Passwords€¦ · · 2015-03-07CA CB CC Pick Long Passwords ... AAC ABA ABB ABC ACA ACB ACC BAA...
Transcript of Passwords€¦ · · 2015-03-07CA CB CC Pick Long Passwords ... AAC ABA ABB ABC ACA ACB ACC BAA...
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Passwords
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Outline
● Explaining Password Restrictions● Password-Free Passwords
● Zero-Knowledge Proofs● Passwords in Muscle Memory
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General Password Advice:
Pick Long PasswordsUse Different Types Of Characters
Don't Pick Simple Passwords
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Pick Long Passwords
● Suppose your password consists only of the upper-case letters A, B, and C.
● How many one-character passwords are there?
A B C
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Pick Long Passwords
● Suppose your password consists only of the upper-case letters A, B, and C.
● How many two-character passwords are there?
AA AB AC
BA BB BC
CA CB CC
A
C
B
A B C
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BA BB BC
CA CB CC
Pick Long Passwords
● Suppose your password consists only of the upper-case letters A, B, and C.
● How many two-character passwords are there?
AA AB AC
BA BB BC
CA CB CC
A
C
B
A B C
AA AB AC
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BA BB BC
AA AB AC
BA BB BC
CA CB CC
Pick Long Passwords
● Suppose your password consists only of the upper-case letters A, B, and C.
● How many two-character passwords are there?
AA AB AC
CA CB CC
A
C
B
A B C
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BA BB BC
CA CB CC
BA BB BC
AA AB AC
CA CB CC
Pick Long Passwords
● Suppose your password consists only of the upper-case letters A, B, and C.
● How many two-character passwords are there?
AA AB ACA
C
B
A B C
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BA
AA
CB CC
BA BB BC
CA CB CC
BB BC
AA AB AC
CA
Pick Long Passwords
● Suppose your password consists only of the upper-case letters A, B, and C.
● How many two-character passwords are there?
AB ACA
C
B
A B C
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BA
CB
BB
AA
CA
AB
BA
AA
CB CC
BB BC
CA CC
BC
AB AC
Pick Long Passwords
● Suppose your password consists only of the upper-case letters A, B, and C.
● How many two-character passwords are there?
ACA
C
B
A B C
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CB
BB
CC
BC
AB AC
BA
CB
BB
AA
CA
AB
BA
AA
CC
BC
CA
AC
Pick Long Passwords
● Suppose your password consists only of the upper-case letters A, B, and C.
● How many two-character passwords are there?
A
C
B
A B C
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Pick Long Passwords
● Suppose your password consists only of the upper-case letters A, B, and C.
● How many three-character passwords are there?
AAAAAB
AAC
ABAABB
ABC
ACAACB
ACC
BAABAB
BAC
BBABBB
BBC
BCABCB
BCC
CAACAB
CAC
CBACBB
CBC
CCACCB
CCC
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Pick Long Passwords
● When made from the letters A, B, and C, there are● 23 = 31 passwords of length 1,● 29 = 32 passwords of length 2,● 27 = 33 passwords of length 3,● 2…● 23n passwords of length n.
● Each added character triples the number of possible passwords!
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Suppose your password consists of all upper-case letters. There are 26n possible
passwords of length n.
For perspective...
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Sweden has an area of 449,964 km2.
264 = 456,976
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US Population in 2009: 306.8 Million266 = 308.9 Million
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Number of atoms in the universe: ≈1080
2657 ≈ 4.5 × 1080
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Attacking Passwords
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Some Math
● Suppose you can try entering 109 passwords per second.
● If all passwords are made from upper-case letters (26 options), time to figure out a password of● length 6: < 1 second● length 8: 2.5 minutes● length 10: 1.6 days● length 15: 53,000 years
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Some Math
● Suppose you can try entering 109 passwords per second.
● If all passwords are made from upper and lower-case letters (52 options), time to figure out a password of● length 6: 19 seconds● length 8: 15 hours● length 10: 4.5 years● length 15: 1.7 billion years
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Some Math
● Suppose you can try entering 109 passwords per second.
● If all passwords are made from letters, digits, and punctuation (94 options), time to figure out a password of● length 6: 11 minutes● length 8: 10 weeks● length 10: 1707 years● length 15: 12 trillion years
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General Password Advice:
Pick Long PasswordsUse Different Types Of Characters
Don't Pick Simple Passwords
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Random 15-Symbol Passwords
:t$bk~jN__akL_Bxv&lA};$:xV[k^2W;7nFir5|[@/Wfup9Ep[.>w!\cJ?DHM$UhvrVm:SA}!@q
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The RockYou! List
32 Million Accounts1.4 Million Distinct Passwords
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123456 290729 copies
12345 79076 copies
123456789 76789 copies
password 59462 copies
iloveyou 49952 copies
princess 33291 copies
1234567 21725 copies
rockyou 20901 copies
12345678 20553 copies
abc123 16648 copies
nicole 16227 copies
daniel 15308 copies
babygirl 15163 copies
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The US nuclear arsenal has passwords to prevent unauthorized missile launches.
For fifteen years the password was...00000000
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Redoing the Math
● Approximate size of a college graduate's vocabulary, in words: 15,000.
● Approximate number of common names in the United States: 5,000.
● Total number of passwords that are a common word or name: 20,000.
● Time to brute-force this on a computer: less than one second.
● Trying to guess a password from a list of common passwords is called a dictionary attack.
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Multiword Passwords
● If you choose two totally random common words or names and use it as your password, there are 800 million possibilities.● Easily attacked by a computer.
● If you choose four totally random common words or names and use them as your password, there are 160 quadrillion possibilities.● Takes a long time to brute-force.
● If you choose six totally random common words or names and use them as your password, there are 64 septillion possibilities.● Well beyond the reach of a computer attack.
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A Fun NYTimes Article:
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/19/magazine/the-secret-life-of-passwords.html?_r=0
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Fundamental Concerns in Passwords: An Issue of Trust
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Emma (Bank customer) Eric (Evil bank employee)
Hi! I'm Emma! I'dlike to withdrawmoney from my
account!
Sure! But in order toprove that you're Emma,
you need to give meyour password!
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Emma (Bank customer) Eric (Evil bank employee)
Sure! It'sILIKEMONEY
Okay Emma! Here'syour money!
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Eric (Evil bank employee)
Hi! I'm Emma! I'dlike to withdrawmoney from my
account!
Sure! But in order toprove that you're Emma,
you need to give meyour password!
Alice (Bank employee)
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Eric (Evil bank employee)
Sure! It'sILIKEMONEY
Okay Emma! Here'syour money!
Alice (Bank employee)
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What is a Password?
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Goal: Convince someone (the verifier) that you know a secret without revealing
what that secret is.
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Where's Waldo?
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Where's Waldo?
Source: http://www.findwaldo.com/maps/gluttons/gluttons_small.jpg
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Could I convince you I know where Waldo is without revealing his position?
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Zero-Knowledge Proofs
● A zero-knowledge proof (or ZKP) is a system between a prover and a verifier.
● The prover wants to convince the verifier that she knows a secret without revealing the secret to the verifier.
● Replaces passwords: can prove you are who you are to a verifier, who then cannot impersonate you.
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Database:One Puzzle Per Person
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Emma (Bank customer) Eric (Evil bank employee)
Hi! I'm Emma! I'dlike to withdrawmoney from my
account!
Sure! But in order toprove that you're Emma,
you need to show meyou know where Waldois in Emma's picture!
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Emma (Bank customer) Eric (Evil bank employee)
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Emma (Bank customer) Eric (Evil bank employee)
There he is! Okay! Here's yourmoney!
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Alice (Good bank employee)Eric (Evil bank employee)
Hi! I'm Emma! I'dlike to withdrawmoney from my
account!
Sure! But in order toprove that you're Emma,
you need to show meyou know where Waldois in Emma's picture!
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Alice (Good bank employee)Eric (Evil bank employee)
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Alice (Good bank employee)Eric (Evil bank employee)
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Alice (Good bank employee)Eric (Evil bank employee)
There he is!
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Alice (Good bank employee)Eric (Evil bank employee)
There he is! You are a lying liarwho lies!
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Alice (Good bank employee)Eric (Evil bank employee)
You are a lying liarwho lies!
JAIL
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Alice (Good bank employee)Eric (Evil bank employee)
You are a lying liarwho lies!
JAIL
Grrr! Aargh!
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Zero-Knowledge Proofs in Practice
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An Issue of Coercion
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(This work was done in 2012)
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Why This Matters
● Cryptography lies at the intersection of several fields:● Computer Science: How do you implement
cryptography in software?● Mathematics: What mathematical properties
ensure a system is safe?● Social Science: How do human social dynamics
influence what to secure against?● Neuroscience: How does the brain form
memories?● And a lot more!