THE PASSIVE VOICE

Present Passive Voice: Latin use of the Active and Passive Voices correspondsgenerally to the English use. The passive forms for present, imperfect and futureare based on present stems for all conjugations, with these personal endings:

-r -mur-ris -mini-tur -ntur

-äre -ëre -ere -ere (io) -ïre

portorportärisportäturportämurportäminiportantur

doceordocërisdocëturdocëmurdocëminïdocentur

mittormitterismittiturmittimurmittiminïmittuntur

capiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminïcapiuntur

audioraudïrisaudïturaudïmuraudïminïaudiuntur

Imperfect Passive: The imperfect passive is formed by inserting -ba-:

portäbarportäbärisportäbäturportäbämurportäbäminïportäbantur

docëbardocëbärisdocëbäturdocëbämurdocëbäminïdocëbantur

mittëbarmittëbärismittëbäturmittëbämurmittëbäminïmittëbantur

capiëbarcapiëbäriscapiëbäturcapiëbämurcapiëbäminïcapiëbantur

audiëbaraudiëbärisaudiëbäturaudiëbämuraudiëbäminïaudiëbantur

Future Passive: Formed by inserting -bi- for first and second conjugations, -ë- forthird and fourth:

portäborportäberisportäbiturportäbimurportäbiminïportäbuntur

docëbordocëberisdocëbiturdocëbimurdocëbiminïdocëbuntur

mittarmittërismittëturmittëmurmittëminïmittentur

capiarcapiëriscapiëturcapiëmurcapiëminïcapientur

audiaraudiërisaudiëturaudiëmuraudiëminïaudientur

Passive Infintives : Change the final -e of the infinitive ending to -ï, except in thethird conjugation where the entire infinitive ending becomes -ï.

portärï docërï mittï capï audïrï

Spectätörës procul audïrï possunt, the spectators can be heard at a distance.

Perfect Passive System

The perfect system for the passive voice (perfect, pluperfect and future perfect) isformed by adding a form of esse to the perfect passive participle (the 4th principalpart). The perfect passive participle (always nominative) will agree with its subjectin number and gender.

Perfect Passive (I was carried . . . ): present tense of esse + the perfect passiveparticiple:

portatus sum

portatus es

portatus est

portatï sumus

portatï estis

portatï sunt

doctus sum

doctus es

doctus est

doctï sumus

doctï estis

doctï sunt

missum sum

missum es

missum est

missï sumus

missï estis

missï sunt

captus sum

captus es

captus est

captï sumus

captï estis

captï sunt

audïtus sum

audïtus es

audïtus est

audïtï sumus

audïtï estis

audïtï sunt

Pluperfect Passive (I had been carried . . . ): imperfect tense of esse + the perfectpassive participle:

portatus eram

portatus eras

portatus erat

portatï erämus

portatï erätis

portatï erant

doctus eram

doctus eras

doctus erat

doctï erämus

doctï erätis

doctï erant

missum eram

missum eras

missum erat

missï erämus

missï erätis

missï erant

captus eram

captus eras

captus erat

captï erämus

captï erätis

captï erant

audïtus eram

audïtus eras

audïtus erat

audïtï erämus

audïtï erätis

audïtï erant

Future Passive (I will have been carried . . . ): future tense of esse + the perfectpassive participle:

portatus ero

portatus eris

portatus erit

portatï erimus

portatï eritis

portatï erunt

doctus ero

doctus eris

doctus erit

doctï erimus

doctï eritis

doctï erunt

missum ero

missum eris

missum erit

missï erimus

missï eritis

missï erunt

captus ero

captus eris

captus erit

captï erimus

captï eritis

captï erunt

audïtus ero

audïtus eris

audïtus erit

audïtï erimus

audïtï eritis

audïtï erunt

The perfect passive participle will agree with its subject in number and gender:

Vir ab agricolä in casam ductus est. The man was led into the house by the farmer.

Virg ö a virö in casam ducta est. The maiden was led into the house by the man.Animal ä puerö in casam ductum est. The animal was led into the house by the boy.