PAST EXPERIENCES, CURRENT STATUS AND PLANS FOR THE FRUIT FLY IPM FOR SMALLHOLDER VEGETABLE AND FRUIT...
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Transcript of PAST EXPERIENCES, CURRENT STATUS AND PLANS FOR THE FRUIT FLY IPM FOR SMALLHOLDER VEGETABLE AND FRUIT...
PAST EXPERIENCES, CURRENT STATUS AND PLANS FOR THE FRUIT
FLY IPM FOR SMALLHOLDER VEGETABLE AND FRUIT GROWERS IN
VIETNAM
Nguyen Van Hoa (1), Le Quoc Dien (1), Ho Van Chien(2),Nguyen Minh Chau(1) and Viyaysegaran S. (3)
(1) : Southern Horticultural Research Institute (SOFRI), Vietnam(2) : Southern Plant Protection Center (SPPC), Vietnam(3) : Griffith University, Australia
Northern highland
Red River Delta
Northern of Central
Southern of Central Coastal
Western highland
South-East region
Mekong Delta
LocationArea (1000 ha) Yield (tạ/ha)
Production (1000 ton)
1999 2005 1999 2005 1999 2005
Whole Coutry 459.6 635.1 1.26 1.518 5792,2 9640,3
1 Red River Delta 126.7 158.6 1.57 1.799 1988,9 2852,8
2 Northern highland 60.7 91.1 1.051 1.106 637,8 1008
3 Northern of Central 52.7 68.5 0.812 0.978 427,8 670,2
4 Southern of
Central Coastal 30.9 44 1.09 140,1 336,7 616,4
5 Western highland 25.1 49 1.775 201,7 445,6 988,2
6 South-East region 64.2 59.6 0.942 129,5 604,9 772,1
7 Mekong Delta 99.3 164.3 1.36 166,3 1350,5 2732,6
Table 1. Area, yield and production of Vegetable in different regions of
Vietnam
Fruiting Vegetable in the South, VietNam (Estimated - 2010)
Region
Southern of Central Coastal
Western
highland
South
East
regionMekong Region Total
Area (ha) 12.308 17.633 9.520 50.270,0 89.731,0
Productivity(100kg/ha) 194,3 226,4 140,5 210,8 204,2
Production (ton) 239.202,5 399.190,5 133.725,6 1.059.915,6 1.832.034,2
No. Location Area in the year of 2005
(1000 ha)
Area estimated in 2010
(1000 ha)
Production estimated in 2010
( 1000ton)
1. Red River Delta 79.2 90 1160
2. Northern highland 178.4 230 1.440
3. Northern of Central region 58.5 80 720
4. Southern of Central Coastal region
30.2 38 300
5. Western highland 23.1 32 300
6. South-East region 128.4 150 1755
7. Mekong Delta region 269.3 380 4325
Total 767.1 1.000 10.000
Table 2: Fruit production area in Vietnam (MARD 2007)
Fruit treeArea (x1000 ha) Production (x1000 tonne)
2004 2005 2004 2005
Longan * 121.1 120.3 606.4 628.8
Orange, lemon, mandarin
82.7 87.2 540.5 606.4
Pomelo * 28.6 30.4 209.3 242.2
Banana* 102.2 103.4 1,329.4 1,354.3
Lychee, Rambutan*
110.2 113.7 507.5 379.6
Mango 77.5 78.7 337.7 380.9
Pineapple* 44.3 47.4 414.9 472.7
Durian 20.2 146.0 -
Dragon fruit**8.5
13.5133.3 -
Grape 2.0 2.0 25.0 26.4
Table 4: Area and production of major fruit trees in Vietnam 2004 and 2005 (Source: MARD 2006)
*Export fruit ** Number one fruit export
Table 4: Vietnam major fruit and vegetables export value
Year Value (1000 USD)
Number of country
China (1000 USD)
2000 196,58 33 120,351
2001 329,900 42 142,801
2002 219,698 42 121,529
2003 182,554 36 67,068
2004 178,800 39 20,638
2005 235,000 36 35,000
2006 259,082 40 24,60
2007 350,000 40
2008 407,000 45
2008 438,000 50
Upto March 1999, only 2 species were recorded: Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera cucurbitae
From March 1999 to August 2000, 22 species were recorded
From August 2000 to Nov. 2001, 8 species more were recorded.
A total of 24 Bactrocera and 2 Dacus species of fruit flies have so far been identified from Vietnam.
The nine pest species of major economic importance in Vietnam are: Bactrocera (Bactrocera) carambolae, B. correcta, B. cucurbitae, B. dorsalis, , B. tau, B. verbascifoliae and B. zonata.
18 Species present in the South, infected on 19 fruit crops, 14 vegetable crops, one is cashew nut and 8 wild plant species.
In the North: 3 species Bactrocera correcta, Bactrocera cucurbitae, Bactrocera dorsalis present in red river delta and hilly nearby, 2 species Bactrocera pyrifoliae and Bactrocera tau present in the moutain area.
In the South: 2 specie Bactrocera correcta and Bactrocera cucurbitae were more in the Mekong delta than in the Southeast area. In constract, Bactrocera dorsalis was more in the Southeast than the Mekong delta.
26 Fruit crops
1. Guava
2. Wax apple
3. Mango
4. Chinese apple
5. Longan
6. Babados cherry
7. Sour sop
8. Rambutan
9. Dragon fruit
10. Banana
11. Papaya
12. Mandarin
13. Sapodilla
14. Pummelo
15. Star fruit
16. Avocado
17. Sweet orange
18. Rose apple
19. Star apple
16 Vegetable crops1. Bitter gourd
2. Tomato
3. Gourd
4. Squash
5. Lufa
6. Casaba melon
7. Cucumber
8. Pumpkin
9. Bitter cucumber
10. Pyriform melon
11. chayote
12. Red chili
13. Egg plant
14. Chinese pea
Crops
Percentage of infection (%)
2008 2009
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5
DF 30 0 0 3 0 6 0 0 0 13 26 30
Ma 20 3 - - - 7 10 23 33 46 - -
SA - - - - - - 0 9 26 36 - -
Gu 100
73 93 100 40 40 93 80 33
BC 26 46 80 70 33 33 20 33 33 93 73 40
BG 83 34 - - - - - - 20 - - 20Note: DF: Dragon Fruit; Ma: Mango; SA: Star apple; Gu: Guava; BC: Barbados cherry and BG: Bitter gourd
Infecting peak of fruit fly on some crops
FRUIT FLY CONTROL MEASURES IN VIETNAM
Different control measures being implemented by smallholder farmers
-Using of systemic insecticides: This control measure had been applied previously, but this lead to chemical residue, health and environmental problems, it is no more advice for controlling of fruit fly and the farmers also recognize that since its less effective.
- Bagging of fruit at suitable stage: many fruits and fruiting vegetable are being controlled by using this technique such as mango, guava, star fruit, star apple, bitter gourd, etc.
- Trapping with Methyl Eugenol (allyl-3,4- dimethyoxybenzene): Vizubon D and Flykil 95 EC: This technique has been widely used by farmers, however, the effectiveness is less, event sometime it harmed to their crops since the trap can kill male but more females will accompany with male and cause more damage to their fruits. Now we advice farmer do not use it alone but combine with protein bait in large scale.
- Cleaning of the falling fruits: This technique is a MUST in the fruit fly control strategy, all the falling fruit should be collected and buried deep under soil. However, the farmers still not keen to do this job on their orchards since labor consumption.
Project implemented
FAO: 1999 – 2000: Survey for FF species and host range
FAO: 2000 – 2002: continued the Survey for FF species and host range
ACIAR: 2003 – 2008: continued the Survey for FF species and host range, Protein bait production, raring of Bactrocera dorsalis and B. correcta colonies for host range and postharvest testing; large scale application, training.
ACIAR: Expending: 2008 – 2009: Extending the project to new area and expanding of the large scale application of SOFRI Protein (South) and Ento – Pro (North)
LARGE SCALE APPLICATION
- Protein bait (SOFRI Protein 10 DD) use: With the help of expert from Griffith University, SOFRI has developed the protein bait from the beer waste, named SOFRI Protein 10 DD. Now it has been widely used in the South of Vietnam, especially in the large scale monoculture of fruit and fruiting vegetable crops.
Content of analysis Protein bait
Total protein content (%) 9.75
NH4 + (%) 80.35
pH 4.29
Total solids (%) 55.5
Specific gravity 0.978
The effects of SOFRI Protein in controlling of Fruit Fly on Sapodilla from 2 August to 15 October, 2006
DatePercentage of fruit infected (%)
Protein bait
Control
27/8/200603/9/200610/9/200617/9/200624/9/2006
503015104
6758626047
SAPODILLA (SOFRI PROTEIN: 300 ha and control 10 ha)
The effects of SOFRI Protein in controlling of Fruit Fly on bitter gourd from 10 April to 14 June, 2006 (10 ha)
BITTER GOURD (10HA)
Treatment% of infection per week
1 2 3 4 5 Average
T1 – Control 0 0 9 6 22 7.4
T2 –Protein 0 0 1 2 8 2.2
Treatment % of infection per week
Before applied
Firstspray
Secondspray
Thirdspray
FouthApplied
N1 – Protein 53.0 42.0 23.0 7.0 4.0
N2 – Control 49.0 53.0 36 57 72
The effects of SOFRI Protein in controlling of Fruit Fly on Barbados cherry from 18 August to 18 sep, 2007.
BARBADOS CHERRY (150 ha and control 10 ha)
Region Crop tested Area tested (ha)
Effectiveness
In the South
- Mango- Dragon Fruit- Star apple- Guava- Bitter gourd- Vegetable
Legume
101010051010
Reduced percentage of damage to 5-7% at harvesting time
In the North
- Peach- Guava
1005
Reduced percentage of damage to 5-7% at harvesting time
SOFRI Protein large scale application
(2008-2009)
Without SOFRI Protein
After using SOFRI Protein
Average yield (tonnes) per ha/year
20(harvested immature)
25(harvested ripe)
Average market price per kg (VND)
1.500 3.500
Average income per hectare (VND)
30.000.000 70.000.000
The introduction of SOFRI protein bait sprays has resulted in a 2-fold increase in income for farmers (VN dong).
COST – BENEFIT RATIOS WHEN APPLY PROTEIN BAIT COMPARISON WITH CONVETIONAL CONTROL
No Crops Infection period Infected/tested fruits
1 Dragon fruit 20 days after pollination 2/100
2 Mango 60 days after pollination 3/100
3 Star apple 90 days after pollination 1/100
4 Guava 60 days after pollination 4/100
5 Barbados cherry
After fruit setting 10/200
6 Vegetable legume
After fruit setting 8/100
7 Bitter gourd After fruit setting 10/100
Determination of application time for some major fruit and fruiting vegetable crops.
Protein bait improvement for more
attractive to FF
Content of analysis Protein bait
Total protein content (%) 13.9
NH4 + (%) 0.13
RH (%) 65.1
Total solids (%) 34.49
Specific gravity 1.16
Insect Pest observed
Pest severity score
Protein bait + non-
parrafinic oil
Insecticide cover
sprayed
Citrus leaf miner
2.5 21.3
Citrus psylla 0 8.1
Aphids 8.7 9.8
Mealy bugs 6.5 9.5
Soft scales 8.4 16.4
Thrips 0 12.1
Fruit flies 190 2298
Increase the Total protein content in Protein bait
Comparison of the incidence of fruit flies and other major insect pests in citrus orchard treated with protein
bait and non-parrafinic oil compared with insecticide cover sprays. My Luong village, Tien
Giang province, 2008.
SOFRI, 2004
Vapor Heat Treatment: 46.5oC, 20 min, 2 m/second.
Dragon Fruit, Mango, Mansgoteen
Dr. Viyaj and Cambodian delegate came to Vietnam for expanding use of Protein bait to Cambodia
Training of trainers, PPPD staff and farmers
Training Workshop No. 1: Morphology, Taxonomy and Management of Fruit Flies, 3-7 June 2002, SOFRI, Long Dinh, Vietnam: 27 participants from different institutions and again 66 staff from provinces have been trained
Farmers training
Year Number of course No Participants
2006 -2007 33 495
2008 – 2009 87 2541
Farmers Field school
Mekong Delta Horticultural Clinic, SOFRI
Leaflet for Fruit Fly control on Plant Clinic activities
Conventional insecticide spray
Protein bait spray
2 SPRAYING METHODs COMPERISON
The training combined with the demonstration of the Protein Bait use
EXTENSION MATERIALS FOR FRUIT FLY CONTROL
- Protocol for Protein bait use
- Protein bait product
- Bags (Plastic, water resistant paper, paper)
- Leaflets, VCD on FF management
- Mineral oil
Proposed Future plans for Fruit fly IPM programme (4-5 years program)
1. Production of Protein bait- At the present, we can product maximum
50.000 litters of protein bait per year, however this amount is not sufficient to use in the area of fruit and fruiting vegetable crops.
- We plan to increase the protein bait volume upto 75.000 litters per year, so 2 tanks of 1.000 litters need to be invested for this purpose (increase 25.000 litters).
Proposed Future plans for Fruit fly IPM programme (cont.)
2. Study to improve the protein bait product.- For longer last on field conditions, the study need to
be conducted to improve the solid status of the protein when apply on fruit and vegetable leaves.
- In our study, the Tyrosine amino acid seems to be very attractive to fruit fly and stimulate the activities of both male and female flies. So the protein contain more tyrosine need to be study to improve protein bait product.
Proposed Future plans for Fruit fly IPM programme (cont.)
3. IPM programme on Fruit and Vegetable in the South, Vietnam
The IPM with the use of different control measures must be used in the South of Viet Nam (at least 10 provinces: Longan, Tiengiang, Bentre, Vinhlong, Dongthap, Cantho, Haugiang, Soctrang, Travinh and Hochiminh city).
Protein bait
and Oil
Protein bait and
conventional culture
Protein bait and
conventional culture
Protein bait and
conventional culture
Protein bait
and Oil
Protein bait
and oil
1 km
Commune A Commune B Commune C
Proposed Future plans for Fruit fly IPM programme (cont.)
4. Training for use of Protein baits and IPM programme
- TOT: Training for at least 3 staff from each province (30 participant from 10 provinces)
- Farmers training:
- Farmers training model
Sub Plant Protection Department
Determination of fruit fly progeny in each province
Role of the exporter/businessmen
Flowering time predict Large scale application
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Cleaning of the orchards
SOFRI, SPPC
Plant Protection Deparment
Training
Associations
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION!