PassiveTransport: Diffusion,’Osmosis,’&’Facilitated...

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Passive Transport: Diffusion, Osmosis, & Facilitated Diffusion [This lecture is online] Abramsbiology.weebly.com

Transcript of PassiveTransport: Diffusion,’Osmosis,’&’Facilitated...

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Passive  Transport:    Diffusion,  Osmosis,  &  Facilitated  

Diffusion  [This  lecture  is  online]  

Abramsbiology.weebly.com  

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Main  idea  of  this  lecture:  

 How  do  molecules,  big  and  small,  get  in  OR  out  of  a  cell?  

 2  Main  ways:  

Passive  Transport  (Does  not  require  energy)–  Day  1  AcCve  Transport  (Requires  energy)–  Day  2  

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Plasma  membrane  

Controls  what  goes  in  or  comes  out  of  a  cell  -­‐  “Semi-­‐permeable”  -­‐Composed  of  a  phospholipid  bilayer    Fluid  mosaic  model  -­‐Singer  and  Nicholson,  1972  

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Passive  transport:    ConcentraOon  Gradients  

Molecules  are  always  trying  to  spread  out  as  much  as  possible  (“entropy”–  2nd  law  of  

thermodynamics)    Molecules  always  move  from  areas  of  high  concentraOon  to  areas  of  low  concentraOon  -­‐This  is  known  as  diffusion  -­‐If  there  is  a  membrane,  the  molecules  must  be  able  to  pass  through  (i.e.  “semi-­‐permeable”)  

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Passive  Transport:  Diffusion  Molecules  moves  from  an  area  of  high  

concentraCon  to  an  area  of  low  concentraCon.  (They  are  moving  down  the  concentraCon  gradient)  

No  energy  is  required    Substances  that  enter  via  diffusion:  Oxygen  (O2),  Water  (H2O),  Carbon  Dioxide  (CO2),    

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Diffusion    

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Diffusion  example  #1  

In  which  direcOon  will  the  solute  move?  

100  mM  (millimolar)  of  Carbon  Dioxide  

(CO2)  

10  mM  (millimolar)  of  Carbon  Dioxide  

(CO2)  

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Diffusion  example  #2  

In  which  direcOon  will  the  solute  move?  

50  mM  (millimolar)  of  Oxygen  (O2)  

80  mM  (millimolar)  of  Oxygen  (O2)  

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Diffusion  example  #3  

In  which  direcOon  will  the  solute  move?  

90  mM  (millimolar)  of  

Sodium  

150  mM  (millimolar)  of  

glucose  

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Diffusion  example  #4  

In  which  direcOon  will  the  solute  move?  

70  mM  (millimolar)  of  

Oxygen  

60  mM  (millimolar)  of  

Oxygen  

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Passive  Transport:  Osmosis  Water  molecules  can  freely  pass  through  the  plasma  membrane.  

The  movement  (diffusion)  of  water  across  a  membrane  is  known  as  osmosis  

***Water  moves  across  a  membrane  to  balance  out  the  amount  of  solute  on  each  side  –  Solute:  Something  dissolved  is  a  liquid  (for  example,  sugar,  salt,  iced  tea  mix)  

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Osmosis  

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Osmosis  example  #1  

In  which  direcOon  will  the  water  move?  

100  mM  (millimolar)  of  

glucose  

10  mM  (millimolar)  of  

glucose  

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Osmosis  example  #2  

In  which  direcOon  will  the  water  move?  

75  mM  (millimolar)  of  

glucose  

70  mM  (millimolar)  of  

glucose  

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Osmosis  example  #3  

In  which  direcOon  will  the  water  move?  

80  mM  (millimolar)  of  

glucose  

95  mM  (millimolar)  of  

glucose  

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Osmosis  example  #4  

In  which  direcOon  will  the  water  move?  

50  mM  (millimolar)  of  

glucose  

50  mM  (millimolar)  of  

fructose  

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Passive  transport:  Facilitated  diffusion  

For  various  reasons  (size,  charge,  polarity,  etc.),  some  molecules  can’t  freely  diffuse  across  the  plasma  membrane      If  these  molecules  are  moving  down  a  concentraOon  gradient  ([high]  to  [low]),  they  may  use:  -­‐Ion  Channels  -­‐Carrier  Proteins  (Both  of  these  fall  under  the  umbrella  of  “Facilitated  diffusion)  

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SIDENOTE:  

Peripheral  proteins  -­‐Signaling  (communicaOon  between  cells;  intracellular  communicaOon)    Integral  proteins  -­‐TransportaOon  of  molecules  

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Passive  transport:  Facilitated  Diffusion:  Ion  Channels  

 Integral  proteins  that  form  a  channel  through  the  membrane  and  allow  specific  molecules  to  pass  -­‐They  may  be  open  all  the  Ome  or  only  open  given  specific  sOmuli  (voltage,  ligand,  mechanical)  

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Ion  channel  

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Passive  transport:  Facilitated  Diffusion:  Carrier  Proteins  

-­‐Molecule  binds  to  carrier  protein  -­‐The  binding  of  the  molecules  causes  the  protein  to  change  shape  (conformaOon),  thereby  exposing  the  other  side  of  the  membrane  -­‐It’s  like  a  revolving  door    This  process  is  highly  selecCve  and  reversible  

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Carrier  proteins  

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Equilibrium    The  concentraOon  of  a  solute  inside  a  cell  is  equal  to  the  concentraOon  outside  the  cell    MOLECULES  CONTINUE  TO  MOVE  ACROSS  THE  PLASMA  MEMBRANE,  HOWEVER  THERE  IS  NO  NET  (OVERALL)  CHANGE  IN  CONCENTRATION