatellite: EnvisatInstrument: MERISAcquistion: 08-Apr-2011
Ref: envisat.esa.int, earth.eo.esa.int
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LAND APPLICATIONThe spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture is ofgreat importance for crop yield models, dry land farming,status of crop health, irrigation scheduling, etc.Microwave sensing is unique for soil moisture because ofits penetration capability and because of the sensitivity ofmicrowave energy to moisture.
55
PARAMETERS OF LAND APPLICATIONS1. Soil Moisture Estimation2. Crop Identification and condition assessment3. Flood Mapping4. Snow Mapping5. Geological and Geomorphological Mapping6. Forest cover and species identification7. Urban land use / Land cover studies8. Delineation of Hydrocarbon Bearing Structures
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Why measure Soil Moisture?• Soil Moisture helps to improve the capability of understanding and
predicting the Earth’s Environment especially for climate sensitive sectors atregional scale.
• “Significant Progress for Weather Forecasting , Climate Monitoring andExtreme Events forecasting rely on a better quantification of Soil Moisture”.
• A new data stream on soil moisture will substantially impact InternationalScience programs of Climate Variability and Predictability programs that arefocused on the fast and slow components of climate variability.
• “Recent Reviews of International Science Programs have consistentlyidentified that the observation and characterization of soil moisture is theobservation priority”.
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ICRS Project: Determination of Soil Moisture over INDIA using Space Borne Passive Microwave Sensors onboard SMOS
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Circles Showing the Black Soil Areas & Yellow Soil (Desert) Area whose data is compared
Brightness temperature values of Black Soil using MSMR data
Site 5
Site 6
Site 4
Site 2
Site 3
Site 1
Sites Longitude Latitude
Site 1(Black Soil Area) 16.5 77.8
Site 2(Black Soil Area) 24.0 80.7
Site 3(Black Soil Area) 19.9 76.9
Site 4(Black Soil Area) 18.9 75.6
Site 5(Black Soil Area) 24.5 77.4
Site 6(Yellow Soil Area) 27.2 70.3
Ref: O.P.N. Calla et. al., Study Of Delineation of Black Soil Areas Using Multi frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) Data At 6.6 GHz
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Date Latitude Longitude Brightness TemperatureV H
19990601 24.5 77.4 277.3 250.219990603 24.5 77.4 276.5 247.619990605 24.5 77.4 259.9 225.519990607 24.5 77.4 260.1 231.819990609 24.5 77.4 270.3 242.919990611 24.5 77.4 274.3 248.819990613 24.5 77.4 254.2 227.619990615 24.5 77.4 260.6 234.619990617 24.5 77.4 247.5 213.219990619 24.5 77.4 257.9 227.519990621 24.5 77.4 272.8 249.919990623 24.5 77.4 274.2 247.119990625 24.5 77.4 255.7 229.419990627 24.5 77.4 257.4 226.819990629 24.5 77.4 244.8 213.3
58
DATE LATITUDE LONGITUDEBRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURE
V H
20010601 27.28 70.38 288.32 250.5320010603 27.28 70.38 287.17 249.4120010605 27.28 70.38 286.92 248.4820010607 27.28 70.38 287.03 249.82
20010609 27.28 70.38 288.04 250.4620010611 27.28 70.38 289.03 251.5220010613 27.28 70.38 289.78 251.7420010615 27.28 70.38 287.28 248.4720010617 27.28 70.38 287.09 247.2720010619 27.28 70.38 287.04 249.9620010623 27.28 70.38 286.43 249.5820010625 27.28 70.38 284.2 248.5620010627 27.28 70.38 285.59 250.7920010629 27.28 70.38 285.91 250.31
TABLE FOR THE MONTH OF JUNE (2001) (DESERT AREA)
Table for the Month of June 2001 for Black Soil
Areas (Site 5)
Ref: O.P.N. Calla et. al., Study Of Delineation of Black Soil Areas Using Multi frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) Data At 6.6 GHz
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WHEAT
Site 6
RICE
RICEMILLETS
WHEAT
Ref: O P N Calla et. Al.,Study of Delineation of Rice Fields Using MSMR Data of IRS-P4 Satellite At 6.6 GHz
Graph Showing Rice fields and Desert areas
Sites Microwave Temperature
V (min) V (max) H (min) H (max)
RiceGrowing(avg.)
246.2 263.7 222.42 247.3
DesertArea 284.2 289.78 247.27 251.74
Comparison of TB
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Date Latitude Longitude Brightness TemperatureV H
19990601 24.6 85.5 260.4 236.119990603 24.6 85.5 246.0 214.119990605 24.6 85.5 256.4 229.319990607 24.6 85.5 262.5 235.019990609 24.6 85.5 265.4 239.419990611 24.6 85.5 270.1 246.819990613 24.6 85.5 269.9 247.619990615 24.6 85.5 263.1 239.319990617 24.6 85.5 267.7 241.219990619 24.6 85.5 241.9 209.119990621 24.6 85.5 244.8 211.319990623 24.6 85.5 244.0 208.419990625 24.6 85.5 246.1 212.519990627 24.6 85.5 253.2 217.919990629 24.6 85.5 253.8 217.3
Date Latitude Longitude Brightness TemperatureV H
20010601 27.28 70.38 288.32 250.5320010603 27.28 70.38 287.17 249.4120010605 27.28 70.38 286.92 248.4820010607 27.28 70.38 287.03 249.8220010611 27.28 70.38 288.04 250.4620010613 27.28 70.38 289.03 251.5220010615 27.28 70.38 289.78 251.7420010617 27.28 70.38 287.28 248.4720010619 27.28 70.38 287.09 247.2720010621 27.28 70.38 287.04 249.9620010623 27.28 70.38 286.43 249.5820010625 27.28 70.38 284.20 248.5620010627 27.28 70.38 285.59 250.7920010629 27.28 70.38 285.91 250.31
Table 1 Showing TB for Rice Fields for the Month of June 2001
Table 2 Showing TB of Desert Area
Flood Mapping
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Floods were reported in West Bengal during fourth week of June, 2011 due to intense depression over Bay of Bengal causing heavy torrential rains. Release of water from Damodar Valley Corporation reservoirs in Durgapur, has led to inundation in the low lying areas of West and East Midnapore districts in West Bengal.
Dated: 02, Jul 2011
Data from Radarsat
District: MEDINAPUR, West Bengal
Ref: dsc.nrsc.gov.in
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Dated: 01, Oct 2011
Data from: Radarsat-2 SAR
District: DARBHANGA
Ref: dsc.nrsc.gov.in
FLOOD CHRONIC STATES OF INDIA
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Specification of RADARSAT
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Table for Spacecraft CharacteristicsLaunch mass (total) 2,750 kg
Array power 2.5 kW
Batteries 3 x 48 Ah NiCd
Design lifetime 5 years
Frequency/wavelength 5.3GHz/C-band 5.6 cm
Radio frequency bandwidth
11.6, 17.3 or 30.0 Mhz
Transmitter power (peak) 5 kW
Transmitter power (average)
300 W
Maximum data rate 85 Mb/s (recorded) - 105 Mb/s (R/T)
Antenna size 15m x 1.5mAntenna polarization HH
resolution 8 to 100 metres in
Table for Synthetic Aperture Radar Characteristics
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RADARSAT-1 components
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Shows all catchment areas and a desert
location
Desert Area
12
8
7
5
3
IDENTIFICATION OF CATCHMENT AREAS
BY THE RADIOMETERIC
DATA IN RAJASTHAN
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The data values corresponding to Himalayan region were retrievedusing Data retrieval program both at 6.6 GHz and 18 GHz frequencychannel.
Figure shows the siteselected for analysis.Location is divided into16 evenly spaced gridcells for classificationand comparisonpurpose.
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Snow Mapping
DATA USED
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A number of studies have been taken up for inventory, monitoring and retreat of Himalayan glaciers. Glacier inventory of Himalayas (Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra Basins); Monitoring of snowline at the end of ablation season for estimation of glacier mass balance; Estimation of retreat of Himalayan glaciers and Snow cover monitoring in Himalayan region are some of them. Glacial inventory has been carried out for the glacial regions of Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra Basins covered approximately in 1250 map sheets at 1:50,000 scale. Specific measurements of mapped glacier features are used as inputs for generating the glacier inventory data. The data sheet provides glacier wise details mainly related to the glacier identification in terms of number and name, glacier location in terms of coordinate details, information on the elevation, measurements of dimensions and orientation, etc.
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Ref: Vijay Kumar a & Gopalan Venkataraman ,SAR interferometric coherence analysis for snow cover mapping in the western Himalayan region and www.isro.org
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Color coded InSAR coherence image of ENVISAT ASAR, 19 May 2004 and 28July 2004, the white tone representing the snow cover and the blue tone covered area is a snowfree region.
RESULTS
Images obtained for the data values taken at
horizontal polarization, at frequency 6.6GHz and
18 GHz respectively.
Images obtained forthe data values takenat verticalpolarization, atfrequency 6.6GHz and18 GHz respectively.
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OCEANOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONDue to the focus on the utilisation of Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)in the future, applications like sea-state, ocean circulation, andshallow-water topography are of high priority. Apart from this,applications like oil pollution monitoring, retrieval of geophysicalparameters of the ocean and the study of the ocean geoid are alsoimportant. The latter two are considered to be an input formeteorological prediction
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PARAMETERS OF OCEANOGRAPHIC APPLICATIONS
1. Measurement of Sea State2. Inference of Bottom Topography in Shallow seas3. Ocean Circulation studies in relation to Monsoon.4. Determination of Geophysical Oceanic parameters by Passive
Microwave radiometry.5. Detection and Measurement of oil spills over oceans.6. Ocean Geoid studies
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Futuristic Oceanographic ResearchThemes
• A very high resolution integrated coastal forecast system.
• A high resolution ocean analysis/reanalysis system.
Major Themes1. Improvements(in the physics, numeric techniques, schemes, etc.) in the
ocean/atmosphere models (preferable in the models already set-up at INCOIS) as well as coupled models.
2. Utilization of Oceanographic data (hosted at INCOIS or elsewhere) for focused scientific research to bring out new insights about the features or variability of the Indian Ocean.
3. Focused numerical modeling experiments to understand the Physical/dynamical processes involved in the observed variability/features in the Indian Ocean.
4. Implementation of data assimilation schemes in the existing ocean general circulation models.
5. Incorporation modules such as ecosystem models, bio-geo-chemical models to the existing model setups.
6. Coupling wind wave models with regional ocean models (e.g. SWAN_ROMS Coupling)
7. Setting up of Oil Spill Trajectory Forecast systems.
8. Tropical Cyclone and Storm Surge modeling.
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Proposed ICRS Studies in Oceanographic
1. Dielectric Constant Measurement of Sea water 2. To work on wind wave model using data from Passive
and Active Microwave sensors. SMOS, SMAP, ACQUARIUS, OCEANSAT, RISAT, SARAL
3. Setting up of Oil Spill Trajectory Forecast systems.The parameters that has to be monitored/measured are
the following :• Dielectric Constant of oil contaminated Sea water. The
data base to be generated for variable salinity of sea water. The measurement will be done in laboratary at different temperature. Measurement to be made at ICRS as well as in –situ.
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• Airborne campaign using passive and active Microwave sensors over oil spill areas and generate data base of TB and σ0 by flying over non spill areas where is spill. This will give a comparison. Also use estimated Є and σ0 obtained from measured dielectric constant of Mixer.
• Delineation of oil spill areas using space Bourne Passive and Active Microwave sensors. The space borne missions like SPOS, OCEANSAT-2, SMAP, ACQUARIUS, RISAT, SARAL.
4. Tropical Cyclone and storm surge modeling.
• Airborne campaign using passive and active microwave sensors.
• Satellite based data of passive and active microwave sensors to be used for prediction of cyclone and storm. Using these data models to be generated using dielectric constant (Є) of sea water, emissivity (e) and scattering coefficient σ0.
• Monitoring of SSS, SST ,SW, SWH for modeling tropical cyclone and storm surge using available space borne missions like SMOS,OCEANSAT-2, SMAP, ACQUARIUS, RISAT, SARAL.
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Detection and Measurement of oil spills over oceans
Radarsat
Radar
satellite-borne
Canadian Space Agency (CSA)Canadian Center for Remote Sensing (CCRS)distributed by RadarsatInternational
C-bandsingle frequency 5.7cmvariety of beam selections10-100m pixel resolution35-500km swath widthvariable revisit times approx. 6 days at mid-latitudes
monitor environmental change
support resource sustainability
monitor sea-ice conditions
geology (structural interpretation especially)
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Data: RADARSAT Image credit: CCRS (Canadian Center for Remote Sensing)
a big plus to radar is it's ability to see through clouds; this is important for work done in tropical regions. Radar is also strongly scattered by vegetation. this system has a polar orbit, so it sees more of the earth than the earlier SIR-C mission
www.es.ucsc.edu
The outline of the oil spill can be clearly seen in this image as the darker water in the north surrounded by the yellow rectangle. The oil slick appears dark because the oil itself is dampening the surface capillary waves which results in overall reduced backscatter. The use of radar to map oil spills is a well-tested and used technique.
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Delineation of coastline of India using MSMR of Oceansat 1
Retrieving salinity from SMOS Satellite
74Ref.: www.esa.int
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OBJECTIVES of SMOS
• the SMOS science objectives are to:
• i. Globally monitor surface soil moisture over land surfaces,
• ii. Globally monitor surface salinity over the oceans, and
• iii. Improve the characterization of ice and snow covered surfaces.
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What is salinity?
76
1 PSU≈ 1 g/kg SSS = sea surface salinity, OS = ocean salinity
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ICRS Project:
“Simulation of Brightness Temperature using Radiative Transfer Model and Retrieval of Salinity from SMOS Brightness Temp in open seas”
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Graph Illustrates the estimated values of real part
of complex dielectric Constant using B&A, K&S and ICRS model versus the
values of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) on date
15/02/2011 over pacific ocean
WORLD OCEANS MAP
ICRS has measured salinity using SMOS in Pacific Ocean, Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea ranging from 12 psu to 78 psu.
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ATMOSHPERIC APPLICATIONThis application area is accorded a high priorityunder atmospheric application. Otherapplications of interest include profiling themoisture and temperature in the atmospherewhich is essential for delineating mesoscaleclimatic systems. The application on studyingthe minor constituents in the atmosphere isconsidered important for stratosphericresearch. These applications have a potentialfor using microwave data.
78OPNC
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Space borne Microwave Remote Sensing Activities in India
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The first experimental remote sensing satellite built in India. Third Country in the world after USA and USSR, for putting Microwave Remote Sensing payload SAMIR onboard BHASKARA.
The onboard TV camera sent imageries which were reused in the field of Hydrology and Forestry. SAMIR sent rich scientific data which were used for oceanographic studies.
Microwave Remote Sensing was initiated through SAMIR onboard BHASKARA I & II in India. Prof. O.P.N. Calla was Principle Scientist and responsible for initiating Microwave Remote Sensing in INDIA.
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Bhaskara I & II
SAMIR(Satellite Microwave Radiometer ) Payload
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OPNC Ref:isro.org
SAMIR was the payload for BHASKAR I and II satellites launched in 1979 and 1981. They successfully provided data on the sea surface temperature, ocean winds, moisture content over the land and sea.It was a Dicke type radiometer with a temperature resolution better than 1 degree Kelvin. Microwave Remote Sensing was initiated through SAMIR onboard BHASKARA I & II in India.
Principle Scientist–Prof. O.P.N. CallaSAMIR Payload
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Oceansat 1Launch date May 26, 1999Launch site SHAR, Sriharikota
Launch vehicle PSLV - C2Orbit Polar Sun Synchronous
Altitude 720 kmInclination 98.28 deg
Period 99.31 minLocal time of Eq.
crossing12 noon
Repetitivity cycle 2 daysSize 2.8m x 1.98m x 2.57m
Mass at lift off 1050 kgLength when fully
deployed11.67 m
Attitude and Orbit Control
3-axis body-stabilised using Reaction Wheels, Magnetic Torquers and Hydrazine
ThrustersPower 9.6 Sq.m Solar Array generating 750w Two
21 Ah Ni-Cd BattriesMission Completed On August 8, 2010
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82REF:www.sac.gov.in
OCM and MSMR sensor package.
Specification of MSMR
Frequency 6.6, 10.65, 18, 21 GHzRF Bandwidth 250,250,350,350 MHzNoise Figure 4.0,4.0,4.5,4.5 dBPolarization vertical and horizontal (in each
band)Grid size 150, 75, 50 Km resp.Input Signal 4°K to 330°KOutput Signal 0-10 VAntenna bore sight angle 43°Swath 1360 KmRepetivity 2 daysScanning geometry Off-nadir, conicalAltitude 720 KmIntegration Time Constant 18 msOrbit inclination 98.28°Incidence angle 49.7°Equator crossing timeforthe spacecraft
12:00 hours (noon)
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2
1
3
70.5 – 27.78 (Site 1)
70.38 – 27.28 (Site 3)
74.19 – 24.42 (Site 2)
THREE SITES (1 ,2 AND 3) WHICH HAVE BEEN CHOSEN FOR STUDY
A METHOD FOR CALIBRATION OF SPACE BORNE PASSIVE MICROWAVE SENSORS(MSMR)
26
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Variation of Brightness Temperature with date for all the three months for all the three sites
Calla O P N et. al., a method for calibration of space borne passive microwave sensor
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Remote Sensing Satellites
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IRS-P4 (OCEANSAT)
RISAT-2 ,Radar Imaging Satellite
Oceansat-2
Megha Tropiques
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BHASKARA I & II
Satellite Specification TableSatellite Launch date Launch
VehicleRemarks
Bhaskara-I 07 June 1979 IntercosmosFirst experimental remote sensing satellite. Carried TV and
microwave cameras.
Bhaskara-II 20 November 1981 Intercosmos
Second experimental remote sensing satellite; similar to
Bhaskara-1. Provided experience in building and operating a
remote sensing satellite system on an end-to-end basis.
IRS-P4/OCEANSAT 26 May 1999 PSLV-C2Earth observation satellite. Carries an Ocean Colour Monitor (OCM)
and a Multifrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR).
RISAT-2 20 April 2009 PSLV-C12Radar imaging satellite used to monitor India's borders and as part of
anti-infiltration and anti-terrorist operations. Launched as a co-
passenger with ANUSAT.
Megha-Tropiques 12 October 2011 PSLV-C18
Megha-Tropiques weighs about 1000kg Lift-off Mass, developed
jointly by ISRO and the French Centre National d'Études
Spatiales (CNES). PSLV-C18 is configured to carry four satellites in
which, one satellite, developed by India and France, will track the
weather, two were developed by educational institutions, and the
fourth is from Luxembourg.
Oceansat-2 (IRS-P4)
23 September 2009 PSLV-C14Gathers data for oceanographic, coastal and atmospheric applications. Continues mission of Oceansat-1.
86
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Medical Application
• Microwave Radiometry for early detection of subsurface cancerous growths or tumors.
• Microwave Diathermy or hyperthermia• Monitoring of Frozen Organs• Re-warming Infants after hypothermia• Detection and Monitoring of Inflammation.• Treatment of Cancer by Microwave
Heating.
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APPLICATION TO CANCER DETECTION
88
- USE OF MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY TO DETECT SUBSURFACE ORSUBCUTANEOUS AND EVEN INTRACRANIAL THERMAL ABNORMALITIES
- THE RESULTING THERMOGRAMS MAY BE SUITABLY INTERPRETED TOPERFORM DIAGNOSIS OF THYROIDAL, ORBITAL AND INTRACRANIALPATHOLOGIES
- IT ALSO HELPS IN THE DETECTION OF TUMORS IN THE NECK ANDBRAIN AREA, MONITORING OF ARTHRITIS AND DETECTION OF BREASTCANCER IN WOMEN
- THE USE OF X-RAYS AS A DIAGNOSTIC METHOD FOR BREAST CANCERCAN BE AVOIDED. THUS AVOIDING THE RISK ASSOCIATED WITH THERADIATION HAZARDS
-The Cancerous Tumors can be treated by Microwave Heating.
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STUDY OF CANCEROUS TUMOURS IN SWISS BRED MICE-MICROWAVE
THERMOGRAPHY
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- EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED JOINTLY BY S.A.C. AND N.I.O.H, AHMEDABAD IN1984/85
- PASSIVE DETECTION OF CANCEROUS TUMOURS USING 1.4 GHz AND 19 GHzRADIOMETERS
- TWO TYPES OF APPLICATORS USED:
(1) OPEN-ENDED WAVEGUIDE
(2) CO-AXIAL LINES
- COMPARATIVE CHARTS OF BRIGHTNESS TEMP. VARIATIONS OF A NORMALHEALTHY MOUSE AND A CANCEROUS MOUSE (AFFECTED BY LIVER CANCER)
- ENHANCED OUTPUT IN CASE OF CANCEROUS MOUSE DUE TO HIGH RATE OFMETABOLISM IN CANCEROUS TISSUES
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TREATMENT OF CANCER
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- APPLICATION OF CONFORMAL APPLICATORS FOR THETREATMENT OF BREAST CANCER IN WOMEN.
- BREAST LESIONS CAN BE WELL-DELINEATED AND FOCUSINGOF MICROWAVE ENERGY ON TUMOR MAY BE CASILYACCOMPLISHED USING BEAN-BAG APPLICATORS AND CROSS-FIRE BEAMS.
- HYPERTHERMIA CAN ALSO BE A VALUABLE COMPLEMENTARYMETHOD FOR TREATMENT OF SUPERFICIAL MANGNANTLESIONS (UPTO 3.5 CM IN THICKNESS).
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Fig. 9a and 9b show a patient’s internal temperature fields before and after conservative treatment.
The second temperature field confirms that there is no cancer.
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Industrial Applications• Heating Paper and Pulp• Tea and Coffee• Preservation of food
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1. Manufacture of Synthetics and Pressed Synthetics.
2. Wood Processing Industries.
3. Backing Foundry Cores.
4. Food Processing.
5. Medical Sterlization of Bandages, absorbent, Cotton, Instruments.
6. Textile Industries.
7. Curing and Breaking of Concrete.
8. Sealing of Plastics.
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INDUSTRIAL MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL
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1. Thickness measurement of metal sheets in rolling mills.
2. Measurement of wire diameter in drawing operations.
3. Thickness measurement of dielectric sheets.
4. Monitoring of moisture content in paper and textile industry.
5. Measurement of moisture content in Liquids.
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RF DRYER
FEATURES
• 15 KW RF Power
• Uniform heating through entire bulk
• 2 to 20 times faster than conventional heating
• Energy efficient
• Uniform moisture profiling
• Low maintenance
• Applications
• Textile Paper
• Food products Sagoo drying
• Rubber Products Tapiocca chips
• Leather Ceramics
• Chemical & Pharmaceutical
94Ref: www.sameer.gov.in
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MW OVEN FOR INDUSTRIAL HEATING
Applications• Bakery industry
• Pigment and Dye
• Cellulose
• Rubber compound
• Polymers
• Agro based product
• Ghee making
95Ref: www.sameer.gov.in
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MW DISINFECTING SYSTEMFOR HOSPITAL WASTE
Applications
City like Mumbai produces approx. 100 tonnes of solid hospital waste Which are highly infected.Handling these wastes is dangerous.SAMEER has taken up development of microwave disinfecting system Equipment engineered by M/s Thermax, Pune
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Ooty Radio Telescope
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The ORT has produced results on radio galaxies, quasars, supernovae and pulsars
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Organization Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Location Muthorai, near Ooty, Tamil Nadu,India
Coordinates 11.383404°N 76.66616°ECoordinates: 11.383404°N 76.66616°E
Altitude 2240 m
Weather 70% clear days
Wavelength 0.92 m (frequency of 326.5 MHz)
Built 1970
Telescope style
Cylindrical Paraboloid
Angular resolution
2.3deg x 5.5sec(dec)'[2]
Collecting area
16000 m2[2]
Mounting Equatorial
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Giant Metre-wave Radio Telescope
World’s largest Radio Telescope: Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT), located near Junnar region consists of 30 fully steerable gigantic parabolic dishes of 45m diameter each spread over distances of upto 25 km in a Y shape array
98Ref: Tata Institute of Fundamental Research
Work on GMRT was started ~ 1989 under the leadership of Prof. GovindSwarup and by 1995 , all the 30 antennas were operational.
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The GMRT operates in six frequency bands centered at 38, 153, 233, 327, 610, and 1420 MHz
Astronomy
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Arecibo Observatory (largest Telescope)
Organization SRI International, NSF, Cornell University
Location Arecibo, Puerto Rico
Wavelength radio (3 cm–1 m)
Built 1963
Telescope style
spherical reflector
Diameter 305 m (1,000 ft)
Collecting area
73,000 square metres (790,000 sq ft)
Focal length 265.109 m (869 ft93⁄8 in)
[citation
needed]
Mounting semi-transit telescope: fixedprimary with secondary(Gregorian reflector) and a delay-line feed, each of which moves on tracks to point to different parts of the sky.
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search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
• the collective name for a number of activities people undertake to search for intelligent extraterrestrial life. SETI projects use scientific methods to search for intelligent life on other planets.
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Screen shot of the screensaver for SETI@home, a distributed computing project in which volunteers donate idle computer power to analyze radio signals for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence
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Future Astronomy programs
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Astrosat is India's first dedicated astronomy satellite and is scheduled to launch on board the PSLV in 2012.
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Mars ExplorationICRS
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ObjectivesIn the broad context of planetary science, Mars represents an important transition between the outer volatile-rich, more oxidisedregions of the accretion zone of the terrestrial bodies (asteroid belt) and the inner, more refractory and less oxidised regions from which the Earth, Venus and Mercury accreted.
ESA Mars Express-MARSIS Radar-Its major goals are to characterisethe subsurface layers of sediments and possibly detect underground water or ice, to conduct large-scale altimetry mapping and provide data on the planet’s ionosphere.This is an impression of the completely deployed MARSIS experiment on board ESA's Mars Express orbiter. Its two 20-metre booms and the 7-metre booms are sprung out and locked into place.The MARSIS experiment will map the Martian sub-surface structure to a depth of a few kilometres. The instrument's 40-metre long antenna booms will send low frequency radio waves towards the planet, which will be reflected from any surface they encounter.
An optical Image of Mars
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Operator ESA
Mission type Orbiter + Lander
Satellite of Mars
Orbital insertion date December 25, 2003
Launch date June 2, 2003
Launch vehicle Soyuz-FG/Fregat
COSPAR ID 2003-022A
Homepage ESA Mars Express project (official site)
Mass 1123 (666 + 457 fuel) kg
Power 460 W (Mars)
Orbital elements
Eccentricity 0.943
Inclination 86.3º
Apoapsis 10,107 km
Periapsis 298 km
Orbital period 7.5 hr
ESA Mars Express
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The primary objectives of the Magellan mission were to map the surface of Venus with a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and to determine the topographic relief of the planet.
Gross mass: 3,444 kg (7,592 lb).Height: 6.40 m (20.90 ft).Span: 9.20 m (30.10 ft).First Launch: 1989.05.04.Number: 1 .
MagellanAmerican Venus probe
Courtesy: www.astronautix.com
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Exploration of Venus
Venus in real color
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The Radar System functioned in three modes: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Altimetry (ALT), and Radiometry (RAD)
In Synthetic Aperture Radar mode, the instrument transmitted several thousand long-wave, 12.6-centimetermicrowave pulses every second through the high-gain antenna, while measuring the doppler shift of each hitting the surface.
In Altimetry mode, the instrument interleaved pulses with SAR, and operating similarly with the altimetric antenna, recording information regarding the elevation of the surface on Venus.
In Radiometry mode, the high-gain antenna was used to record microwave radiothermalemissions from Venus. This data was used to characterize the surface temperature.
Photo of the radar processing equipment in the electronics box on the Magellan spacecraft
Diagram displaying the orientation of Magellan while it collects data
Diagram of the orientation of the Magellan spacecraft while collecting altimetricand SAR data.
Courtesy: NASA/JPL
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Exploration of Titan
Cassini–Huygens spacecraft: begun the process of mapping Titan's surface by radar
it was a joint project of the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA on July 1, 2004
Cassini image of Epimetheus and Titan, with the rings of Saturn in the foreground.
Courtesy of NASA
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The Huygens probe was an atmospheric entry probe carried to Saturn's moon Titan as part of the Cassini–Huygens mission.
Artist's concept of Cassini's Saturn Orbit Insertion
An actual-size replica of the probe, 1.3 meters across
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Cassini Characteristics
• Dry mass (orbiter only)
• Launch mass (orbiter, Huygens descent probe, launch vehicle adapter, fuel)
• Height• Width• Power (beginning of
mission)• Power (end of nominal
mission)•
2125 kg
5712 kg
6.7 m4 m
885 W633 W
107Courtesy: www.esa.int
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Satellite based Planetary Exploration in INDIA
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Ref:'''Chandrayaan-1 moon probe''' source: http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=CHANDRYN1 {{PD-USGov-NASA}} Category:Moon missions)
Chandrayaan-1 – 22 October 2008 – Lunar orbiter and impactor – Discovered water on the moon.
Chandrayaan-1
The Chandrayaan-1 mission is aimed at high-resolution remote sensing of the moon in visible, near infrared (NIR), low energy X-rays and high-energy X-ray regions.
Artist concept of Chandrayaan-1 orbiting the moon.
MiniSAR Payload Specifications
7
Center frequency 2.38 GHz (S-band), corresponding to a wavelength of 13.6 cm
Antenna gain 24.97 dBi (min)Antenna size, mass 60 cm x 180 cm, x 5 cm; 3.3 kg
Peak RF power 20 W (max)PRF (Pulse Repetition Frequency) 3.1 kHz
Polarization - Transmit: RCP (Right Circular Polarization),- Receive: RCP, LCP (Left Circular Polarization),
Incidence angle 33ºSpacecraft orbital height 100 km
Spacecraft velocity in lunar orbit 1631 m/s
SAR mission duration (max/orbit) < 10 minutes
Specific radar cross section - 30 dB at 45º angle of incidence; 150 m ground range resolution
Independent looks 16Nominal SNR (Signal-to-Noise-Ratio) 10 dB
Swath 8 km (range)Spatial resolution 150 mInstrument mass, power 8.1 kg, 50 W
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MiniSAR Data
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Mini-SAR map of the Circular Polarization Ratio (CPR) of the north pole of the Moon. Fresh, “normal” craters (red circles) show high values of CPR inside and outside their rims. This is consistent with the distribution of rocks and ejected blocks around fresh impact features, indicating that the high CPR here is surface scattering. The “anomalous” craters (green circles) have high CPR within, but not outside their rims. Their interiors are also in permanent sun shadow. These relations are consistent with the high CPR in this case being caused by water ice, which is only stable in the polar dark cold traps. We estimate over 600 million cubic meters (1 cubic meter = 1 metric ton) of water in these features.
Ref: www.nasa.gov & ISRO
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168 173 178 183 188 193 198 203 208 213
168 173 178 183 188 193 198 203 208 213
2998
3003
3008
3013
3018
3023
3028
3033
3038
3043
3048
2998
3003
3008
3013
3018
3023
3028
3033
3038
3043
3048
region of interest (ROI) in strip FSR_CDR_LV2_01615_0R.IMG of north pole region
the grid image of strip FSR_CDR_LV2_01615_0R.IMG pole of north pole
the area selected for modeling of lunar surface strip of north polar region (strip no-FSR_CDR_LV2_01615_0R.IMG) provided by mini-SAR. The red rectangle which is selected region of interest (ROI) is the CRATER OF LUNAR STRIP
111Courtesy: presentation by Prof. O.P.N. Calla atChandrayaan Workshop, Ahmedabad
Physical and Electrical Modeling of Lunar Surface using Mini-SAR data of Chandrayaan-I at ICRS
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STUDY OF TERRESTRIAL ANALOG OF LUNAR SOIL
• At ICRS MEASUREMENT OF THE ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
OF TERRESTRIAL ANALOG OF LUNAR SOIL has been measured
JSC-1A Lunar regolith simulant
used for measurement of
complex dielectric constant
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S no.
Temp (°C)
ε' ε'’ tanε=ε”/ ε’
1 -1963.66 0.15
.041
2 -504.07 0.25
.061
3 04.17 0.28
.067
4 304.22 0.29
.069
5 504.29 0.31
.072
6 1004.38 0.36
.082
7 1504.47 0.4
.089
8 2004.59 0.43
.094
Table shows Values of dielectric constant of terrestrial analogues of Lunar soil with temperatures at 1.7GHz & having density 1.8 gm/cm3
Graph Shows dielectric constant of terrestrial analogues of lunar soil •' & loss factor •'’ increases with increasing temperature from -196°C to +200°C at 1.7GHz frequency.
ARTCom-113
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Dielectric constant of lunar simulant (JSC-1A)
Waveguide cell methodResonant cavity
method
Min-Max
Freq.
(GHz)1.7GHz 2.5GHz 1.7GHz 2.5GHz 6.6GHz 31.6GHz 2.4GHz 6.6GHz
Density
(gm/cm3)1.26 1.26 1.8 1.8 2.18 1.5 2.96 1.6
S no.
Temp (°C) ε' ε' ε' ε' ε' ε' ε' ε'
1 -196 3.38 3.40 3.66 3.75 3.35 3.50 2.61 3.26 2.61-3.75
2 -50 3.73 3.53 4.07 4.01 3.51 3.55 3.14 3.53 3.14-4.07
3 0 3.80 3.71 4.17 4.1 3.6 3.58 3.39 3.60 3.39-4.17
4 30 3.85 3.78 4.22 4.13 3.68 3.61 3.52 3.72 3.52-4.22
5 50 3.91 3.88 4.29 4.18 3.74 3.67 3.88 3.83 3.67-4.29
6 100 4.18 3.99 4.38 4.26 3.81 3.71 4.74 3.88 3.71-4.74
7 150 4.38 4.08 4.47 4.38 3.96 3.80 4.98 3.97 3.96-4.98
8 200 4.46 4.28 4.59 4.52 4.14 4.00 5.11 4.01 4-5.11
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Comparison of dielectric constant of JSC-1A at 1.7GHz and 2.5GHz with Apollo sample
S. No. Sample JSC-1A JSC-1AApollo 17/70051,20
(Howard E. Bussey et al., 1978)
1.Dielectric constant(ε’) 4.22 4.13 3.78
Density 1.8 1.8 1.853
2.Dielectric constant (ε’ ) at normalize bulk density (1gm/cm3)
2.34 2.29 2.04
3. Frequency 1.7GHz 2.5GHz 2GHz
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S. No.
Sample JSC-1AApollo 14/14163,164( H.L. Bassett et al., 1972)
1.Dielectric constant(ε’ )
3.68 3.59
Density 2.18 1.71
2.
Dielectric constant (ε’ ) at normalize bulk density (1gm/cm3)
1.69 2.1
3. Frequency 6.6GHz 9.375GHz
S .No.
Sample JSC-1AApollo 14/14163,164
Apollo 17/70051,20(Howard E. Busseyet al., 1978)
1.Dielectric constant(ε’ )
3.61 3.18 3.71
Density 1.5 1.493 1.853
2.
Dielectric constant (ε’ ) at normalize bulk density (1gm/cm3)
2.4 2.13 2.002
3. Frequency 31.6GHz 24GHz 18GHz
Comparison of dielectric constant of JSC-1A at 6.6GHz with Apollo sample
Comparison of dielectric constant of JSC-1A at 31.6GHz with Apollo sample
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Futuristic ISRO programs in Microwave Remote Sensing
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Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) undergoing testing and is in queue for launch by the PSLV. It is a microwave remote sensing satellite carrying a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
RISAT - 1
SARAL- The Satellite for ARGOS and ALTIKA (SARAL) is a joint ISRO - CNES mission, and will be launched during 2011-12, by PSLV-C20
Signal frequencies in the Ka-band will enable better observation of ice, rain, coastal zones, land masses (forests, etc.), and wave heights.
Frequency C-band (5.35 GHz)
resolution 3 to 50 m
capability left as well as right looking
swath 200-600 km
polarization modes
Linear and circular
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Future Missions
Basically five types of future missions are being envisaged (These are based upon the current thought process within the scientific community and are NOT yet sanctioned projects by the Govt.
Follow on mission to Moon: Considered time frame-2011(Chandrayaan-2)
Asteroid / Comet flyby mission: Possible time frame-2015
Mission to Mars :Timeframe-2019Missions to other planets (Venus, Mercury…Vision
beyond 2020)
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Chandrayaan 2• Mission includes Orbiter and Lander
• Remote Sensing instruments
• Lander includes robotics, rovers and penetrators.
• Preferred landing sites, specific scientific problems and instruments need to be finalized. Far side of the moon, particularly South Pole Aitkin (SPA) basin is a prime candidate.
• Considered time frame : 2012- 2013
• Possible instruments on the orbiter:
– Terrain mapping camera
– 400-4000nm hyper spectral Imager
– Low energy X-ray spectrometer (CCD-array)
– Gamma ray, neutron, alpha spectrometer
– Two Frequencies
– SAR(1.4 GHz/2.38GHz)
– GPR 30 MHz on LANDER118
Artistic concept of Chandrayaan 2
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Space-based solar power• Solar Power Harvesting using Microwaves
• Solar Power Satellite
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Image from New Scientist. Sunlight is reflected off giant orbiting mirrors to an array of photovoltaic cells; the light is converted to electricity and then changed into microwaves, which are beamed to earth. Ground-based antennas capture the microwave energy and convert it back to electricity, which is sent to the grid.
NASA Sun-tower concept
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Future Gyrotron
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The 2MW Gyrotron developed by Europe.the Japanese 1 MW gyrotron
at the frequency of 170 GHz
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42 GHz Gyrotron
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Operating Mode of 42 GHz Gyrotron
Electron Gun (MIG) for 42 GHz Gyrotron
Interaction Structure of 42 GHz Gyrotron
www.ceeri.res.in
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What is Terahertz (THz)?Terahertz radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum lying between microwaves and the far-IR. This region has frequencies ranging from 0.1 – 10 THz and wavelengths from 3 mm to 0.03 mm. This spectral region is often referred to as the “Terahertz gap” as these frequencies fall between electronic (measurement of field with antennas) and optical (measurement of power with optical detectors) means of generation. Historically, little study of the interactions between these wavelengths and matter has been undertaken. The reason for this was the difficulty in generating and detecting terahertz.
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THz imaging of a man who hinders a plastic bomb.
APPLICATIONS OF TERAHERTZ•Imaging through material•Spectroscopic measurements•Material characterization
•Explosive detection•Concealed weapons detection
High Resolution Imaging
Examination of Packaged Goods
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Terahertz Application
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Biomedical Applications Revealed for Terahertz Spectroscopy
Terahertz imaging is used forproteomics and general drugdiscovery efforts, includingdefining the 3-D structures ofproteins. It also is helpful forviewing the myriad ways inwhich proteins fold intovarious configurations, whichaffects their biophysicalproperties.
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Megha Tropiques
• Megha-Tropiques is an Indo-French Joint Satellite Mission. The main objective of this mission is to understand the life cycle of convective systems that affect weather and climate
• Payloads of Megha Tropiques
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1. MADRAS (Microwave Analysis and Detection of Rain and Atmospheric Structures),a multi-frequency scanning microwave imager at 18, 23, 37, 89 and 157 GHz
2. SAPHIR (Sounder for Atmospheric Profiling of Humidity in the Inter-tropics by Radiometry) It is a 6-channel sounder
Megha-tropiques
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Ref. www.isro.gov
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Specification and Applications of SAPHIR
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ChannelNo.
CentreFrequencies(GHz)
Max.Passband(MHz)
ΔT (K)Sensitivity at300 K Obj.Spec.
AbsoluteCalibration (K)Over 180 -300K
Pol.
S1 183.31± 0.2 200 1/2 ± 1 HS2 183.31 ± 1.1 350 0.7/1.5 ± 1 HS3 183.31 ± 2.8 500 0.7/1.5 ± 1 HS4 183.31 ± 4.2 700 0.6/1.3 ± 1 HS5 183.31 ± 6.8 1200 0.6/1.3 ± 1 HS6 183.31 ± 11.0 2000 0.5/1.0 ± 1 H
Table for specification of
SAPHIR
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• Analysis of the diurnal cycle of the water vapour distribution, to evaluate the vertical transports associated with convective structures at the mesoscale and the large scale, and to understand the scale to scale interactions in the meridional flux.
• Study of the role of the space-time distribution of humidity on the development of deep convection.
Ref. www.isro.gov
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Frequency spectrum with application
Band name Abbreviation
ITU band
Frequencyand
wavelength in airExample uses
< 3 Hz> 100,000 km
Natural and man-made electromagnetic noise
Extremely low frequency ELF 1
3–30 Hz100,000 km –
10,000 kmCommunication with submarines
Super low frequency SLF 2
30–300 Hz10,000 km –
1000 kmCommunication with submarines
Ultra low frequency ULF 3 300–3000 Hz
1000 km – 100 kmSubmarine
communication, Communication within mines
Very low frequency VLF 4 3–30 kHz
100 km – 10 km
Navigation, time signals, submarine communication,
wireless heart rate monitors,geophysics
Low frequency LF 5 30–300 kHz10 km – 1 km
Navigation, time signals, AM longwave broadcasting
(Europe and parts of Asia),RFID, amateur radio
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Band name Abbreviation
ITU band
Frequencyand
wavelength in air
Example uses
Medium frequency MF 6 300–3000 kHz
1 km – 100 mAM (medium-wave) broadcasts, amateur
radio, avalanche beacons
High frequency HF 7 3–30 MHz100 m – 10 m
Shortwave broadcasts, citizens' band radio, amateur radio and over-the-horizonaviation
communications, RFID, Over-the-horizon radar, Automatic link establishment (ALE) / Near
Vertical Incidence Skywave (NVIS) radio communications, Marine and mobile radio
telephony
Very high frequency VHF 8 30–300 MHz
10 m – 1 m
FM, television broadcasts and line-of-sight ground-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-aircraft communications. Remote Sensing, Land Mobile and Maritime Mobile
communications, amateur radio, weather radio
Ultra high frequency UHF 9 300–3000 MHz
1 m – 100 mm
Television broadcasts, microwave ovens, microwave devices/communications, Remote
Sensing, radio astronomy, mobile phones, wireless LAN, Bluetooth, ZigBee, GPS and two-way radios
such as Land Mobile, FRS and GMRS radios, amateur radio
Ref: Wikipedia.org
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Band name Abbreviation
ITU band
Frequencyand
wavelength in air
Example uses
Super high frequency SHF 10
3–30 GHz100 mm –
10 mm
radio astronomy, microwave devices/communications, Remote
Sensing, wireless LAN, most modernradars, communications satellites,
satellite television broadcasting, DBS, amateur radio
Sir J.C. Bose generated 12 GHz frequency
Extremely high frequency
EHF 1130–300 GHz
10 mm –1 mm
radio astronomy, high-frequency microwave radio relay,
microwave remote sensing, amateur radio, directed-energy weapon, millimeter
wave scannerSir J.C. Bose generated 60 GHz frequency
Terahertz or Tremendously high frequency
THz or THF 12
300–3,000 GHz
1 mm – 100 µm
Terahertz imaging – a potential replacement for X-rays in some medical
applications, ultrafast molecular dynamics, condensed-matter
physics, terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, terahertz
computing/communications, sub-mm remote sensing, amateur radio
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List of Institutions• Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)
• Space Applications Centre (SAC),Ahmedabad
• National Remote Sensing Center(NRSC) Hyderabad
• Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres (RRSSCs) at Bangalore, Jodhpur, Kharagpur (recently relocated to Kolkata), Dehradun and Nagpur
• Physical Research Laboratory(PRL) Ahmedabad
• Satish Dhawan Space Center, SDSC – SHAR, Sriharikota
• Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram DEFENCE RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION(DRDO)
• Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL), Dehradun
• Centre for Air Borne Systems (CABS), Bangalore
• Snow & Avalanche Study Estt (SASE), Chandigarh
• Defence Laboratory (DLJ), Jodhpur
• Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL), Hyderabad
• Electronics & Radar Development Establishment (LRDE), Bangalore
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Cont..
Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, CEERI ,PilaniNational Geophysical Research Institute, NGRI, HyderabadNational Physical Laboratory , NPL HyderabadSociety for Applied Microwave Electronics Engineering & Research (SAMEER)INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR RADIO SCIENCE (ICRS)Tata Institute of Fundamental Research(TIFR)
LIST OF INDUSTRIESElectronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL)Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL)
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Last but Not the Least
The law of nature is that discoveries take place in the universe when the time is ripe for that event.
Here in case of Sir J.C. Bose the year 1895 was unique year when Millimeter waves were produced in laboratory and this was done by Sir J.C. Bose that this event took place at a time when people had no idea what so ever regarding many features and applications this will provide in future. The fruits of all which was initiated by Sir J.C. Bose, the present generation is reaping the harvest!
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Regarding Plant Physiology
Sir J.C. Bose was ahead of his times andgave new direction for the plantphysiology.The way he developed instruments whenthe thought of instrumentation was notpart of any Scientific pursuit.Only Sir J.C. Bose could think ofdeveloping such Instruments.
Sir J.C. Bose was first Indian ExperimentalScientist .
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Conclusion
Here in this Sir J.C. Bose Memorial lecturethere has been a great opportunity forlearning about the work done by Sir J.C. Bose.The amount of work done by Sir J.C. Bose is solarge and covers large canvas.
His work includes development of theinstruments/plant Biology/Fatigue in materialsetc. to name a few.
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At ICRS, the Spiritual Inspiration is from ShriRamkrishna Paramhans and the ScientificInspiration is from Sir J.C. Bose.
Sir J.C. Bose in his time, worked and neverpatented his inventions except for one USpatent which we understand was obtained bythe efforts of Swami Vivekanada.
His Best friend during his period of struggle wasGurudev Rabindranath Tagore that can beseen from the exchange of letters betweenthem and the poem written by Gurudev is thebest indicator.
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The lessons one can learn from hisworks are that one can do things whichnobody at that time thinks about the same.It is the GOAL oriented work and thatshould be pursued till it is achievedirrespective of HURDELS obstruction peoplebring.
One most important aspect of the life of SirJ.C. Bose is his wife Mrs. Abala Bose whoprovided continuous support andinspiration to Sir J.C. Bose in his difficulttimes at Presidency college.
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one cannot forget the sacrifices made by hismother Mrs. Bamasundari Devi who even soldher ornaments to support the studies of SirJ.C. Bose in U.K.Sir J.C. Bose was intellectual giant excellentexperimentalist and a great Technologist of histimes who could develop instruments with thehelp of the elements which were used bycommon man.The present Generation are enjoying andFuture Generation will enjoy the Fruits of theplants which were planted by Sir J.C. Bose. AndFuture generation will enjoy, for all times tocome, the fruits of his works.
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This work will be used in MedicalApplication, Communication, Astronomy,Search for Extra Terrestrial Intelligence,Remote Sensing, Plants Biology, Physiology,Industrial Applications, PlanetaryExploration, Scientific application and otherapplication which are not known now butwill appear in due course of time likeMicrowave Remote Sensing which was notin use decades ago.
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Sir J.C. Bose is scientifically a culmination andconsummation of the work done in past by IndianSeers in science. He can be considered asINCARNATION OF VISHWAKARMA who isresponsible for making gadgets(mechanical). Herethe difference is that Sir J.C. Bose made Mechanical,Electrical and Electronic gadgets which can be seenas the evolution of Technology from the days ofVishwakarma to this century in which Sir J.C. Boselived and did manifest His Intellectual excellenceand Technological deep -understanding because ofthat HE gave to the society in varied fields hisscientific knowledge which was challenged manytimes but HE continued and achieved for which HEhad AIMED.
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The Microwaves have unique applications inremote sensing. Also along with optical andinfrared they provide complimentary andsupplementary information about the targets.The Remote Sensing of PLANETS also is possibleusing microwave sensors. As can be seen thehitherto unknown areas in PLANETS can beexplored by microwaves. Thus the microwaveremote sensing will play a major role inexploration of EARTH as well as PLANETS
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• To find the date on which Sir J C Bose demonstratedthe wireless experiment.
• This DATE should be celebrated as RADIO DAY• The Scientists should celebrate the Birth day as Radio
day all over India and Abroad in absence ofinformation on the date of experiment it should becelebrated as RADIO DAY.
• This way we will be able to pay real TRIBUTE to Sir J CBose and younger generation will be motivated towork in the FIELD WHICH WAS INITIATED BY SIR J CBOSE
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I bow to Sir J.C. Bose, his wife and hisparents.
Whatever ICRS is working in the areaswhich has become possible because of SirJ.C. Bose.
Existence of all these Activities is due toHIM WHO IS FATHER OF RADIO WAVES.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The presentation material given in this 17th Sir J.C. Bose Memorial Lecture
has been obtained from various sources Author. Thanks all who have been responsible for creating this knowledge base.
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Bibliography
1. F.T,Ulaby, R.K.Moore, A.K.Fung “Microwave Remote Sensing” Vol.I, II, III, 1981, 1982, 1986,Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
2. O.P.N.Calla “Applications of Microwave in Remote Sensing”, Indian Journal of Radio and SpacePhysics (IJRSP) Vol. 19,Oct. & Dec.1990 ,pp.343-358.
3. O.P.N.Calla, S.Agarwal, S.K.Agarwalla, R.Bhattacharjee and A Kalita “Comparative Study of themethods of measurement of dielectric constant at microwave frequencies for dry and wet soil”,IJRSP,Vol.32,April 2003,pp. 108-113.
4. O.P.N. Calla, Uttra Purohit, Deepti Sharma, Study Of Delineation of Black Soil Areas Using Multi frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) Data At 6.6 GHz.
5. Remembering Sir J. C. Bose. D. P. Sen Gupta, M. H. Engineer and V. A. Shepherd, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore and World Scientific Publishing Co Pte. Ltd, Singapore. 2009. 169 pp
6. Sisir Kumar Mitra A Pioneer in Radio Physics, Vigyan Prasar Science portal.7. V.K. DADHWAL, R.P. SINGH, S.DUTTA & J.S. PARIHAR, Remote sensing based crop inventory: A
review of Indian experience.8. O P N Calla et. Al.,Study of Delineation of Rice Fields Using MSMR Data of IRS-P4
Satellite At 6.6 GHz9. Neils Skou, Microwave Radiometer Systems
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11. O.P.N.Calla “Microwave Sensors (Present and Future)”,Proc. of Indian Academy of Sciences(Engg.Sciences),Vol.6,Pt. 2 June 1983,pp. 109-119.
12. O.P.N.Calla,G.Raju,S.S.Rana,S.Balasubramaniam, “India’s First Remotely Sensed Satellite Datafrom ‘Bhaskara’ using ‘SAMIR’ ”, JIETE ,Vol. 25, No.8, 1979, pp. 321-324.
13. O.P.N.Calla,G.Raju,S.S.Rana,S.Balasubramaniam, “Multispectral Microwave Observations of earthby SAMIR On-board ‘Bhaskara-II”,JIETE Vol.28,No.5,1982,pp.212-215.
14. “eesa” Earth Observation Applications,19th Feb 2004
15. Darrel T. Emerson,NRAO, “The Work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 Years of Millimeter-WaveResearch,” IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 45, No. 12, pp. 2267-2273,Dec. 1997
16. Calla O P N et. al., a method for calibration of space borne passive microwave sensor.17. Riding on Radio Waves Part II Dr V B Kamble18. www.nasa.gov19. www.isro.gov.in20. www.aero.org21. www.vigyanprasar.gov.in22. www.windows2universe.org23. www.nplindia.org24. http://gmrt.ncra.tifr.res.in
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